Parabola



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 Parabola

CONIC SECTION
Point, pair of straight lines, circle, parabola,
ellipse and hyperbola are called conic
section because they can be obtained
when a cone (or double cone) is cut by a
plane.

The mathematicians associated with the

study of conics were Euclid, Aristarchus and
Apollonius. Most of the objects around us and
in space have shape of conic-sections. Hence
study of these becomes a very important tool
for present knowledge and further exploration.

Section of right circular cone by different planes :

y When a double right circular cone is cut by a plane
parallel to base at the common vertex, the cutting
profile is a point.

y When a right circular cone is cut by any plane

through its vertex, the cutting profile is a pair of
straight lines through its vertex

y When a right circular cone is cut by a plane parallel

to its base the cutting profile is a circle.

y When a right circular cone is cut by a plane parallel

to a generator of cone, the cutting profile is a
parabola.
Parabola

1.
 y When a right circular cone is cut by a plane
which is neither parallel to any generator/axis nor
parallel to base, the cutting profile is an ellipse.

y When a double right circular cone is cut by plane,

parallel to its common axis, the cut profile is
hyperbola

Hence a point, a pair of intersecting straight

lines, circle, parabola, ellipse and hyperbola,
all are conic

The conic section is the locus of a point which

moves such that the ratio of its distance from
a fixed point (focus) to perpendicular distance
from a fixed straight line (directrix) is always
constant (e).

Here e is called eccentricity of conic i.e.,

PS
=e
PM
A line through focus and perpendicular to
directrix is called - axis. The vertex of conic is
that point where the curve intersects its axis.
PS
e
=⇒ PS2 =e2PM2
PM
2
2 2
 Ax + By + C 
2
⇒ (x − α) + (y − β) = e  
 2 2 
 A +B 
Simplification shall lead to the equation of
the form
ax2 +by2 + 2hxy + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Parabola

2.
Distinguishing various conics :
The nature of the conic section depends upon the position of the focus S w.r.t. the
directrix & also upon the value of the eccentricity e. Two different cases arise.

Case-I :
When The Focus Lies On The Directrix (De-generated conic):
In this case ∆ = abc + 2fgh − af2 − bg2 − ch2 = 0 the general equation of a conic represents
a pair of straight lines if
e > 1 i.e. h2 > ab the lines will be real & distinct, intersecting at S.
e = 0 i.e. h2 = ab the lines will coincident.
e < 1 i.e. h2 < ab the lines will be imaginary.

Case-II :
When The Focus Does Not Lie on the Directrix (Non de-generated conic) :
In this case ∆ = abc + 2fgh − af2 − bg2 − ch2 ≠ 0 and conic represent

A parabola An ellipse A hyperbola Rectangular Hyperbola Circle

e=1 0<e<1 e>1 e= 2 e=0

h2 = ab h2 < ab h2 > ab h2 > ab ; a + b = 0 h = 0, a = b

Note :
y For pair of straight lines e → ∞
y All second degree terms in parabola form a perfect square
Definition of various terms related to a conic :
y Focus: The fixed point is called a focus of the conic.
y Directrix: The fixed line is called a directrix of the conic.
y Axis: The line passing through the focus and perpendicular to the directrix is
called the axis of the conic.
y Vertex: The points of intersection of the conic and the axis are called vertices of
the conic.
y Centre: The point which bisects every chord of the conic passing through it, is
called the centre of the conic.
y Latus-rectum: The latus-rectum of a conic is the chord passing through the focus and
perpendicular to the axis.
y Double ordinate: A chord which is perpendicular to the axis of parabola or parallel to its
directrix.
Parabola

3.
 Q. What conic does 13x2 − 18xy + 37y2 + 2x + 14y − 2 = 0 represent?

Sol. Compare
2
the given equation with
2
ax + 2hxy + by + 2gx + 2fy + c =0
∴ a = 13, h = − 9, b = 37, g = 1, f = 7, c = − 2
Then ∆ = abc + 2fgh − af2 − bg2 − ch2
= (13)(37)(−2) + 2(7)(1)(−9) − 13(7)2 − 37(1)2 + 2(−9)2

=−962 −126 −637 −37 +162
And also h2 = (–9)2 = 81 and ab = 13 × 37 = 481
Here h2 − ab < 0
So we have h2 − ab < 0 and Ä ≠ 0. .
Hence the given equation represents an ellipse.

Q. For what value of λ the equation of conic 2xy + 4x − 6y + λ =0 represents two

real intersecting straight lines? if λ =17 then this equation represents ?

Sol. Comparing the given equation of conic with

ax2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c =0
∴ a = 0, b = 0, h = 1, g = 2, f = −3, c = λ
For two intersecting real lines
h2 − ab ≥ 0 and ∆ = 0
here ∆ = abc + 2fgh − af2 − bg2 − ch2
 = 0 + 2 × (−3) × 2 × 1 − 0 − 0 − λ(1)2
 = − 12 − λ = 0
∴ λ = − 12
and h2 − ab = 1
hence for λ = − 12 above equation always represent real intersecting lines.
If λ = 17 then ∆ ≠ 0 and h2 − ab > 0
So we have ∆ ≠ 0 and h2 − ab > 0. Hence the given equation represents a
Hyperbola.
Parabola

4.
PARABOLA
A parabola is the locus of a point which
moves in a plane such that its distance from
a fixed point(focus) is equal to its
perpendicular distance from a fixed straight
line (directrix). Eccentricity of parabola is 1.

Standard Equation of a parabola:

Here S is the focus and ZN is the directrix of
the parabola. From S, draw SZ perpendicular
to the directrix.
Here O is the middle point of ZS. Take O as the
origin and OS as x-axis and OY perpendicular
to OS as the y -axis.
Let ZS = 2a , then ZO = OS = a
Now, S ≡ ( a, 0) and the equation of ZN is
x = − a or x + a = 0
Let P(x, y) be any point on the parabola.
∴ PS = PM (by definition of parabola).

x+a
⇒   (x − a)2 + (y − 0)2 =
12 + 0
⇒   (x − a)2 + y 2   =x + a

or  (x − a)2 + y 2 = (x + a)2

or  x2 − 2ax + a2 + y 2 = x2 + 2xa + a2

or y2 = 4ax
which is the required equation.
Parabola

5.
 Terms related to Parabola
(1) Axis
A straight line passes through the focus and
perpendicular to the directrix is called the
axis of parabola. For the parabola y2 = 4ax,
x -axis is the axis. Since equation has even
power of y therefore the parabola is
Point to Remember!!!
symmetric about x -axis i.e. about its axis.
(2) Vertex (i) T
 he length of the latus rectum
The point of intersection of a parabola and = 2 × perpendicular distance
its axis is called the vertex of the Parabola. of focus from the directrix
For the parabola y2 = 4ax, O(0, 0) is the vertex. (ii) If y2 = lx, then length of the
(3) Focal Distance : latus rectum = l.
 The distance of any point P(x, y) on the (iii) Two parabolas are said to be
parabola from the focus is called the focal equal if they have same latus
length (distance) of point P. rectum.
The focal distance of P = the perpendicular (iv) The ends of a double ordinate
distance of the point P from the directrix. of a parabola can be taken
as (at2, 2at) and (at2, − 2at).
(4) Double Ordinate : (v)  Parabola has no centre, but
The chord which is perpendicular to the axis circle, ellipse, hyperbola have
of Parabola or parallel to Directrix is called
centre.
double ordinate of the Parabola.
(5) Focal Chord:
Any chord of the parabola passing through
the focus is called Focal chord.
(6) Latus Rectum :
 If a double ordinate passes through the
focus of parabola then it is called as latus
rectum. The extremities of the latus rectum
are L ( a, 2a ) and L′ ( a, −2a ) . Since
LS = L’S = 2a, therefore length of the latus
rectum LL’ = 4a. .
(7) Parametric Equation of Parabola :
The parametric equation of Parabola y2 = 4ax
are x = at2, y = 2 at. Hence any point on this
parabola is (at2, 2at) which is also called as
‘t’ point.
Parabola

6.
Other Standard parabola :

Equation of Parabola y2 = 4ax y2 = - 4ax x2 = 4ay x2 = - 4ay

(a) Graphs

(b) Eccentricity e=1 e=1 e=1 e=1

(c) focus S(a, 0) S(-a, 0) S(0, a) S(0, - a)

(d) e
 quation of
x+a=0 x – a =0 y+a=0 y–a=0
directrix

(e) equation of axis y=0 y=0 x=0 x=0

(f) Vertex O(0, 0) O(0, 0) O(0, 0) O(0, 0)

(g) E
 xtremities of
(a, ± 2a) (-a, ± 2a) (±2a, a) (±2a, – a)
latus rectum

(h) length of latus

4a 4a 4a 4a
rectum

(i) e
 quation of
x=0 x=0 y=0 y=0
tangent of vertex

(j) p
 arametric
coordinates of any P(at2 , 2at) P(-at2, 2at) P(2at, at2) P(2at, - at2)
point on parabola
Parabola

7.
 DEDUCTION TO GENERALIZED EQUATION OF
PARABOLA
If the equation of a parabola is either in the
form x = y 2 + my + n or y = x2 + mx + n
then it can be reduced into generalised
form. For this we change the given equation
into the following forms
(y −k)2 = 4a(x − h) or (x − h)2 = 4a ( y − k )
And then we compare from the standard
equation of parabola to find all its parameters.

(A) When the equation of parabola is :

(y − k)2 = 4a ( x − h) …(i)
Equation (i) is of the form Y2 = 4aX
where Y= y − k and X= x − h
(1) Axis of parabola is Y = 0 ,i.e., y − k = 0
⇒ y = k
(2) Coordinates of vertex of parabola are
given by
X = 0 and Y = 0
i.e. x−h=0 and y − k = 0
∴ Vertex is (h, k)
(3) Tangent at the vertex to parabola (i) is
given by
X = 0, i.e., x − h = 0
Therefore, tangent at the vertex is x = h.
(4) Coordinates of focus of parabola are
given by
X = a and Y = 0
i.e. by  x − h =a  and  y − k =0
∴ Focus of parabola is (a + h, k)
(5) Equation of directrix of parabola is
X=−a
i. e. x − h = − a
Therefore, directrix of parabola is x = h − a.
(6) Length of latus rectum of parabola is
|4a|.
(7) Coordinates of ends of latus rectum of
parabola are given by
Parabola

8.
 X = a & Y = ± 2a
i.e., by x − h = a, − k = ± 2a i.e. coordinate
of latus rectum is (a + h, k ± 2a).
(8) Parametric equation is x= h + at2 and
y= k + 2at .

(B) When the equation of parabola is :

(x − h)2 = 4a(y − k) … (i)
Equation (i) is of the form X2 = 4aY
where X = x − h and Y = y − k
(1) Axis of parabola is X = 0 ,i.e., x − h =0
(2) Coordinates of vertex of parabola is
given by
X=0 and Y = 0
i.e. by x − h = 0 and y − k = 0
∴ x=h and y = k
(3) Equation of tangent at the vertex to
parabola is 0
Y = 0 i.e., y − k =0 or y = k
(4) Coordinates of focus of parabola are
given by
X=0 and Y = a
i.e., by x − h = 0 and y − k = a
∴ Focus of parabola is (h, k + a)..
(5) Equation of directrix of parabola (i) is
given by
Y = − a or y − k = − a or y = k − a
(6) Length of latus rectum of parabola is
|4a|.
(7) Coordinates of ends of latus rectum of
parabola are given by
Y = a, X = ± 2a
i.e., y − k = a, x − h = ± 2a
∴ Ends of latus rectum are (h ±2a, k +a)
(8) Parametric equation is x = h + 2 at and
y = k + at2.
Parabola

9.
 Equation of Parametric
Vertex Axis Focus Directrix
parabola equation

x =h + at2,
(y–k)2 =4a(x– h) (h, k) y=k (h + a, k) x+a–h=0
y = k + 2at

x =h + 2at,
(x–h)2=4a(y – k) (h, k) x=h (h, a + k) y+a–k=0
y = k + at2

Know the facts

1
(i) For the parabola x = Ay2 + By + C, the length of latus rectum is and axis is
 A
parallel to y -axis. If A is positive then it is concave up parabola, if A is negative
then it is concave down parabola.
1
(ii) For the parabola x = Ay2 + By + C, the length of latus rectum is and axis is
A
parallel to x-axis.
If A is positive, then it is opening right and if A is negative then it is opening left
parabola.

Q. Find the equation of the parabola whose focus is at (−1,−2) and the directrix is
the line x − 2y + 3 = 0

Sol. Let P(x, y) be any point on the parabola whose focus is S(− 1, − 2) and the
directrix x − 2y + 3 =
0. Draw PM perpendicular to directrix x – 2y + 3 = 0. Then
by definition,
SP = PM

⇒ SP2 = PM2
2
 x − 2y + 3 
⇒ (x + 1)2 + (y + 2)2 =
 
 1+4 
⇒ 5 (x + 1)2 + (y + 2)2  = (x − 2y + 3)2

⇒ (
5 x2 + y 2 + 2x + 4y + 5 = ) (x 2
+ 4y 2 + 9 − 4xy + 6x − 12y )
Parabola

10.
 ⇒ 4x2 + y2 + 4xy + 4x + 32y + 16 = 0
This is the equation of the required parabola.

Q. Find equation of parabola whose vertex is (4, − 3), latus rectum is 4 and axis
is parallel to the x-axis.

For 1st case
(y + 3)2 = − 4a(x − 4)
(y + 3)2 = − 4(x − 4) [ 4a = 4]

For 2nd case

equation is (y + 3)2 = 4a(x − 4)
4a = 4
hence (y + 3)2 = 4(x − 4)

Q. Find the equations of the directrix, axis, tangent at the vertex and latus rec-
tum and the coordinates of the vertex and focus. Also find the parametric
equations and the length of latus rectum for each of the following parabolas.
(A) y2 − 12x − 8y + 4 = 0 (B) 4x2 + 12x − 16y + 41 = 0

Sol.
Steps: First we convert the second degree terms to perfect square. The
equation will then reduce to either of two forms
(y − k)2 = 4a(x − h) or (x − h)2 = 4a(y − k)
Now shift the origin to the point (h, k) to get either of two
standard forms y2 = 4ax or x2 = 4ay
We can write all propositions for the standard form and then for the given
equation by transforming the origin to original positions.
(A) The given equation is
y2 − 12x − 8y + 4 = 0 … (1)
y − 8y + 16 − 12x − 12 = 0
2

⇒ (y − 4)2 = 12(x + 1) … (2)

Parabola

11.

Shifting the origin to the point (−1, 4), and using transformation equations x = X − 1
and y = Y + 4, we get from (2),
Y2 = 12X … (3)
Comparing with standard equation y2 = 4ax, , we have
4a = 12 ⇒ a = 3
Now we will write all requirements for the equation (3) and then return the
origin to original position by retransformation equations X = x + 1 and Y = y − 4.

(i) Equation of the Directrix: Equation of the directrix of the parabola (3) is
X=−3⇒x+1=−3⇒x+4=0
So, the equation of the directrix of the given parabola (1) is x + 4 = 0.
(ii) Equation of the Axis : Equation of the axis of the parabola (3) is
Y=0⇒ y−4=0
So, the equation of the axis of the given parabola (1) is y − 4 = 0
(iii) Equation of the Tangent at the Vertex: Equation of the tangent at the vertex of
the parabola (3) is X = 0 ⇒ x + 1 = 0
So, the equation to the tangent at the vertex of the given parabola (1) is
x+1=0
(iv) Equation of the Latus Rectum: Equation or rectum of the parabola (3) is
X = 3 ⇒ x + 1 = 3 ⇒ x−2 = 0.
(vi) Coordinates of the Focus: The coordinates of the focus of the parabola (3) are
(3, 0) which is equivalent to the simultaneous equations x + 1 = 3 and y − 4 = 0
⇒ x = 2, y = 4
So, the coordinates of the focus of the given parabola (1) are (2,4)
(vii) Parametric Equations: The parametric equations of the parabola (3) are
X = 3t2 and Y = 6t
⇒ x + 1 = 3t2 and y − 4 = 6t
or x = − 1 + 3t2 and y = 4 + 6t
So, the parametric equations of the given parabola (1) are x = − 1 + 3t2, y = 4 + 6t
(viii) Length of the Latus Rectum : The length of the latus rectum of the parabola (3)
is 12 .
Since, the length will be independent of the choice of the origin. So, the length of
the latus rectum of the given parabola is 12.
Parabola

12.
 We can understand it more clearly from the following table :

Proposition X, Y System x, y System

Equation of
X=−3 x+1=−3⇒x+4=0
Directrix

Equation of Axis Y=0 y−4=0⇒y=4

Equation of Tangent
X=0 x+1=0
at Vertex

Equation of Latus
X =3 x+1=3⇒x=2
Rectum

Coordinates of x + 1 = 0 and y − 4 = 0
(0, 0)
Vertex ⇒ x = − 1 and y = 4 ⇒ (−1, 4)

Coordinates of x + 1 = 3 and y − 4 = 0 ⇒ x = 2
(3, 0)
Focus and y = 4 ⇒ (2, 4)

Parametric X = 3t2 x + 1 = 3t2 ⇒ x = − 1 + 3t2

Equations Y = 6t y − 4 = 6t ⇒ y = 4 + 6t

Length of Latus
12 12
Rectum

The graph of the given parabola is

(B) The given equation is

4x2 + 12x − 16y + 41 = 0 … (4)
41
or x2 + 3x − 4y + 0
=
4
Parabola

13.
 2
9  3
or x2 + 3x + − 4y + 8 = or
0  x +  = 4(y − 2) … (5)
4  2
 3 
Shifting the origin to  − , 2  and using transformation equations
 2 
3
x= X − and y = Y + 2, we get from equation (5)
2
X2 = 4Y … (6)
We are using the table to write the various propositions for the transformed
equation (6) and for the original equation (4) by using retransformation equations:

PROPOSITION X, Y SYSTEM X, Y SYSTEM

Equation of Directrix Y=-1 y-2=-1⇒y-1=0

Equation of Axis X=0 x+3/2=0⇒2x+3=0

Equation of Tangent at
Y=0 y-2=0⇒y=2
Vertex

Equation of Latus Rectum y=1 y-2=1⇒y-3=0

x+3/2=0⇒x=–3/2
Coordinates of Focus (0,1) y-2 = 1 ⇒ y = 3
 −3 
 , 3
 2 

X = 2t 3 3
Parametric Equations x+ =2t ⇒ x =− + 2t
Y = t2 2 2
y − 2 = t2 ⇒ y = 2 + t2
Parabola

14.
 Q. Find equation of parabola passing through (-4,-7), axis is || to x- axis and
vertex at point (4,-3)

Sol.
If Parabola has to pass through (−4, −7),
following case is possible.
(y + 3)2 = 4a(x – 4)
(−4, − 7) should satisfy this equation.
16 = 4a(−8)
4a = − 2
Hence equation
(y + 3)2 = − 2(x − 4)

Q. Find the equation of the parabola whose vertex is (−3, 0) and directrix is
x+5=0

Sol. Ax -axis
line passing through the vertex (−3, 0) and perpendicular to directrix x + 5 = 0 is
which is the axis of the parabola by definition. Let focus of the parabola is
(a, 0) Since vertex, is the middle point of Z(−5, 0) and focus S, therefore
(a − 5)
−3 = ⇒ a =−1
2
∴   Focus = (−1, 0)
Thus the equation to the parabola is
(x + 1)2 + y2 = (x + 5)2
⇒ y2 = 8(x + 3)

Q. Find the equation of directrix and axis of the parabola 4y2 − 6x − 4y = 5.

Sol. Here 4y2 − 4y = 6x + 5

2 2
 1  1 3
4  y −  = 6 ( x + 1)  ⇒   y −  = ( x + 1)
 2  2 2
1
Put y =
− Y &  x=
+1 X
2
3
The equation in standard form Y2 = X
2
3 3 3
4a = ⇒ a =  & length of latus rectum  =
2 8 2
Parabola

15.
 Directrix, X + a = 0
3
⇒  x + 1 + = 0 ⇒  8x + 11 = 0
8
1
Axis is Y = 0 ⇒ y − = 0 ⇒  2y − 1 = 0
2
3 1 3
Parametric equation is x + 1 = t2 &  y − = 2 ⋅ ⋅ t
8 2 8
3 1 3
i.e.  x =−1 + t2 , y = + t .
8 2 4

Q. Find the vertex, axis, focus, directrix, latus rectum of the parabola, also draw
their rough sketches. 4y2 + 12x − 20y + 67 = 0
67
Sol. The given equation is 4y 2 + 12x − 20y + 67 =0 ⇒  y 2 + 3x − 5y +
4
=0
2 2
2 67 5 67  5 
⇒  y − 5y =−3x −  ⇒  y 2 − 5y +   =−3x − + 
4 2 4 2
2 2
 5 42  5  7
⇒ y −  =−3x −  ⇒   y −  =−3  x +  … (i)
 2  4  2   2 
7 5
Let  X = x +  &  Y = y − … (ii)
2 2
Using these relations, equation (i) reduces to Y2 = − 3X …. (iii)
This is of the form Y2 = − 4aX On comparing, we get 4a = 3 ⇒ a = 3/4.
The coordinates of the vertex are (X = 0, Y = 0)
 7 5
i.e. the coordinates of the vertex are  − , 
 2 2
The equation of the axis of the parabola is Y = 0
5
i.e. the equation of the axis is y =
2
[Putting Y = 0 in (ii) ]
The coordinates of the focus are (X = −a, Y = 0 )
7 3 5
⇒  x + =−  & y − = 0
2 4 2
i.e. the coordinates of the focus are (−17/4, 5/2)
3
The equation of the directrix is X = a i.e. X = .
4
11
i.e. the equation of the directrix is x = −
4
The length of the latus rectum of the given parabola is 4a = 3.
Parabola

16.
 Q. Find the equation to the parabola whose focus is S(−1, 1) and directrix is
4x + 3y − 24 = 0 . Also find its axis, the vertex, the length and the equation of
the latus rectum.

Sol. Let P(x, y) be any point on the parabola. Since the distance of P from the focus
is equal to its distance from the directrix,
i.e., PS = PQ or PS2 = PQ2
2
 (4x + 3y − 24) 
or (x + 1)2 + (y − 1)2 =
 
 5 
i.e., 9x2 + 16y2 − 24xy + 242x + 94y − 526 = 0
this is the required equation of the parabola
The axis is a line through S(−1, 1) and ⊥ to the directrix 4x + 3y − 24 = 0. Thus
the equation of the axis is 3(x + 1) − 4(y − 1) = 0 or 3x − 4y + 7 = 0
The axis and the directrix intersect at B.
Solving them, we get B(3, 4)
The vertex A is the midpoint of S(−1, 1)
 5
and B(3, 4) Thus vertex A is  1, 
 2
 2
3  5
Also AS = 22 +    =
  2   2
Hence length of the latus rectum 4AS = 10
Now, latus rectum is a straight line through
the focus S and parallel to the directrix.
Hence its equation is 4x + 3y + 1 = 0

Q. An equilateral triangle is inscribed in the parabola y2 = 4ax, such that one

vertex of this triangle coincides with the vertex of the parabola. Then find the
side length of this triangle.

Sol. If ∆OPQ is anπ equilateral triangle then OP = OQ = PQ = k

⇒  ∠POM =
6
π π
∴  OM kcos =
=  and PM ksin
6 6
 3 k
∴  P  k,    lie on the parabola y2 = 4ax
 2 2
2
k  3
⇒    = 4a ⋅ k ⇒ k = 8 3a
Parabola

2 2

17.
 Q. Find Locus of point of trisection of double ordinate of parabola y2 = 4ax

Sol. Let R(p, q) divides PQ in ratio 1 : 2

−k + 2k
p=h q=
3
k
q=
3
Now (h, k) lies on parabola
hence it satisfies its equation
k2 = 4ah
(3q)2 = 4ap
9q2 = 4ap
hence locus is
9y2 = 4ax

Q. The parametric equation of a parabola is x =t2 + 1, y =2t + 1. Then find the

coordinate of vertex and length of latus -rectum.

Sol. Eliminate t2 from parametric equation, we get equation of parabola. Hence

 y − 1
 + 1 or (y − 1) = 4 ( x − 1)
2
x= 
 2 
∴ vertex is (1, 1) and length of latus rectum = 4.

Q. Find the parametric equation of the parabola (x − 1)2 = − 12(y − 2)

Sol.   4a =−12 ⇒  a =−3

parametric equation is y − 2 =−3t2
x − 1 = − 6t ⇒ x = 1 − 6t, y = 2 − 3t2

Q. The parametric equation of the curve (y − 2)2 = 12 ( x − 4 ) are-

(A) 6t, 3t2 (B) 2 + 3t, 4 + t2
(C) 4 + 3t2, 2 + 6t (D) None of these

Sol. (C)
Here a = 3
x − 4 = at2 ⇒ x = 4 + 3. t2 = 4 + 3t2
y − 2 = 2at ⇒ y = 2 + 2. 3t = 2 + 6t
Parabola

18.
 Q. Find the equation of parabola, whose axis is parallel to y -axis and
which passes through points (0, 2), (-1, 0) and (1, 6)

Sol. General equation of such parabola is y = Ax + Bx + C

2
… (i)
Since it passes through ( 0, 2 ) ( −1, 0) and ( 1, 6 ) , then we have
C = 2 … (ii)
A − B + C = 0 …. (iii)
A + B + C = 6 …. (iv)
from (ii), (iii) and (iv),
A = 1, B = 3, C = 2
∴ equation of parabola is y = x2 + 3x + 2 Ans.

Q. Find the value of λ if the equation (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 = λ ( x + y + 3 ) represent

parabola. Find its focus, directrix, axis and equation of vertex.

Sol.  (x − 1)
Ố
+ (y − 2) =λ(x + y + 3) are given equation.
2
x + y + 3
(x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 =2λ  
 2 
1
⇒   above equation represents parabola if 2λ = 1 ⇒ λ =
2
In this case focus is ( 1, 2 ) and directrix is x + y + 3 =0

Q. AP is perpendicular to PB, where A is the vertex of parabola y2 = 4x and P is

on the parabola. If B lie on the axis of parabola, then find the locus of centroid
of ∆PAB

2
Sol. Slope of AP = t
t
∴ Slope of BP = −
2
t
∴ equation of line PB is y − 2t =− x − t2
2
( )
(
∴ point B is t2 + 4, 0 )
Let centroid of ∆Ố is (h, k)
Parabola

19.
 t2 + t2 + 4 2t
h= and k =
3 3
Now eliminate t from above two equation, we get
2
 3k 
3h − 4 =
2 
 2 
9y 2
locus of centroid is 3x − 4 = . 
2
Equation of parabola with respect to two
perpendicular lines :
Let P(x, y) is any point on the parabola
then equation of parabola y2 = 4ax is
consider as (PM)2 = 4a(PN)
i.e. (The distance of P from its axis)2
= (latus-rectum ) × (The distance of P
from the tangent at its vertex)
where P is any point on the parabola.

Q. Find the equation of the parabola whose latus rectum is 4 units, axis is the
line 3x + 4y − 4 = 0 and the tangent at the vertex is the line 4x − 3y + 7 = 0.

Sol. Let P(x, y) be any point on the parabola and let

PM and PN are perpendiculars from P on the axis
and tangent at the vertex respectively then
(PM)2 = (latus rectum) (PN)
2
 3x + 4y − 4   4x − 3y + 7 
⇒  =4 
 2 2   42 + (−3)2 
 3 +4   
2
⇒ (3x + 4y − 4)= 20(4x − 3y + 7)
which is required parabola.

Q. Variable circle is described to pass through point (1, 0) and tangent to the
curve y = tan(tan–1x). The locus of the centre of the circle is a parabola
whose:
(A) Length of the latus rectum is 2 2
(B) Axis of symmetry has the equation x + y = 1
(C) Vertex has the co-ordinates (3/4, 1/4)
(D) None of these
Parabola

20.
 Sol. (BC)

Distance of centre from (1,0) is equal to distance of

centre from line y=x. Hence, y = x is directrix

and (1,0) is focus.

Axis will be y+x=1 and vertex has the
co-ordinates (3/4, 1/4).
| 0 − 1 | 2
4a 2 
= =  = 2
 2  2

Q. If a variable circle touches a fixed circle and a fixed line then prove that the
locus of the centre of the variable circle is a parabola whose directrix is
parallel to a given line at a distance equal to the radius of the given circle.

Sol. Let given circle be x2 + y2 = a2 and given line be x = b.

From the diagram radius of variable circle is b − h.
If it touches x2 + y2 = a2,

then a + (b − h) = h2 + k2
⇒ (a + b)2 − 2(a + b)h + h2 = h2 + k2
⇒ y2 = (a +b)2 − 2(a + b)x
which is equation of parabola.

Q. Prove that the area of the triangle whose vertices are (xi, yi), i = 1, 2, 3 and
1
inscribed in the parabola y2 = 4ax is ( y 1 − y2 ) ( y2 − y 3 ) ( y 3 − y 1 )
8a

Sol. Let Ố1 2, and x3 be the abscissae of the points on the parabola.

2
whose ordinates are y1, y2, and y3 , respectively. Then y 21 = 4ax1 , ü2 = 4 2, and
y 23 = 4ax3 . Therefore, the area of the triangle whose vertices are ( x1 , y 1 ) , ( x2 , y 2 ) ,
and ( x3 , y 3 ) is

x1 y1 1 y 21 / 4a y 1 1 y 21 y1 1
1 1 2 1 2 1
x2 y2 1 = y 2 / 4a y 2 1 = y2 y2 1 = ( y 1 − y2 ) ( y2 − y 3 ) ( y 3 − y 1 )
2 2 2 8a 2 8a
x3 y3 1 y 3 / 4a y 3 1 y3 y3 1
Parabola

21.
 Chord
Line joining any two points on the parabola Point to Remember!!!
is called its chords.
(i) If the chord joining t1 , t2 & t3 , t4
(
Let the points P at12 , 2at1 ) (
and Q at22 , 2at2 ) pass through a point (c, 0) on
, lie on the parabola then equation of chord
the axis, then t1t2 = t3 t4 = −c / a
is
.
(ii) 
If PQ is a focal chord then
1
Ố1 2 = − or t2 = − .  which is
t1
required relation.
Hence if one extremity of a focal
chord is (at2, 2at) then the other
a 2a 
2at2 − 2at1 extremity will be  2 , − .
(y =
− 2at1 ) 2 2
at2 − at1
(
x − at21 ) t t 

2
⇒ y − 2at
= 1
t 1 + t2
(x − at21 )
⇒ (t1 + t2)y = 2x + 2at1t2
If this chord meet the x -axis at point ( c, 0)
then from above equation
– c = at1t2 = 0 i.e. t1 t2 = − c/a

Q. A quadrilateral is inscribed in a parabola y2 = 4ax and three of its sides pass

through fixed points on the axis. Show that the fourth side also passes
through fixed point on the axis of the parabola.

Sol. Equation of chord AB is

2x − (t1 + t2)y + 2at1t2 = 0
It passes through the point (c, 0),
c
then given t1t2 = −
a
d
Similarly for chord BC, t2 t3 = −
a
e
And for chord CD, t3 t4 = −
a
Multiplying (i) and (iii), we get
Parabola

22.
 ec
t 1 t2 t 3 t 4 = +
a2
 d  ec
⇒ t1 t 4  −  =2
 a a
ec
⇒ t1 t 4 =
−
ad
Hence, chord AD passes through the fixed point.

Q. Show that the focal chord of parabola y2 = 4ax makes an angle α with the
x -axis, then its length is equal to 4acosec2 α

Sol. Let P (at 1 , 2at 1 ) ( )

and Q at22 , 2at2 be the end points of a focal chord PQ which
2

makes an angle α with the axis of the parabola. Then

2
PQ a ( t2 − t1 )
=

2
= a ( t2 + t1 ) − 4tl t2 )
 
( ) ( t 1t2 =
−1) .
2
a  t2 + t 1
= + 4 (∵ t1t2= − 1) … (1)
 

tan α = slope
= of PQ 2at
= 2
− 2at 1 2
2 2
at 2 − at 1 t2 + t 1

t2 + t1 = 2cotα … (2)
Substituting the value of t2 + t1 from (2) in (1) then

PQ a 4cot2=
= α+4 (
4acosec2 α )

Q. If the length of a focal chord of the parabola y2 = 4ax at a distance b from the
vertex is c, then show that b2c = 4a3

Sol. OM = b
=
focal length PQ 4acosec2 θ … (i)
From right angled triangle OMS,
OM b
sin
= θ =
OS a
Parabola

23.
 a
∴  cosecθ = …(ii)
b
from (i) and (ii)
2
a
PQ= c= 4a ⋅  
b
⇒ b2c = 4a3

Q. If the point (at2, 2at) be the extremity of a focal chord of parabola y2 = 4ax
2
 1
then show that the length of the focal chord is a  t + 
 t

Sol. Since
a
one extremity of focal chord is P(at , 2at) then the other extremity will be
2a
2

 
Q 2 ,−  (Replacing t by − 1/t)
t t 
= SP + SQ (∵ SP = PM and SQ = QN)
= PM + QN
a
= at2 + a + +a
t2
 1 
=  t2 + 2 + 2  a
 t 
2
 1
= a  t + 
 t

Note :
(i) 
The length of focus chord having parameters t1 and t2 for its and
points is a(t2 − t1)2.

1
(ii)    t + ≥ 2 for all t ≠ 0 (∵ AM ≥ GM)
t

2
 1
a t +  ≥ 4a
 t

⇒ Length of focal chord ≥ latus rectum

i.e., The length of smallest focal chord of the parabola is 4a, which is
the latus rectum of a parabola.
Parabola

24.
 Q. Prove that the semi latus rectum of the parabola y2 = 4ax is the harmonic
mean between the segments of any focal chord of the parabola.

Sol.
Let parabola be y2 = 4ax
If PQ be the focal chord then
 a −2a 
=
P = ( t
)
at2 , 2at  and Q  2 , 
t 
If segment of focal chord are ll and l2
then  lI =SP =PM =a + at2 =a 1 + t2 ( )
a a (1 + t ) 2

and  l2 =SQ =QN =a + 2 =

t t2
∴   Harmonic mean of lI and I2

2lll 2 2 2 2
= = = = = 2a = Semi latus rectum.
l 1 + l2 1 1 t 2
1 1/a
+ +
l2 l 1
(
a 1+ t 2
) (
a 1 + t2 )
Note :
If l1 and l2 are the length of segments of a focal chord of a parabola,
4lll2
then its latus rectum is
l 1 + l2

Q. All chords of the parabola subtending a right angle at the vertex passes
through a fixed point (4a, 0).

Sol. (
Let A at21 , 2at1 ) (
and B at22 , 2at2 ) be the extremities of a chord of a parabola

y2 = 4ax.
The vertex of the parabola is O(0,0)
Slope of the line OA is

2at1 2
m1
= =
at21 t1
2at2 2
m2
Slope of the line OB is= = 2
at2 t2
If AB subtends right angle at O, then
m1m2 = − 1
Parabola

25.
 2 2
⇒ ⋅ −1
= or t1t2 = − 4.
t 1 t2
Now the equation of the chord AB is
(t1 + t2)y = 2x + 2at1t2
⇒ (t1 + t2)y = 2x + 2a(−4) [∵ t1t2 = −4]
2
=
or y (x − 4a)
t 1 + t2
Clearly, the above line passes through the point (4a, 0) for all values of t1 and
t2. Thus, the chords which subtend right angle at the vertex of parabola pass
through the fixed point (4a, 0), which lies on the axis of the curve.

Q. LOL’ and MOM’ are two chords of parabola y2 = 4ax with vertex A passing through
a point O on its axis. Prove that the radical axis of the circles described on LL’
and MM’ as diameters passes through the vertex of the parabola.

Sol. Equation of LOL : 2x − (t1 + t2)y + 2at1t2 = 0
Since chord LOL’ passes through (c, 0)
c
∴ t 1 t2 = −
a
c
Similarly, for chord MOM’ t3 t4 = −
a
Now circle with LL ‘ as diameter, the equation is
( x − at )( x − at ) + ( y − 2at ) ( y − 2at ) =
2
1
2
2 0 1 2

or x + y − a ( t + t ) x − 2a ( t + t ) y + c − 4ac =
2 2 2
1
2
2 0 …(i) 1 2
2

(as a t t = c and 4a t t = −4ac )

2 2
1 2
2 2
1 2

Similarly, circle with MM′ as diameter, the equation is

( )
x2 + y 2 − a t23 + t24 x − 2a ( t3 + t4 ) y + c2 − 4ac =
0 …(ii)
Radical axis of Eqs. (i) and (ii) is (i) - (ii) or
( )
a t21 + t22 − t23 − t24 x − 2a ( t1 + t2 − t3 − t4 ) y =
0,
which passes through the origin (vertex of the parabola).

Q. Prove that on the axis of any parabola there is Certain point K which has the
property that, if a chord PQ of the parabola be drawn through it, then
1 1
2
+ is the same for all positions of the chord.
PK QK2
Parabola

26.
 Sol. Let the point K on the axis of the parabola y2 = 4ax has the
coordinates (h, 0) Equation of the line through K
at an angle θ with the axis, is
x −h y −0
= = r …(i)
cos θ sin θ
Any point on this line can be selected as (h + rcosθ, rsinθ). This
point if lies on the parabola y2 = 4ax, then
2
(r sin θ)= ( )
4a(h + r cos θ) or sin2 θ r2 − 4a cos θr − 4ah =0 …(ii)
The roots r1 and r2 of the equation (2) represent the algebraic distances PK and
OK. We have
4a cos θ 4ah
r1 + r2 = 2 and r1r2 = −
sin θ sin2 θ
2
1 1 1 1 (r + r ) − 2r1r2
Now, 2
+ 2
= 2 + 2 = 1 22 2
PK QK r1 r2 r1 r2
2
 4a cos θ  4ah
 2  +2⋅
sin θ  sin2 θ
=  2
 −4ah 
 2 
 sin θ 
16a2 cos2 θ + 8ah sin2 θ 2a + (h − 2a) sin2 θ
= =
16a2h2 2ah2
If we select h = 2a, then above expression becomes independent of θ and we
1 1 2a 1
get 2
+ =
2
=
2
PK QK 2a(2a) 4a2
1 1
2
+ is constant for any direction of the chord PQ through k
PK QK2

Q. A circle is described whose centre is the vertex and whose diameter is three
quarters of the latus rectum of a parabola, prove that the common chord
of the circle and parabola bisects the distance between the vertex and the
focus.

Sol.
Let parabola y2 = 4ax
equation of circle will be
x2 + y2 = 9a2­­/4
Solving P and Q will be
a  a 
 , 2a  and  , − 2 a 
 2   2 
Parabola

27.
 equation of common chord x = a/2
which bisects (0,0) and (a, 0)

Q. A circle and a parabola y2 = 4ax intersect in four points; show that the
algebraic sum of the ordinates of the four points is zero. Also show that the
line joining one pair of these four points and the line joining the other pair are
equally inclined to the axis.

Sol.
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Solving it with
a2t4 + 4a2t2 + 2gat2 + 4aft +c = 0
a2t4 + 2a(2a + g)t2 + 4aft + c = 0
Hence, t1 + t2 + t3 + t4 = 0 … (i)
or 2a(t1 +t2 + t3 + t4) = 0
Hence, proved
Slope of line joining
2 2
t 1 , t2 = = −
t 1 + t2 t3 + t 4
= m1 [Using Eq. (i)]
2
Slope of line joining t3, t4 = = m2
t3 + t 4
Hence, m1 + m2 = 0

Position of a point with respect to a parabola

y2 = 4ax
Let P ( x1 , y 1 ) be a point. From P draw
PM ⊥ AX
(on the axis of parabola) meeting the
parabola y 2 = 4ax at Q ( x1 , y 2 ) where
Q ( x1 , y 2 ) lie on the parabola therefore
y 22 = 4ax1 … (1)
Now, P will be outside, on or inside the
parabola.
y 2 = 4ax according as
PM >, =, or < QM
⇒  (PM)2 >, =, or < (QM)2
⇒  y 21 >, =, or < y 22
⇒  y 21 >, =, or < 4ax1 (from (1))
Parabola

28.
 Hence y 21 − 4ax1 >, =, or < 0
Hence in short, equation of parabola
S(x, y) = y2 − 4ax Know the facts
(i) If S ( x1 , y 1 ) > 0 then P ( x1 , y 1 ) lie outside the
parabola. This result holds true for circle,
(ii) If S ( x1 , y 1 ) < 0 then P ( x1 , y 1 ) lie inside the parabola and ellipse.

parabola.
(iii) If S ( x1 , y 1 ) = 0 then P ( x1 , y 1 ) lie on the
parabola.

Q. Show that the point (2, 3) lies outside the parabola y2 = 2x.

Sol. ∴LetS(2,S(x, y) ≡ y − 2x2

3) = 9 − 2.2 = 5 = positive
(2, 3) lie outside the parabola

Q.
Find the position of the point (−2, 2) with respect to the parabola
y2 − 4y + 9x + 11 = 0

Sol. Let S(x, y) = y2 − 4y + 9x + 11

∴  S ( −2, 2) =−11 =negative
⇒ (−2, 2) lie inside the parabola

INTERACTION BETWEEN THE LINE AND PARABOLA

Let the parabola be y2 = 4ax … (i)
and the given line be y = mx + c … (ii)
then line may cut, touch or does not meet parabola.
The points of intersection of the line (1) and the parabola (2) will be
obtained by solving the two equations simultaneously. By solving
equation (i) and (ii), we get
my2 − 4ay + 4ac = 0
this equation has two roots and its nature will be decided by
the discriminant
D = 16a(a − cm)
Parabola

29.
 a
(i) 
Now, if D > 0 i.e., c < , then line intersect the parabola at two
m
distinct points.
a
(ii) 
If D = 0 i.e., c = , then line touches the parabola. (It is condition of
m
tangency)
a
(iii) 
If D < 0 i.e., c > , then line neither touch nor intersect the parabola.
m
EQUATION OF TANGENT
1. Point Form :
Equation of parabola is y2 = 4ax … (1)

( )
Let P = x 1 , y 1 and Q = ( x2 , y 2 ) be any two points on parabola (1), then
y 21 = 4ax1 … (2)
and  y 22 = 4ax2 … (3)
Subtracting (2) from (3) then
y 22 − y=
2
1 4a ( x2 − x1 )
y2 − y 1 4a
or   = … (4)
x2 − x 1 y2 + y 1
Equation of PQ is
y2 − y 1
y=− y1 ( x − x1 )   … (5)
x2 − x 1
From (4) and (5), then
4a
y − y1
=
y2 + y 1
(
x − x 1 ) … (6)

Now for tangent at P, Q → P, i.e., x2 → x1 and y2 → y1 then equation (6)

becomes
4a
y−=
y1 ( x − x1 )
2y 1
or yy 1 − y 21 = 2ax − 2ax1
or yy 1 = 2ax + y 21 − 2ax1
or yy 1 =2ax + 4ax1 − 2ax1 [from (2)]
or  yy
= 1 2ax + 2ax1
which is the required equation of tangent at ( x1 , y 1 )
The equation of tangent at ( x1 , y 1 ) can also be obtained by replacing
Parabola

30.
 x + x1 y + y1 xy 1 + yx1
x2 by xx 1 , y 2 by yy 1 , x by, y by and xy by and
2 2 2
without changing the constant (if any) in the equation of curve. This
method (standard substitution) is apply to all conic when point lie on
the conic.

Equation of tangent of standard parabola :

Equation of Parabolas Tangent at (x1, y1)

y2 = 4ax yy1 = 2a(x + x1)

y2 = − 4ax yy1 = – 2a(x + x1)

x2 = 4ay xx1 = 2a(y + y1)

x2 = − 4ay xx1 = − 2a(y + y1)

2. Slope Form :
The equation of tangent to the parabola y2 = 4ax at (x1, y1) is
yy1 = 2a(x + x1) … (1)
Since m is the slope of the tangent then
2a 2a
m=   or  y 1 = Since ( x1 , y 1 ) lies on y 2 = 4ax therefore
y1 m
4a2 a
y 21 = 4ax1   or   2 = 4ax1 ⇒  x1 =
m m2
Substituting the values of x1 and y1 in (1), we get
a
y mx +
= … (2)
m
a
Thus,= y mx + is a tangent to the parabola y2 = 4ax for all values
m
of m, where m is the slope of the tangent and the co-ordinates of the
 a 2a 
point of contact is  2 , .
m m 
Parabola

31.
 a
Thus y = mx + c is the tangent of y2 = 4ax for all values of m if only if c = and
m
a
( y − k )= m ( x − h) + is tangent to the parabola
m
(y − k)2 = 4a(x − h)
The equation of tangent, condition of tangency and point of contact in terms of slope
(m) of standard parabolas are shown below in the table.

Equation Point of contact in Equation of tangnet Condition of
terms of slope (m) in terms of slope (m) tangency for line
of parabola y = mx + c
y2 = 4ax  a 2a  a a
 2 ,  y mx +
= c =
m m m m
 a 2a  a a
y2 = -4ax − 2 ,−  y mx −
= c = −
 m m m m
x2 = 4ay (2am, am2) y = mx - am2 c=- am2

x2 = -4ay (-2am, - am2) y = mx + am2 c = am2

Alternative method:

Let the parabola be  y 2 = 4ax … (1)

 y mx + c … (2)
and the given line by =
Putting the value of y from ( 2 ) in ( 1) , we get
m2 x2 + 2x (mc − 2a ) + c2 =
0 … (3)
The line y = mx + c is a tangent to parabola y2 = 4ax if the roots of
equation (3) are equal. The condition for this is 4(mc−2a)2 − 4m2c2 = 0
(Discriminant of the quadratic equation = 0 )
a
or −4mca + 4a2 =
0 or c = , which is the required condition of
m
tangency.
Note :
Two tangents can be drawn from a point P(α, β) to a parabola if P lies
outside the parabola.
Parabola

32.
3. Parametric Form :
We have to find the equation of tangent to
the parabola y2 = 4ax at the point at2 , 2at ( )
or ‘t’
Since the equation of tangent of the parabola
y2 = 4ax at (x1, y1) is
yy1 = 2a(x + x1) … (1)

replacing x1 by at2and y1 by 2 at, then ( 1)

becomes
y(2at) = 2a(x + at2)
ty = x + at2

Point of intersection of tangents at any two

points on the parabola :
Let the given parabola be y2 = 4ax and
two points on the parabola are
(
P = at21 , 2at1 ) (
and Q = at22 , 2at2 )
Equation of tangents at
(
P at21 , 2at1 ) and Q (at , 2at )
2
2 2

are  t1 y= x + at21 … (1)

and  t2 y= x + at22 … (2)
Solving these equations, we get Point to Remember!!!
x = at1t2, y = a(t1 + t2)
Thus, the co-ordinates of the point of (i) T
he Arithmetic mean of the
intersection of tangents at y-coordinates of P and Q
( ) ( )
P at21 , 2at1  and Q at22 , 2at2  are R ( at1t2 , a ( t1 + t2 ) ) 
 i.e.
2at1 + 2at2 
= a ( t1 + t2 )  is
 2 
the y - coordinate of the point
of intersection of tangents at
P and Q on the parabola.
(ii) The Geometric mean of the x
-co-ordinates of P and Q

(i.e. at 2
1 × at22 =
at1t2 ) is the x
co-ordinate of the point of
intersection of tangents at P
and Q on the parabola.
Parabola

33.
 Q. Show that the locus of the points of intersection of the tangents to a parabola
at the extremity of focal chord are perpendicular and always meet at the
directrix of the parabola.

Sol. Let the points P (atI , 2at1 ) ( )

2
and Q at22 , 2at2 on the parabola y2 = 4ax and

tangents at P and Q are

t1 y= x + atl2 … (1)
and t2 y= x + at22 … (2)
∴ point of intersection of these tangents is ( atl t2 , a ( tl + t2 ) ) Let this point is
(h, k) then h = atl t2 … (3)
=
and k a ( t1 + t2 ) … (4)
1 1
Slope of tangents (1) and (2) are and respectively.
tl t2
1 1
∴ Product of slope = × −1
=
t 1 t2
(Since PQ is focal chord)
⇒ h = − a from equation (3)
∴ Locus is x + a = 0 i.e. Directrix of parabola
Directrix is also called the Director Circle of the parabola.

Q. If the line 2x − 3y = k touches the parabola y2 = 6x, then find the value of k.

3y + k
Sol. Given x=
2
… (1)

and y2 = 6x … (2)
Solve (1) and (2), we get
 3y + k 
⇒ y 2= 6   ⇒ y = 3 ( 3y + k )
2

 2 
⇒ y2 − 9y − 3k = 0 … (3)

If line (1) touches parabola (2) then roots of quadratic equation (3) is equal
i.e. D = 0

27
∴ (−9)2 = 4 × 1 × ( −3k ) ⇒ k = −
4
Parabola

34.
 Alternative method :
2 k
Line= y x− touch is y2 = 6x then use the condition of tangency
3 3
a k 9 27
c= ⇒− = ⇒k =−
m 3 4 4

Q. Find the equation to the tangents to the parabola y2 = 9x which goes through
the point (4, 10).

Sol. Equation of9 tangent to parabola y 2

= 9x is
y mx +
=
4m
Since it passes through (4, 10)
9
10 4m +
=
4m
⇒ 16m − 40m + 9 = 0
2

1 9
m= ,
4 4
x 9
equation of tangent’s are y = + 9  & y =+x 1
4 4

Q. If the tangents at P and Q on a parabola (whose focus is S) meet in the point T,

then prove that SP, ST and SQ are in geometric progression.

Sol. Let P (at 1 , 2at 1 ) ( )

and Q at22 , 2at2 be any two points on the parabola
2

2
y = 4ax , then point of intersection of tangents at P and Q will be
=T at1t2 , a ( tl + t2 ) 

 SP a t2J + 1
Now = ( )
SQ
= a ( t + 1)
2
2

ST = a ( t + 1)( t + 1)
2
l
2
2 (use distance between two points formula)

∴ ST2 = SP. SQ
∴ SP, ST and SQ are in G.P.
Parabola

35.
 Q. If two tangents are drawn from the point (h, k) to the parabola y2 = 4x such
that the slope of one tangent is double of the other, then prove that 9h = 2k2

Sol. Tangent to parabola y2 = 4x is

1 1
y mx +
=   and it passes through (h, k), so=
k mh +
m m
i.e. hm −km + 1= 0
2

Its roots are m1 and 2m1

k k
m1 + 2m1 =  ⇒  3mI = … (i)
h h
1 1
m1 ⋅ 2m1 =  ⇒  2mI2 = … (ii)
h h
from (i) and (ii) eliminate m, we get
9h = 2k2

Q. A tangent to the parabola y2 = 8x makes an angle of 45° with the straight line
y = 3x + 5. Then find the equation of tangent and point of contact also.

Sol. Here a = 2, equation of tangent at (2t , 4t) is yt = x + 2t

2 2

slope of tangent  m = 1
t
1
−3
1
tan45 =± t ⇒ t =− or 2
1 2
1+ ⋅3
t
1  1 1
when t = − , then equation of tangent is  −  y = x + 2 ⋅
2  2 4
⇒ 2x +y + 1 = 0 and point
1 
of contact is  , −2  . When t = 2, the tangent is 2y = x + 8 and point of contact
2 
is (2. (2)2 , 4. 2) i.e. (8. 8).

Q. Find the common tangent of the parabola y2 = 8ax and the circle x2 + y2 = 2a2

2a
Sol. Any tangent to parabola is=
y mx +
m
Parabola

36.
 2
 2a 
Solving with the circle x2 +  mx + 2a2
 =
 m 
 4a2 
( )
x2 1 + m2 + 4ax +  2 − 2a2  =
0
m 
The condition of tangency is B2 − 4AC = 0 gives
m4 + m2 − 2 = 0 ⇒ m = ± 1
Hence equation of tangent is y = x + 2a and y = − x − 2a

Q. Find equation of line touching both the parabola y2 = 4x and x2 = 32y.

Sol. Equation of tangent in terms of slope of parabola y2 = 4x is

1
y mx +
=
m
 1 
 Eq. (i) is also tangent of x2 = − 32y then x2 =
−32  mx + 
 m
32
⇒ x2 + 32mx + =0
m
Above equation must have equal roots,
32
Hence its discriminant must be zero ⇒ (32 m)2 =
4.1 ⋅
m
1 1 x
⇒ m3 =or m = From Eq. (i), y= +2
8 2 2
⇒ x − 2y + 4 = 0

Q. Find the equations to the common tangents of the parabolas y2 = 4ax and
x2 = 4by.

a
Sol. Equation of tangent to y 2
y mx +
= 4ax is=
m
… (i)

If this line also touches parabola x2 = 4by … (ii)

then solve (i) and (ii), we get
4ab
x2 − 4bmx − = 0
m
Now condition of tangency is D = 0.
1/3
a a
this gives  m3 = −   or  m = −  
b b
1/3 1/3
 a  b
equation of common tangent is y = −  x + a −  .
Parabola

 b  a

37.
 Q. Let the tangent to the parabola y2 = 4ax meet the axis in T and the tangent at
vertex A in P. If the rectangle TAPQ is completed. Find locus of Q.

Sol. The tangent at any point B(at2, 2at) to the

parabola is ty = x + at2
Since the tangent at vertex A(0,0) is the
y – axis, T and P are (−at2, 0) and (0, at), respectively.
If Q is (h, k), then h = −at2 and k = at.
Eliminating t, we get k2 + ah = 0.
Hence, the locus of Q is y2 + ax = 0

Q. A pair of tangents are drawn which are equally inclined to a straight line
y = mx + c whose inclination to the axis is α, prove that the locus of their point
of intersection is the straight line y = (x − a)tan2α

Sol. We have θ = α1 − α = α − α2
∴ 2α = α1 + α2
m1 + m2
⇒ tan2
=α tan ( α1 + α=
2)
1 − m1m2
a
y mx +
but (h,k) lies on=
m
⇒ m2h − km + a =
0
k a
Hence, m1 + m2 =and m1m2 =
h h
⇒
k
h = k
tan 2α = ⇒ y= (x − a) tan 2α
a h−a
1−
h
EQUATION OF NORMALS
1. Point form :
Since the equation of the tangent to the
parabola y2 = 4ax at (x1, y1) is
yy1 = 2a(x + x1) … (1)
The slope of the tangent at (x1, y1) = 2a/y1
∴ Slope of the normal at (x1, y1) = − y1/2a
Hence the equation of normal at ( x1 , y 1 ) is
y
y − y1 =− 1 ( x − x1 )
Parabola

2a

38.
 2. Slope form :
The equation of normal to the parabola
y2 = 4ax at (x1, y1) is
y
y − y1 =− 1 ( x − x1 ) … (1)
2a

Since m is the slope of the normal

y
then  m = − 1   or y1 = − 2am
2a
∴ x1 = am2

Substituting the values of x1 and y1 in (1) we get

y + 2am = m(x − am2) … (2)

Thus, y = mx − 2am − am3 is a normal to the parabola y2 = 4ax where

m is the slope of the normal. The co-ordinates of the point of contact
( )
are am2 , −2am .
Hence y = mx + c will be normal to parabola. If and only if
c = − 2am − am3

Equation of Point of contact in Equation of normals Condition of

parabolas terms of slope (m) in terms of slope (m) normality

y2 = 4ax (am2, − 2am) y = mx − 2am − am3 c = − 2am − am3

x2 = 4ay  2a a  a a
− , 2 y = mx + 2a + c 2a +
=
 m m  m2 m2

3. Parametric form :
Equation of normal of the parabola y2 = 4ax at ( x1 , y 1 ) is
y
y − y1 =− 1 ( x − x1 ) … (1)
2a
Replacing x1 by at2 and y1 by 2 at then (1) becomes
y − 2at = − t(x − at)2
or y = − tx + 2at + at3
Parabola

39.
 Three supplementary Results:
(a) 
Point of intersection of normal at any two
points on the parabola :
(
Let the points P at1  2 , 2at1 ) (
and Q at22 , 2at2 )
lie on the parabola y2 = 4ax
The equations of the normals at P at1  2 , 2at1 ( )
(
and Q at2  2 , 2at2 are )
y =−tỐx + 2at + at 3 … (1)
3
and  y =
−tỐx + 2at + at   … (2)
Hence point of intersection of above
normals will be obtained by solving (1) and
(2), we get
(
x = 2a + a t21 + t22 + t1t2 )
−at1t2 ( t1 + t2 )
y=
If R is the point of intersection, then it is

 ( )
R = 2a + a t1  2 +t2  2 +t1t2 , −at1t2 ( t1 + t2 ) 


(b) 
Relation between t1 and t2 if normal at t1
meets the parabola again at t2
 Let the parabola be y2 = 4ax, equation of
(
normal at P at21 , 2at1 is )
y =−tỐx + 2at + at3 … (1)

Since normal meet the parabola again at
(
Q at22 , 2at2 )
−at1t22 + 2at1 + at2  3
∴ 2at2 =
⇒  2a ( t2 − t1 ) + at1 t22 − t21 =
0 ( )
⇒  a ( t2 − t1 ) 2 + t1 ( t2 + t1 )  =
0
  a ( t2 − t1 ) ≠ 0

( t1 and t2 are different )

2
∴  2 + t1 ( t2 + t1 ) =0 ∴  t2 =−t1 −
t1
Parabola

40.
(c) If normal to the parabola y2 = 4ax drawn at
any point (at2, 2at) meet the parabola at t3
then :
2
t3 =−t −
t
⇒ t2 + tt3 + 2 = 0 … (i)
It has two roots t1 and t2 . Hence there are
two such point P(t1) and Q(t2) on the parabola
from where normals are drawn and which
meet parabola at R(t3)
⇒ t1 + t2 = − t3 and t1t2 = 2

Q. TP and TQ are tangents to the parabola y2 = 4ax and the normal at P and Q
meet at a point R on the curve, prove that the centre of the circle
circumscribing the triangle TPQ lies on the parabola 2y2 = a(x − a)

Sol. Normal at two points P(t1) and P(t2) meet parabola at R(t3)
⇒ t 1 + t2 =−t3 &  tl t2 =2
∴  T ( atl t2 , a ( tl + t2 ) ) ≡ T ( 2a, −at3 )
Let centre of circle is (h, k) then it is mid
point of T and R.
∴  2h = 2a + at23 … (1)
2k = − at3 + 2at3 … (2)
2k
i.e.  2k = at3  ⇒  t3 =
a
Put value of t3 in equation (i) we get the required locus.
Now replace h by x and k by y
We get 2y2 = a(x − a).

Q. Find the equation of a normal at the parabola y2 = 4x which passes

through (3, 0).

Sol. Equation of Normal y = mx − 2am − am3

Here a = 1 and it passes through (3, 0)
0 = 3m − 2m − m3
⇒ m3 − = 0
⇒ m = 0, ± 1
Parabola

41.
 for m = 0 ⇒ y = 0
m=1⇒y=x−3
m = −1 ⇒ y = − x + 3

Q. Show that normal to the parabola y2 = 8x at the point (2, 4) meets it again at
(18, − 12). Find also the length of the normal chord.

Sol. Comparing the given parabola with y
∴ 4a = 8
2
= 4ax.

∴a=2
( ) ( )
P at 21 , 2at 1 ≡ 2, 4
⇒ t1 = 1
2
⇒ parameter at Q ( t2 ) =−t1 − =−3
t1
(
∴  Q 2(−3)2 , 2 × 2 ( −3) )
i.e. Q(18, − 12)
∴   Length of normal chord PQ = Distance between points P and Q
= PQ= (18 − 2)2 + (−12 − 4)2= 16 2

Q. Normal to the parabola y2 = 12x at P(3, 6) meet it again at the point Q. Find the
equation of the circle described on PQ as diameter.

Sol.
a=3
2at1 = 6
t1 = 1
P(3, 6)
2
t2 = − t1 −
t1
t2 = − 3
Q will be (27, − 18)
equation of circle
(x − 3)(x − 27) + (y − 6)(y + 18) = 0

Q. If the normal to a parabola y2 = 4ax, makes an angle φ with the axis show that
1 
it will cut the curve again at an angle tan−1  tanφ 
2 
Parabola

42.
 Sol. Let the normal at P (at1 , 2at1 )
2
be y =−t1x + 2atl + atl3

∴   tan φ = −tl = slope of the normal … (1)

It meet the curve again Q say at22 , 2at2 ( )
2
t2 =−t1 − ... (2)
tI
∴ t1 = 2 from equation (1), t2 = − 3
Now angle between the normal and parabola = Angle between the normal and
tangent at
(
Q  i.e., t2 y= x + at22 )
If θ be the angle, then
1  2
−t 1 − t 1  −t 1 −  + 1
m − m2 tt +1 t2  t 1 
tanθ = 1 = =− 1 2 = 
1 + m1m2  1  t2 − t 1 2
1 + −t 1   ( ) −t 1 −
t1
− t1
 t2 
{from equation (1)}
1 
=θ tan−1  tanφ 
 2 

Q. Prove that the normal chord to a parabola y2 = 4ax at the point whose
ordinate is equal to abscissa subtends a right angle at the focus.

Sol. (
let the normal P at21 , 2at1 ) meet the curve at Q(at , 2at )
2
2 2

t1 =2 & t­2 = -t1 - 2/t1 = - 3

∴ PQ is a normal chord.
4a − 0 4a 4
∴   Slope of SP = = =
4a − a 3a 3
−6a − 0 6a 3
and slope of SQ = = = = −
9a − a 8a 4

Now slope of SP ×  slope of SQ = 4 × − 3 = −1

3 4
π
∴  ∠PSQ =   i.e. PQ subtends a right angle
2
at the focus S.
Parabola

43.
 Q. If tangents are drawn to y2 = 4ax from any point P on the parabola
y2 = a(x + b) then show that the normals drawn at their point of contact meet
on a fixed line.

Sol. Let P ( at1t2 , a ( t1 + t2 ) ) ;P must satisfy y2 = a(x + b)

Hence a2(t1 + t2)2 = a((at1t2) + b)

( )
a t21 + t22 + t1t2 =
b

Now coordinates of point of intersection

of normals at t1 and t2 are
( )
h= a t21 + t22 + t1t2 + 2 … (1)

and k = −at1t2(t1 + t2) … (2)

From Eq. (i), h = b + 2a
⇒ x = b + 2a

Q. If a chord which is normal to the parabola y2 = 4ax at one end subtend a right
angle at the vertex, prove that it is inclined at an angle tan−1 2 to the axis
and the normal chord passes through (4a, 0).

Sol. Let y2 = 4ax be the parabola and the normal drawn to it at P(t1) meets the
parabola again at Q(t2) and PQ subtends 90° at the vertex O. We have
2
t2 =−t1 −
t1
2at1 2
OP
Slope of= = 2
at1 t1
2
Slope of OQ =
t2
2 2
OP and OQ are perpendicular, therefore ⋅ −1
=
t 1 t2
⇒ (
4 = −t1t2 = − −t21 − 2 )
[From the equation (1) t1t2 =−t21 − 2 ] or
t21 =⇒
2 t1 =± 2
Now the slope of the normal at P ( t1 ) =−t1 = 2

∴ The normal chord is inclined at an angle tan−1 ( 2) to the axis.

Parabola

44.
 Q. Prove that two parabola y2 = 4ax and y2 = 4c(x − b) cannot have a common
b
normal other than the axis unless > 2.
a−c

Sol. Equation of any normal to parabola y2 = 4ax is

y =m1x − 2am1 − am31 … (1)
Equation of any normal to parabola y2 = 4c(x − b) is
y= m2 (x − b) − 2 cm2 − cm23 … (2)
If the equations (1) and (2) represent the same line, then
m= 1 m=2 m (say) … (3)
and −2am1 − am13 =
−bm2 − 2cm2 − cm23
⇒ 2am + am3 = bm + 2cm + cm3 [From the eq. (3)]
or m (a − c)m2 + (2a − 2c − b) =
0
b − 2(a − c)
= m 0=
i.e. or m2 If m = 0, then axis is the common normal.
a−c
For the common normal other than the axis, the values of m obtained from the
other equation must be real and different from zero. Thus, we have
b − 2(a − c) b
m2 > 0 ⇒ >0⇒ > 2 , Which is the desired result.
a−c (a − c)

Q. If a2 > 8b2,prove that a point can be formed such that two tangents drawn
from it to the parabola y2 = 4ax are normals to the parabola x2 = 4by.

Sol.
Equation of a tangent to parabola y2 = 4ax is
a
=y mx + … (1)
m
Equation of a normal to parabola x2 = 4by is
x = My − 2bM − bM3
1
⇒ y= x + 2b + bM2 … (2)
M
If the lines (1) and (2) are same, then
1 2 a
= m and 2b + bM =
M m
b a
⇒ 2b + 2 = ⇒ 2bm2 − am + b = 0
m m
Above equation is a quadratic in ‘m’ it has real and distinct roots if its
discriminant is positive ∴ (−a)2 − 4(2b) b > 0 ⇒ a2 > 8b2
Which is the desired result.
Parabola

45.
 Q.
Let P be the point on the parabola y2 = 4x which is at the shortest distance
from the center S of the circle x2 + y2 − 4x − 16y + 64 = 0. Let Q be the point on
the circle dividing the line segment SP internally. Then
(A) SP = 2 5
(B) SQ : QP
= ( 5 + 1) : 2
(C) The x-intercept of the normal to the parabola at P is 6
1
(D) The slope of the tangent to the circle at Q is
2

Sol. (ACD)

Given circle is :
x2 + y2 − 4x − 16y + 64 = 0
or (x − 2)2 + (y − 8)2 = 4
Centre S ≡ (2, 8)
normal to parabola is y =mx − 2m − m3
For shortest distance from the centre, normal
must pass through the centre of the circle
⇒ 8 = 2m − 2m − m3
⇒ m = – 2
⇒ Normal at P, y = − 2x + 12
(
∴ Point P ≡ am2 , −2am ≡ (4, 4) )

∴ SP = (4 − 2)2 + (8 − 4)2 = 2 5
∴ SQ : QP =2 : (2 5 − 2)
2 ( 5+1 ) ( 5 + 1) 5+1
=
( 2 5 − 2) ( 5 + 1)
=
5−1
=
4
1
Slope of tangent at Q =
2
(Tangent at Q is perpendicular to SP)
CO-NORMAL POINTS :
Maximum three normal can be drawn from
a point to a parabola and their feet (points
where the normal meet the parabola) are
called co-normal points.
Let P(h, k) be any given point and y2 = 4ax
be a parabola.
Parabola

46.
 The equation of any normal to y2 = 4ax is
y = mx − 2am − am2
If it passes through (h, k) then
k = mh − 2am − am3
⇒ am3 + m(2a − h) + k = 0 … (i)
This is a cubic equation in m, so it has three roots, say
m1, m2 and m3
∴  m1 + m2 + m3 =
0 … (ii)
(2a − h)
m1m2 + m2m3 + m3m1 = … (iii)
a
−k
m1m2m3 = … (iv)
a
 ence for any given point P(h, k), (i) has three real or imaginary roots.
H
Corresponding to each of these three roots, we have each normal
passing through P(h, k). Hence we have three normals PA, PB and PC
drawn through P to the parabola.
 oints A, B, C in which the three normals from P(h, k) meet the
P
parabola are called co-normal points.

Properties of co-normal points :

(1) The algebraic sum of the slopes of three concurrent normals is zero.
This follows from equation (ii).
(2) The algebraic sum of ordinates of the feet’s of three normals drawn to
a parabola from a given point is zero.
Let the ordinates of A,B,C be y1, y2, y3 respectively then
y1 = − 2am1, y2 = − 2am2 and y3 = − 2am3
∴ Algebraic sum of these ordinates is
y1 + y2 + y3 = − 2am1 − 2am2 − 2am3
 = − 2a(m1 + m2 + m3)
 = − 2a × 0 {From equation (ii)}
 = 0
(3) If three normals drawn to any parabola y2 = 4ax from a given point
(h,k ) is real then h > 2a. When normals are real, then all the three
roots of equation (i) are real and in that case
m21 + m22 + m23 > 0 (for any values of m1, m2, m3)
Parabola

47.
 ⇒ (m1 + m2 + m3)2 − 2(m1m2 + m2m2 + m3m1) > 0
2 ( 2a − h)
⇒ (0)2 − >0
a
⇒ h − 2a > 0
or h > 2a > 0
(4) The centroid of the triangle formed by the feet of the three normals
lies on the axis of the parabola. If A ( x1 , y 1 ) ,B ( x2 , y 2 ) and C ( x3 , y 3 )
be vertices of ∆ABC, then its centroid is
 x 1 + x2 + x 3 y 1 + y 2 + y 3   x 1 + x2 + x 3 
 , = , 0
 3 3   3 
Since y 1 + y 2 + y 3 =
0 (from result-2). Hence the centroid lies on the
x - axis, which is the axis of the parabola also.
x + x2 + x 3 1 a
Now 1
3
=
3
(
am21 + am22 + am23=
3
)
m21 + m22 + m23 ( )
=
a
3
{
(m1 + m2 + m3 )2 − 2 (m1m2 + m2m3 + m3m1 ) }

a  2a − h  2h − 4a
=(0)2 − 2  =
3  a  3
 2 h − 4a 
∴ Centroid of ∆ABC is  , 0
 3 

Q.
If from point P(h, k) three normals are drawn to the parabola
(y − 1)2 = 8(x − 2) then find the condition

Sol. Here a = 2 and abscissa of point from where three normals are drawn must be
greater than 2a i.e. x − 2 > 2a i.e.
x > 6 Hence h > 6

Q. The ordinate of points P and Q on the parabola y2 = 12x are in the ratio of 1 : 2
Find the locus of the point of intersection of the normal to the parabola at P
and Q.

Sol. Here a =23,

(
Let P 3t1 , 6t1 ) (
and Q 3t22 , 6t2 ) lie on the parabola.
6t1 1
According to the question, = ⇒ t2 = 2tl … (i)
6t2 2
Parabola

48.
 Let P ( α, β ) be the point of intersection of normal to parabola at P and Q then

( )
α = 2a + a t21 + t22 + tl t2 = 6 + 21tI2 … (ii)

and  β = −at1t2 ( t1 + t2 ) = −18tI3 … (iii)

3
from (ii) t6 =  α − 6  and from (iii)
I  21 

β2
tI6 =
324
equate tl6 , we get
343β2= 12(α − 6)3
∴ Locus is 343y2 = 12(x − 6)3

Q. Find the locus of points through which three normals to parabola y2 = 4ax
passes and two of them are perpendicular to each other.

Sol. Let P(h, k) be the point of intersection of three normals to be parabola y 2

= 4ax
then it will be
k = mh − 2am − am3
y = mx − 2am − am3 and it passes through P(h, k)
∴ am3 + m(2a − h) + k = 0 … (i)
It has three roots m1, m2 and m3
m1 + m2 + m3 = 0 … (ii)
−k
m1m2m3 = … (iii)
a
Given condition, m1m2 = − 1 … (iv)
as given in figure
from (iii) and (iv)
k
m3 =
a
∵ m3 is also a root of equation (1) therefore it will satisfy equation (i)
3
k  k 
a   + ( 2a − h)   + k =0
a
  a
⇒  k3 + ( 2a − h) ka + ka2 =
0
⇒ k2 + 3a2 − ah = 0
∴   locus of P(h, k) is
y + 3a2 − ax = 0
2
Parabola

49.
 Q.
A circle circumscribing the triangle formed by three co-normal points passes
through the vertex of the parabola and its equation is
2(x2 + y2) − 2(h + 2a)x − ky = 0

Sol.
Consider a circle
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 …(1)
If the circle (1) passes through feet of normals Q1, Q2 and Q3 then coordinates
(am2, − 2am) must satisfy the equation of the circle, (where m = m1, m2, m3). So
(am2)2 + (−2am)2 + 2g(am2) + 2f(−2am) + c = 0
or a2m4 + (4a2 + 2ag)m2 − 4afm + c= 0 … (2)
This is a biquadratic equation in the
variable ‘m’. Its roots are m1, m2, m3 and m4 first three of which are the slopes of
three normals at Q1, Q2 and Q3.

Now, m1 + m2 + m3 + m4 = 0
⇒ m4 = 0
Thus, the circle passes through the points

(am , −2am ) , (am , −2am )

2
2 2
2
3 3 ( )
and am24 , −2am4 , where m4 = 0

The fourth point is (0, 0) and therefore c = 0 . The equation (2)

now becomes
(
a2m4 + 4a2 + 2ag m2 − 4amf =
0 )
⇒ am3 + (4a + 2g)m − 4f =
0 … (3)

Equation (3) must be identical. We have

4a = 2g = 2a − h

and − 4f = k

⇒ 2g = − (2a +h)

and 2f = − k/2

The equation (1) then becomes.

k
x2 + y 2 − (2a + h)x − y =
2
0 … (4)

Above equation (4) represents the equation of the circle passing through the
feet of normals Q1, Q2 and Q3 drawn from a point P(h, k) to the parabola y2 = 4ax.
Parabola

50.
 CHORD OF THE PARABOLA
{WHOSE MIDDLE POINT IS GIVEN} :
Equation of the parabola is y2 = 4ax … (1)
Let AB be a chord of the parabola whose
middle point is P(x1, y1).
Equation of chord AB is
y − y1 = m(x − x1) … (2)
where m = slope of AB
Let A = (x2, y2) and B = (x3, y3)
Since A and B lie on parabola (1)
∴ y 22 4ax2=
=  and y 23 4ax3
y2 − y 3 4a
∴ y 22 − y=
2
3 4a ( x2 − x3 )  or  =
x2 − x 3 y2 + y 3
… (3)

But P ( x1 , y 1 )  is the middle point of AB

 y 2 + y 3 =
2y 1

y2 − y 3 4a 2a
∴  From ( 3 ) ,   = =
x2 − x 3 2y 1 y1

2a
∴  Slope of AB i.e.,  m = …. (4)
y1
From (2), equation of chord
2a
AB is y − y=
1 ( x − x1 )
y1
or
yy 1 − y 21 = 2ax − 2ax1  or yy 1 − 2ax = y 21 − 2ax1
or yy 1 − 2a ( x − x1 ) = y 21 − 4ax1   [Subtracting
2ax1from both sides] … (5)
(5) is the required equation. In usual
notations, equation (5) can be written as
T = S1 .
The same result holds true for circle,
ellipse and hyperbola also.
Parabola

51.
 Q. Find the locus of the mid points of the chords of the parabola y2 = 4ax which
subtend a right angle at the vertex of the parabola.

Sol. Let P(h,k) be the mid point of a chord QR of the parabola y 2

= 4ax then equation
of the chord QR is T= S1
or yk − 2a ( x + h) = k2 − 4ah
⇒ yk − 2ax =k2 − 2ah  … (1)
If A is the vertex of the parabola. For combined equation of AQ and AR making
homogeneous of y2 = 4ax with the help of (1)
y2 = 4ax(1)
 yk − 2ax 
y 2 = 4ax  2 
 k − 2ah 
( )
y 2 k2 − 2ah − 4akxy + 8a2 x2 =
0

Since ∠QAF =
90
∴ coefficient of x2 + coefficient of y2 = 0
k2 − 2ah + 8a2 = 0
Hence the locus of P(h, k) is y2− 2ax + 8a2 = 0

Q. If a chord, which is not a tangent, of the parabola y2 = 16 has the equation 2x +

y = p, and midpoint (h, k), then which of the following is(are) possible value(s)
of p, h and k ?
(A) p = − 1, h = 1, k = − 3 (B) p = 2, h = 3, k = − 4
(C) p = − 2, h = 2, k = − 4 (D) p = 5, h = 4, k = − 3

Sol. (D)

Parabola, y2 = 16x
Equation of chord, 2x + y = p … (1)
Equation of chord having mid point (h,k) is T = S1
ky − 8(x + h) = k2 − 16h … (2)
or ky − 8x = k2 − 8h
Comparing (1) and (2), we get
k −8 k2 − 8h
= =
1 2 p
⇒ k = − 4 and k2 − 8h = − 4p
From this, we get
16 − 8h = − 4p
Clearly, h = 3 and p =2.
Parabola

52.
PAIR OF TANGENTS
Let the parabola be y2 = 4ax … (1)
Let P ( x1 , y 1 ) be a point outside the parabola.
Let a chord of the parabola through the point
P(x1, y1)cut the parabola at R and let Q(α,β) be
an arbitrary point on line PR. Let R divide PQ
in the ratio  λ : 1 ,
 λα + x 1 λβ + y 1 
then R =  , 
 λ+1 λ+1 
Since R lies on parabola (1), therefore,
2
 λβ + y 1   λα + x1 
  − 4a  =0
 λ+1   λ+1 
2
or ( λβ + y 1 ) − 4a ( λα + x1 ) ( λ + 1) = 0
or
( ) (
β2 − 4aα λ2 + 2 βy 1 − 2a ( α + x1 )  λ + y 21 − 4ax1 =0 )
… (2)
Line PQ will become tangent to parabola (1)
if roots of equation (2) are equal or if
2
( )(
4 βy 1 − 2a ( α + x1 )  = 4 β2 − 4aα y 21 − 4ax1 )
Hence, locus of Q(α, β) i.e. equation of pair
of tangents from P(x1, y1) is
2
( )(
 yy 1 − 2a ( x + x1 )  = y 2 − 4ax y 21 − 4ax1 )
⇒ SS1 = T2
where S, S1 and T have usual meanings.
The same result holds true for cicle ellipse
and hyperbola also.

Q. Tangents are drawn from the point (-1, 2) on the parabola y2 = 4x. The length,
these tangents will intercept on the line x = 2 is:
(A) 6 (B) 6 2 (C) 2 6 (D) none of these

Sol. (B)
SS 1
= T2
(y )( ) ( ))
2
2
(
− 4x y 21 − 4xl = yyI − 2 x + x y

(y 2
− 4x ) ( 4 + 4 )= [2y − 2 ( x − 1)] = 4(y − x + 1)
2 2
Parabola

2(y2 − 4x) = (y − x + 1)2

53.
 solving with the line x = 2 we get,
( ) ( )
2 y 2 − 8 = (y − 1)2   or 2 y 2 − 8 = y 2 − 2y + 1

or y 2 + 2y − 17 =
0
where y 1 + y 2 =
−2 and y 1 y 2 = −17
2 2
Now y 1 − y 2 =( yI + y 2 ) − 4y 1 y 2
2
or y 1 − y 2 = 4 − 4 ( −17 ) = 72

∴ ( yl − y 2 ) = 72 = 6 2

CHORD OF CONTACT OF POINT WITH RESPECT

TO A PARABOLA
Two tangents PA and PB are drawn to
parabola, then line joining AB is called
the chord of contact to the parabola with
respect to point P.
Let the parabola be y2 = 4ax … (1)
Let P ( α, β ) be a point outside the parabola.
Let PA and PB be the two tangents from
P ( α, β ) to parabola (1).
Let A = ( x1 , y 1 ) and B = ( x2 , y 2 )
Equation of the tangent PA is
yy 1 2a ( x + x1 ) … (2)
=
Equation of the tangent PB is
yy 2 2a ( x + x2 ) … (3)
=
Since lines (2) and (3) pass through P ( α, β ) ,
therefore
βy=
1 2a ( a + x1 ) … (4)
and  βy=
2 2a ( a + x2 ) … (5)
Now we consider the equation
yβ 2a ( x + α ) … (6)
=
From (4) and (5), it follows that line (6)
passes through A ( x1 , y 1 ) and B ( x2 , y 2 ) .
Hence (6) is the equation of line AB which is
the chord of contact of point P ( α, β ) with
Parabola

54.
 yβ 2a ( x + α )
respect to parabola (1) i.e, chord of contact is=
The same result holds true for circle, ellipse and hyperbola also.

Q. Tangent are drawn to parabola y2 = 4ax at point where the line lx + my + n =0

meets the parabola. Find the point of intersection of these tangents.

Sol. Let the tangent intersect at P(h, k), then lx + my + n =0 will be the chord of
contact of P. That means x + my + n =0 and yk − 2ax − 2ah = 0 will represent
the same line. Thus,
k −2a −2ah n 2am
= = ⇒ h = ,k =−
m l n l l
 n −2am 
thus  ,  is point of intersection
  

Q. Line 3x + y = 6 intersect the parabola y2 = - 4x at A and B. Find coordinates of

point of intersection of Tangent drawn at A and B.

Sol. Let point of intersection is P(h, k)

equation of chord of contact w.r.t P is
yk = − 2(x + h)
yk + 2x + 2h = 0 … (1)
3x + y − 6 = 0 … (2)
(1) and (2) are same equation comparing
3 1 −6
= =
2 k 2h
⇒ k = 2/3 ; h = − 2

Q. Pair of tangents are drawn to parabola y2 = − 4x from every point on the line
3x + y = 2. Prove that there chord of contact passes through a fix point.

Sol.
Let point on the line 3x + y = 2
(l , 2 − 3l)
equation of chord of contact be
y(2 − 3λ) = −2(x + λ)
2y − 3λy =−2x − 2λ
Parabola

55.
 2y + 2x + λ(2 − 3y) =0
Solving family of lines,
we get y = 2/3
x = − 2/3

Q. From a point on the line x + 4a = 0 pair of tangents are drawn to the parabola
y2 = 4x Prove that the chord of contact subtends 90° at vertex.

Sol. (
Let P at21 , 2at1 ) and Q (at , 2at )
2
2 2
be the points of contact for tangents drawn

from any point on the line x + 4a =0 . Their point of intersection will be on this
line.

∴ at1t2 + 4a =
0
or t1t2 = −4
Let O is vertex

Slope of OP = 2/t2 ; Slope of OO = 2/t1

2 2
Now t × t =−1 H.P.
2 1

This is also the condition for chord PQ to subtend a right angle at the vertex.

Q. Find locus of mid-point of chord of parabola y2 = 4ax. Which always passes

through focus.

Sol. Any chord PQ which get bisected at point R(h, k) is T = S1

or ky − 2a(x + h) = k2 − 4ah
Now given that this chord is focal chord, then it must passes through focus S(a, 0).
Then k(0) − 2a(a + h) = k2 − 4ah
⇒ k2 = 2ah − 4a2 ⇒ k2 = 2ah − 4a2
⇒ y2 = 2a(x − a)

Q. Prove that the area of the triangle formed by the tangents drawn from ( x1 , y 1 )

( )
3/2
to y 2 = 4ax and their chord of contact is y 21 − 4ax1 / 2a
Parabola

56.
 Sol. Equation of QR (chord of contact) is
yy 1 2a ( x + x1 )
=
yy 1 − 2a ( x + x1 ) =
0
∵ PM = Length of perpendicular from P ( x1 , y 1 ) on QR

=

yl y 1 − 2a ( x1 + x1 )
=
( y − 4ax )
2
1 1

(
y 21 + 4a2 ) ( y + 4a )
2
1
2

[Since P ( xl , y ν ) lies outside the parabola

∴ yI2 − 4axl > 0

1
Now area of ∆PQR = QR ⋅ PM
2

1 1 (y 2
− 4ax1 )
=
2|a|
( y 21 − 4ax1 )( yI2 + 4a 2
) i

yl2 + 4a 2

(y )
2 3/2
= 1 − 4ax / 2a, if a > 0
Know the facts
DIAMETER OF A PARABOLA
Diameter of a conic is the locus of middle Length of the chord of contact
points of a series of its parallel chords.
yI2 + 4a2 y 21 − 4ax1
QR =
a
Equation of diameter of a parabola:
Let the parabola be y2 = 4ax …(1)
Let AB be one of the chords of a series of
parallel chords having slope m.
Let P ( α, β ) be the middle point of chord
AB, then equation of AB will be T = S1
or yβ − 2a ( x + α ) = β2 − 4αa … (2)
2a
Slope of line ( 2 ) =
β
but slope of line (1) i.e. line AB is m.
2a 2a
∴ m or β =
=
β m
Hence locus of P ( α, β ) i.e. equation of
Parabola

57.
 diameter (which is the locus of a series of a
2a
parallel chords having slope m) is y =
m
Clearly line (3) is parallel to the axis of the
parabola. Thus a diameter of a parabola is
parallel to its axis.

Length of tangent, subtangent, normal and

sub-normal :
Let the parabola is y2 = 4ax Let the tangent
at any point
P ( x, y ) meet the axis of parabola at T and G
respectively and tangent makes an angle ψ
with x -axis.

 dy 
∴  tanψ =  and PN = y
 dx P( x,y )

∴ PT = length of tangent
= PNcosec = ψ ycosecψ
= ysecψ
PG = length of normal
= PNcot
TN = length of sub-tangent = ψ ycotψ
= ytanψ
NG = length of sub-normal

Q. Find the length of tangent, sub-tangent, normal and sub-normal to y2 = 4ax

(
at at2 , 2at .)

Sol. y 2
= 4ax

l (  normal 
= ) ysec= 2
ψ 2at 1 + tan= ψ 2a 1 + t2

l ( sub −  tangent 
=) y cot = t 2at2
ψ 2at ⋅=

I
l ( sub − normal=
) ytan=
ψ 2at ⋅ = 2a
t
Thus length of sub-normal of parabola is
constant and equal to semi-latus rectum.
Parabola

58.
PROPERTIES OF PARABOLA :
(1) 
Circle described on the focal length
(distance) as diameter touches the tangent
at the vertex.
Equation of the circle described on SP as
diameter is
( )
x − at2 ( x − a ) + ( y − 2at ) ( y − 0) =
0

Solve it with y -axis i.e. x = 0 , we get

y 2 − 2aty + a2 t2 =0 ⇒ (y − at)2 =0
circle touches y-axis at (0, at)
(2) 
Circle described on the focal chord as
diameter touches directrix
Equation of the circle described on PQ as
diameter is
a 2a 
( 

) t 

x − at2  x − 2  + ( y − 2at )  y +

=
t 
0

Solving it with x = − a

( −a − at )  −a − ta  + ( y − 2at )  y + 2at  =0

2
2

2
 1 2 1
⇒  y 2 − 2a  t −  y + a t − 0
 =
 t  t

2
  1 
⇒   y − a  t −  = 0
  t  
circle touches the directrix.

(3) Tangent at P is
yt= x + at2 , meet x -axis at T, then T −at2 , 0 ( )
Normal at P is y + xt = 2at + at3 , meet x -axis
at N
(
then N 2a + at2 , 0 )
⇒ ST =SN =a + at2 =PM =PS
Parabola

59.
 ⇒ ∠PTS =
∠TPS =
θ
 TS = PS = PM ⇒ ∠TPM = θ
Tangent and Normal at any point P bisect
the angle between PS and PM internally
and externally. This property leads to the
reflection property of parabola.
Circle circumscribing the triangle formed by
any tangent normal and x - axis, has its
centre at focus. If we extend MP, then from
figure ∠RPN = ∠SPN = 90 − θ
Thus ray parallel to axis meet parabola at P
and after reflection from P it passes through
the focus.

(4) 
The tanents at the extremities of a focal
chord intersect at right angles on the
directrix.

(5) 
The portion of tangent to the parabola
intercepted between the directrix and the
curve subtends a right angle at the focus
( )
Tangent at P at2 , 2at is yt = x + at2 meet the

 at2 − a 
directrix at x =−a ⇒ Q  −a,  and
 t 
S(a, 0).
2at − 0 2t
=
Slope at SP =
2
=
2
m1
at − a t − 1
at2 − a
−0 2
SQ
Slope at= t = t= −1
m2 .
−a − 0 −2t
⇒ m1  m2 = −1
⇒ SP ⊥ SQ
⇒ ∠PSQ = 90°

(6) Tangent at P is yt = x + at2 … (i)

Line perpendicular to above line is xt + y = λ
and passes through (a,0) gives λ = at
∴   perpendicular line will be
Parabola

60.
 xt + y= at … (ii)
Solve (i) and (ii), we get
x=0
i.e., these two lines intersect at y-axis i.e.
tangent at the vertex.
The foot of the perpendicular from the
focus on any tangent to a parabola lies on
the tangent at vertex.

(7) Tangents and Normals at the extremities of

the latus rectum of a parabola y 2 = 4ax
constitute a square, their points of
intersection being (-a,0) & (3a,0).

(8) The circle circumscribing the triangle formed

by any three tangents to a parabola passes
through the focus.

(9) 
The orthocentre of any triangle formed by
three tangents to a parabola y2=4ax lies
on the directrix & has the co-ordinates
(-a,a(t1+t2+t3+t1 t2 t3 ))

(10) 
The area of the triangle formed by three
points on a parabola is twice the area of the
triangle formed by the tangents at these
points.

Paragraph for Q1 and Q3 :

Let a tangent to parabola y2 = 4ax at point P(at2, 2at), t ≠ 0 intersects its directrix at
point Q. Let ‘S’ represents the focus of parabola y2 = 4ax and C represents the circle
circumscribing the triangle PQS.

Q.1 The angle between the parabola y2 = 4ax and the circle C at point P is :
π π π π
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 4 3 2

Ans. (D)
Parabola

61.
 PQ is diameter of circle

⇒ tangent of parabola is normal to C

∴ Circle and parabola are orthogonal

Q.2 If normal to parabola y2 = 4ax at point P intersects the line joining Q and S at

(PS)(QR)
R, then is equal to :
(PQ)(PR)
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1

Ans. (D)
1 1 (PS)(QR)
Area of ΔPQR =
2
(PS) (QR) =
2
(PQ) (PR) ⇒
(PQ)(PR)
=1

Q.3 Area of circle C is:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3 3
πa2 1 + t 2 πa2 1 + t 2 πa2 1 + t 2 πa2 1 − t 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
8t 2 4t 4 4t 2 4t 2

Sol. (C)
 at 2 − a 
2

( )
2

2
(PQ) = at + a
2 +  2at − 
 t 


(t )
( )
2 3
2
+1  t2 + 1 a2
2  2
( )
2
= a  t + 1 +  = t2
t2
 

( )
3
2
π π t +1
Area of C = (PQ)2 = a2
4 4 t2

Q. Two mutually perpendicular tangent of the parabola y2 = 4ax meet the axis in

1 1
P1 and P2. If S is the focus of the parabola, then + is equal to
( SP1 ) ( SP2 )
4 2 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
a a a 4a
Parabola

62.
 Sol. (C)

( )
a 1 t 21 ; SP2 =+
SP1 =+ a 1 t 22 ( )
⇒ t1t2 = –1

1 1
=
(
SP1 a 1 + t 2
1 )
1 1 t 21
= =
SP2 a 1 + t 2
2( )
a t 21 + 1 ( )
1 1 1
∴ + =
SP1 SP2 a

Q. A line of slope λ(0 < λ < 1) touches parabola y + 3x2 = 0 at P. If S is the focus
and M is the foot of the perpendicular of directrix from P, then tan ∠MPS
equals
2λ 1 − λ2
(A) 2λ (B) (C) (D) None of these
−1 + λ 2 1 + λ2

Sol. (B)

Slope of line

λ = tan θ

tan(∠MPS) = tan 2  π − θ  = tan( π − 2θ) = − tan 2θ

 
2 
2λ
=
λ2 − 1

Q. If the locus of middle of point of contact of tangent drawn to the parabola y2

= 8x and foot of perpendicular drawn from its focus to the tangents is a conic
then length of latus rectum of this conic is:

9 9
(A) (B) 9 (C) 18 (D)
4 2

Sol. (B)
Parabola

63.
 Let middle point of P and T be (h, k)
∴ 2h = at2

and 2k = 3at

4k2
∴ 2h = a
9a2
Locus of (h, k) is 2y2 = 9ax

As a = 2 ∴ y2 = 9x

Q. From a point A(t) on the parabola y2 = 4ax, a focal chord and a tangent is
drawn. Two circles are drawn in which one circle is drawn taking focal chord
AB as diameter and other is drawn by taking intercept of tangent between
point A and point P on the directrix, as diameter. Then the common chord of
the circles is
(A) line joining focus and P
(B) line joining focus and A
(C) tangent to the parabola at point A
(D) None of these

Sol. (C)

Circle S2, taking focal chord AB as

diameter will touch directrix at point P
and circle S1, taking AP as diameter will
pass through focus S(since AP subtends
angle 90° at focus of parabola).

Hence, common chord of given circles

is line AP (which is intercept of tan-
gent at point ‘A’ between point A and
directrix).

Q. If incident ray from point (-3,2) parallel to the axis of parabola y2=4x strike
the parabola, then find the equation of reflected ray.

Sol. Since incident ray strikes parabola at

P(1,2) i.e. extremity of latus rectum
Parabola

64.
 and it will pass through the focus of
parabola therefore reflected ray will
be parallel to y -axis and its equation
will be x = 1.

Q. A ray of light moving parallel to the x -axis get reflected from a parabolic
mirror (y-2)2=4(x+1). Find the point on the axis of parabola through which the
ray must pass after reflection.

Sol. Axis of parabola is y = 2 i.e., parallel to x -axis. As we know if incident ray is

parallel to x -axis then after reflection it will pass through the focus of parabola
and focus is (0, 2).

Paragraph for Q1 to Q3 :
Two tangents on a parabola are x − y = 0 and x + y = 0 . S(2, 3) is the focus of
the parabola.

Q1 The equation of tangent at vertex is

(A) 4x − 6y + 5 = 0 (B) 4x − 6y + 3 = 0
(C) 4x − 6y + 1 = 0 (D) 4x − 6y + 3/2 = 0

Ans. (A)
Q2
The length of latus rectum of the parabola is
(A) 6 / 3 (B) 10 / 13 (C) 2 / 13 (D) None of these

Ans. (B)
1 1
Q3 If P and Q are the ends of the focal chord of the parabola, then +
SP SQ
=

(A) 2 13 / 3 (B) 2 13 (C) 2 13 / 5 (D) None of these

Sol. (C)
We know that the foot of perpendicular from focus to any tangent lies on the
tangent at the vertex of the parabola. Now, if the foot of perpendicular of (2, 3)
on the line x − y =0 is ( x1 , y 1 ) , then
Parabola

65.
 x1 − 2 y 1 − 3 −(2 − 3)
= =
1 −1 2
5 5
or x1 = and y 1 =
2 2
If the foot of perpendicular of (2, 3)
on the line x + y = 0 is ( x2 , y 2 ) , then
x2 − 2 y 2 − 3 2+3
= = −
1 1 2
1 1
or x2 = − and y 2 =
2 2
Now, the tangent at the vertex passes through the points (5 /2, 5/2) and
(−1 / 2, 1 / 2) . Then, its equation is
1 2 1
y− =
or x + 
2 3 2
or 4x − 6y + 5 = 0
The length of latus rectum of the parabola is 4 × (Distance of focus from
tangent at vertex)
8 − 18 + 5 10
4×
= =
52 13
Also, the distance between the focus and the tangent at vertex is 5 / 13
1 1 1
We know that + =
SP SQ a
where a is 1/4 th of the length of latus rectum. Therefore,
1 1 2 13
+ =
SP SQ 5

Q. Let S be the focus of the parabola y2 = 8x and PQ be the common chord of the
circle x2 + y2 − 2x − 4y = 0 and the given parabola. The area of triangle PQS is

Sol. (4)

We have parabola y2 = 8x with circle
x2 + y2 − 2x − 4y = 0
Solving parabola (2t2, 4t) with circle,
we get 4t4 + 16t2 − 4t2 − 16t = 0
or t4 + 3t2 − 4t = 0
⇒ t = 0, 1
So, the points P and Q are (0,0) and (2, 4),
Parabola

66.
 respectively which are also diametrically opposite
points on the circle. The focus is S(2, 0)
1
Area of ∆PQS = × 2 × 4 = 4 sq. units
2

Q. Let the curve C be the mirror image of the parabola y2 = 4x with respect to the
line x + y + 4 =0 . If A and B are the points of intersection of C with the line
y = − 5, then the distance between A and B is

Sol. (4)

Let P(t2, 2t) be a point on the curve y2 = 4x and Q(h, k) be it’s image in
x + y + 4 = 0.

∴
h − t2 k − 2t
== −
( )
2 t2 + 2t + 4
1 1 2
⇒ h = − (2t + 4) and k = − (t2 + 4)
Now y = − 5 intersect this locus.
∴ k = − 5, So t = ± 1, so t = ± 1
Hence, h = − 2, − 6
So, points of intersection are A(−2, −5) and B(−6, − 5).
Hence, AB = 4.

Parabola

67.
68.