Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Collins COMPLETE PROJECT
Collins COMPLETE PROJECT
1.1 INTRODUCTION
time the vulnerable group in this victimization process are the women and
(Jonikaite, 2006).
Domestic violence was once viewed as a private matter, but today domestic
violence is seen as a public health issue with consequences for batterers that
are enforced by the criminal justice system (Salazar, Baker, Price& Carlin.
2003).
gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual
1
coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in
[UNIFEM], n.d.)
behaviors an abusive intimate partner uses to gain power and control over
another” (Brodwin & Siu, 2007) and as “repeated or frequent moderate acts
violence that causes injury no matter how infrequent” (Bograd & Mederos,
(2008) asserted that in 2001, domestic violence made up twenty percent of all
non fatal violence against adult women - around 600,000 crimes. Matthews,
(2004) opined that in 2000, about 1200 women were killed by an intimate
domestic violence is a major cause of death and disability for women ages 16
to 44 years and accounts for more deaths than cancer or traffic accidents (US
2
In 2005, a study carried out by World Health Organization (WHO,
2005) on women's health and domestic violence, observed that the rates of
and Japan. Women who experience domestic violence are more likely to
experience health consequences, with 80% more likely to have a stroke, 70%
more likely to have heart disease, 60% more likely to have asthma, and 70%
more likely to drink heavily than women who have not experienced intimate
health issues, including but not limited to sexually transmitted disease and
women who are victims and included the battered woman’s description of
how intimate partner violence affected their health. The study consisted of 40
women in eight focus groups, ranging in age from 18 to 64 years. The racial
3
physical or sexual abuse within the past year, and two participants described
backing there are tendency that an unending foresight to this anomalies is not
eminent (Obarisiagbon & Alenkhe, 2014). Women in Nigeria over the years
and other aspect of the individual social, emotional and mental state.
(1998) noted that any violence meted out to women has a direct effect on
their health. Previous statistics shows that roughly 60 million women who
4
1999). In the light of these the study examines the impact of domestic
(2015) told that the worst forms of domestic violence are rape and homicide,
and that domestic violence is one of the major social issues in Nigeria.
The worst forms of them are battering, trafficking, rape and homicide, report
claims.
Bangladesh, that Violence against Women are rated second in the world,
5
The Nigeria law on domestic violence is clearly inadequate,
2009). Resent survey has shown that a higher percentage of violence against
women happen among women of lower social status, that is the uneducated.
Due to their level of exposure they accept whatever is meted out to them by
their male partners and accept this gender based violence as a norm (Nworah,
2009).
domestic violence in Nigeria; hence the study seeks to examine the impact of
Egor LGA
Egor LGA
6
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
Egor LGA?
LGA
The study is of great importance to all, especially those that have the
concern of family development at heart. The study will further increase our
knowledge on the evil of domestic violence in the society and will show the
ills of this menace to the society. It will be add to already existing literature
violence in modern society. It will expose all to the causes and the impact of
domestic violence in Egor LGA. Benin City. Finally, it will help welfare
7
1.6 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
This research is to find out again and gain. This research intend to find
out fact about the causes and impact of domestic violence against women in
Egor L.G.A. and to measure the degree of which the research work can affect
area with women of ages 20 to 50 years of age who are married. This is
because married women who are under the coverage of cultural values and
8
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Domestic: Homely
Force: Coarse
Physically: Real
Society: Area
9
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
intimate partners whilst women, men, boys and girls can be victims of
domestic violence; women and girls are disproportionately affected. Obi and
Ozumba (2007) stated that 70 per cent of couples experienced abuse in their
families with 92 per cent of the victims being female partners and the
remaining 8 per cent were male. Obviously, more women are exposed to
domestic violence.
opined that females can suffer from violence throughout their “life cycle” as
fetuses may be aborted just because they are female, infants may be killed
because they are female, girls may be neglected or subjected to various other
raped or killed by their husbands and widows may be neglected. The female
10
infanticide and sex selective abortions that are caused by son preference have
2005).
concern, not just from a human rights perspective but also from an economic
and health perspective. Women are more at risk from this gender–based
violence. There have been reports of husbands killing or maiming their wives
11
in the media. The statistics presented by This Day (2011) newspaper are
with their low income counterparts. Most of the women endure believing
they have nowhere to go and in any case, believing for good reason that the
Batterers fail to see this as an act worth bringing before the law. For instance,
12
maintain power and control over another competent adult. This behaviour
Domestic abuse not only affects women but also has devastating
consequences for other populations and societal institutions. Men also can be
of women all over the world and these are affecting their productivity both in
the victim and the abuser have been intimately involved at some point in time
and the abuser consciously chooses to use violence and other abusive tactics
13
biological differentiation of sexes. This is because females are biologically
protection by men. They further added that the relegation of women to the
culture. In Nigeria, there is the belief that boys are stronger than girls and so
are trained to accept more strenuous tasks like hunting, shooting with bows
and arrows, farming and fighting back enemies that are about to out-run their
sweeping the rooms, scrubbing the walls and collecting firewood to cook for
the family so that they can become good wives and mothers in future.
activities like tree climbing (e.g. palm tree) or from engaging in traditional
sports like wrestling, canoeing and horse-back riding which were exclusively
made for men. What was reserved for women were lighter recreational
the men and cheer them up. This cultural unequal power led to domination
14
Ndungu (2004) opined that the reproductive and productive roles of
women often place them at the bottom of the ladder. They are mostly found
in low paid jobs, which rob them of power to participate in decision making,
within the political, social-economic and cultural sphere of life. This situation
their standard of living. In some parts of Nigeria, it is known that the input of
the girl child into the family income is so high that it becomes economically
Violence is not always caused by stress, but may be one way that some
about finances and other aspects (Jewkes, 2002). Goetz (2010) opined that
many cases of domestic violence against women occur due to jealousy when
control female reproduction and ensure sexual exclusivity for him through
15
2.3 TYPES OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, economic abuse, emotional abuse and
PHYSICAL ABUSE
This is the use of physical force in a way that injures the victim or puts
(2015) found that 83% of respondents in their study reported physical abuse.
SEXUAL ABUSE
16
a form of sexual abuse, but unfortunately; many women regard this as a part
of marriage. This was observed among Asian women who tend to believe
NEGLECT
children, denying family members food, clothing, shelter, medical care, and
protection from harm or a sense of being loved and valued (Aihie, 2009).
Neglect has been observed as one of the most common form of abuse faced
ECONOMIC ABUSE
exploiting family member for financial gain, preventing a loved one from
SPIRITUAL ABUSE
17
This includes preventing a person from engaging in his/her spiritual or
control him/her.
18
EMOTIONAL ABUSE
violence.
Some emotional and behavioural problems that can result due to domestic
1995).
19
domestic violence are arthritis, irritable bowel syndrome (Berrios, 1991).
Psychological Effect: Among victims who are still living with their
criticism. It is reported that 60% of victims meet the diagnostic criteria for
and avoidance of triggers that are associated with the abuse. These
symptoms are generally experienced for a long span of time after the
victim has left the dangerous situation. Many researchers state that PTSD
is possibly the best diagnosis for those suffering from psychological effect
20
of domestic violence, as it accounts for the variety of symptoms
in victims, all of which are very relevant for a professional working with a
poverty.
Biological Theory (Jasinski, 2001). This is necessitated as all fall within the
21
largely due to the process of natural selection. For example, men violate
Abane (1997) said, the social psychological theories also has a say it
theory and the role modeling theory fall within the ambit of the social
ones desires in a manner similar to the use of money status and other
personal attributes.
determine the authority each exercises over major decisions in the home and
their control of marital power. Thus, violence becomes the ultimate resource
have failed to obtain the desired response. Men who lack material and other
resources resort to force and violence. On the other hand, women with
22
To Abane (1997) socio-cultural theories also explain a concept that
paves way for domestic violence. The theory suggests a strong correlation
between domestic violence and the social institutions and social structures in
society. Economic crisis within the larger society can result in stress and
sexually transmitted infections and the spread of HIV/AIDS, and most of all
lost of life.
23
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
quantitative methods of research data collection and analysis, this include the
research respondent a simple random sampling will be used in `the study area
The scope of this study covers respondents who are within the Egor
Local Government Area of Edo State and that knows what domestic violence
is and knows its effects on women. However special reference will be place
on residence within the college road axis of the said community. According
to the 2006 census population head count, the Egor Local Government Area
of Edo State has 372080, but there are no specific statistics of this
24
community due to the rapid physical development in housing and some basic
within the study location who are above ages 18 years of age and are familiar
with the rate of domestic violence in Egor Local Government Area of Edo
State. They formed the principal respondents or the target population. It must
be noted that these respondents are residence within Uselu and Ugbowo axis
of Egor Local Government Area of Edo State., and may be from any ethnic
group or religion.
The sample of the study will involve men and in Egor Local
Government Area of Edo State Area. There are many linked streets within
the Uselu and Ugbowo axis of Egor Local Government Area of Edo State
and due to the spontaneous transformation in the study location there are over
300 houses within the terrain. To this end, 150 respondents will be
interviewed using a cluster sampling to stratify the area of study; from this
25
3.5 INSTRUMENTS FOR DATA COLLECTION
Sciences (SPSS) 20.0 will be used, with a Simple Frequency, Percentage, and
26
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 INTRODUCTION
framework that underpins the focus of the study, we present the following
and female respondents of which the researcher was able to retrieve all the
frequency of the personal data of the respondents and the frequencies of their
responses to the research questions. This was to ensure simplicity and clarity
of the responses.
27
TABLE 1: SEX OF RESPONDENTS
Male 39 26
Female 111 74
From the table 1 above, the result shows the sex of the respondents.
The result therefore revealed that there were more females than males, as
males accounted for 26% of the population while females accounted for 74%
of the population.
Below 20years 45 30
21-30years 98 65.3
31-40years 5 3.3
28
From the table 2 above, the result shows the age of the respondents.
The result therefore revealed that respondents who were below 20 years
who were between 41 years and above accounted for 1.3% of the population.
This shows that the respondents who were between 21 to 30 years accounted
Married 6 4
Separated 2 1.3
From the table 3 above, the result shows the marital status of the
1.3% of the respondent were separated, while 0.7% have never been married.
29
TABLE 4: RELIGION OF RESPONDENTS
Muslim 6 4
From the table 4 above, the result shows the religion of the
traditional religion.
Technician 3 2
Trader 6 4
30
Students 128 85.3
From the table 5 above, the result shows the occupation of the
were students.
Primary education 3 2
From the table 6 above, the result shows the educational level of the
31
SECTION B: IMPACT OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST
Egor Local Government Area Section B will be analyzed using the objectives
of the study in drawing the various tables and interpreting the responses
From the table 7 above, the result shows that 93.3% of the respondents
knew what domestic violence means while 6.7% of the respondents did not
know what domestic violence means, irrespective of their age, sex, and
gender.
32
TABLE 8: Have you heard of its occurrence before?
agreed that they have heard of the occurrence of domestic violence while
11.3% are of the view that they haven’t heard of its occurrence.
experienced
Yes 29 19.3
any form of Source: Fieldwork
result shows that 19.3% of the respondents affirmed that they have
33
experienced some form of domestic violence while 80.7% had not
From the table 10 above, the result shows that 20.7% of the
such as: while 79.3% of the respondent did not provide an answer to this
question.
34
TABLE 11: what do you suggest are the likely causes of domestic
violence?
From the table 11 above, the result shows that 20% of the respondent
cause of domestic violence while 80% of the respondent did not provide an
35
TABLE 12: Does domestic violence against women reduce the
Missing 5 3.3
From the table 12 above, the result shows that 58.7% of the
36
Table 13: If yes, How?
Missing 61 40.7
From the table 13 above, the result shows that 24.7% of the
37
TABLE 14: Does an individual culture expose them to domestic
violence?
From the table 14 above, the result shows that 40.7% of the
Stereotyping 57 38
Missing 93 62
38
From the table 15 above, the result shows that 38% of the respondents
were of the view that stereotyping (preference and dominance of the male sex
over the female sex) which is present in some culture is a reason which
exposes women to domestic violence while 62% of the respondents did not
TABLE 16: Do you think domestic violence affects the level of education
From the table 16 above, the result shows that 70.7% of the
respondents agreed that domestic violence affects the level of education and
39
TABLE 17: Do you think violence has a socio- economic impact on
women in Egor?
Missing 1 .7
From the table 17 above, the result shows that 75.3% of the
women in Egor while 0.7% of the respondents did not provide an answer to
this question.
40
TABLE 18: Do you think violence has a socio- psychological effect on
women?
From the table 18 above, the result shows that 95.3% of the
women.
41
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 SUMMARY
and others, reveals that violence against women is a much more serious and
three women worldwide has been raped, beaten or abused. While violence
against women occurs in all cultures and societies, its frequency varies across
practices which reinforce unequal power relations between men and women
the economic labour market and restricted from owning and inheriting
property. It is more prevalent where there are restrictive divorce laws, a lack
42
Almost all the respondents agreed that they know what domestic
violence is all about and a small percentage affirmed that they have
experienced some form of physical violence such as: bartering, men beating
their wives etc. While a high percentage of the respondents agreed that
society, also majority of the respondents agreed that domestic violence has a
5.2 CONCLUSION
Women are the sufferers and are subjected to physical, psychological and
their brothers and parents. The factors associated with domestic violence in
issues between males and females, male dominant social structure and lack of
43
intervention and redress should be made available in situations of domestic
violence. Support and help for women to rebuild and recover their lives after
domestic violence and provide them medical as well as judicial and legal
support, new plans and interventional maps should be made in the societies
NGOs, police department and people from other similar groups. This strategy
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
women and the seat allocation for recruitments of both genders should
44
be considered on equality grounds. More funds should be allocated to
in all health care facilities in the nation for proper screening of all
medical facility, government also can have crisis centers for violated
women in the main health care centers like Rural Health Centers
be introduced in the crisis centers who could easily handle any case.
men. It should be done by using the resources like nurses, doctors and
45
teaching, counseling, or group based teaching. Indirect methods would
involve the use of media, pamphlets, role plays, drama and talk shows.
government needs to evaluate all of the basic rights of women. For this
leaders, and scholars who can consensually define the rights of women
in the lights of Islamic teaching and literature. But, for this the other
also ensure that every citizen of the country is following the main
violence so that women could feel safe and protected. Indeed the
46
presence of a nurse or doctor in the police department team would
groups, religious leaders and even they can strengthen their law and
in the country.
and other entertaining places where women along with their family can
47
REFERENCES
Brodwin, M. G., & Siu, F. W. (2007). Domestic violence against women who
have disabilities: What educators need to know. Education, 127(4),
548-551.
48
Davis, D M. (2013), "Rehabilitation Counseling Master's Students: Beliefs
and Attitudes About Domestic Violence Toward Women." PhD
(Doctor of Philosophy) thesis, University of Iowa, 2013.
http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4835.
Follingstad, D. R., Rutledge, L. L., Berg, B. J., Hause, E. S., & Polek, D.S.
(1990). The role of emotional abuse in physically abusive
relationships. Journal of Family Violence, 5(2), 1990.
49
Matthews, D.D. (2004). Domestic violence sourcebook, 2nd ed.Detroit, MI:
Omnigraphics.
Salazar, L. F., Baker, C. K., Price, A. W., & Carlin, K. (2003). Moving
beyond the individual: Examining the effects of domestic violence
policies on social norms. American Journal of Community Psychology,
32(3/4), 253–264.
This Day (2011, September 20). Domestic violence: When law fails to
protect. http://www.thisdaylive.com
50
United Nations Development Fund for Women. (n.d.). Issue brief on
violence. Retrieved November 22, 2015, from
http://www.womenwarpeace.org/issues/violence/violence_pfv.pdf
Uwameiye B.E & Iserameiya F.E (2013), Gender Based Violence against
Women and Its Implication on the Girl Child Education in Nigeria.
International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education
and Development January 2013, Vol. 2, No. 1
51
APPENDIX
QUESTIONNAIRE
conducting a research on the above topic and I request that you assist as one of my
for academic purpose and the information supplied will be treated as a confidential one.
52
8. Have you heard of its occurrence before? Yes ( ), No ( )
9. Have you experienced any form of domestic violence before? Yes ( ), No ( )
10. If yes, what form of Domestic violence have you experienced?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
11. What do you suggest are the likely causes of domestic violence against women in
Egor?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
12. Does domestic violence against women reduces the participation of women in the
society? Yes ( ), No ( )
13. If yes how?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
14. Does an individual’s culture expose them to domestic violence? Yes ( ), No ( )
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
16. Do you think domestic violence affects the level of education and marital status of
women? Yes ( ), No ( )
17. Do you think violence has a socio-economic impact on women In Egor? Yes ( ),
No ( )
53