Time Team - Norman Cross

Wessex Archaeology
Norman Cross Camp

Cambridgeshire
Archaeological Evaluation and Assessment of Results
Ref: 71507
September 2010
NORMAN CROSS,
CAMBRIDGESHIRE
Prepared for:
Videotext Communications Ltd
49 Goldhawk Road
LONDON
SW1 8QP
by
Wessex Archaeology
Portway House
Old Sarum Park
SALISBURY
Wiltshire
SP4 6EB
SAM 364539
Report reference: 71507.02

Path: X/projects/71507/post ex/TT Norman Cross report (ed LNM)
September 2010
© Wessex Archaeology Limited 2010 all rights reserved

Wessex Archaeology Limited is a Registered Charity No. 287786
Norman Cross, Cambridgeshire
DISCLAIMER
THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT WAS DESIGNED AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF A REPORT TO AN INDIVIDUAL
CLIENT AND WAS PREPARED SOLELY FOR THE BENEFIT OF THAT CLIENT. THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT
DOES NOT NECESSARILY STAND ON ITS OWN AND IS NOT INTENDED TO NOR SHOULD IT BE RELIED UPON BY ANY
THIRD PARTY. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW WESSEX ARCHAEOLOGY WILL NOT BE LIABLE BY
REASON OF BREACH OF CONTRACT NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY LOSS OR DAMAGE (WHETHER DIRECT
INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL) OCCASIONED TO ANY PERSON ACTING OR OMITTING TO ACT OR REFRAINING FROM
ACTING IN RELIANCE UPON THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT ARISING FROM OR CONNECTED WITH ANY
ERROR OR OMISSION IN THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THE REPORT. LOSS OR DAMAGE AS REFERRED TO ABOVE
SHALL BE DEEMED TO INCLUDE, BUT IS NOT LIMITED TO, ANY LOSS OF PROFITS OR ANTICIPATED PROFITS DAMAGE
TO REPUTATION OR GOODWILL LOSS OF BUSINESS OR ANTICIPATED BUSINESS DAMAGES COSTS EXPENSES
INCURRED OR PAYABLE TO ANY THIRD PARTY (IN ALL CASES WHETHER DIRECT INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL) OR
ANY OTHER DIRECT INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL LOSS OR DAMAGE
QUALITY ASSURANCE
SITE CODE 71507 ACCESSION CODE CLIENT CODE
PLANNING APPLICATION REF. NGR 516191 291183
VERSION STATUS* PREPARED APPROVED APPROVER’S DATE FILE

BY BY SIGNATURE
01 F NH RJCS 09/09/10 TT NORMAN CROSS REPORT (ED LNM)
* I= Internal Draft E= External Draft F= Final
WA Project No. 71507 ii

NORMAN CROSS,
CAMBRIDGESHIRE
Contents
Summary ............................................................................................................ vi
Acknowledgements...............................................................................................i
1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................1
1.1 Project Background .....................................................................................1
1.2 Site Location, Topography and Geology .....................................................1
1.3 Archaeological Background.........................................................................1
1.4 Previous Archaeological Work.....................................................................5
2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................5
2.2 Research Aim 1: Camp construction ...........................................................5
2.3 Research Aim 2: Camp cemeteries – nature and location ..........................6
2.4 Research Aim 3: Plague cemetery – nature and location ...........................6
2.5 Research Aim 4: What happened when camp went out of use?.................6
3 METHODS ...........................................................................................................6
3.1 Geophysical Survey.....................................................................................6
3.2 Landscape and Earthwork Survey...............................................................6
3.3 Evaluation Trenches....................................................................................6
4 RESULTS ............................................................................................................7
4.1 Introduction..................................................................................................7
4.2 Geophysical Survey.....................................................................................7
4.3 Evaluation Trenches....................................................................................8
5 FINDS ................................................................................................................15
5.1 Introduction................................................................................................15
5.2 Pottery .......................................................................................................16
5.3 Ceramic Building Material (CBM) ..............................................................17
5.4 Fired Clay ..................................................................................................17
5.5 Clay Pipe ...................................................................................................17
5.6 Stone .........................................................................................................18
5.7 Glass .........................................................................................................18
5.8 Slag ...........................................................................................................18
5.9 Metalwork ..................................................................................................19
5.10 Human Bone..............................................................................................20
5.11 Animal Bone ..............................................................................................22
5.12 Miscellaneous Finds ..................................................................................24
5.13 Potential and recommendations ................................................................24
6 PALAEO-ENVIRONMENTAL SUMMARY........................................................24
6.1 Introduction................................................................................................24
6.2 Charred Plant Remains .............................................................................25
6.3 Wood Charcoal..........................................................................................25
6.4 Mollusc Remains .......................................................................................25
6.5 Small animal and fish bones......................................................................25
6.6 Potential and Recommendations...............................................................25
7 DISCUSSION.....................................................................................................25
WA Project No. 71507 iii

7.1 Introduction................................................................................................25
7.2 Prehistoric and Romano-British activity.....................................................26
7.3 Research Aim 1: Camp construction .........................................................26
7.4 Research Aim 2: Camp cemeteries – nature and location ........................26
7.5 Research Aim 3: Plague cemetery – nature and location .........................27
7.6 Research Aim 4: What happened when camp went out of use?...............27
7.7 Daily life within the camp ...........................................................................27
8 RECOMMENDATIONS .....................................................................................28
9 ARCHIVE...........................................................................................................28
10 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................29
Figures
Figure 1: Site location and results of geophysical survey
Figure 2: Contemporary images of Norman Cross Camp
Plate 1: Engraving of Norman Cross Barracks and Prison, by Lt. E.
MacGregor, 1813 (taken from Walker 1913, pl. II, fig. 4)
Plate 2: A view of the Prisons of War situated at Norman Cross,
Huntingdonshire, undated (held by Peterborough Museum and Art
Gallery)
Figure 3: Trenches 1, 2 and 3: plan
Figure 4: Trenches 1, 2 and 3: photographs
Plate 3: Trench 1, view from north-east
Plate 4: Trench 1, defensive ditches, view from west
Plate 5: Trench 2, view from south-west
Plate 6: Trench 2, robber cut (217), south-east facing section
Plate 7: Trench 3, view from north-west
Figure 5: Trench 4: plan and photographs
Plate 8: Grave 404, view from south-east
Plate 9: Skeleton 403, view from south-west
Figure 6: Trenches 5, 6 and 9: plan and photograph
Figure 7: Trench 7: plan and photographs
Plate 12: Trench 7, view from north
Plate 13: Skeletons 709 and 710, view from south
Figure 8: Trench 8: plan and photograph
Plate 14: Trench 8, view from south-east
Figure 9: Worked bone objects
Front cover: Detail from ‘Engraving of Norman Cross Barracks and Prison, by Lt. E.
MacGregor, 1813’ (see Figure 2)
Back cover: (left) Trench 1, south-west end, after excavation
(top right) Trench 4 under excavation
(bottom right) Finds washing
Tables
Table 1: Finds totals by material type and by trench
Table 2: Summary of observed human bone
Table 3: Assessment of the charred plant remains and charcoal
WA Project No. 71507 iv

NORMAN CROSS,
CAMBRIDGESHIRE
Summary
In July 2009 an archaeological evaluation was undertaken by Channel 4’s ‘Time

Team’ at the site of Norman Cross Camp (NGR 516191 291183, SAM 364539), the
first specially constructed prisoner of war camp for the internment of those captured
in the Napoleonic Wars of 1793-1815. The camp was opened in 1797, and remained
open until 1814. The majority of the buildings were demolished or sold at auction in
1816.
An evaluation comprising nine trenches confirmed the basic layout of the prisoner of
war internment centre and provided some detail of its construction and use. A
possible Romano-British pit was also located. Evidence suggests that the camp was
constructed directly upon the subsoil, creating a buried soil horizon. Further earlier
archaeological features may therefore survive beneath the later camp structures.
The outer perimeter of the camp appears to have been a double ditch, separated by
a walkway, within a brick built wall. There was also evidence of an earlier timber
palisade, mentioned in documentary sources. A number of graves were located in
the northern part of the Site. Several of these contained more than one inhumation,
although individuals may have been interred in several phases. All the exposed
graves were north-south aligned. The cemetery reported (by local tradition) to lie to
the west of the A1 was not located.
Evidence illustrating the daily life of prisoners was found in both the artefactual and
palaeo-environmental evidence. Personal items including buttons show the range of
military affiliations represented amongst the occupants of the camp (British, French
and Dutch). In particular the large number of items relating to bone-working on the
Site demonstrates the skills of many of the prisoners, who were allowed to make
utilitarian and decorative items for sale.
It is recommended that a summary publication report, based on the results presented

here, is prepared for submission to the Cambridgeshire Antiquarian Journal. This
report would include a full discussion of the bone-working assemblage.
WA Project No. 71507 v

NORMAN CROSS,
CAMBRIDGESHIRE
Acknowledgements
This programme of post-excavation and assessment work was commissioned and

funded by Videotext Communications Ltd, and Wessex Archaeology would like to
thank the staff at Videotext, and in particular Michael Douglas (Series Editor), Jane
Hammond (Production Manager), Tom Scott (Researcher) and Anna Cosgrave
(Production Coordinator) for their considerable help during the recording and post-
excavation work.
The geophysical survey was undertaken by John Gater, Jimmy Adcock and Emma
Wood of GSB Prospection. The field survey was undertaken by Henry Chapman,
University of Birmingham and landscape survey and map regression was undertaken
by Stewart Ainsworth of English Heritage. The excavation strategy was devised by
Francis Pryor. The on-site recording was co-ordinated by Naomi Hall, and on-site
finds processing was carried out by Sue Nelson, both of Wessex Archaeology.
The excavations were undertaken by Time Team’s retained archaeologists, Phil

Harding (Wessex Archaeology), Matt Williams, Ian Powlesland, Raksha Dave, Faye
Simpson, and Tracey Smith, assisted by Jon House, Steve Granham, Graham
Clarke, Chris Faine, Peter Boardman and Ross Lilleyclark. Excavation and specialist
advice on human remains was undertaken by Jacqueline McKinley (Wessex
Archaeology). The metal detector survey was carried out by Ben and Len Eeles.
The archive was collated and all post-excavation assessment and analysis
undertaken by Wessex Archaeology. This report was compiled by Naomi Hall with
specialist reports prepared by Lorraine Mepham (finds) with Jessica Grimm (animal
bone) and Chris J. Stevens (palaeo-environmental). The illustrations were prepared
by Kenneth Lymer. The post-excavation project was managed on behalf of Wessex
Archaeology by Lorraine Mepham.
Finally thanks are extended to the owners George Martin, Richard Hibbins and Mr
and Mrs Rome for allowing access to the Site for geophysical survey and
archaeological evaluation. Wessex Archaeology would also like to thank Ben
Robinson (Peterborough Museum Service), Andy Robertshaw (Royal Logistics Corps
Museum) and John Ette (English Heritage Inspector) for their help and advice during
the excavation.
WA Project No. 71507 vi

NORMAN CROSS,
CAMBRIDGESHIRE
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Background

1.1.1 Wessex Archaeology was commissioned by Videotext Communications Ltd
to undertake a programme of archaeological recording and post-excavation
work on an archaeological evaluation undertaken by Channel 4’s ‘Time
Team’ at the site of Norman Cross Camp, Yaxley, Cambridgeshire
(hereafter the ‘Site’) (Figure 1).
1.1.2 This report documents the results of archaeological survey and evaluation
undertaken by Time Team, and presents an assessment of the results of
these works.
1.2 Site Location, Topography and Geology

1.2.1 The Site lies approximately 7.4km to the south of Peterborough and 2.5km
to the south-west of Yaxley and is immediately to the north of junction 16 of
the A1(M). The Site is situated on relatively level ground, and earthworks
within the main area of investigation seem to echo the presumed layout of
the camp. The southern edge of the Site is marked by the A15.
1.2.2 The main area of the Site consists of a roughly square area of land with the
corners aligned to the main cardinal points just to the east of the A1(M),
centred on NGR 516191 291183, and is located within the parish of Yaxley.
This area of the Site constitutes Scheduled Ancient Monument 364539. The
scheduling covers an area of 0.15km2 and includes the main compound and
associated ancillary buildings to the south-west and north-east; it does not
include the houses to the east. A further area of investigation lay just to the
west of the A1(M), centred on NGR 515673 291356, within the parish of
Folksworth and Washingley.
1.2.3 The main area of investigation consisted of one large field which contained
the visible earthworks and another field immediately to the north-east. Both
are within the Scheduled area and both were under grass at the time of the
evaluation, while the area to the west of the A1(M) was under crop. The
underlying geology is grey mudstone with sporadic thin limestone bands
(British Geological Survey, sheet 172).
1.3 Archaeological Background

Prehistoric
1.3.1 Neolithic implements and a Bronze Age axe head are recorded as being
found around Yaxley (Page et al. 1936, 241-7) as well as a Palaeolithic hand
axe (HER011419) and unstratified flint finds from Manor Farm, Yaxley
(Cambridgeshire County Council 2002, 14). There were no prehistoric sites
identified on Yaxley Fen during the Fenland Survey; however, due to the
rising water table from the Mesolithic period onwards, early sites in the fen
WA Project No. 71507 1

are likely to have been buried within the deep peat sequence
(Cambridgeshire County Council 2002, 14).
Romano-British
1.3.2 Part of the current A1 was originally the Roman route of Ermine Street. This
major Roman road linked Londinium (London) to Eboracum (York) via
Lindum Colonia (Lincoln).
1.3.3 To the north of the Site lies the Roman settlement of Durobrivae (Water
Newton). This settlement was built to guard the crossing point of Ermine
Street and the River Nene. When the garrison withdrew, the military were
replaced by a civil authority, with large scale colonization and population
growth occurring by the 2nd century AD. Romano-British settlement is also
known from Yaxley (Page et al. 1936, 241-7).
1.3.4 The Nene Valley was an area of continuous pottery production from before
the Roman conquest, and there were a number of potteries in existence
from the 1st century AD onwards. Around the mid 2nd century an important
pottery industry specialising in colour-coated wares was established in the
Lower Nene Valley, centred on Durobrivae. The Nene Valley potteries
stretched westward towards Northamptonshire and along both banks of the
river, from Castor in the north to Chesterton to the south.
1.3.5 Work to the east of Stilton in 2006, approximately 1.5km to the south of the
Site, revealed a number of kilns within a roadside settlement situated on an
offshoot of Ermine Street. This appeared to have been occupied from the
early-mid 2nd century to the end of the Roman period (Wessex Archaeology
2006).
Medieval and post-medieval

1.3.6 Norman Cross gave its name to the local hundred division (Page et al. 1936,
241-7) and the meeting point is likely to have been at the cross-roads of the
Yaxley to Folksworth road and Ermine Street, which was marked by the
cross (Cambridgeshire County Council 2002, 15).
1.3.7 Yaxley is known to have been held from the 12th century by the Abbey of
Thorney, who held much of the land in the area until the Dissolution (Page et
al. 1936, 241-7). Thorney was one of the great 'Fen Five' Benedictine
monasteries, all of which have early foundations. These are Peterborough,
Thorney, Ramsey, Crowland and Ely. The abbey was granted the right to
hold a market on Thursdays by William the Conqueror and, although the
market appears to have disappeared by the 16th century, it had a later
revival during the operation of the Camp (Page et al. 1936, 241-7).
1.3.8 Various archaeological investigations in the vicinity of Manor Farm, Yaxley

suggest that the location of the medieval manor complex in this area. As well
as features dating from the 12th to 14th centuries, sherds of St Neot’s and
Stamford wares suggest a Saxo-Norman origin. There was also some
residual Roman pottery (Cambridgeshire County Council 2002, 12-13).
Modern
1.3.9 The known background to the camp is substantially documented by Thomas
Walker in his book The Depot for the Prisoners of War at Norman Cross,

Huntingdonshire, 1796-1816 (1913), which is based on documentary

sources and accounts as well as some observation by the author of
patchmarks visible during the summer of 1911. The following paragraphs
summarise his work.
1.3.10 Norman Cross Camp was officially known as ‘The Norman Cross Depot for
Prisoners of War’, though locally it was often referred to as Norman Cross
Prison, or the Norman Cross Barracks, or even Yaxley or Stilton Barracks. It
was specifically constructed to house prisoners taken captive during the
Napoleonic Wars. It was opened in April 1797 and formed part of a move to
construct institutions explicitly for the purpose of housing prisoners of war,
rather than adapting existing fortified structures or ships. The site was
purchased from Lord Carysfort. The location was felt to be ideally suited to
the purpose as it lay near the ports of Yarmouth, Lynn and Wisbech from
which prisoners could be ferried by water to Yaxley, Stanground or
Peterborough, all of which were within a few miles' march from the prison
gates. The Depot was in use until the end of the war, finally closing in 1814
with the majority of the buildings demolished or sold at auction in 1816.
1.3.11 At its height the population (including prisoners and the garrison) was
probably nearly 8000 adult males. The highest recorded number of prisoners
was 6270 and the lowest 3038 (when the whole complex was open) but it
was probably normally nearer 5500. During the time it was open both Dutch
and French prisoners were held here, but it appears to have held mainly
Dutch prisoners when it first opened and few or no Dutch prisoners during
the second phase of the war. Many of the prisoners, especially civilians and
officers, were not retained indefinitely; instead they could be released on
parole, allowed to join the British forces or exchanged for British POWs.
While a large number of the prisoners came from the Protestant districts of
France or the largely Protestant Holland, the majority would have been
Roman Catholic.
1.3.12 The camp was divided into quadrants, and within each were four wooden
two-storied barracks, or caserns, designed to hold about 500 prisoners
each, who slept in tiered rows of hammocks (Figure 2, Plates 1 and 2). The
buildings were mostly constructed of wood, because it was economical and
because it was originally thought that the camp would be fairly temporary.
Although Walker describes the camp buildings as “begun in haste, hurriedly
built, and in a continual state of repair and alteration”, many of them were
sold at auction when the Depot was closed in 1816. Several were still in use
as cottages or workshops when Walker was writing in the early 20th century.
1.3.13 There was some variation in the quadrants with the south-western
quadrangle, including the ‘black hole’ or punishment block. Within the north-
eastern quadrangle was the hospital and in the corner behind the caserns
was the mortuary. In 1805 a brick-built house for the surgeon was also
erected in this quadrant. Within each quadrant was an airing-ground, in
which the prisoners spent the greater part of their waking lives. This outdoor
life, from sunrise to sunset, except in bad weather, was enforced by the
Prison Regulations. The quadrants were divided by two perpendicular roads
leading to four gateways with a guarded blockhouse in the centre. The outer
boundary was originally a wooden stockade, and this was replaced by a
brick wall. To the east and west beyond the boundary wall of the prison was

situated the military barracks. The main entrance lay to the west and was
linked to the Great North Road (A1). Through this western entrance the
stores and provisions were brought into the prison.
1.3.14 The outer defence was originally a strong stockade fence, but after two
major escape attempts in 1804 and 1807 it was replaced by a brick wall. Mr.
Fearnall, surveying the site in 1813, reported that this was "very indifferently
built, and not of the best materials", and that much of it was in danger of
falling, owing to the excavation at its foot within the enclosure of a ditch 9
yards wide and 5 feet deep. This ditch included an area paved with stone
flags forming the so-called ‘silent walk’ for the sentries.
1.3.15 The appointed surgeon for the Depot was assisted by surgeons and nurses
drawn from the prison population. They were paid a wage for undertaking
this duty. Prisoners could also earn money as labourers when work or
repairs to the prison complex were required.
1.3.16 The exact ration appears to have varied slightly during the life of the prison
but consisted of beef, bread and vegetables with fish on Wednesday or
Friday. Patients in the hospital had a more varied diet. In November 1797
international agreement was reached whereby a country took over the
responsibility of feeding its own countrymen held as POWs, France
therefore took over the provisioning of Norman Cross. Prisoners prepared
their own food, with nominated cooks who were paid a wage for their work.
There is evidence that clothing was in short supply, as the British
Government maintained this was the responsibility of the French
Government to supply and therefore only supplied clothing when dire need
arose.
1.3.17 The Government had declared that "the prisoners in all the depots in the
country are at full liberty to exercise their industry within the prisons, in
manufacturing and selling any articles they may think proper”, although
some restrictions were made in the case of items which could undercut
locally produced produce. The main market was held at the eastern gate.
Here local dealers were allowed to sell items to prisoners and prisoners
could sell their own handiwork. At Norman Cross prisoners were not allowed
to make straw plait, hats or bonnets as this was a local craft, but instead
they made decorative items out of animal bone and straw marquetry. Some
prisoners obviously became very skilled and could earn a more than modest
amount of money. A local man describes the social inequality of the prison;
some he viewed as rich (he was an agricultural labourer) while others were
reduced to begging. Walker clearly believed that much of this inequality was
due to gambling losses. That prisoners used their skill and dexterity in other
areas can be seen by the conviction of two French prisoners for forging £1
notes.
1.3.18 Listed causes of death include haemoptysis (a respiratory disease), catarrh,

debility and tubercular diseases. Though records are incomplete, there are
1770 recorded deaths, of which 1020 died in an epidemic of 1800-1,
probably of typhoid. Initially, prisoners who died were buried outside the
prison wall, in the north-east corner of the site. Walker believed that very few
burials took place here, as a field to the west of the A1 and slightly north of
the camp was purchased by the Government ‘early in the history of the

prison’, as an additional burial place. It was resold in 1816. Walker attests

that it was locally called ‘The Lows’ due to the mounds within it, though he
describes the mounds in 1913 as very slight. He mentions that bones had
been found in both burial grounds over the years. Soldiers were initially
buried in the local church at Yaxley, but after 1813 they were buried in a plot
adjacent to the barrack master’s house.
1.4 Previous Archaeological Work

1.4.1 Apart from the apparent accidental exposure of human remains prior to
1915, there are no recorded excavations within the camp. The excavation of
a gas main across the site prior to 1979 was not accompanied by any
archaeological recording.
1.4.2 The excavation of a water pipeline in 1995 alongside the camp, close to the
old line of the Great North Road, provided an opportunity for a watching
brief. No significant remains or artefacts that could be associated with the
Depot were recorded.
1.4.3 A trial trench evaluation carried out in 1990 to the west of the A1 prior to its
widening failed to find any trace of the cemetery but found a Romano-British
field system with evidence nearby of 2nd-early 4th century AD occupation
(Cambridgeshire County Council 2002, 14). Seventeen military buttons have
been found by metal detectors in the vicinity of the camp, some with
identifiable regimental insignia (PHER 50418).
1.4.4 Recent evaluation, comprising magnetometer survey and trial trenching, for
a planned, large-scale urban extension development covered land
immediately north and east of the camp. The evaluation revealed an
approach road to the east gate of the prison and gravel pits that had been
backfilled with 19th century artefacts. It is possible that these pits were dug
to surface the Peterborough road (A15) or Great North Road (A1), but it is
also plausible that they could have been used to provide material for
surfaces within the camp. An Anglo-Saxon sunken featured building and Iron
Age settlement features were recorded close to the camp, but no remains
that could be definitely associated with the camp were revealed (B.
Robinson, pers. comm.).
2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
2.1.1 A project design for the work was compiled (Videotext Communications
2009), providing full details of the research aims and methods. A brief
summary is provided here.
2.1.2 The aim of the project was to characterise the nature and date of the Site
and place it within its historical, geographical and archaeological context.
The project design also outlined a number of research aims these are:
2.2 Research Aim 1: Camp construction

x How were the defensive walls of the camp and its internal structures
constructed? How did construction methods develop over time?
x Norman Cross Camp was a ‘prototype’ for military prisons in Britain. How was
the site initially constructed, and how may it have been adapted over time as

a response to events and practical demands? It was also intended that

maintenance of the Site over time should be explored.
2.3 Research Aim 2: Camp Cemeteries – nature and location
x Several primary sources refer to cemeteries associated with the camp. Where
were these located and what form did funerary behaviour take?
x Norman Cross Camp was a military prison. Did this mean that prisoners were
accorded the same rights to a military burial that would have been the case
for their British guards? Cemeteries are known from documentary sources to
be located at the Site sources. Do these cemeteries, in fact, survive, and if so
what is the state of preservation? Any burials located would inform research
into how prisoners were treated and whether this changed over time or in
response to outbreaks of disease.
2.4 Research Aim 3: Plague cemetery – nature and location
x Several primary sources refer to a plague cemetery associated with a typhoid
outbreak at the camp. Where was this located and what form did burial of
victims take? It would presumably have been located further from the camp to
avoid contamination.
2.5 Research Aim 4: What happened when camp went out of use?
x Primary sources reveal that the Norman Cross Camp was dismantled when
taken out of use and much from the site was removed or sold off. What
exactly was the post-camp use of the site? It is possible that the site was
partially landscaped and used as gardens, although evidence for exactly what
happened is limited.
3 METHODS
3.1 Geophysical Survey

3.1.1 Prior to the excavation of evaluation trenches, a geophysical survey was
carried out across the Site using a combination of resistance and magnetic
survey. The survey grid was set out by Dr Henry Chapman and tied in to the
Ordnance Survey grid using a Trimble real time differential GPS system.
3.2 Landscape and Earthwork Survey

3.2.1 A landscape survey and analysis of the cartographic evidence was
undertaken by Stewart Ainsworth, Senior Investigator of the Archaeological
Survey and Investigation Team, English Heritage. The relevant findings are
incorporated into the discussion.
3.3 Evaluation Trenches

3.3.1 Nine trenches of varying sizes were excavated, their locations determined in
order to investigate and to clarify geophysical anomalies and address
specific research objectives (Figure 1).
3.3.2 The trenches were excavated using a combination of machine and hand
digging. All machine trenches were excavated under constant
archaeological supervision and ceased at the identification of significant
archaeological remains, or at natural geology if this was encountered first.

When machine excavation had ceased all trenches were cleaned by hand
and archaeological deposits investigated.
3.3.3 At various stages during excavation the deposits were scanned by a metal
detector and signals marked in order to facilitate investigation. The
excavated up-cast was scanned by metal detector.
3.3.4 All archaeological deposits were recorded using Wessex Archaeology’s pro
forma record sheets with a unique numbering system for individual contexts.
Trenches were located using a Trimble Real Time Differential GPS survey
system. All archaeological features and deposits were planned at a scale of
1:20 with sections drawn at 1:10, or as appropriate. All principal strata and
features were related to the Ordnance Survey datum.
3.3.5 A full photographic record of the investigations and individual features was
maintained, utilising digital images. The photographic record illustrated both
the detail and general context of the archaeology revealed and the Site as a
whole.
3.3.6 At the completion of the work, all trenches were reinstated using the
excavated soil. A porous membrane was laid over any exposed human
remains before reinstatement.
3.3.7 The work was carried out on the 14th – 17th July 2009. The archive and all
artefacts were subsequently transported to the offices of Wessex
Archaeology in Salisbury where they were processed and assessed for this
report.
4 RESULTS
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Details of individual excavated contexts and features, the full geophysical
report (GSB 2009), the summary of the landscape and earthwork survey and
details of artefactual and environmental assessments, are retained in the
archive. Summaries of the excavated sequences can be found in Appendix
1.
4.2 Geophysical Survey

4.2.1 Geophysical survey was carried out over a total area of 450 x 350m using a
fluxgate gradiometer. The following discussion and accompanying data is
taken from the report complied by GSB (2009) (Figure 1).
Area 1
4.2.2 The outline of the prison camp is visible on aerial photographs and the
ditches still survive as well-preserved earthworks; due to this and the time
constraints the magnetic survey was targeted on specific areas of interest.
4.2.3 Rectangular blocks of increased responses (A) indicate the location of

prisoner barracks as marked on a 1797 plan; they measure approximately
32m by 11m although few specific wall lines have been identified.

4.2.4 Within the south-west quadrant, anomalies (B) correlate to the position of
‘black holes’ – punishment cells, a baking house and a turnkey’s building.
The outline of these buildings can be clearly seen within the demolition
material surrounding (B). Other increased responses within this vicinity may
relate to prisoners’ ovens in which they cooked their own food.
4.2.5 The hospital complex lies within the north-east quadrant in which there is a
large area of increased response. Within these anomalies a number of
positive and negative linear trends (C) are visible which potentially locate
wall remains of either the hospital itself or the surgeon’s house.
4.2.6 The 1797 plan shows a single guard house in the northern section of the
defences; however the data show two anomalies (D), roughly 8m x 5m.
From the results it is unclear whether the two guard houses were in use at
the same time or are from different time periods; however, another undated
plan does show a second structure.
4.2.7 An octagonal blockhouse was sited in the centre of the prison camp; the
magnetic data show an increased response (E) which is likely to relate to
this, though again the results lack any specific detail.
4.2.8 A large ferrous anomaly can be seen at the easternmost limits of the data
due to a gas pipe. This has produced a large magnetic halo and, as such,
has masked the archaeological remains.
Area 2
4.2.9 This area was surveyed in order to locate a cemetery known to have existed
beyond the northeast corner of the camp. Burials are always difficult to
detect within geophysics, especially magnetic surveys, but a trench was
positioned over an anomaly with an approximately east-west orientation. A
number of interments were discovered; it is possible that similar magnetic
anomalies could indicate further burials, but the geophysical evidence is at
best tentative.
Conclusions
4.2.10 The magnetic data have largely corroborated the known layout of Norman
Cross Camp. Prisoners’ barracks have been identified along with
punishment cells, a baking house, a turnkey’s building and the hospital.
Most of the geophysical data show an increased response which is likely to
be from demolition rubble. A possible second guard tower has been
identified along the northern defences, despite only one having been
recorded on the 1797 plan.
4.2.11 Outside of the camp, excavation trenches over some responses revealed
burials; in two instances multiple interments were discovered. It remains
uncertain as to whether other similar magnetic anomalies all relate to further
burials.
4.3 Evaluation Trenches

Introduction
4.3.1 Trenches 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 9 were positioned within the larger field within
the main investigation area (centred on NGR 516191 291183) that includes

the known area of the prison compound. Trench 7 was situated in the
adjoining field just to the north-east. Trench 8 was positioned in a field to the
west of the A1(M) (NGR 515673 291356). The size and shape of the
trenches varied to account for the varying potential targets that they were
sited on and the archaeology subsequently uncovered. Any substantial
remains were left in situ, as were all human remains. Trench 1 was situated
the furthest south at a height of 228.42m aOD. Trench 8 occupied the lowest
position being at a height of 21.43m aOD. The trenches in the main
investigation area varied slightly due to the earthworks ranging from 33-35m
aOD.
4.3.2 No modern subsoil was encountered in the majority of the trenches as the
archaeology lay directly beneath the modern topsoil, which was between
0.16 and 0.25m deep. The exceptions to this were Trench 5 where the
modern brick structure was directly under turf and Trenches 7 and 8 which
lay beyond the camp. Here 0.30m of topsoil overlay between 0.20-0.30m of
subsoil. This is likely to be a reflection of the area of the camp being stripped
immediately prior to its construction. Where encountered, the natural
geology varied, suggesting a series of relatively thin interleaved bands. The
geologies encountered were a pale grey clay, mid orange brick earth and
calcareous sands and gravels. Upcast material from the deeper features
suggests that the lower geology is the calcareous gravels. The clay found is
likely to be part of the Oxford Clay deposits, which were quarried extensively
by the London Brick Company (Cambridgeshire County Council 2002, 6).
Trench 1 (Figure 3)
4.3.3 Trench 1 was positioned to provide a long transect of over 45m long across
the defensive perimeter of the camp. It was placed in the south-west
quadrant because this was where the earthworks were best preserved.
4.3.4 Due to the desire to confine people within rather than keep them out, the
defensive ditches were internal to the bank. The easternmost of these (102)
could be seen to be divided from the ditch immediately adjacent to the bank
(104) by a well defined linear band of gravel (118) (Figure 3, Plates 3 and
4). The eastern ditch (102) was largely filled with a series of deposits which
must post-date the disuse of the site; each contained demolition debris and
may have been deliberate attempts to backfill the ditch. The exception to this
was the thin band of primary fill (109) at the very base of the ditch which is
likely to be contemporary with its period of use, if not its initial excavation.
The large stone fragment found at the base of the ditch could have been an
accidental discard while the ditch was in use but equally its weight could
have caused it to settle down from the overlying deposit.
4.3.5 Running parallel to ditch (102) was a second ditch (104), wider and deeper
than (102). The full profile and depth of this could not be excavated in the
timeframe of the evaluation. The majority of the deposits within this ditch
were shown to be primarily composed of demolition debris incorporating
large amounts of degraded mortar and ceramic building material (CBM). On
the western edge of this ditch was the north – south aligned construction cut
(114) marking the former position of the perimeter wall. Due to (104) not
being fully excavated the relationship between (104) and (114) could not be
determined, but as they both form an essential part of the perimeter
defensives they are likely to have been contemporaneous. Cut into (114)

was a similarly aligned robber cut (112) which had removed the wall. The
backfill of this robber cut contained larger amounts of brick rubble, clinker
and also some large fragments of fired clay which may be have formed part
of an oven or furnace lining. Again the relationship to (104) was not proved
but it almost certainly post-dates the construction of the ditch. Cutting
through both (112) and (104) was another apparent robber cut (110). The
fills within this contained a greater proportion of topsoil-derived material,
suggesting that this intrusion occurred a while after the camp had been
abandoned.
4.3.6 A large, partially truncated posthole (116) was seen at the western edge of
(114). Although not seen in section it was thought to pre-date the
construction cut (114) and to relate to an earlier timber palisade fence.
4.3.7 A gravel ridge or step (118) lay between the two perimeter ditches (102) and
(104); this may have served as a walkway between the ditches allowing
access for patrolling guards. The external bank (106) which lay just to the
west of (114) does not appear to have been very substantial. Although a
linear depression lay just to the west of the bank no external ditch was
apparent within the trench.
4.3.8 At the far western end of the trench was a slightly ridged gravelled area
(119), with two flanking ditches (120) and (122). This was interpreted as a
roadway, concurrent with the camp’s construction and use. Neither ditch
was fully excavated.
Trench 2 (Figure 3)
4.3.9 Trench 2 was positioned over one of the barrack blocks in the south-west
quadrant. Geophysical survey was used to confirm the correct location.
4.3.10 Due to the large number of objects present in the topsoil and the underlying
demolition layers, contexts (201) (topsoil), (202) (interface between 201 and
203) and (203) (demolition debris) were subdivided into 2m sections and
given a suffix (1-9) labelled from west to east in order to show artefact
distribution (see below, section 5.1.2). In addition, a 20-litre sample from
each subdivision of (203) was hand-sieved in order to maximise finds
retrieval.
4.3.11 After the removal of these overlying contexts the trench was cleaned and
photographed. A sondage was then dug along the entire northern edge to
characterise the deposits found and their stratigraphic sequence.
4.3.12 To the west of the barrack block two gravelly deposits (211) and (212) could
be seen, bisected by a north – south linear band of rubble (213). Though
numbered separately (211) and (212) are likely to be identical and appear to
form an external surface. Although forming a defined linear band, (213) was
formed from rough nodular flint and CBM fragments without any structure or
bedding material. Upon excavation it proved to be very shallow and resting
on the deposits (211) and (212) without any discernible cut. Its proximity to
the barrack block and identical alignment suggest it was related to it. It could
perhaps have been a rough path surface or a crude foundation for a
boundary wall.

4.3.13 The barrack block itself was defined by the north – south features (214) and
(217). These appear to represent robber trenches rather than the original
foundation trenches. Only (217) was fully excavated (Figure 4, Plate 6) but
the lower fill (216) of this was seen to be composed of a mortar-rich fill,
suggestive of debris from brick reclamation. The upper fill (215) was very
similar to (221), the fill of (217). Both were slightly mixed deposits containing
a moderate percentage of rubble; it was, however, unclear whether this was
deliberate backfill or the accumulation of demolition debris within the partially
open trenches.
4.3.14 Immediately to the west of (217) was another roughly linear band of rubble
(204). although less well defined than (213) it proved to be deeper and
slightly more substantial. Its very localised position within the trench
suggests it was an in situ accumulation of debris rather than a spread of
demolition rubble. Like (213) it could well have been the base for a pathway.
4.3.15 Between (214) and (217) was a compact clay surface (210) that presumably
formed the floor of the building. The conclusion that it was used as a surface
rather than there being any flooring supported or suspended above it is
confirmed by the area of in situ burning (219).
4.3.16 A small pit or large posthole (208) was partially seen cutting through (210).
Its steep-sided profile and position cutting through the floor surface are
suggestive of a posthole, but its relative shallowness and the frequent
presence of animal and fish bones within the fill (209) are more suggestive
of a small rubbish pit.
4.3.17 At the extreme eastern end of the trench was a distinctive orange sandy
gravel (205) apparently forming a deliberately laid external surface. This was
possibly cut by (206) although this may not be a true cut and (205) may just
be overlain by its apparent fill (207). Its function was unclear but beneath it
was a defined gravelly deposit (220) seemingly forming a north – south
band. This could be another possible path. The position of (207) directly
above this could indicate that this area has become recessed allowing (207)
to accumulate. However (205) did appear to fall away at this point and had
become interleaved between (207) and (220).
4.3.18 Underlying the archaeological deposits throughout the trench was (218), its
characteristics suggesting that it was a buried soil horizon rather than
natural geology. One sherd of possible Romano-British date was recovered
from this deposit.
Trench 3 (Figure 3)
4.3.19 Trench 3 was originally targeted on the possible location of a latrine; these
are shown on most of the plans as being located between the barrack
blocks.
4.3.20 Initially the topsoil was removed and the trench cleaned by hand to reveal
three demolition deposits; (303), (304) and (314). Deposit (314) appeared as
a defined area of material with concentrations of stone rubble around its
edges. Although the demolition debris to the south of (314) was numbered
as (303) and to the north as (304) these deposits were identical.

4.3.21 The position of (314) was seen to roughly overlie and to correspond with the
robbed eastern wall (306) of the presumed latrine block. The full width was
not exposed as it continued into the western edge of the trench. Like the
foundations in Trench 2, the wall appears to have been systematically
removed. The backfill of (306) contained frequent CBM and stone rubble.
4.3.22 A defined area of horizontally laid stone (312) was found at the southern end
of (306) (Figure 4, Plate 7). Although rough and composed of reused
material this appears to have been deliberately laid. This may therefore
mark an entranceway or a need to consolidate the ground at this point.
Another possible external surface (308) was seen at the northern end of
(306), similar to the surface (205) seen in the eastern end of Trench 2.
4.3.23 Immediately to the north of (308) was an east – west aligned compacted
chalk surface (307) (Figure 4, Plate 7). Although dissimilar to the possible
pathways found in Trench 2, this may be another pathway, or perhaps a wall
foundation. This deposit was bounded on the northern edge by deposit
(309).
4.3.24 At the extreme southern end of the trench, the northern edge of the
construction cut for the perimeter wall was exposed, (311). The upper
exposed portion of this was filled with (310), a chalk-rich, compact, clay
deposit.
4.3.25 Underlying the exposed archaeology was a buried soil deposit (313), similar
to that found in Trench 2.
Trench 4 (Figure 5)
4.3.26 Trench 4 was positioned on a strong geological response. This area was
also thought to be a potential location of one of the cemeteries. The
geophysical response was soon shown to be the result of a modern bonfire
but the trench was extended to both north and south to provide another
transect across the defences.
4.3.27 A disturbed interface was found between the topsoil (401) and the natural
geology (411). Within this interface were found some fragments of
articulated human bone (402). Further cleaning revealed two possible grave
cuts (414) and (416) in the vicinity of these remains, but the cuts were very
diffuse and ill defined. They were not excavated.
4.3.28 Further to the north another cut (404) was located. A sondage across this
showed it to be a north – south aligned grave, containing the remains of a
coffined burial (403) (Figure 5, Plates 8 and 9). The grave cut was nearly
4m long and over 1m wide with the human remains located nearer the
northern end. Two backfill deposits, (405) and (421), were visible in plan.
This suggests that this was a multiple grave, possibly with more than one
phase of use.
4.3.29 Another possible grave cut (412) was found in the northernmost part of the
trench. The extent of this was unclear in plan and it remained unexcavated.
4.3.30 In common with the perimeter defences seen in Trench 1, two defensive
ditches (407) and (419) were seen with a gravel step or bank (418) in

between (Figure 5, Plate 10). These ditches were both internal to bank
(408). A robber cut (410) was cut into the northern edge of (407) over the
presumed location of the perimeter wall. The backfill of this robber cut
contained frequent large fragments of CBM, as did the upper backfill of ditch
(407). The sequence of construction and destruction appeared to be nearly
identical to that observed in Trench 1, and these features were therefore
only partly excavated.
Trench 5 (Figure 6)
4.3.31 Trench 5 was positioned on a strong geophysical anomaly and within the
vicinity of the ‘black hole’ punishment block. A large, active rabbit warren
was also located in this area.
4.3.32 After deturfing, a brick-built structure (502) was partially revealed, apparently
circular; the bricks were frogged and stamped LBC (the London Brick
Company, founded in the late 19th century and active throughout the 20th
century). This is likely to be the capping over a well, possibly still in use in
the 1950s. Due to this and the animal disturbance, another trench (Trench 6)
was opened further north to investigate the punishment block.
Trench 6 (Figure 6)
4.3.33 Trench 6 was located just to the north of Trench 5 and within the vicinity of
the ‘black hole’ punishment block. There was some disturbance from the
rabbit warren along its southern edge. In order to elucidate any differential
distribution of finds from within and outside the underlying structure,
artefacts from the overlying topsoil were divided into west, east or central
areas and assigned the suffix W, E or C (see below, section 5.1.2).
4.3.34 Beneath the topsoil was a thin interface of demolition and plough-disturbed
material over the archaeological features. The two foundation trenches (608)
and (612) of a structure could be clearly seen (Figure 6, Plate 11). An
intervention through the western foundation trench (608) showed the
foundation to be composed of compacted chalk. The fill within the eastern
foundation trench (611) (unexcavated) was similar.
4.3.35 Immediately to the west and abutting (608) was a metalled surface (603),
forming a possible yard surface. In contrast, the surface (610) abutting the
western foundation trench was of compacted earth with only occasional
gravel inclusions. This does suggest that the areas were utilised differently.
4.3.36 The deposit within the structure (609), which presumably forms its internal
floor, was similar in characteristics to (610).
4.3.37 Running across the centre of the trench on a slightly different alignment to
(608) and (612) was a moderately wide, steep sided, relatively deep cut
(607). Although not obviously related to the punishment block structure, the
material within it was of Napoleonic date and incorporated demolition rubble
consistent with deliberate disposal, present to a greater degree than found
elsewhere in the trench. The steep, almost vertical-sided cut had a flat base.
The upper fill (605) in particular incorporated frequent mortar, tile and brick
rubble as well as iron nails. The function and purpose of this feature was
unclear.

Trench 7 (Figure 7)
4.3.38 Trench 7 was located within a smaller field to the north-west of the main field
(Figure 1). It was targeted on a series of small but regularly spaced
anomalies thought to be possible grave pits.
4.3.39 Removal of the topsoil and subsoil revealed three possible grave cuts (706),
(711) and (715). Two areas of the trench were extended westward and also
northward to expose two of the better defined features more fully (Figure 7,
Plate 12). A slot excavated across each of then revealed both to be graves
with multiple occupants. Grave (706), at the extreme northern end of the
trench, contained inhumations (704) and (705). Only part of the lower body
was exposed in each case but both burials appear to have been north –
south aligned, and small nails encountered during the course of excavation
suggest that they may have been coffined. Although only partially observed,
the remains were probably those of two adult males. Some 3.75m to the
south was grave cut (711). Within this the upper parts of inhumations (709)
and (710) were exposed (Figure 7, Plate 13). The section exposed
suggested that (710) was a later interment, placed within re-cut (718). A
lower deposit was also seen in the eastern part of (711), and the depth of
this deposit suggests either that the grave was left open for a time before
any individuals were interred or that there were further burials beneath the
two exposed. While (709) was identified as an adult male of approximately
25-35 years, (710) could not be assigned age and gender quite so securely,
but it was probably also that of an adult male. As for grave (706), the burials
within (711) were north-south aligned and, from the presence of small iron
nails, probably also coffined. The backfilled material within (706), (711) and
(718) differed from both the natural sandy gravels (712) and the underlying
clay (717). The altered nature of the backfilled material in this case suggests
that the graves may have been dug in anticipation rather than as the need
arose.
4.3.40 Just to the south of (711) was a possible east – west linear feature (713), but
the northern edge was very unclear. It was left unexcavated.
4.3.41 In the southern part of the trench was a partially exposed possible grave cut
(715), and another similar but more diffuse feature could also be seen
between (706) and (711) (feature not numbered). Both possible features
were defined by a concentration of chalk fragments, but the edges of the
cuts were very diffuse in plan. Neither feature was excavated.
Trench 8 (Figure 8)
4.3.42 Trench 8 was located to the east of the A1(M) in the rumoured location of
the cemetery possibly used in the typhoid epidemic (Figure 1). It was not
possible to conduct any geophysical survey in this area prior to excavation
due to the existing crop.
4.3.43 A narrow slot (1.70m wide) was excavated along a length of nearly 30m,
encountering a deep ploughsoil and underlying subsoil. No traces of any
grave cuts were revealed in the trench.
4.3.44 The only feature was a wide north-west – south-east aligned ditch or
drainage channel (804). Although this was not excavated, the machined
depth of the trench extended into the upper portion of the feature. The east-

facing edge of the trench revealed a sequence of clay alluvial deposits,

suggestive of low energy deposition and slow moving water. The west-facing
section, however, showed a much more mixed deposit, which may be
indicative of a deliberate dump of material or disturbance on the edge of the
channel. The lowest deposit exposed was (805), a highly gleyed clay
deposit, its colour (dark blue-grey) the result of poor oxidation, the result of
waterlogged conditions. The nature of the deposits within (804), and its
width and likely depth, suggest that it was a drainage channel, probably one
of a network of such features providing drainage of the fen landscape for
cultivation or pasture. Although fragments of ceramic building material were
observed within a secondary fill of (804) (but not retained), this feature could
well be medieval or earlier.
Trench 9 (Figure 6)
4.3.45 Trench 9 was located on the possible location of an oven, suggested by
geophysical survey and what was previously known about the layout of the
camp. However, removal of the topsoil revealed instead a large, sub-oval pit
(903). Though it was not fully revealed in plan it does seem to be a discrete
feature. Apart from a thin layer of primary material the majority of the pit was
filled with a silty deposit and contained frequent animal and fish bones - its
nature is consistent with dumping of material into a refuse pit.
4.3.46 The only other feature within the trench was another possible pit (905),
partially revealed in the western corner. Despite the suggestion that this
might be a earlier feature, due to the residual Romano-British pottery within
the topsoil and the upper fill of (903), it was unexcavated and no finds were
recovered from the exposed fill. Its date and exact function therefore remain
undetermined.
5 FINDS
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 The evaluation produced a finds assemblage of moderate size, including
structural material (ceramic and stone building material, iron nails, window
glass), domestic refuse (pottery, vessel glass, animal bone, marine shell),
personal possessions (clay pipes, buttons, coins) and, perhaps of most
interest, evidence for craft activities (bone objects and bone-working debris,
possible tools of stone and glass). The assemblage is largely of post-
medieval date (later 18th to early 19th century), and this component is
presumed to derive from activities associated with the Napoleonic prisoner
of war camp. There are also, however, items of prehistoric, Romano-British
and possible medieval date, occurring residually in later contexts.
5.1.2 Finds were recovered from all nine of the trenches excavated, although most
material came from Trenches 1, 2 and 3, with relatively little coming from the
other five trenches. Trench 2, excavated across one of the barrack blocks,
was particularly productive. Within the trenches, finds were recovered from
topsoil and stratified contexts across the site. In Trenches 1, 2, 4 and 6, the
topsoil layers were subdivided for the purposes of finds retrieval, and
additionally in Trench 2, demolition debris (203), and the interface (202
between that layer and the topsoil. Within Trench 2 these subdivisions were
based on 2m long sections of the trench (see above, 4.3.10), and this

enabled examination of the distribution of finds across the section of the

barrack block excavated; the finds were concentrated in the western half of
the trench, i.e. outside the building, and this applied to all functional
categories of material (structural, personal items, domestic debris, bone-
working). In Trench 6, three subdivisions (west, centre and east) were
intended to investigate finds distributions inside and outside the building
excavated (see above, 4.3.33), and showed that, in contrast to Trench 2,
most finds were located in the centre third of the trench, i.e. inside the
building. In Trenches 1 and 4 the subdivisions were less systematic, but
were based on archaeological and/or topographic divisions; no significant
patterning was observed within the finds distributions from these trenches.
5.1.3 All finds have been quantified by material type within each context; Table 1
summarises this information by material type and by trench. Subsequent to
quantification, for the purposes of this assessment, all finds have been at
least visually scanned, in order to ascertain nature, potential date range and
condition. Spot dates have been recorded for datable finds (coins, pottery).
All data are held in the project database (Access), which forms part of the
project archive. On this information is based an assessment of the potential
of the material assemblage to inform an understanding of the Site, with
particular reference to the establishment and use of the Napoleonic prisoner
of war Depot between 1797 and 1814.
5.2 Pottery
5.2.1 A small amount of pottery occurred as residual finds in later contexts – this
comprised one possible prehistoric sherd and 21 Romano-British sherds.
Two undated sherds also almost certainly pre-date the post-medieval period.
5.2.2 The possible prehistoric sherd, from demolition layer (203), is in a non-
distinctive, medium-grained sandy fabric; it is a small, abraded, undiagnostic
body sherd.
5.2.3 Romano-British sherds were recovered from trenches across the site. The
most distinctive of these are six colour coated wares from the Nene Valley
production centre, including a substantial part of a beaker base from clay
surface (210). Shell-tempered wares (ten sherds) are also fairly confidently
dated; these are characteristic of sites across the Midlands, with one
possible source at Harrold in Bedfordshire. One grog-tempered sherd could
be Late Iron Age or Romano-British, while four sandy sherds are less
distinctive and are not so confidently dated; a prehistoric or even a Saxon
date cannot be entirely ruled out.
5.2.4 One sherd containing rock inclusions indicating an igneous source (Trench 1
topsoil) has not been assigned to date range; a prehistoric, Romano-British
or Saxon date is possible. One sherd that has been heavily burnt, almost to
vitrification, has an unrecognisable fabric type and is therefore undated
(Trench 6 topsoil).
5.2.5 The remaining part of the assemblage is post-medieval, and contains a fairly
limited range of wares. Coarsewares are provided by redwares, either lead-
glazed or manganese-glazed (the latter having a thick, almost black glaze).
These wares are not closely datable, and the only diagnostic sherds are two
jug handles. Alongside these are tablewares in the form of white salt glaze,

creamware and pearlware; these factory-produced wares date

predominantly from c. 1750 to the early part of the 19th century. The
tablewares include plates and cups/mugs; some of the latter (nearly all in
creamware) carry banded and Mocha decoration, which appeared at the
very end of the 18th century.
5.2.6 The scarcity of the earlier 18th century white salt glaze (and, indeed, the
absence of any other earlier fineware types such as tinglazed earthenware)
supports a late 18th/early 19th century date range for the activity on the Site,
but the assemblage is not sufficiently closely datable to ascertain the
presence of any items which might fall later than the known date range for
the camp of 1797-1814. The absence of specific cooking vessels can be
noted (the coarsewares appear to consist exclusively of storage and serving
vessels), but these are likely to have been provided by metal vessels.
5.3 Ceramic Building Material (CBM)

5.3.1 The CBM is very limited in range. Two types make up the overwhelming bulk
of the assemblage: pantiles and bricks. Other fragments are largely of
undiagnostic tile, but most if not all are likely also to derive from pantiles.
There is one, and possibly two, peg tile fragments which are probably of
medieval date and are therefore residual in the contexts in which they occur.
5.3.2 There are no complete pantiles, but all fragments appear to derive from
similar forms, while the range of fabric variation is so narrow as to suggest
that the majority of tiles formed part of a single construction episode. One
interesting feature is the presence of a stamped letter (seven examples of
‘H’ and one possible ‘L’) on the nib, presumably denoting the manufacturer.
Also of interest is the presence of two fragments, both from Trench 1 topsoil,
which have been roughly shaped to small rectangles (100-110mm x 60mm),
with semi-circular perforations (diameter 8mm) around the edges; the
function of these pieces is unknown, but they may have been used for the
production of ceramic ‘blanks’, perhaps for the manufacture of beads.
5.3.3 The bricks, too, are all of very similar form. All are unfrogged and fairly
crudely finished; there are no complete examples but surviving widths and
depths are in the range of 105mm x 60-5mm. fabrics are in all cases coarse
and poorly wedged, and frequently display voids and prominent coarse
inclusions. Some appear poorly fired, with cores that have been
incompletely oxidised, while a few examples are noticeably pale-firing.
5.4 Fired Clay

5.4.1 The small amount of fired clay recovered is likely to have a structural origin.
Two large fragments from Trench 1, from the rubble backfill of robber trench
(112) are partly vitrified, and have linear impressions; these almost certainly
represent a hearth or kiln lining.
5.5 Clay Pipe

5.5.1 None of the clay pipe is closely datable. The overwhelming majority of
fragments derive from plain stems (there are two decorated examples), and
there are no complete bowls, only two decorated fragments. None of the
pipes carry makers’ marks.

5.6 Stone
5.6.1 The stone includes both portable objects and building material. The portable
objects include five fragments of slate pencils. There is one greensand
whetstone from demolition layer (203), and two small, rounded pebbles
which could have been used as rubbers (Trench 1 topsoil, and base of
Trench 3 topsoil); one of these is possibly of Whitby jet.
5.6.2 Recognisable building material comprises fragments of flat slabs or tiles (for
use either as roofing or flooring). Some unworked pieces which might have
been used as building material were also recovered (but not retained
beyond samples for stone type identification). Two of the tiles show
evidence of re-use – knife marks, possibly from use as a whetstone
(demolition layer 303), while part of a small disc, perhaps a gaming counter
appears to have been made from one of the thinner tiles in micaceous
sandstone (Trench 2 topsoil).
5.6.3 Small, thin slate fragments could have derived from roofing material but,
given the small quantities (seven fragments) and the thinness, an alternative
function, for example as writing slates, seems more likely. Certainly some of
the fragments bear evidence of utilisation – one carries random knife marks
(demolition layer 203) and a second faint scratches which look like tally
marks (base of Trench 2 topsoil). A third (demolition layer 203) has a small
punched perforation (too small for a nail hole as seen on roofing slates).
5.7 Glass
5.7.1 The glass includes both vessel and window. Most of the window glass
appears to be of very similar type, in a pale blueish colour. Diagnostic pieces
in demolition layer 303 and robber cut 306 (‘bull’s eyes’) indicate the
presence of crown glass, which was made by inflating a bubble of glass,
opening this out and then spinning it to produce an almost flat disc. The
thinner glass around the edges of the disc would be cut into quarries, while
the thicker ‘bull’s eye’ at the centre would be used for less expensive
windows – this would fit with the use of the building in Trench 3 as a latrine.
Crown glass was made in London from 1678. There are numerous
fragments from the thinner quarries, many with flame-rounded edges,
although quarry shape cannot be determined. Three fragments have
‘grozed’ (finely chipped) edges. This is a technique used for the shaping of
window quarries, but generally at an earlier date (medieval or early post-
medieval). These fragments are otherwise no different in appearance to the
rest of the window glass, and in this instance the grozing could be evidence
for the ad hoc use of window glass fragments as cutting or scraping tools.
5.7.2 Amongst the vessel glass are fragments of green wine bottle, of which all
appear to come from cylindrical bottles, indicating a date later than c. 1760.
Other diagnostic vessel fragments derive mainly from small bottles or phials.
There is also a single wine glass foot, and a folded footring or rim, possibly
from another drinking vessel.
5.8 Slag
5.8.1 A small quantity of slag was recovered. Most of this represents iron smithing
slag, with a smaller amount of fuel ash slag that derives from pyrotechnical
activities, but not necessarily metalworking.

5.9 Metalwork
Coins
5.9.1 Four coins and a token were recovered. All are copper alloy coins or tokens
issued in the 18th century, and a number show signs of corrosion. Only one
was so badly corroded that it was not possible to identify it to period. It is,
however, likely to be an 18th century half penny, judging from the flan. The
remaining four all date to the late 18th century.
5.9.2 The three coins comprise two half pennies (Trench 2 topsoil, and demolition
debris 203) and a penny (interface layer 202) all struck during the reign of
George III, in the last third of the 18th century.
5.9.3 The single token recovered (interface layer 202) also dates to this period. It
depicts Isaac Newton on the obverse, has a face value of a farthing, and
was struck in 1793. These Newton farthings appear to have been struck in
Middlesex, and had a fairly wide circulation.
5.9.4 All four coins and the token recovered seem likely to represent coinage lost
during the use of the site as a prisoner of war camp during the Napoleonic
Wars. All are likely to represent accidental losses.
Copper alloy
5.9.5 The majority of the 75 copper alloy objects are buttons (50 examples).
These are of disc or slightly domed form, with a single looped shank
attachment, and vary in size, presumably reflecting their use on various
items of clothing, including coats or jackets and trousers. Despite surface
corrosion several can be seen to be plated. Most appear to be plain
(although, again, surface corrosion could conceal decoration), but at least 19
bear some form of decoration, in some cases too faint to discern. French
uniform buttons are the most common (nine examples), and there are
examples here from the 16th, 48th, 61st and 67th regiments. There is one,
possibly two, British military buttons (Royal Artillery), and one other possibly
British, as well as one Dutch military button (5th regiment, infantry). Three
buttons are of the same design (topsoil in Trenches 2 and 6), and bear the
backmark of I McGowan of Gerrard Street in London; the mark has been
dated to around 1810 (UK Detector Finds Database, searched on-line) and
therefore almost certainly belongs to the second period of occupation of the
Depot, after its reopening in 1803.
5.9.6 Other objects of copper alloy include a short length of fine chain (possibly
from a guard’s whistle), three thimbles, three small, decorative fittings or
mounts, a possible hooked clothes fastening, and a nail. There are also a
few sheet and strip fragments of unknown function.
Lead and lead alloy

5.9.7 Buttons were also produced in pewter, and there are a few examples here,
all of disc form and in poor condition; no surface details are visible. Where
the shanks are present (some have broken off), all are looped, and of iron.
5.9.8 Other lead or lead alloy objects include a musket ball, presumably residual
(Trench 2 topsoil); a perforated strip; and a small, elongated rectangular
object perforated at one end, of unknown function.

Iron
5.9.9 At this stage, the iron objects have not been X-radiogarphed, and
identifications are therefore based on visual examination only. Some objects
are heavily corroded and some identifications are therefore tentative, or
impossible.
5.9.10 Of the 1004 iron objects recovered, a large proportion (75 objects) are nails,
two of which came from grave (703) and presumably represent coffin nails.
There are also other structural fixtures and fittings such as staples (two
examples) and locks (three examples). Most of the other identifiable objects
comprise tools or implements – two knives, three pairs of scissors, and nine
files or rasps. At least some of these must attest to the craft activities carried
out by the prisoners. There are also two buckles, one handle, and a spur.
5.10 Human Bone

5.10.1 The remains of five inhumation burials made within three graves were
partially exposed in two trenches (4 and 7) in the north-east area of the site.
This area is known to have comprised one (the earlier) of a possible two
cemeteries utilised for the burial of prisoners who died in custody at the
camp. Fragments of redeposited bone were recovered from below a thin
spread of external bank material and adjacent to two further probable graves
recorded in Trench 4. A single tooth was recovered from Trench 2 in the
south-western area of the site. The layer from which it was recovered lay
external to the west wall of the barrack block and may have formed the
surface of a path.
5.10.2 None of the in situ remains were lifted. Observations on the age and sex of
the individuals, obvious pathological lesions and morphology (Table 2) is
limited to those made by the osteoarchaeologist (the writer) on site and from
subsequent consultation of the site records (photographs and plans).
Comment is severely limited in places due to the small proportion of the
skeletal remains exposed. The few fragments of disarticulated bone from
Trenches 2 (204) and 4 (402) were retained and subject to a full assessment
scan. Age and sex were assessed from the stage of skeletal development
(Scheuer and Black 2000) and the sexually dimorphic traits of the skeleton
(Buikstra and Ubelaker 1994). No measurements were taken and
consequently no skeletal indices were calculated.
5.10.3 Most of the bone was in very good condition (grade 0; McKinley 2004, fig.
7.1-7) with minimum fragmentation other than to the facial bones of those
within grave 711. The exception is the redeposited bone (204) which is
understandably fragmented and slightly eroded and abraded (grade 2).
5.10.4 Although close age ranges could not be attributed in the majority of cases
due to the nature of the investigations (evaluation), most of the of seven
individuals for whom there was evidence appeared to be young or younger
mature adults of less than 35 years. Where sufficient evidence survived to
enable the sex of the individual to be assessed, all appeared to be male.
Although older males would have formed part of ships’ crews, both as
ratings and officers, they will inevitably have included a larger proportion of
younger individuals as a result of the harsh environment and occupational
hazards of naval life. The British Navy ideally recruited boys in their early

teens and the majority of individuals buried in the excavated sample of the
Haslar Naval Hospital cemetery in Portsmouth were between 20-30 years of
age at death (Boston et al., 12-13).
5.10.5 The redeposited bone from Trench 4 (402) had areas of lamellar new bone
on the costal surface of the right scapula and on the ventral surfaces of
several of the right upper ribs. These lesions are indicative of a pulmonary
infection in the right lung of this individual from which they had apparently
recovered at the time of death but which may have been a reoccurring,
chronic problem. Such infections could include a variety of conditions
including pneumonia, tuberculosis and other respiratory diseases. The
cramped conditions on board men-of-war ships, with poorly-ventilated lower
decks within the confines of which hundreds of men had to sleep with limited
hammock space (14 inches allowed, increased to 28 inches with alternate
watches), provided ideal breeding grounds for such infections. The
prisoners’ barracks at Norman Cross each had space for 500 men, and
although they had access to exercise grounds, they too experienced
cramped sleeping space in tiers of hammocks (Chamberlain 2008, 91-3;
Walker 1913). Phthisis (tuberculosis) and pneumonia were commonly
recorded causes of death both at Norman Cross and at other prisons both
on land and in the hulk ships (Chamberlain 2008, 67-72; Walker 1913).
5.10.6 Numerous small nails, appropriately distributed, were observed within at

least two of the graves, although only two, from grave (706), were retained.
Although small by the standards of the day, they do suggest that coffins
were employed in at least some cases, though they may have been
especially constructed for use within the prison and less robust than those
commonly in use within the civilian population.
5.10.7 The north-south alignment of most of the graves uncovered in the evaluation
is of interest, as is the use of ‘communal’ graves. In at least two cases -
graves (404) and (711) - a large cut appears to have originally been made,
sufficient to accommodate two or three corpses, but not all the spaces
appear to have been occupied at the same time (if at all). In grave (711)
there was clear evidence for a recut within the fill of the grave in order to
make burial (710); there was also sufficient space to the east of (710) to
accommodate a further interment. This suggests that large graves may
routinely have been cut in advance of requirement; a marker being inserted
with the first interment to avoid it being disturbed by later additions. Whether
this was done in times of an epidemic (for which there is evidence for at
least one, in 1800, where up to eight prisoners were dying every day; Walker
1913), i.e. in anticipation of an urgent need, or as a matter of common
practice to ease the amount of digging required in difficult hard ground,
cannot be stated with any confidence. A further possibility is that following
the cessation of hostilities in 1801, when the prison was closed for two
years, bodies of the dead may have been exhumed and repatriated leaving
empty graves for later re-use; there is, however, no documentary evidence
for such an occurrence.
5.10.8 Although the accepted traditional form for Christian burial is west-east, there
are occasional examples of burials made on a north-south or south-north
alignment, chiefly from 18th-19th century Nonconformist cemeteries,
although even here this constituted a minority rite (McKinley and Egging

2008 , 21-4). The prisoners held at Norman Cross were mainly French but
with some Dutch in the early stages of the camp’s use (Chamberlain 2008,
81). The French prisoners are recorded as having been in the mission of the
Roman Catholic priest from King’s Cliffe but the records also suggest that
many were from the Protestant areas of France (Walker 1913). It may be
that the latter, together with their Dutch allies, included some
Nonconformists who chose to bury their dead on a different alignment to the
accepted norm.
5.10.9 The presence of a single tooth in the south-western area of the camp, well
away from both the prisoners’ cemetery in the north-east and the small, late
garrison cemetery in the south-east (not established until seven months
before the camp’s closure; Walker 1913), presents something of an
anomaly. The tooth has a large carious lesion (tooth decay) extending into
the dentine and exposing the nerve, and may have been pulled to relieve the
undoubted pain. The hospital, however, at which such an operation is likely
to have been undertaken, lay in the north-eastern quadrant of the camp.
This suggests that either the sufferer retained the pulled tooth as a ‘souvenir’
and later lost it, or that debris from the hospital area was deposited within
the confines of the camp. The latter seems unlikely since this would rapidly
have created a health hazard.
5.11 Animal Bone

Introduction and methods
5.11.1 Most animal bone recovered at Norman Cross consisted of bone-working
waste. In order to understand which bones were chosen as raw materials,
bones were identified to species and skeletal element as far as possible.
Conjoining fragments that were demonstrably from the same bone were
counted as one bone in order to minimise distortion; numbers therefore do
not correspond to the raw fragment counts given in Table 1 (and this
includes the worked bone).
5.11.2 The extent of mechanical or chemical attrition to the bone surface was
recorded, and the numbers of gnawed bone were also noted. Marks from
chopping, knife cuts and fractures made when the bone was fresh were
recorded as butchery marks. Saw cuts were interpreted as resulting from
bone working.
Results
5.11.3 A total of 1729 bones of mammals, birds and fish was hand-recovered at the
site; of this total, 795 pieces represent worked bone, either finished objects
or the waste from their production. Almost all bone fragments are in good
condition. Due to the high proportion of extensively worked bone, only 21%
could be identified to species. Gnawing marks made by dogs were only seen
on eight bones. Only nine bones show signs of contact with fire.
Provisions
5.11.4 The material includes cattle (n=287), sheep/goat (32), pig (9), rabbit (13),
rodent (3), deer (1, antler), large mammal (1225), medium mammal (34),
bird (17) and fish (108). The bird species present are domestic fowl, a corvid
and small passerines. Fish species present are large gadids like cod, ling
and haddock. All rabbit remains are much lighter in colour and belong to

juvenile animals; it is likely that these remains are intrusive. It appears that
the basic diet of beef was supplemented by small proportions of mutton,
pork, poultry and fish. If chickens were kept in the camp they could also
have supplied the prisoners with eggs and feathers.
5.11.5 Only 23 cattle bones show enough of an epiphysis to assess the epiphyseal
fusion stage. Only two bones belong to animals younger than 24-30 months;
all other bones probably came from adult animals. A single lower third molar
indicates an animal of well over three years of age. Most sheep/goat bones
also derive from adult animals although there are also occasional subadult
animals. All pig bones come from subadult animals.
Consumption and deposition

5.11.6 The presence of elements of all parts of the animal bodies makes it likely
that the animals were butchered locally. The near absence of the head and
some other elements can be explained by the nature of the material (i.e.
mainly bone-working waste). On the other hand, it is possible that dressed
carcasses were supplied to the camp, in this case without the head, but with
the feet (metapodials).
5.11.7 Butchery marks were seen on 46 bones and were made with knives (n=11)
and cleavers (n=35). Knives were used for skinning, filleting and the
occasional disarticulation. Cleavers were used for portioning and
disarticulation.
5.11.8 Bone waste from butchery and cooking activities was clearly used as raw
material for bone-working. This is shown by the fact that bones with typical
butchery marks also show saw marks, gnawing marks or scorching. The
properties of certain bones mean that they are more valued as a raw
material. Furthermore, the butchery process might damage otherwise useful
bones. If the animals were indeed butchered locally, the animals might have
been butchered in such a way as to largely spare the bones.
5.11.9 The pieces of animal bone required for working had to be cleaned of all
meat and grease before they could be used as a raw material. Bones could
have been gently boiled or dug up from rubbish pits.
Worked bone
5.11.10 The assemblage contained numerous pieces of worked bone (795),
comprising finished and part-finished objects, but dominated by production
waste (Figure 9). The marks left on the bone material show that knives,
saws and a lathe were used in crafting the bone.
5.11.11 Most pieces were so heavily worked that they can no longer be identified to
species and/or element. Where identification was possible they seem mainly
to involve cattle ribs and metapodia.
5.11.12 Waste material largely consists of sawn-off cuts of ribs and long bones too
small or showing blemishes (like a foramen) to be used as raw material.
Turning waste (small ends of thin rods of bone) comprises another major
waste category. Occasionally, thin strips of bone with the negatives of discs
were found. This is typical waste from the production of buttons, beads, or
gaming counters (see below).

5.11.13 Finished products include flea combs (three examples), buttons (five
examples), dominoes (nine examples), needles (five examples, including
one crochet needle) and possible handles (six examples). Thin polished
strips of split rib with or without rivet holes were probably used to decorate
wooden boxes. Some strips show decoration with ring-and-dot motifs (three
examples) or a lobed edge (one example). Bone discs of different diameters
and thickness and with or without a central hole were probably intended for
use as gaming pieces (12 examples).
5.11.14 Many worked objects could not be readily identified. Some of these had
either a small pin-prick or a small perforation, and were clearly part of a
composite display. The craft work from Norman Cross already on display in
the Peterborough Museum includes sailing ships, jewel caskets and
puppets. It is possible that some of the non-identifiable worked pieces could
have been part of complex objects such as these.
5.12 Miscellaneous Finds

5.12.1 Other finds comprise two pieces of worked flint (flake and core, presumed
prehistoric in date), and one piece of burnt, unworked flint (uncertain date
and function).
5.13 Potential and recommendations

5.13.1 The interest in this assemblage lies in the insights it can offer into the
lifestyle of the occupants of the Napoleonic prisoner of war camp at Norman
Cross, in the form of personal possessions and clothing items, domestic
equipment, domestic refuse and evidence for craft activity. Aspects of the
structural history of the site can also be examined through the building
materials. The evidence for on-site bone-working is of particular interest,
given the large collection of finished objects held by Peterborough Museum
which are known to have been produced at the Depot, since the raw
materials and methods of working can be seen through the waste pieces.
There are also hints of other craft activities in the form of ceramic tiles
possibly used for the production of beads, and possible tools of glass.
5.13.2 Some finds categories have already been recorded to an appropriate

archive level, and no further work is proposed. However, further analysis is
warranted for the metalwork and for the worked bone. The metalwork should
be X-rayed in order to confirm and extend the existing identifications,
particularly for those objects other than nails which are presumed to relate to
the use of the prisoner of war camp. The worked bone should be subjected
to full analysis, comprising the compilation of a full catalogue of items, and a
discussion of the range of objects produced, and the raw materials and
techniques used, against the background of the collection from the Site
already held by Peterborough Museum.
6 PALAEO-ENVIRONMENTAL SUMMARY
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Two bulk samples were taken. One from Trench 2, within the area of the late
18th/19th century barrack blocks in the south-west quadrant, came from a
small rubbish pit or posthole (208). The other came from a pit (903) within
Trench 9 that was full of animal bone and fish bone and likely to be of 19th

century date. The samples were processed for the recovery and assessment
of charred plant remains and charcoals.
6.1.2 The bulk samples were processed by standard flotation methods; the flots
retained on a 0.5 mm mesh, residues fractionated into 5.6 mm, 2mm and
1mm fractions and dried. The coarse fractions (>5.6 mm) were sorted,
weighed and discarded. Flots were scanned under a x10 – x40 stereo-
binocular microscope and the presence of charred remains quantified (Table
3) to record the preservation and nature of the charred plant and wood
charcoal remains.
6.1.3 The flots were generally large, but both contained a large number of roots
and modern weed seeds that indicate the possibility of contamination by
later intrusive elements.
6.2 Charred Plant Remains

6.2.1 No charred plant material was recovered from the samples. Given the date
of the deposits it is probable that much food may have been brought into the
camp in a more or less processed state so that elements such as cereal
grains etc. would be absent.
6.3 Wood Charcoal

6.3.1 The flot had generally very little wood charcoal within it, with only a small
amount of ring-porous, probable oak charcoal left. Other than wood charcoal
the samples did have large amounts of coal within them, in particular that
from pit (903).
6.4 Mollusc Remains

6.4.1 Both samples had frequent shells of the burrowing snail Cecilioides acicula.
as well as occasional shells of Trichia hispida., Vertigo sp. and Vallonia sp.
6.5 Small animal and fish bones

6.5.1 Both samples contained large numbers of fish bones, mainly relatively large
vertebrae (2-5mm), but also scales, otic bulae and other elements were
represented.
6.6 Potential and Recommendations

6.6.1 The samples have no further potential with regard to environmental remains
other than those of fish bones.
7 DISCUSSION
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 This evaluation, although limited in its extent, confirmed the basic layout of
the prisoner of war camp and provided some detail on its construction and
use. By investigating and surveying areas in both the south-west and the
north-east quadrants it was possible to see both the similarity in the
construction of the outer defences and also variation in layout within the
quadrants. This is in contrast to the plans of the camp, which suggest a
consistency of layout between the quadrants.

7.2 Prehistoric and Romano-British activity

7.2.1 A possible Romano-British pit was found in Trench 9, but its dating is very
ambiguous. The feature was not fully observed in plan and remained
unexcavated. No finds were recovered directly from the fill, but residual
prehistoric and Romano-British pottery was recovered from elsewhere in the
trench.
7.2.2 Evidence of a buried soil horizon in Trenches 2 and 3 suggests earlier

archaeological features could still remain beneath the later camp structures.
7.3 Research Aim 1: Camp construction

7.3.1 One posthole (116) within Trench 1 is likely to relate to the earlier timber
palisade. Documentary sources record that this was replaced by a brick wall
after a mass escape in 1807. The archaeology can therefore be seen to
support the written account in this respect. Both Trench 1 and Trench 4
showed the defences to have consisted of a double ditch separated by a
walkway. The outermost ditch appears to have been the more substantial
and the perimeter wall was constructed within this. Although there was an
external bank this does not appear to have been very substantial.
7.3.2 The evidence across the Site is that the ground was probably cleared of
topsoil prior to construction but that the structures were constructed directly
on the subsoil. In all the trenches within the compound the archaeology was
situated directly below the modern topsoil and there are indications in
several of the trenches of a buried soil beneath the camp occupation layers.
7.3.3 The evidence from Trenches 2 and 6 is that the foundations for the buildings
within the camp were fairly shallow, although illustrations of the Depot
suggest that the barracks were two storeys high. Although most of the brick
appears to have been removed from the Site after the Depot closed, what
remains appears to have been crudely made. It seems likely, therefore, that
most of the buildings were at least partly timber built. Rough stone and
cobbling appears to have been used for external surfacing while internal
floors appear to have consisted of compact earth and clay. The area of in
situ burning within Trench 2 provides evidence that this was the actual floor
surface rather than the bedding for a wooden floor.
7.4 Research Aim 2: Camp Cemeteries – nature and location

7.4.1 The burials located within Trenches 4 and 7 indicate burial grounds lying to
the north of the Depot. There are likely to be other cemeteries. Graves
appear to have been of multiple occupancy, although several of the
unexcavated possible grave cuts were narrower in plan and may therefore
have been for single occupancy. There are indications that graves were dug
to hold more burials than were initially required and that multiple phases of
internment occurred subsequently. No buttons were found in association
with the burials, suggesting they may have been buried in shrouds¸or
stripped to their undergarments. They do, however, appear to have been
placed within coffins, although the size of the nails suggests that these may
have been fairly flimsy. The use of coffins may have been of practical benefit
if grave cuts were to be later reopened. The re-deposited bone found in
Trench 4 seems to be indicative of later disturbance of an interment. All
burials appear to have been north – south aligned, although for such a small

sample it is not clear whether this was due to a religious minority practice or
a more widespread administrative decision.
7.4.2 No observable cause of death could be seen on any of the exposed

remains, although one of the individuals had suffered from a pulmonary
infection, possibly recurrent, during life. It should be noted, however, that as
none of the in situ remains were lifted or removed from Site, only a very
partial assessment of pathology was possible.
7.4.3 The number of graves found even within such a small sample area would
seem to disprove Walker’s belief (1913, 173) that the northern cemetery was
only in use for a short time.
7.5 Research Aim 3: Plague cemetery – nature and location

7.5.1 Traditionally another cemetery was supposed to be located on the other side
of the current A1(M). No trace of this, however, was found within Trench 8.
7.6 Research Aim 4: What happened when camp went out of use?
7.6.1 Robber cuts found within a number of the trenches support the idea that the
camp was systematically dismantled after 1814. Most of the brickwork
appears to have been removed and reclaimed. The internal ditches also
show signs of being deliberately backfilled, the amount of demolition debris
within these deposits suggesting that the ditches may have been filled in as
part of this process. Cut (110) within Trench 1 suggests that after the site
abandonment there may have been later, less official attempts to reclaim
material from the site. A deep trench cutting across the floor of the building
in Trench 6 may reflect a different phase of use during the life of the camp,
but the amount of demolition debris within it suggests instead that it was dug
immediately after the camp went out of use, although for an unknown
purpose.
7.6.2 The external bank appears to have been slightly levelled, but the evidence
suggests it was never a substantial feature. Despite the relative shallowness
of the topsoil and underlying archaeology there was no clear evidence for
any plough damage, suggesting that the site has been uncultivated for most
of its history since the closure of the Depot.
7.7 Daily life within the camp

7.7.1 The presence of coal and the relative absence of charcoal within the
environmental samples suggests that coal was used for fuel in preference to
wood. This helps to explain the large coal bill noted by Walker (1913, 15). In
addition, in contrast to the animal remains which seem to indicate that
animals were butchered locally, the environmental evidence suggests that
cereals were brought in already processed. Although beef appears to have
been the main provision, the presence of other mammals, fish and poultry
suggest variation within the diet. This accords well with the ration evidence
and suggests that prisoners did occasionally purchase additional food.
7.7.2 The presence of iron smithing slag does suggest some small scale industrial
activity within the camp. This could be related to small scale repairs of
fixtures and fitting or the maintenance of the tools used for making the bone
objects.

7.7.3 The large and extensive worked bone assemblage is indicative of the ‘fancy
objects’ which the prisoners made for sale and also items made for use
within the prison itself such as flea combs and needles.
7.7.4 An interesting omission from the finds assemblage was the toolkit that must
have been used to shape and manufacture the worked bone objects. Some
possible ad hoc tools were found made from glass and stone, and also a
number of files and pairs of scissors, but given the large amount of worked
bone this must only represent a small fraction of the whole. The worked
bone assemblage itself shows evidence of saws and lathe-turning (finding
part-finished, turned pieces contradicts Walker’s belief (1913, 131) that there
was no lathe within the prison). The answer is likely to be that as the only
source of income and employment these tools must have been valuable to
the prisoners. Most tools therefore were probably carefully kept and taken
away with the individuals upon their release.
7.7.5 The three buttons bearing a London trademark in all probability come from
issued clothing, either that of the prisoners or the guards. Documentary
evidence suggests clothing could have been in short supply and was not
habitually issued to prisoners. This may be reflected in the burial evidence;
the lack of buttons, even bone buttons, within the graves does suggest outer
clothing may have been removed prior to burial.
8 RECOMMENDATIONS
8.1.1 Although the historical background to the Norman Cross Camp is well
documented, no archaeological work has previously taken place there; the
results of the fieldwork reported on here, although not extensive, are
therefore of significance in confirming but also amplifying the historical
records, and warrant dissemination.
8.1.2 It is recommended that a summary publication report is prepared for
submission to the Cambridgeshire Antiquarian Journal. This report, which
would be based on the information presented in the current report, would be
in the region of 3000 words of narrative text, with one or two accompanying
plans of the archaeological results, and one or two contemporary plans or
drawings. Artefactual and environmental information would be integrated
into the narrative text as appropriate, but the bone-working assemblage
would be treated in some depth, and presented as an appendix to the report,
accompanied by line drawings and/or photographs of selected objects.
9 ARCHIVE
9.1.1 The archive has been prepared in accordance with the Guidelines for the
preparation of excavation archives for long term storage (UKIC 1990) and
Archaeological archives: a guide to best practice in creation, compilation,
transfer and curation (Brown 2007). The archive is currently held at the
Wessex Archaeology offices under the project code 71507. It is intended
that the archive will be deposited with Peterborough Museum.

10 REFERENCES
Boston, C., Witkin, A., Boyle A. and Wilkinson, D.R.P., 2008, ‘Safe moor’d in
Greenwich tier’: A study of the skeletons of Royal Navy sailors and
marines excavated at the Royal Hospital Greenwich, Oxford
Archaeol. Monogr. 5
Buikstra, J.E. and Ubelaker, D.H., 1994, Standards for data collection from
human skeletal remains, Arkansas Archaeol. Survey Res. Series 44
Cambridgeshire County Council 2002, Cambridgeshire Extensive Urban

Survey: Yaxley, draft report 08/11/2002
Available at:
http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2449D150-2772-49C2-
8EC4-9F4724590B18/0/EUSHuntsYaxley.pdf
Chamberlain, P., 2008, Hell Upon Water: Prisoners of war in Britain 1793-
1815, Stroud: The History Press
GSB Prospection Ltd., 2009, Geophysical Survey Report Norman Cross

Camp, Cambridgeshire, unpub. rep., ref. 2009/29
McKinley, J.I., 2004, Compiling a skeletal inventory: disarticulated and co-

mingled remains, in M. Brickley and J.I. McKinley (eds), Guidelines
to the Standards for Recording Human Remains, British
Association for Biological Anthropology & Osteoarchaeology and
Institute for Field Archaeology, 13-16
McKinley, J.I. and Egging, K., 2008, The excavations, in J.I. McKinley, The
18th century Baptist Chapel and burial ground at West Butts Street,
Poole, Salisbury: Wessex Archaeol., 12-31
Page, W, Proby, G and Inskip Ladds, S., 1936, A History of the County of
Huntingdon:volume 3, Victoria County History
Available at: www.british-history.ac.uk
Scheuer, L. and Black, S., 2000, Developmental Juvenile Osteology,

London: Academic Press
Videotext Communications, 2009, Proposed Archaeological Evaluation

Norman Cross Camp, Cambridgeshire NGR TL 160 912,
unpublished project design
Walker, T. J., 1913, The Depot for Prisoners of War at Norman Cross,
Huntingdonshire, 1796 To 1816, London: Constable & Company
Ltd
Wessex Archaeology, 2006, Stilton, Cambridgeshire, archaeological

evaluation and assessment of results, unpub. client rep., ref.
62505.01

Internet sources
http://www.bedfordshire.gov.uk/CommunityAndLiving/ArchivesAndRecordOffic
e/CommunityArchives/Stewartby/LondonBrickCompany.aspx
UK Detector Finds Database: www.ukdfd.co.uk/pages/buttonsgtom.html

Table 1: Finds totals by material type and by trench (number / weight in grammes)
Material Tr 1 Tr 2 Tr 3 Tr 4 Tr 5 Tr 6 Tr 7 Tr 8 Tr 9 Total
Pottery 28/140 364/2305 91/773 - 1/15 22/158 1/4 1/2 8/64 516/3461
?Prehistoric - 1 - - - - - - - 1
Romano-British 3 7 - - - 5 1 - 5 21
Post-Medieval 24 356 91 - 1 16 - 1 3 492
Undated 1 - - - - 1 - - - 2
Ceramic Building Material 148/21723 309/20738 91/7189 11/537 - 68/8959 2/285 - 6/163 635/59594
Fired Clay 2/20500 16/390 - - - - - - - 18/20890
Clay Pipe 11/16 106/158 20/30 3/5 - 13/20 - 2/2 2/3 157/234
Stone 16/1210 54/13305 11/1634 2/104 - 2/87 - - - 85/16340
Burnt Flint 1/4 - - - - - - - - 1/4
Flint 2/59 - - - - - - - - 2/59
Glass 15/415 484/1587 240/955 - 1/1 4/25 - 1/1 5/4 750/2988
Slag - 46/643 7/24 - - - - - 8/196 61/863
Metalwork (no. objects) 99 323 86 1 3 88 7 - 8 615
Coins - - - -
Copper Alloy 6 58 11 - - 4 1 - - 80
Lead/Lead alloy 1 11 2 - - 1 1 - - 16
Iron 92 254 73 1 3 83 5 - 8 519
Worked Bone (no. objects) 103 723 392 - 12 125 - - 25 1380
Animal Bone 66/555 203/865 54/316 1/6 - 70/481 3/1 12/48 190/230 599/2502
Human Bone - 1/3 - - - - - - - 1/3
Shell 2/24 - - - - - - - - 2/24

Table 2: Summary of observed human bone
context cut deposit age/sex pathology comment

type
204 - redep. adult > 25yr. dental caries
402 - redep. adult c. 23-35 yr. pulmonary possibly from one of two
??male infection adjacent E-W graves
404 404 N-S adult c. 25-30 yr. non- c. 20% exposed
coffined male observed (abdominal- thigh area)
burial
704 706 N-S adult >18 yr. non- c. 8% exposed (thigh-
?coffined ?male observed knee area); possibly laid
burial on right side and partly
slumped forwards?
705 706 N-S adult >18 yr. non- c. 8% exposed (thigh-
?coffined ?male observed knee area)
burial
709 711 N-S adult c. 25-35 yr. non- c. 43% exposed (skull-
coffined male observed abdominal); min. 3 coffin
burial nails observed.
710 711 N-S adult c. 18-35 yr. non- c. 38% exposed (skull-
coffined ??male observed abdominal);
burial

Table 3: Assessment of the charred plant remains and charcoal
Samples Flot
Other
Feature/ Sam- Flot % Charcoal
ltrs Grain Chaff charre Notes Other
Context ple (ml) roots >4/2mm
d
TRENCH 2
Coal
Large numbers of fragments of (A*)
Pit 208 24 coal and possible slag.
1 20 70 - - - Numerous fish bones. No plant
2/3 ml Fish (A)
(209) 0
remains. Moll-t
(B)
TRENCH 9
Coal
Pit/tree- Large number of fish bones, (A**)
throw 75 and quite a lot of coal, some Fish
2 20 50 - - - possible slag. No plant
4/3 ml
(A**)
903 0
(902) remains. Moll-t
(C)
l
Key:- A*** = exceptional, A** = 100+, A* = 30-99, A = >10, B = 9-5, C = <5. sab/f = small animal/fish bones,

Appendix 1: Trench Summaries
bgl = below ground level

TRENCH 1 Type: Machine excavated
Dimensions: 45.25x1.60m Max. depth: 1.24m Ground level: 34.09-34.90m aOD
Context Description Depth
101 Topsoil Modern topsoil, directly under grass. Mid grey-brown silty clay loam. 0.00-0.18m
<1% stone, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-3cm. Homogeneous; bgl
moderately loose and friable; bioturbated. Subdivided for finds
retrieval, numbered from west: 101.1- 0-11m, 101.2- 11-18.8m,
101.3- 18.8-28m, 101.4- 28-45.25m.
102 Cut North – south internal perimeter ditch, in tandem with (104) 0.68m
forms part of the defensive structure of the camp. Filled with deep
(103) and (107)-(109). Easternmost ditch of the two; divided from
(104) by step (118). Slightly diffuse in plan, clear in section.
Steep, concave sides, very slightly concave base. Western side
slightly steeper than eastern edge. 2.28m wide. Cuts (118).
103 Deposit Upper fill of ditch (102), secondary fill or possible deliberate backfill, 0.22m deep
contains demolition debris. Pale grey-brown silty clay. 30% stone,
gravel and flint, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-6cm. Fairly soft and
friable, slightly mixed. Overlies (107).
104 Cut North – south internal perimeter ditch, in tandem with (102) 1.10m+
forms part of the defensive structure of the camp. Filled with deep
(105) and (128)-(131). Westernmost ditch of the two; divided
from (102) by step (118). Slightly diffuse in plan, clear in section.
Potentially steep sided but not fully excavated. Approximately
2.70m wide. Cuts (118).
105 Deposit Secondary fill of ditch (104), topsoil derived material. Pale grey-brown 0.20m deep
silty sand. 10% gravel, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-6cm.
Moderately loose and friable; fairly homogeneous. Includes CBM and
mortar fragments. Overlies (128).
106 Layer Spread of bank material. Pale yellow-brown sandy silt loam. 80% 0.20m deep
gravel, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-6cm. 2% chalk fragments.
Fairly compact; fairly homogeneous. Overlies (126). Cut by (114).
107 Deposit Secondary fill of ditch (102), topsoil derived material. Mid brown silty 0.12m deep
clay loam. 2% gravel, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-5cm. 1% chalk
flecks. Fairly compact; homogeneous. Overlies (108).
108 Deposit Secondary fill of ditch (102), possible backfilled material. Dark grey- 0.40m deep
brown silty clay. 50% gravel, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-6cm.
5% chalk flecks and fragments. Fairly compact; fairly homogeneous.
Overlies (109).
109 Deposit Primary fill of ditch (102). Dark red-brown sandy silt loam. 5% gravel, 0.08m deep
sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-4cm. Also includes one large angular
fragment of stone (0.30x0.18m). Fairly soft; moderately
homogeneous. Overlies (102).
110 Cut Possible later robber cut, north – south aligned, filled with (111) 0.70m
and (124). Straight, steep to moderate sides, concave base. deep
Western edge much steeper than eastern edge. 2.5m wide. Cuts
(105) and (113).
111 Deposit Secondary fill or possible deliberate backfill of (110), topsoil derived 0.54m deep
material. Mid brown sandy silt loam. 10% gravel, sub-angular – sub-
rounded, <1-5cm. 1% chalk fragments. Moderately compact; very
slightly mixed. Overlies (124).
112 Cut Cut of robber trench. North – south aligned, filled with (113). 0.22m
Vertical, steep sides, flat base. 0.60m wide. Cuts (132). deep
113 Deposit Deliberate rubble backfill of (112). Mid yellow-brown sandy silt loam. 0.22m deep
10% flint/gravel, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-8cm. Frequent brick

rubble, clinker and fired clay. Loose with frequent voids. Overlies
(112).
114 Cut Construction cut for perimeter wall. North –south aligned, filled 1.02m
with (115) and (132). Straight, steep, near vertical sides, flat deep
base. 1.2m+ wide, eastern extent truncated by robber cut (112).
Cuts (125) and (117).
115 Deposit Deliberate backfill of construction cut (114). Pale yellow-brown silty 0.42m deep
sand. 25% flint/gravel, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-4cm. Very
hard and compact; fairly homogeneous. Overlies (114).
116 Cut Cut of possible posthole for palisade. Filled with (117). Partly 1.20m
truncated, partially exposed. 0.40m+ diameter. deep
117 Deposit Secondary fill of posthole (116). Pale red-brown sandy silt loam. 30% 1.20m deep
gravel, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-6cm. Fairly compact;
moderately homogeneous. Cut by (114). Overlies (116).
118 Layer Linear band (north-south) of very compacted chalk and gravel. 0.15m deep
Potential walkway between ditches (102) and (104). Pale grey white
silty sand. 90% gravel and compacted chalk, sub-angular – sub-
rounded, <1-6cm. Cut by (102) and (104).
119 Layer Possible road or pathway material external to perimeter. North – -
south aligned, flanked by ditches (120) and (122). Material may be
derived from excavation of flanking ditches. Dark red-brown silty
sand. 75% gravel, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-5cm. Compact.
Unexcavated. 1.4m wide.
120 Cut North – south aligned linear feature to east of (119). Likely to be -
roadside ditch. 1.08m wide. Not fully excavated. Filled with (121).
121 Deposit Secondary fill of ditch (120). Dark brown-red. Sandy silt. 5% -
stone/gravel, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-4cm. Fairly compact;
fairly homogeneous. Not fully excavated. Overlies (120).
122 Cut North – south aligned linear feature to west of (119). Likely to be -
roadside ditch. 0.94m wide. Not fully excavated. Filled with (122).
123 Deposit Secondary fill of ditch (122). Dark brown-red. Sandy silt. 5% -
stone/gravel, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-4cm. Fairly compact;
fairly homogeneous. Not fully excavated. Overlies (122).
124 Deposit Secondary fill or possible deliberate backfill of (110). Mid grey-brown 0.24m deep
sandy silt loam. 10% gravel, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-5cm. 2%
chalk fragments. Moderately compact; very slightly mixed. Overlies
(110).
125 Layer Buried soil. Mid brown silty clay. 25% stone/gravel, sub-rounded, <1- 0.17-0.25m
2cm. Fairly compact; homogeneous. Largely unexcavated. bgl
126 Natural Natural geology. Mid orange-brown gravel. Compact; homogeneous. 0.35-0.46m
bgl
127 Natural Natural geology. Chalk. Compact. 0.42m+ bgl
128 Deposit Secondary fill of ditch (104), demolition debris. Very pale brown-grey 0.15m deep
sand incorporating frequent degraded mortar. 2% gravel, sub-angular
– sub-rounded, <1-4cm. Moderately compact; slightly mixed. Includes
CBM fragments. Overlies (129).
129 Deposit Secondary fill of ditch (104), demolition debris. Mid brown-grey silty 0.40m deep
sand. 2% gravel, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-4cm. Moderately
compact; slightly mixed. Includes CBM and mortar fragments.
Overlies (130).
130 Deposit Secondary fill of ditch (104), demolition debris. Mid orange-yellow 0.54m deep
sand incorporating degraded mortar. No visible coarse components.
Loose rubble fill, occasional voids. Includes frequent brick rubble.
Overlies (131).
131 Deposit Secondary fill of ditch (104), unexcavated. Mid brown-grey silty clay. -
5% gravel, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-4cm. Moderately compact;
fairly homogenous. Lowest excavated deposit within (104).

132 Deposit Deliberate backfill of construction cut (114). Mid red-brown sandy silt 0.44m deep
loam. 20% flint/gravel, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-4cm. Hard and
compact; fairly homogeneous. Overlies (115).

Dimensions: 17.46x1.60m Max. depth: 0.51m Ground level: 34.85m aOD
201 Topsoil Modern topsoil, directly under turf. Divided into 2m areas and suffix 1- 0.00-0.19m
.9 added to designate each sector, numbered west to east. Mid grey bgl
brown silty clay loam. <1% stone, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-
4cm. Moderately loose and friable; bioturbated; homogeneous.
Overlies (202).
202 Layer Cleaning interface layer between (201) and (203). Dark grey-brown -
silty clay loam. 20% stone/flint, subangular – sub-rounded, <1-5cm.
Occasional chalk and CBM fragments. Fairly loose. Given same
suffix system as for (201).
203 Layer Demolition debris. Dark grey-brown silt loam. 15% stone/flint, sub- 0.13m deep
angular – sub-rounded, <1-8cm. Occasional chalk and CBM
fragments. Moderately compact. Given same suffix system as for
(201). Also 20l sample from each area sieved in order to facilitate
finds retrieval. Overlies (209), (213), (215), (219) and (221).
204 Layer Linear area (north-south) of rough flint and CBM just to the west of 0.10m deep
western wall of barrack block. Possible path surface. Dark brown silt
loam. 50% flint, sub-angular, 2-18cm. Frequent CBM fragments.
Compact. 1.22m wide. Overlies (212).
205 Layer Possible yard surface. Pale brown-orange sandy gravel. 50% gravel, 0.06m deep
sub-rounded, <1-2cm. Compact; homogeneous. Overlies (220).
206 Cut Only eastern edge seen, western edge defined by (214), may not 0.08m
be a true cut. Filled with (207). Shallow, concave sides, flat base. deep
1.24m wide. Potentially cuts (205).
207 Deposit Secondary fill of (206). Dark brown silt loam. 5% flint, sub-angular – 0.08m deep
sub-rounded, <1-3cm. Fairly homogeneous. Overlies (206).
208 Cut Only partially seen in plan. Possible posthole or small pit. 0.29m
Apparently sub-circular with steep, straight sides and flat base. deep
0.85m wide. Clear in plan and section. Filled with (209). Cuts
(210).
209 Deposit Secondary fill of (208). Pale grey-brown silty clay loam. <1% stone, 0.29m deep
sub-rounded, <1-2cm. Fairly loose and friable; fairly homogeneous;
some bioturbation. More gravelly lens at base. Overlies (208).
210 Layer Clay surface within barrack block. Dark grey brown silty clay loam. 0.06m deep
25% stone/flint, sub-angular – sub-rounded, 2-10cm. Occasional
chalk and CBM fragments. Slightly mixed, some patches of mid grey
clay. Cut by (214), (217) and (208). Overlies (218).
211 Layer Possible external surfacing. Dark brown silty clay loam. 25% 0.03m deep
stone/gravel, sub-rounded – rounded, <1-5cm. Occasional chalk
fragments. Compact; very slightly mixed. Overlies (218). Very
similar/identical to (212).
212 Layer Possible external surfacing. Dark brown silty clay loam. 25% 0.03m deep
stone/gravel, sub-rounded – rounded, <1-5cm. Occasional chalk
fragments. Compact; very slightly mixed. Overlies (218). Very
similar/identical to (211).
213 Layer Linear area (north-south) of rough flint and CBM just to the west of 0.02m deep
western wall of barrack block. Possible path surface or foundation for
wall. Mid brown silt loam. 50% flint, sub-angular, 2-20cm. Frequent
CBM fragments. Very shallow; compact. Overlies (211) and (212).
214 Cut North-south aligned robber cut of eastern wall of barrack block. -

Clear in plan. Unexcavated but appears to be similar in nature to

(217). Filled with (221). Cuts (207) and (210).
215 Deposit Secondary fill or possible deliberate backfill of robber cut (217). Dark 0.16m deep
brown silty clay loam. 30% stone/flint, sub-angular – sub-rounded,
<1-8cm. Moderately compact; very slightly mixed; some bioturbation.
Overlies (216).
216 Deposit Deliberate deposit, could potentially be undisturbed material but more 0.11m deep
likely deliberately backfilled material after brick reclamation. Lower fill
of (217). Pale grey-brown sandy silt loam. 5% stone/flint, sub-
rounded, <1-8cm. Sediment incorporates a lot of mortar. Fairly loose;
fairly homogeneous. Overlies (217).
217 Cut Robber cut, associated with removal of the western barrack 0.26m
block wall. Linear, north-south aligned. Filled with (215) and deep
(216). Vertical, straight sides, flat base. 0.68m wide. Cuts (204)
and (210).
218 Layer Buried soil. Dark brown silty clay. 25% stone/gravel, sub-rounded, 0.23m+ bgl
<1-2cm. Fairly loose; homogeneous. Largely unexcavated.
219 Layer In situ burning of (210). Possible hearth area. Pale yellow-red clay. 0.10m deep
10% stone/chalk, sub-rounded, 2-8cm. Overlies (210).
220 Layer Possible surface overlain by (205). Only small area seen but -
apparently north- south aligned linear feature. Pale grey-brown silty
clay. 50% stone/gravel, sub-angular – sub-rounded, 2-6cm.
Unexcavated. Potentially cuts (218).
221 Deposit Upper fill of robber cut (214). Secondary fill or possible deliberate -
backfill. Mid grey-brown silty clay. 20% flint/gravel, sub-angular –
sub-rounded, <1-8cm. Compact; slightly mixed. Unexcavated.

301 Topsoil Modern topsoil, directly under turf. Mid grey brown silty clay loam. 0.00-0.16m
<1% stone, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-2cm. Moderately loose deep
and friable; bioturbated; homogeneous. Overlies (302).
302 Layer Cleaning interface layer/ base of (301). Dark grey-brown silty clay 0.05m deep
loam. 2% stone/flint, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-4cm. Moderately
loose and friable; homogenous; bioturbated. Overlies (303), (304)
and (314).
303 Layer Demolition debris. Pale grey-brown silty clay loam. 15% stone/gravel, 0.40m deep
sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-8cm. 5% chalk fragments. Mixed;
moderately compact. Identical to (304). Overlies (305) and (307).
304 Layer Demolition debris. Pale grey-brown silty clay loam. 15% stone/gravel, 0.18m deep
sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-8cm. 5% chalk fragments. Mixed;
moderately compact. Identical to (303). Overlies (305), (310) and
(312).
305 Deposit Fill of robber cut (306), possible deliberate backfill. Mid grey-brown 0.24m deep
silty clay. 15% stone, sub-angular, 2-10cm. Frequent chalk and CBM
fragments. Mixed; moderately compact. Overlies (306).
306 Cut Cut of robber trench (north-south) removing east wall of latrine 0.24m
block. Filled with (305). Width not fully exposed. Steep, straight deep
sides, flat base. Cuts (308).
307 Surface Compacted chalk pathway. East – west aligned. Surface irregular -
and undulating. Unexcavated. Overlies (309).
308 Layer Possible surface at north end of latrine block. Mid orange-brown -
sandy silty clay. <1% gravel, sub-rounded, <1cm. Compact.
Unexcavated. Overlies (313).
309 Layer Possible surface to north of (307). Mid grey-brown silty clay. 5% -

stone, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-4cm. Compact. Unexcavated.

Overlies (313).
310 Deposit Wall footing within (311). Pale grey-white clay mixed with 25% -
crushed and fragmented chalk. Compact. Unexcavated.
311 Cut Construction cut for perimeter wall (east-west). Filled with (310). -
Width not fully exposed. Unexcavated.
312 Layer Area of rough stone paving. Includes reused stone roof-tile and -
possible masonry fragments. Sub-angular – angular flat slabs, length
6-30cm, width 4-22cm. Left in situ. Overlies (313).
313 Layer Buried soil. Mid yellow-brown silty clay. 5% stone, sub-angular – sub- 0.30m+ bgl
rounded, <1-3cm. Occasional chalk fragments. Compact, probably by
trample. Unexcavated.
314 Layer Demolition debris. Pale grey-brown silty clay loam. 25% stone, sub- 0.36m deep
angular – sub-rounded, <15cm. 5% chalk fragments. Occasional
CBM fragments. Mixed; moderately compact. Similar to (303) and
(304). Overlies (305).

401 Topsoil Modern topsoil, directly under turf. Mid grey silty clay. <1% 0.00-0.25m
flint/gravel, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-3cm. Homogeneous; bgl
moderately loose and friable; bioturbated. Overlies (411). Assigned
suffix based on position, numbered south-north 401.1- 0-15.35m,
401.2- 15.35-28m, 401.3- 28-38m.
402 Skeleton Disarticulated human remains, probably disturbed from adjacent -
grave cuts. Lying within the interface between (401) and (411).
403 Skeleton Adult inhumation, coffined burial. Only small part of skeleton exposed 0.11m deep
(base of spine, pelvis, top of femurs, lower part of arms across pelvis
area). But condition good and probably complete. North – south
aligned, head to north. Supine, extended. Undisturbed except for
some movement as coffin collapsed. Left in situ. In grave cut (404).
404 Cut Grave cut containing inhumation (403). Rectangular. Vertical, 0.62m+
straight sides. Not fully excavated. Very diffuse in plan, clear in deep
section. Backfilled with (405) and (421). 0.90m+ wide (far west
edge beyond limits of trench), 3.98m long. Size suggests
multiple grave, possibly not a single phase. Cuts (411).
405 Deposit Deliberate backfill of grave cut (404). Mid orange-brown sandy silt 0.62m+
loam. 10% gravel/chalk, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-7cm. Re- deep
deposited natural material. Moderately compact; fairly homogeneous.
Not fully excavated. Relationship to (412) unclear. Overlies (403).
406 Deposit Secondary fill of ditch (407), demolition debris. Mid orange-brown 0.60m deep
sandy silt. 5% gravel, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-5cm. Frequent
brick rubble. Compact; slightly mixed. Not fully excavated. Overlies
(407).
407 Cut Cut of perimeter ditch, east - west aligned. Filled with (406). Not 0.60m
fully excavated. Slightly diffuse in plan. 3.4m wide. deep
408 Layer Perimeter bank, east – west aligned. Dark grey-brown sandy silt 0.20m+
loam. 30% gravel, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-6cm. deep
Unexcavated. Compact.
409 Deposit Fill of robber cut (410). Mid orange-brown sandy silt loam. 10% 0.56m+
gravel, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-6cm. Frequent CBM rubble. deep
Fairly compact; mixed deposit. Only partly excavated.
410 Cut Cut of robber trench (north-east – south-west). Filled with (409). 0.56m+
Only partly excavated, profile not seen. 2.20m wide. deep
411 Natural Natural geology. Mid orange-brown sandy silt loam. 5% gravel, sub- 0.22m+ bgl

angular – sub-rounded, <1-6cm. Compact; fairly homogeneous;

some bioturbation.
412 Cut Possible grave cut, sub-rectangular. Unexcavated. -
Diffuse/unclear in plan. Filled with (413). 0.70m wide, 1.24m+
long (far north edge beyond limits of trench). Cuts (411).
413 Deposit Deliberate backfill of grave cut (412). Mid orange-brown sandy silt -
loam. 10% gravel/chalk, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-7cm. Re-
Unexcavated.
414 Cut Possible grave cut. Sub-rectangular. Unexcavated. -
Diffuse/unclear in plan. Filled with (415). 0.56m+ wide (far east
edge beyond limits of trench), 1.18m long. Cuts (411).
Unexcavated.
416 Cut Possible grave cut. Sub-rectangular. Unexcavated. -
Diffuse/unclear in plan. Filled with (417). 0.90m+ wide (far west
edge beyond limits of trench), 2.24m long. Cuts (411).
Unexcavated.
418 Layer Possible step/bank between (407) and (419). Mid orange brown -
sandy loam. 40% gravel, sub-angular – sub-rounded, 2-8cm.
Compact; fairly homogenous. Unexcavated.
419 Cut Cut of possible defensive ditch. Similar to 102. East – west -
aligned. Filled with (420). Unexcavated. 3.10m wide.
420 Deposit Upper fill of ditch (419). Mid grey brown sandy silt loam. 25% gravel, -
sub-angular – sub-rounded, 2-8cm. Compact; fairly homogeneous.
Unexcavated.
loam. 10% gravel, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-6cm. Very rare
chalk fragments. Re-deposited natural material; moderately compact;
fairly homogeneous. Unexcavated. Relationship to (405) unclear.
Overlies (404).
TRENCH 5 Type: Hand excavated

Dimensions: 0.86x0.70m Max. depth: 0.07m Ground level: 34.59m aOD
501 Topsoil Modern topsoil. Mid grey-brown silt loam. <1% flint/gravel, sub- 0.00-0.05m
angular – sub-rounded, <1-3cm. Fairly homogeneous; moderately bgl
loose and friable; bioturbated, in vicinity of rabbit warren. Directly
under turf. Overlies (502).
502 Structure Modern brick structure, likely to be well capping. LBC frogged bricks. 0.04m deep
Where exposed appears to be resting directly on (503).
503 Topsoil Lower topsoil as (501) but up to 2% flint/gravel. 0.05m+ bgl

601 Topsoil Modern topsoil, directly under turf. Mid grey-brown silt loam. <1% 0.00-0.20m
flint/gravel, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-3cm. Fairly bgl
homogeneous; moderately loose and friable; bioturbated, in vicinity of

rabbit warren. Overlies (602). Assigned suffix from finds distribution,

601.W (west), 601.C (centre), 601.E (east).
602 Layer Interface under (601), combination of demolition debris and 0.14m deep
ploughed/disturbed material. Mid grey-brown silt loam. 50%
stone/gravel, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-3cm. Moderately
compact; mixed. Overlies (603), (605) and (611).
603 Surface Metalled surface. Mid grey-brown silt loam. 80% gravel, sub-angular 0.03m deep
– rounded, <1-3cm. Compact. Thought to post-date (604).
604 Deposit Deliberate deposit, compacted chalk foundation within beam slot 0.17m deep
(608). Mid grey-brown silt loam. 10% stone/gravel, sub-rounded, <1-
4cm. Frequent chalk fragments, occasional CBM fragments; rare
larger stone slabs. Compact.
605 Deposit Deliberate backfill of linear (607). Mid grey-brown silt loam. 10% 0.43m deep
gravel/stone, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-5cm. Occasional sub-
rounded cobbles. Frequent mortar and CBM fragments. Mixed;
moderately compact. Overlies (606).
606 Deposit Deliberate backfill of linear (607). Mid grey-brown silty clay. 10% 0.31m deep
gravel/stone, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-5cm. Occasional mortar
fragments; rare CBM fragments. Mixed; moderately compact.
Overlies (607).
607 Cut Deep, linear feature, exact purpose unclear. North-west – south- 0.76m
east aligned. Steep, near vertical, straight sides, flat base. 0.88m deep
wide. Filled with (605) and (606). On different alignment to
foundation trenches. Filled with demolition debris sourced from
beyond immediate area. Cuts (609).
608 Cut Cut of foundation trench, west wall of building. North-north-west 0.17m
– south-south-east aligned. Filled with (604). Clear in plan and deep
section. Moderate, straight sides, flat base. 0.64m wide. Cuts
(609).
609 Layer Layer, possible levelling or surface layer internal to building. Mid 0.60m deep
brown-grey silt loam. 5% stone/gravel, sub-angular – sub-rounded,
<1-3cm. Rare CBM fragments. Moderately compact; fairly
homogeneous. Depth seen in edge of (607) but in itself unexcavated.
Cut by (607), (608) and (612).
610 Layer Layer, possible levelling or surface layer external to building on east -
side. Mid brown-grey silt loam. 5% stone/gravel, sub-angular – sub-
rounded, <1-3cm. Rare CBM fragments. Moderately compact; fairly
homogeneous. Unexcavated. Cut by (612).
611 Deposit Deliberate deposit, compacted chalk foundation within beam slot -
(612). Mid grey-brown silt loam. 10% stone/gravel, sub-rounded, <1-
6cm. Frequent chalk fragments, occasional mortar and CBM
fragments. Compact. Unexcavated.
612 Cut Cut of foundation trench, east wall of building. North-north-west -
– south-south-east aligned. Filled with (611). Clear in plan. 0.59m
wide. Unexcavated. Cuts (609) and (610).
613 Natural Possible natural geology or buried subsoil. Mid yellow orange silty 0.28m+ bgl
clay. Compact; homogeneous.

Dimensions 14.00x3.00m Max. depth: 1.00m Ground level: 33.06-33.21m aOD
701 Topsoil Modern topsoil. Dark grey sandy silt loam. 2% gravel, sub-angular – 0.00-0.30m
sub-rounded, <1-3cm. Fairly loose and friable; fairly homogeneous; bgl
bioturbated. Band of gravel (natural sorting) at base of topsoil.
Overlies (702).

702 Subsoil Modern subsoil. Mid orange-brown silty sand. 10% gravel, sub- 0.30-0.50m
angular – sub-rounded, <1-4cm. Compact; some biotubation; fairly bgl
703 Deposit Deliberate backfill of grave cut (706). Mid orange-brown sandy silt 0.78m deep
loam. 10% stone/gravel, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-8cm. 5%
chalk, sub-rounded, 1-4cm. Moderately compact; slightly mixed,
occasional diffuse blue grey clay mottles. Overlies (704) and (705).
704 Skeleton Adult inhumation. Only small part of skeleton exposed (lower part of 0.20m deep
femurs, part of left tibia). But condition good and likely complete.
North – south aligned, head to north. Supine, extended. Undisturbed;
left in situ. In grave cut (706).
705 Skeleton Adult inhumation. Only small part of skeleton exposed (lower part of 0.20m deep
femurs, part of left tibia and right fibula). But condition good and likely
complete. North – south aligned, head to north. Supine, extended.
Left leg, crosses right just above knee. Undisturbed; left in situ. In
grave cut (706).
706 Cut Grave cut containing inhumations (704) and (705). Sub- 0.78m
rectangular. Near vertical straight sides, base irregular (where deep
seen). Not fully excavated. Very slightly diffuse in plan, clear in
section. Backfilled with (703). 1.30m wide, 1.94m+ long (far north
edge beyond limits of trench). Cuts (712).
707 Deposit Deliberate backfill of grave recut (718). Pale orange-brown sandy silt 0.45m+
loam. 15% stone/gravel, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-6cm. 2% deep
chalk, sub-rounded, 1-4cm. Moderately compact; slightly mixed.
Overlies (710).
708 Deposit Secondary fill of grave cut (711), may be an indication of the grave 0.31m+
cut being open for sometime before burials occured. Dark brown deep
sandy clay. 2% gravel, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-4cm.
Compact; homogeneous. Derives from the east. Overlies (711).
709 Skeleton Adult inhumation. Only small part of skeleton exposed (skull, some 0.05m+
ribs, upper part of arm, top of right pelvis). But condition good and deep
probably complete. North – south aligned, head to north. Supine,
extended. Head resting on right side, arms extended by side.
Undisturbed; left in situ. In grave cut (711).
710 Skeleton Adult inhumation. Only small part of skeleton exposed (skull, some 0.05m+
ribs, upper part of arm, top of left pelvis). But condition good and deep
probably complete. North – south aligned, head to north. Supine,
extended. Arms extended by side. Undisturbed; left in situ. In grave
recut (718).
711 Cut Grave cut containing inhumations (709) and (when recut) (710). 0.60m+
Sub-rectangular. Near vertical straight sides, base slightly deep
concave (where seen). Not fully excavated. Very slightly diffuse
in plan, clear in section. Backfilled with (708) and (719). 1.7m
wide, 2.16m long. Cuts (712).
712 Natural Natural geology. Mid orange sandy silty clay. 5-25% gravel, sub- 0.30m+ bgl
angular – sub-rounded, <1-3cm. Gravel content increases further
down the profile. Moderately compact; fairly homogeneous. Appears
to overlies (717).
713 Cut Possible linear. East – west aligned. North edge very -
diffuse/unclear, south edge slightly diffuse. Unexcavated. Filled
with (704). 2.00m wide.
714 Deposit Secondary fill of (713). Mid orange-brown sandy silt loam. 2% gravel, -
sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-2cm. Moderately compact; fairly
homogeneous. Unexcavated.
715 Cut Possible grave cut. Only partly seen in plan. Diffuse. Filled with -
(716). Sub-rectangular. Unexcavated.
716 Deposit Upper fill of (715). Mid orange sandy silt loam. 5% gravel/chalk, sub- -

angular – sub-rounded, <1-6cm. Slightly mixed; moderately compact.

Unexcavated.
717 Natural Natural geology seen in base of (706). Pale grey clay. No visible 1.00m+ bgl
inclusions. Compact. Homogeneous. Appears to underlie (712).
718 Cut Recut of grave (711) to include interment (710). Backfilled with 0.45m+
(707). Seen in section only. Cuts (708) and (719). deep
719 Deposit Deliberate backfill of grave (711). Dark brown sandy clay. 2% gravel, 0.15m+
sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-4cm. Compact; homogeneous. deep
Overlies inhumation (709).

801 Topsoil Modern ploughsoil. Pale yellow-brown silty clay. 2% stone, sub- 0.00-0.30m
angular – sub-rounded, <1-2cm. Moderately compact; homogeneous; bgl
bioturbated. Overlies (802).
802 Subsoil Modern subsoil. Dark yellow sandy silty clay. 1% stone, sub-angular, 0.30-0.60m
<1cm. Moderately compact; fairly homogeneous; some bioturbation. bgl
Overlies (803).
803 Natural Natural geology. Dark orange-yellow sand with bands of gravel. 0.52m+ bgl
Compact; homogeneous.
804 Cut Cut of ditch/drainage channel. Filled with (805)-(810). Slightly 0.51m+
diffuse in plan and section. Depth of trench exposed 0.51m deep
depth of ditch in trench edges (but at very oblique angle) but
apart from this unexcavated. South-west – north-east aligned.
Steep, straight sides. Approximately 3.5m wide. Cuts (803).
805 Deposit Secondary fill of (804), water deposition. Dark blue-grey clay. 2% -
chalk/gravel, sub-rounded, <1-2cm. Slightly mottled; gleyed;
compact. Lowest deposit seen.
806 Deposit Secondary fill of (804), water deposition. Pale green-grey clay. <1% 0.12m+
stone/gravel, sub-rounded, <1cm. Compact; fairly homogeneous. deep
East-facing section only. Overlies (805).
807 Deposit Secondary fill of (804), water deposition. Mid purple-brown clay. <1% 0.11m deep
stone/gravel, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1cm. Compact; fairly
homogeneous. East-facing section only. Overlies (806).
808 Deposit Secondary fill of (804), water deposition. Mid blue-grey clay. <1% 0.12m deep
gravel/stone, sub-rounded, <1-2cm. Compact; fairly homogeneous.
809 Deposit Secondary fill of (804), water deposition. Pale brown-grey clay. <1% 0.10m deep
stone/gravel, sub-rounded, <1-2cm. Compact; fairly homogeneous.
810 Deposit Secondary fill of (804), may be reflection of disturbance at the edge 0.50m deep
of channel or deliberate dumping. Mid grey clay. 10% stone, sub-
angular – sub-rounded, <1-6cm. Rare CBM and animal bone.
Compact; mixed. West-facing section only. Overlies (805).

901 Topsoil Modern topsoil. Dark brown sandy silt loam. 2% gravel, sub-angular – 0.00-0.10m
sub-rounded, <1-4cm. Fairly loose and friable; homogeneous; bgl
bioturbated. Overlies (902) and (904).
902 Deposit Secondary fill or possible deliberate dumping within refuse pit (903). 0.40m deep
Dark brown-grey silt loam. <1% gravel, sub-angular – sub-rounded,

<1cm. Occasional charcoal and coke flecks. Fairly loose and friable;
903 Cut Cut of refuse pit. Filled with (902) and (906). Sub-circular, 0.40m
moderate concave sides, flat base. 1.50m+ long, 1.60m wide. deep
Cuts (907).
904 Deposit Upper secondary fill of possible pit (905). Mid grey-brown sandy clay -
loam. 5% gravel, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1-5cm. Coarse, gritty.
Unexcavated.
905 Cut Possible pit, only partially seen in plan. Filled with (904). -
Unexcavated.
906 Deposit Lower fill of (903), possible primary fill. Dark green-brown sandy silt 0.12m deep
loam. 1% gravel, sub-angular – sub-rounded, <1cm. Moderately
compact; slightly mixed.
907 Natural Pale yellow-grey sandy silty clay 20% gravel, sub-angular – sub- 0.10m+ bgl
rounded, <1-6cm. Moderately compact; fairly homogeneous.

Mapping supplied by Time Team Licence number AL 100018665
Geophysical data courtesy of GSB Prospection Ltd
Removed due to
copyright issues
Tr4
Tr4
516150
516200
Tr9
Tr6 Posthole 208
Tr5 205
Tr2
214 206
Tr1 Tr3
210 219
Fig 3
Trench 2 309
217 307
212
306
308
211
213
312
291050
313
Trench 3
312
310
125
Ditch 104
118
Ditch 102
112
114 Posthole 116
Trench 1
125
Ditch 122
119
Ditch 120
125
0 10m
Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey map supplied by Evaluation trench Date: 09/09/10 Revision Number: 0
Time Team with the permission of the controller of HMSO
Wessex © Crown Copyright (AL 100018665). Illustrator: KL
Prison buildings based on 1797 plan Scale: 1:5000 & 1:250
Archaeology This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology.
No unauthorised reproduction.
OS survey Path: Y:\PROJECTS\71507TT\Drawing Office\Report Figs\eval\10_06\71507_eval_f2.dwg
Trenches 1, 2 and 3: plan Figure 3

Plate 4: Trench 1 defensive ditches, view from west Plate 5: Trench 2, view from south-west
Plate 3: Trench 1, view from north-east Plate 6: Trench 2 robber cut (217), south-east facing section Plate 7: Trench 3, view from north-west
Date: 09/09/10 Revision Number: 0

Wessex This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology.
No unauthorised reproduction. Scale: n/a Layout: KL
Archaeology
Path: Y:\PROJECTS\71507TT\Drawing Office\Report Figs\eval\10_06\71507_eval_Fig04.cdr
Trenches 1, 2 and 3: photographs Figure 4

Fig 6 Tr4
Tr4
516150
516200
516250
?Grave 412
291400
Grave 404 with

Skeleton 403
Tr9
Tr6
Plate 8: Grave 404, view from south-east
Tr5 Grave 414
Grave 416
Tr2
Tr1 Tr3
Plate 9: Skeleton 403, view

from south-west
Trench 4
408
410
410 407
418
419
291350 0 10m
Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey map supplied by Evaluation trench Date: 09/09/10 Revision Number: 0
Time Team with the permission of the controller of HMSO
Wessex © Crown Copyright (AL 100018665). Illustrator: KL
Prison buildings based on 1797 plan Scale: 1:5000 & 1:250
OS survey Path: Y:\PROJECTS\71507TT\Drawing Office\Report Figs\eval\10_06\71507_eval_f2.dwg
Trench 4: plan and photographs Figure 5

516150
Tr4
Tr4
Fig 5
Tr6 Tr9
Tr5
Tr2
Tr1 Tr3
291100
612
610
Trench 6
607
609
609
608
603
Trench 5
Evaluation trench
Prison buildings based on 1797 plan
OS survey
Rabbit burrowing
0 10m
Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey map supplied by Time Team with the permission of the controller of HMSO
© Crown Copyright (AL 100018665).
This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction.
Wessex Scale: 1:5000 & 1:250 Illustrator: KL

Archaeology Path: Y:\PROJECTS\71507TT\Drawing Office\Report Figs\eval\10_06\71507_eval_f2.dwg
Trenches 5, 6 and 9: plan and photograph Figure 6

516270
516280
291425
Skeleton
704
Skeleton
705
Grave 706
Possible
grave
Plate 12: Trench 7, view from north
718
Skeleton 709
Skeleton
710
Grave 711
713
Plate 13: Skeletons 709 and 710, view from south
291415
Trench 7
?Grave 715
0 4m
This material is for client report only

Evaluation trench © Wessex Archaeology.
Wessex Scale: Plan 1:80 Illustrator: KL

Trench 7: plan and photographs Figure 7

291380
Plate 14: Trench 8, view from east

516180
907
Trench 9
902
291105
Pit 903
907
904
?Pit 905
0 1 2m
Trench 9 plan detail
This material is for client report only

Evaluation trench © Wessex Archaeology.
Wessex Scale: Plan 1:50 Illustrator: KL

Trenches 8 and 9: photograph and plan Figure 8

Wessex Scale: n/a Layout: KL
Path: Y:\PROJECTS\71507TT\Drawing Office\Report Figs\eval\10_06\71507_eval_Fig09.cdr
Worked bone objects Figure 9

WESSEX ARCHAEOLOGY LIMITED.
Registered Head Office: Portway House, Old Sarum Park, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 6EB.
Tel: 01722 326867 Fax: 01722 337562 info@wessexarch.co.uk
With regional offices in Edinburgh, Maidstone and Sheffield
For more information visit www.wessexarch.co.uk
Registered Charity No. 287786. A company with limited liability registered in England No. 1712772.

Time Team - Norman Cross

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Time Team - Norman Cross

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Time Team - Norman Cross

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Wessex Archaeology

Norman Cross Camp

Archaeological Evaluation and Assessment of Results

Report reference: 71507.02

© Wessex Archaeology Limited 2010 all rights reserved

SITE CODE 71507 ACCESSION CODE CLIENT CODE

PLANNING APPLICATION REF. NGR 516191 291183

VERSION STATUS* PREPARED APPROVED APPROVER’S DATE FILE

01 F NH RJCS 09/09/10 TT NORMAN CROSS REPORT (ED LNM)

* I= Internal Draft E= External Draft F= Final

WA Project No. 71507 ii

WA Project No. 71507 iii

WA Project No. 71507 iv

In July 2009 an archaeological evaluation was undertaken by Channel 4’s ‘Time

It is recommended that a summary publication report, based on the results presented

WA Project No. 71507 v

This programme of post-excavation and assessment work was commissioned and

The excavations were undertaken by Time Team’s retained archaeologists, Phil

WA Project No. 71507 vi

1.1 Project Background

1.2 Site Location, Topography and Geology

1.3 Archaeological Background

WA Project No. 71507 1

Medieval and post-medieval

1.3.8 Various archaeological investigations in the vicinity of Manor Farm, Yaxley

WA Project No. 71507 2

Huntingdonshire, 1796-1816 (1913), which is based on documentary

WA Project No. 71507 3

1.3.18 Listed causes of death include haemoptysis (a respiratory disease), catarrh,

WA Project No. 71507 4

prison’, as an additional burial place. It was resold in 1816. Walker attests

1.4 Previous Archaeological Work

2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

2.2 Research Aim 1: Camp construction

WA Project No. 71507 5

a response to events and practical demands? It was also intended that

3.1 Geophysical Survey

3.2 Landscape and Earthwork Survey

3.3 Evaluation Trenches

WA Project No. 71507 6

4.2 Geophysical Survey

4.2.3 Rectangular blocks of increased responses (A) indicate the location of

WA Project No. 71507 7

4.3 Evaluation Trenches

WA Project No. 71507 8

WA Project No. 71507 9

WA Project No. 71507 10

WA Project No. 71507 11

WA Project No. 71507 12

WA Project No. 71507 13

WA Project No. 71507 14

facing edge of the trench revealed a sequence of clay alluvial deposits,

WA Project No. 71507 15

enabled examination of the distribution of finds across the section of the

WA Project No. 71507 16

creamware and pearlware; these factory-produced wares date

5.3 Ceramic Building Material (CBM)

5.4 Fired Clay

5.5 Clay Pipe

WA Project No. 71507 17