1.

Certificate 1
2. Acknowledgement 1
3. Index 1
4. Introduction what is case study 1
5. Sources of data collection 1
6. Depression 2
7. Types of depression 2
8. Causes 2/1
9. Symptoms 1
10. Tests 1
11. Treatment 2
12. Case profile : Prelimanaries
13. Case history
14. Case conclusion
15. Biblio graphy
Case study
Case study research refers to an in-depth, detailed study of an individual or a small group of
individuals.  Such studies are typically qualitative in nature, resulting in a narrative description of
behavior or experience.  Case study research is not used to determine cause and effect, nor is it
used to discover generalizable truths or make predictions. Rather, the emphasis in case study
research is placed on exploration and description of a phenomenon.   The main characteristics of
case study research are that it is narrowly focused, provides a high level of detail, and is able to
combine both objective and subjective data to achieve an in-depth understanding.

There are several types of case study methods.  The method selected depends upon the nature of
the question being asked and the goals of the researcher. The different types of case studies are:

(Write 2-3 lines about each type)

 Illustrative
 Exploratory
 Cumulative 
 Critical Instance 
METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION:

Personal Interviews
Interviews can be defined as a qualitative research technique which involves conducting
intensive individual interviews with a small number of respondents to explore their perspectives
on a particular idea, program or situation.

(Write advantages and disadvantages in point form)

Advantages of interviews include possibilities of collecting detailed information about research

questions.  Moreover, in this type of primary data collection researcher has direct control over
the flow of process and she has a chance to clarify certain issues during the process if needed. 
Disadvantages, on the other hand, include longer time requirements and difficulties associated
with arranging an appropriate time with perspective sample group members to conduct
interviews.
There is a risk of interviewee bias during the primary data collection process and this would
seriously compromise the validity of the project findings. Some interviewer bias can be avoided
by ensuring that the interviewer does not overreact to responses of the interviewee. Other steps
that can be taken to help avoid or reduce interviewer bias include having the interviewer dress
inconspicuously and appropriately for the environment and holding the interview in a private
setting.

(Types of interviews- structured, unstructured, semi- structured. Write 2-3 lines about each)
 Depression

Depression is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the

way you think and how you act. Fortunately, it is also treatable. Depression causes feelings of

sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. It can lead to a variety of emotional

and physical problems and can decrease a person’s ability to function at work and at home.

Depression affects an estimated one in 15 adults (6.7%) in any given year. And one in six people

(16.6%) will experience depression at some time in their life. Depression can strike at any time,

but on average, first appears during the late teens to mid-20s. Women are more likely than men

to experience depression. Some studies show that one-third of women will experience a major

depressive episode in their lifetime.

Depression Is Different From Sadness or Grief/Bereavement

The death of a loved one, loss of a job or the ending of a relationship is difficult experiences for
a person to endure. It is normal for feelings of sadness or grief to develop in response to such
situations. Those experiencing loss often might describe themselves as being “depressed.”

But being sad is not the same as having depression. The grieving process is natural and unique to
each individual and shares some of the same features of depression. Both grief and depression
may involve intense sadness and withdrawal from usual activities. They are also different in
important ways:

o In grief, painful feelings come in waves, often intermixed with positive memories of the
deceased. In major depression, mood and/or interest (pleasure) are decreased for most of
two weeks.
o In grief, self-esteem is usually maintained. In major depression, feelings of worthlessness
and self-loathing are common.
o For some people, the death of a loved one can bring on major depression. Losing a job or
being a victim of a physical assault or a major disaster can lead to depression for some
people. When grief and depression co-exist, the grief is more severe and lasts longer than
 grief without depression. Despite some overlap between grief and depression, they are
different. Distinguishing between them can help people get the help, support or treatment
they need.

Likewise, even the feeling of grief resulting from the death of someone close is not itself
depression if it does not persist. Depression can, however, be related to bereavement - when
depression follows a loss, psychologists call it a "complicated bereavement."

Types

1. Unipolar and 2. bipolar depression

If the predominant feature is a depressed mood, it is called unipolar depression. However, if it is

characterized by both manic and depressive episodes separated by periods of normal mood, it is
referred to as bipolar disorder (previously called manic depression).

Unipolar depression can involve anxiety and other symptoms - but no manic episodes. However,
research shows that for around 40 percent of the time, individuals with bipolar disorder are
depressed, making the two conditions difficult to distinguish.

3.Major depressive disorder with psychotic features

This condition is characterized by depression accompanied by psychosis. Psychosis can involve

delusions - false beliefs and detachment from reality, or hallucinations - sensing things that do
not exist.

4.Postpartum depression

Women often experience "baby blues" with a newborn, but postpartum depression - also known
as postnatal depression - is more severe.

5.Major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern

 Previously called seasonal affective disorder (SAD), this condition is related to the reduced
daylight of winter - the depression occurs during this season but lifts for the rest of the year and
in response to light therapy.

Countries with long or severe winters seem to be affected more by this condition

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms of depression can include:

 depressed mood

 reduced interest or pleasure in activities previously enjoyed, loss of sexual desire

 unintentional weight loss (without dieting) or low appetite

 insomnia (difficulty sleeping) or hypersomnia (excessive sleeping)

 psychomotor agitation, for example, restlessness, pacing up and down

 delayed psychomotor skills, for example, slowed movement and speech

 fatigue or loss of energy

 feelings of worthlessness or guilt

 impaired ability to think, concentrate, or make decisions

 recurrent thoughts of death or suicide, or attempt at suicide

Causes

The causes of depression are not fully understood and may not be down to a single source.
Depression is likely to be due to a complex combination of factors that include:

 genetics

 biological - changes in neurotransmitter levels

 environmental

 psychological and social (psychosocial)

 Some people are at higher risk of depression than others; risk factors include:

 Life events: These include bereavement, divorce, work issues, relationships with friends and
family, financial problems, medical concerns, or acute stress.

 Personality: Those with less successful coping strategies, or previous life trauma are more
suceptible.

 Genetic factors: Having a first-degree relatives with depression increases the risk.

 Childhood trauma.

 Some prescription drugs: These include corticosteroids, some beta-blockers, interferon, and

other prescription drugs.

 Abuse of recreational drugs: Abuse of alcohol, amphetamines, and other drugs are strongly
linked to depression.

 A past head injury.

 Having had one episode of major depression: This increases the risk of a subsequent one.

 Chronic pain syndromes: These and other chronic conditions, such as diabetes, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease, and cardiovascular disease make depression more likely.

Tests

Depression is a mood disorder characterized by persistently low mood and a feeling of sadness
and loss of interest. It is a persistent problem, not a passing one, lasting on average 6 to 8
months.

 Diagnosis of depression starts with a consultation with a doctor or mental health

specialist. It is important to seek the help of a health professional to rule out different
causes of depression, ensure an accurate differential diagnosis, and secure safe and
effective treatment.
 As for most visits to the doctor, there may be a physical examination to check for
physical causes and coexisting conditions. Questions will also be asked - "taking a
history" - to establish the symptoms, their time course, and so on.
  Some questionnaires help doctors to assess the severity of depression. The Hamilton
depression rating scale, for example, has 21 questions, with resulting scores describing
the severity of the condition. The Hamilton scale is one of the most widely used
assessment instruments in the world for clinicians rating depression.

Treatment

Depression is a treatable mental illness. There are three components to the management of
depression:

 Support, ranging from discussing practical solutions and contributing stresses, to educating
family members.

 Psychotherapy, also known as talking therapies, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).

 Drug treatment, specifically antidepressants.

Psychotherapy

Psychological or talking therapies for depression include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT),

interpersonal psychotherapy, and problem-solving treatment. In mild cases of depression,
psychotherapies are the first option for treatment; in moderate and severe cases, they may be
used alongside other treatment.

CBT and interpersonal therapy are the two main types of psychotherapy used in depression. CBT
may be delivered in individual sessions with a therapist, face-to-face, in groups, or over the
telephone. Some recent studies suggest that CBT may be delivered effectively through a
computer

Interpersonal therapy helps patients to identify emotional problems that affect relationships and
communication, and how these, in turn, affect mood and can be changed.
 Antidepressant medications

Antidepressants are drugs available on prescription from a doctor. Drugs come into use for
moderate to severe depression, but are not recommended for children, and will be prescribed
only with caution for adolescents.

A number of classes of medication are available in the treatment of depression:

 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

 monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

 tricyclic antidepressants

 atypical antidepressants

 selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI)

Each class of antidepressant acts on a different neurotransmitter. The drugs should be continued
as prescribed by the doctor, even after symptoms have improved, to prevent relapse.

Exercise and other therapies

Aerobic exercise may help against mild depression since it raises endorphin levels and stimulates
the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, which is related to mood.

Brain stimulation therapies - including electroconvulsive therapy - are also used in depression.
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation sends magnetic pulses to the brain and may be
effective in major depressive disorder.

Electroconvulsive therapy

Severe cases of depression that have not responded to drug treatment may benefit from
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT); this is particularly effective for psychotic depression
Case Profile COVER PAGE

PRELIMINARIES heading

Name: S. G (Only initials are mentioned. Confirm with ma’am)

Date of Birth: 30th March 1999 (Tuesday)

Age: 20 years old

Gender: Male

Weight: 75 kg

Height: 5’2”

Birth order: Second born

Number of Siblings: 1

City of Residence: Nagpur, Maharashtra

Education: Senior Secondary Education done from CBSE Board in Nagpur (Bhartiya Shikshan
Mandal)

Languages spoken: Hindi, English, Marathi and Bengali.

Education Qualification: Pursuing BA EPH (English, Political Science and History) from Christ
University, Bangalore

Hobbies: Reading, listening to music, watching movies and writing.

S.G belongs to an upper middle class, Bengali family settled in Nagpur. The family consists of
his father who is a businessman, his mother, a school teacher and an elder sister who is 5 years
elder to him. His sister after finishing her engineering is now planning on pursuing MBA from
UK.

S.G did his schooling from Bhartiya Shikshan Mandal, a CBSE board affiliated school in
Nagpur. In the first standard he was diagnosed with dyslexia. However, he overcame it with the
help of the school psychologist, class teacher and the support of his parents.

S.G thoroughly enjoyed his school days till 5th standard. He was a happy, naughty and jovial
child. Middle school however marked the beginning of problems for him. He started facing a lot
of problems in Mathematics and struggled to pass in the subject. He was able to cope up with the
subject in a manner that he barely passed it in all three years of his middle school.
9th grade posed the biggest problem. Math became even more challenging for him. He joined a
tuition center for Math and Science for assistance however, the assistance backfired. His elder
sister had been a model topper student of the same coaching institute where S.G was struggling
miserably with Math. He managed Science, but Math was an issue for him. He started taking a
lot of stress and developed arithmophobia.

Throughout 9th grade everyone looked down on S.G, including his parents. His friends used to
tease and bully him and constantly compared him to his elder sister which led to sibling rivalry.
He received constant and consistent criticism from a lot of people and developed mild social
anxiety. He avoided talking to people and didn’t receive much support from his family either.

Towards the end of 9th standard S.G was diagnosed with Clinical Depression. He showed
symptoms such as loss of interest from day to day activities; he felt worthless and lost
considerable weight. He isolated himself and stopped socializing. He also developed insomnia.
His mother decided to take him to a psychologist for consultation and that’s how he began his
therapies. His sessions went on for 2 and half months. He primarily received supportive
psychotherapy and CBT. Talk therapy helped him a lot to retrospect and fix his distorted
perceptions about himself.

In class 10, his condition improved. His mental health was better and he was not failing in Math
anymore. He got a 9.1 CGPA and opted for humanities in class 11. His father initially forced him
to pursue Science like his sister but after attending a few classes, he switched back to
Humanities. His father was not happy with this decision but his mother had always been caring
and supportive of this decision.

In class 11, signs of social anxiety were shown. When he entered the class, he saw that there
were only 2 boys in the class and the rest were all girls. And so he was unable to make friends
for two months. Eventually with time he was able to make a couple of friends who he is still in
touch with.

His dad is not a very warm, caring or affectionate because of the way he was brought up. S.G’s
paternal grandmother had 8 children and only loved the first born. She was not warm and
affectionate towards the rest of her children, and did bare minimum. S.G’s father was the last son
and didn’t receive much love and validation. This similar trait was shown by the father towards
S.G as well. The grandmother did not show much love towards S.G as well. She would mummer
sly comments in Bengali and was very mean to S.G. According to S.G, the elder child is always
loved more, in his family and hence, his sister was loved more. S.G’s mom on the other hand,
has always provided the love and support he needed.

In class 12, he got 95% and joined Christ University in Bangalore. He was the first member in
his entire family who first took up humanities in class 11-12 and was the first to move out of the
city. His dad let him go because S.G performed well in class 12 and got admission in Christ as
well as Symbiosis, Pune.
In college, 1st semester was difficult for him. He had to adapt to a new city. He was meeting a lot
of different people altogether. He was unable to cope with college and times were tough for him.
2nd semester, he made friends with a limited number of people but enjoyed their company. 3rd
semester was again difficult for him because he had a major fight with his hostel roommate. The
roommate was condescending and not very considerate. The fight was because the roommate had
started passing sly comments and became very passive aggressive. SG lost a few of his friends
also during this semester. He changed rooms and now is in a better condition. He is now in his
5th semester and is not facing a lot of problems.

S.G at this point in life is comfortable in talking about his past and his previous mental health
condition. He is more accepting of the world and how every person is different.

OBSERVATION:

1. Whenever the subject was asked to talk about himself, he would end his sentences with ‘I
guess’. This shows that he is under confident and has self doubt.
2. He maintained eye contact while the question was being asked, but didn’t do so while
answering.
3. Whenever he talked about getting bullied, he would get emotional and his facial
expression would change.
4. The current views S.G holds about himself and the people who bullied him are very
mature. He is more world- aware and proud of the fact that he was able to tackle
deprerssion.

CONCLUSION:

SG is a modest college going student who is an introvert. He is also helpful and sensitive. Over
the past couple of years, he has changed a lot. After therapy, his attitude has changed drastically.
He has become more mature and independent. He takes tuition for class 7 and 8 and teaches
Social Science at a tuition centre run by his new roommate. He is much more positive now which
is good for him. He now doesn’t let minor things affect him greatly and cares less. He’s a very
simple guy who hasn’t gotten into the wrong company; he tried alcohol once but regretted it
later. He has realized that life moves on and so even he’s got to move on. S.G enjoys watching
ted talks on self awareness. He said having had studied Psychology in class 11th and 12th has
helped him through this entire process of betterment of himself.
TREATMENT RECEIVED BY PATIENT:

1. CBT is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on how a person's thoughts, beliefs,

and attitudes affect their feelings and behaviors. Practitioners base CBT on the
theory that problems arise from the meanings people give to events, as well as the
events themselves. Unhelpful thoughts can make it difficult for a person to
function confidently in different situations. CBT can have a positive impact on
how people feel and act and equip them with coping strategies that help them deal
with challenges.
2. Write about supportive psychotherapy or talk therapy (DO NOT WRITE ABOUT
PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPY. THAT IS COMPLETELY DIFFERENT)
BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1. Class 11 Psychology NCERT Textbook

2. Class 12 Psychology NCERT Textbook
3. https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/depression/what-is-depression
4. https://www.verywellmind.com/common-types-of-depression-1067313
5. Wikipedia.com
6. https://www.medscape.com/answers/286759-14667/what-is-the-prognosis-of-major-
depressive-disorder-clinical-depression
7. https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/depression/what-is-depression