General Biology Laboratory: SCBI 213

General Biology Laboratory
SCBI 213
Fall 2020
Lab 4
Plant Tissues
Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 2
Introduction
• Plant tessue: is a group of cells of similar

structure existed in association with one
another to perform one or more specific
functions.
• Plant cells are eukaryotic cells, containing

organelles as (plastid and large vacuoles). Cells
thick cell wall is due to lignin, suberin and
cellulose. Some plant cells are dead cells
(sclerenchyma cells).
• Small cells
• Large nucleus and have
dense cytoplasm
x
• No intercellular space
• Active cells and
dividision are visible
• Large cells
• Large vacuoles
x
• Intercellular space
• Thick cell wall
Primary Meristematic Tissue
Growing tip of the onion root composed of:

• Root cap: cuboidal cells
• Meristematic zone: active cells with mitotic
division
• Elongation zone: elongated cells
• Maturation zone: the root hairs
• Bare zone
Primary Meristematic Tissue
Primary wall
Chromosomes
Nucleus
Draw
Name: ………………………………
Secondary Meristematic Tissue
• Vascular bundles: arranged in circular shape.

• Each vascular bundle consists of:
1. Pericycle
2. Phloem
3. Cambium
4. Xylem
• Cambium : consists of active meristematic cells and

represents the secondry meristematic tissue
Draw
Name: ……………………………………………………………………….
Boundary or Dermal Tissue
• Dermal Tissue is plant’s surrounding tissue that

protect internal plant tissue from harmful environmental
factors.
1. Epidermis in the Stems and Leaves contain,
Trichomes and Stomata.
2. Epidermis in root called Piliferous layer and contain
root hairs.
3. Exodermis: thickened cells by suberin material (root
of monocot plant).
4. Cork of the pericycle in some old plant stems.
Epidermis
• Epidermis is the external layer surrounding

the stem and leaf .
• Epidermis cells are oblong with thin walls and
lack intercellular spaces.
• Epidermis is covered with Cuticle, which is a
waxy layer (Cutin)
• Contain compound Trichomes (multicellular).
Epidermis in the leaf
Cross section of leaf

Epidermis in the leaf
Plastides
Stomatum
Transverse section of the dicot leave
Epidermis in the stem
Epidermis in the root
Root hair
Piliferous layer
Transverse section of the corn root (monocotyledon)
The Cork
Cork cambium of woody stem
Ground Tissue
• Ground tissue comprises some tissue subtypes

including :
1. Parenchyma tissue
2. Collenchyma
3. Sclerenchyma cells Sclerenchyma
• Both of collenchyma and Sclerenchyma
considered as Supporting tissues.
Parenchyma tissue
• The assimilating tissue in the leaves is called

Mesophyll.
• While that in the green stems is called
Chlorenchyma tissue.
• The parenchyma tissue includes an important
type of cells, which is parenchyma cells with:
• Thin cell walls
• Confine intercellular spaces for ventilation.
• Carry out the process of photosynthesis, since they
contain chloroplast.
Parenchyma cells
Parenchyma tissue
Transverse section in dicot stem (Helianthus)

The cells have thin walls and are separated by Intercellular spaces appear irregularly
fully rounded, and vary in their sizes.
Draw
Name: ……………………………………………………………………….
Parenchyma tissue
• Mesophyll tissue contains conspicuous chloroplast,
consisting of two tissue subtypes :
1. Palisade tissue
• Made up of elongated cells
• Underlying the upper intercellular spaces.
2. Spongy tissue
• They appear as sponge being confining spacious
intercellular spaces.
• The cells have irregular shapes
• Contain chloroplast.
Palisade tissue
Parenchyma tissue
Spongy tissue
Transverse section in dicot leaf

The number of plastids in the spongy tissue is less than theirs in the palisade tissue.
Draw
Name: ……………………………………………………………………….
Types of parenchyma tissue
1) Polyhedral parenchyma 2) Chlorenchyma cells
Types of parenchyma tissue
3) Aerenchyma 4) Armed parenchyma
Collenchyma tissue
• Collenchyma is a type of supporting or

mechanical tissue.
• The collenchyma tissue consists of several
layers lie directly beneath the epidermis.
• The cells have cellulose thick walls, and the
thickening is clearly visible at the cell corners.
Collenchyma tissue
Collenchyma tissue
Transverse section in dicot stem (Helianthus)
Draw
Name: ……………………………………………………………………….
Types of Collenchyma tissue
1) Lamellar collenchyma
3) Lacunar collenchyma
Sclerenchyma tissue
• Present in the pericycle, cover the vascular

bundle in the direction of the epidermis.
Transverse section in dicot stem

Types of Sclerenchyma tissue
1. Fibers
• Sclerenchyma cells that are found in pericycle.
• Their cell walls are thickened by lignin material.
Types of Sclerenchyma tissue
2. Sclereid (stone cells)

• The cells are short, rounded, with tight vacuoles and
lignified thick-walled.
• There are pit canals connecting vacuoles of
neighboring sclereid together.
Vascular Tissue
• Vascular tissue concerns with the transportation of

plant sap and nutrients inside the plant body.
• Vascular tissue involves two main tissue subtypes:
1) the Xylem
2) the Phloem
Phloem
• Deals with the transportation of the assimilated food

from the leaf to the other parts of the plant body.
• The phloem consists of :
1. Sieve tubes
2. Companion cells
3. Parenchyma cells.
• Notice, the walls of the sieve tubes, companion cells

and parenchyma cells are thin, not thickened, which is
contrary to the walls of the fibers.
Phloem
Draw
Name: ……………………………………………………………………….
Xylem
• Transports water and solutes that are absorbed from

the soil by the root, to other parts of the plant.
• the xylem tissue consists of :
1. Fibers
2. Parenchyma cells
3. Vessels (the main component of the xylem)
4. Tracheid
• Tracheids are long slim cells they are thickened by
lignin like the xylem vessels and fibers, They differ from
the fibers in their lumens which are wider than the fiber
lumens.
Xylem
• Xylem vessels inside a single
bundle packed together in more
than a row and consist of two
types:
1. Protoxylem, which are narrow
vessels located inward, adjacent
to the pith. Thickening of the
protoxylem is usually annular.
2. Metaxylem consists of wide
tubes and located outward, next
to the epidermis. Thickening of
the metaxylem is reticular or
pitted.
Xylem
Draw
Name: ……………………………………………………………………….
Phloem vs. Xylem
Phloem vs. Xylem
Phloem vs. Xylem
The end

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General Biology Laboratory

• Plant tessue: is a group of cells of similar

• Plant cells are eukaryotic cells, containing

Growing tip of the onion root composed of:

• Vascular bundles: arranged in circular shape.

• Cambium : consists of active meristematic cells and

• Dermal Tissue is plant’s surrounding tissue that

• Epidermis is the external layer surrounding

Cross section of leaf

Transverse section of the dicot leave

Transverse section of the corn root (monocotyledon)

Cork cambium of woody stem

• Ground tissue comprises some tissue subtypes

• The assimilating tissue in the leaves is called

Transverse section in dicot stem (Helianthus)

Transverse section in dicot leaf

1) Polyhedral parenchyma 2) Chlorenchyma cells

3) Aerenchyma 4) Armed parenchyma

• Collenchyma is a type of supporting or

Transverse section in dicot stem (Helianthus)

• Present in the pericycle, cover the vascular

Transverse section in dicot stem

2. Sclereid (stone cells)

• Vascular tissue concerns with the transportation of

• Deals with the transportation of the assimilated food

• Notice, the walls of the sieve tubes, companion cells

• Transports water and solutes that are absorbed from

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