The history and culture of pakistan

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This review was hidden because it contains spoilers. To view it, click here. I think this book is very knowlegable for olevel students as I am also a student of the olevel, but I study the book by Nigel Smith, I want to understand this book, but it is forbidden in Pakistan, so I can not take this book for any teacher, school or lyra academy, I think this book shoul be unbanned so students
as I can understand and learn this book. This book also has information that can come as questions in CIAE exams. Page 2 Although the official name of the nation is the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the country is generally referred to as Pakistan since 1971. Identification. As part of India's independence from Britain in 1947, the partition took over some of their land and
established Pakistan as a separate Islamic nation. It is estimated that approximately 95 per cent of the population is Muslim, but members of several minority religions live there, including some Hindus, Christians, Parsis, Sikhs and Buddhists. Although the modern nation of Pakistan was only fifty-three years old in 2000, it has territorial areas and tribal tribes whose history dates
back many centuries; Pakistan thus has both an ancient and a relatively new identity. Location and geography. Pakistan is located in south Asia and is 339,697 square miles (879,815 square kilometers) in the area. It was created from the northwestern part of India. The entire country, with the exception of the southern part, is landlocked, with Afghanistan in the north-west, Jammu
and Kashmir in the northeast, India in the east and southeast, and Iran in the west. In the southern part, along the coast of the city of Karachi, which was the original capital when the nation was formed in l947, is the Arabian Sea. Karachi is well known for its coastline. Most of the northern part of the country consists of mountains, as well as the famous Khyber Pass, which has a
history of several thousand years. It is in this northern part where most ancient tribes still live and where many ancient tribal cultures and customs still exist. Pakistan is made up of several provinces, including Punjab, Sindh, Northwest Border, Balochistan and Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FUTPA). The city of Islamabad, located in the central part of the country, was
officially named the capital of Pakistan in 1961, and in addition to other buildings began construction of government buildings. Islamabad became an active capital in 1966. In addition to modern government buildings, it also has a wide range of modern hotels, an international airport, and the nearby famous ancient city of Rawalpindi. In addition to being known for a number of
mountains, including the K-2, which is the second highest mountain in the world, Pakistan also has several lakes and rivers, including the Indus River, which is 1,800 miles (2,896 kilometers) long. Pakistan also has several deserts in Punjab and Sindh. is also home to Taksila, the oldest university in the world. In the north, leading from China, through Tamma and Kashmir, passes
the famous ancient silk road. Pakistan is diverse. There are snow-capped mountains to the north, sunny beaches to the south, and a wide range of geographically and culturally interesting places elsewhere. Demographics. Pakistan's population is estimated at 135 million. An estimated 40 million people live in urban areas and balance in rural areas. In addition to residents of the
major cities of Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore and Peshawar, which is a city on the edge of the gates of the Kibher Pass, several tribesmen live in the valleys. These include the Chitral Valley, at an altitude of 3,800 feet (1,158 meters), where most people are Muslims, but it is also home to Kafir Kalash (owners of the black robe), a primitive pagan tribe. In swat, once the cradle of
Buddhism, Muslim conquerors fought, and residents claim to be descendants of Alexander the Great's soldiers. In the Hunza Valley, people are marked by Pakistan's longevity, which they claim is due to diet and lifestyle. The people of the Hunza Valley are Muslims and are considered descendants of Alexander the Great's soldiers. In the northwestern border province is the
Kagan Valley, which borders the Swat Valley to the west, Gilgit to the north and Azad Kashmir to the east. The population of the Kagan Valley is a Pathan Muslim, as well as Kokhistans and Gujara. The Shardu Valley is the capital of the Baltistan district and is known as Little Tibet because the way of life there is similar to that of Tibet itself. The people of each of these areas of
the valley are well known for their tribal cultures, crafts and fascinating clothes, much of which is woven and handmade there and unique to their particular area. Linguistic affiliation. The official language of Pakistan is Urdu, but most government officials, people and others in Pakistan also speak English; English is called the unofficial official language of Pakistan. Urdu was
created by combining the languages of early invaders and settlers, including Arabic, Persian and Turkish. The conversational form of Urdu is the same as hindi, but written in a different scenario than Hindi. While Urdu and English are common throughout Pakistan, a number of other languages are spoken in different valleys and areas. These include the dialects of Punjaki, Sindhi,
Pushto, Balochie, Brahvi, Saraiki and Hindko. Symbolism. The design of the Pakistan flag was officially adopted by the Constituent Assembly of the country in July 1947, the first time it was raised on Independence Day, August 14, l947. The flag was designed by Ali Jinnah, a man known as the founder of Pakistan. On the left side of the flag is a thick white stripe; The rest of the
flag has a dark green background with a white crescent moon and a five-pointed star centered on it. Prosperity. The crescent is in favor of progress, and the star means light, leadership and knowledge. Pakistan also has a national emblem. In the middle of a wreath of jasmine flowers is a shield, which has four sections, each of which shows the main product of the country since
the year when the country was created. One section shows cotton, the other shows wheat, one tea and one jute. Above the four sections are a crescent moon and a star, both on the national flag. On the scroll under the wreath is written on Urdu Faith, unity, discipline. The emergence of a nation. For many years, India sought independence from the United Kingdom. For most of
these years, the Muslim League of India also sought to create an independent Islamic nation. The Muslim leader was Ali Jinnah back in 1916; in 1940 he began performing and working for a separate Muslim state. When the British finally agreed to India's independence and left in 1947, Pakistan became a Muslim nation, and Ali Jinnah became its first governor-general. It was
originally divided into two parts. The nation, now called Pakistan, was then called Western Pakistan, and on the opposite side of India, about 1,000 miles (1,609 km) away, was another Muslim-designated area of Eastern Pakistan. In 1956, Pakistan became a republic. In 1971, East Pakistan waged a successful war for independence from West Pakistan and became an
independent state of Bangladesh. Although Pakistan's history as an independent state dates back only to 1947, the history of the territory it covered dates back thousands of years, when the territory was part of the Indian subcontinent. In addition, the land is home to the famous Khyber Pass, which is the route that many invaders to India used. These include the mogul's invaders
and Alexander the Great. Centuries ago, a number of Buddhists also used this northern site as a route, so Pakistan today has many interesting Buddhist sites and historical notes as part of its history. Punjab is also part of the country; it was the home of the founder of the Sikh religion, and it continues to play an important role in Pakistan. The lines of demarcation between India
and Pakistan in the northern border areas are unclear in places or disputes, and disputes continue around these lines. National identity. Today, Pakistan's national identity lies in the Islamic nation; it was created as such. However, since the territory that Pakistan now has has a history that dates back several thousand years, the area has a history that is part of Pakistan's current
identity. This is one of the reasons why both residents and visitors find The relatively young nation of Pakistan historically interesting and why national identity includes many places and stories that are centuries older than the nation itself. Ethnic relations. There are at least five Groups. Usually, between ethnic groups, in addition to ethnic tensions in Sindh, which arise somewhat
regularly. Because of the relative new (1966) capital of Islamabad, it has a modern architecture built in accordance with the master plan. In addition to modern capital buildings, Islamabad is also home to the famous Shah Faisal Mosque, which is so large that the prayer hall can accommodate ten thousand people, while verandas and porticos can accommodate more than twenty-
four thousand worshippers. It also has a courtyard that has enough space for forty thousand people. Islamabad also has a sports complex, art galleries, a natural history museum and four universities. Other sites in and around Islamabad include Lake Rawal; Pink and jasmine garden, Murgzar mini-zoo and children's park; and the Shakarparian Hills, which overlook other hills, Lake
Raval, as well as the cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The ancient city of Rawalpindi, on the border of Islamabad, has a history that dates back three thousand years. Although many new modern buildings have been added to this city, it has retained much of its historical look and is well known for its bazaars that specialize in crafts. Rawalpindi is home to the Linquat Memorial
Hall with a large audience and library; Ayub National Park; and the Rawalpindi golf course, which was completed in 1926 but is still used as usual. Another well-known urban area is Lahore, founded four thousand years ago. Lahore was the cultural center of the Mogul Empire, which glorified it with palaces, gardens and mosques. It is the second largest city in Pakistan and the
capital of Punjab. Some of its historic sites include the Royal Fort, which was built in 1566 by Akbar the Great, and the Wazir Khan Mosque, which was built in 1683 and is still considered one of the most beautiful mosques in all of South Asia. Another ancient but still famous place in Lahore is the Shalimar Garden, which was originally laid in 1642 by Emperor Mogul Shah-Jehan.
The garden is surrounded by high walls and a watchtower on each of the four corners. The garden is used as a place of regular special state receptions. Lahore is also home to several other famous mosques, museums and parks. A more recent historical site in Lahore is Minar-e-Pakistan, where a resolution was adopted in 1940 requiring the creation of a separate homeland for
Muslims. Minar is estimated to be 197 feet (60 meters) tall. Another equally well-known urban area is karachi, which was Pakistan's first capital. Karachi is located in the south of the country and in addition to being a modern city on the shores of the Arabian Sea, it has a number of interesting places, including Masjid-e-Tooba, which is considered the largest single-dome mosque,
and several art galleries and bazaars. It has a wide range of water sports and centre of trade and industry. There are a number of other urban areas throughout Pakistan, but one of the most famous is The city of Peshawar, which is the northernmost major city and is home to the gateway to the Khyber Pass. Peshawar is a city of the Pathan tribes, which are also Muslims.
Alexander the Great and parts of his army remained in this city for forty days in 327 BC Balakhissar Fort is located on both the eastern and western approaches to the city, and it is from here you can take a train on the mountain routes of the Khyber Pass. While the city is centuries old, modern Peshawar is well known for its bazaars and several colleges and a university. Food in
everyday life. Since at least 95 percent of the Pakistani population is Muslim, there are two food customs that follow almost everywhere. One is that Muslims do not eat pork (so beef, chicken, lamb and fish are the main foods), and the other is that during the month of Ramadan, fasting is a daily activity. Spices and curries are an integral part of any Pakistani recipe. The most
common spices include chili powder, turmeric, garlic, paprika, black and red pepper, cumin seeds, bay leaf, coriander, cardamom, cloves, ginger, cinnamon, saffron, nutmeg and poppy seeds, among others. Using yogurt to marinate meat is another typical recipe. Because of the use of spices and curries for the main course, the usual garnish is regular rice. Lentils are another
common specialty. The food in the south is more exotic and very spicy, while in the north there is often a simple barbecue meat as a main course. Usually any meat, poultry or seafood curry, and frying is a typical method of cooking. Ghee, which refined the oil, is another widely used recipe item and is often used for frying. Wheat and flour products are considered the basis of the
daily diet, and the use of pickles, chutneys, canned food and sauces along with curry meat, seafood, vegetables and lentils, which is why Pakistani cuisine has such a unique flavor. Green tea is a typical drink served in all dishes. Food Customs at ceremonial events. Fasting is an important part of Muslim observance of Ramadan, but food plays a role in many other cases. One
such event is Eid-ul-Aja (Feast of Sacrifice) in the last month of the Muslim calendar, dedicated to the occasion when the prophet Abraham was going to sacrifice his son in response to God's orders. Muslims who can afford it must sacrifice a sheep, a goat, a camel, or a cow, symbolizing Abraham's submission to God. The meat of the sacrificed animal is divided into three equal
parts, with the first donated to the poor, the second given to relatives and/or friends, and the third cooked in the house of the person who sacrificed himself. Eating meat is part of festival activities. An important religious holiday of Shab-i-Barat includes a special type of pudding known as halva and unleaded bread, known as nan, distributed to the poor. Halva and nan dishes are
specially decorated with silver or gold leaves, and are sent to depart relatives and neighbors. Workers in a community sanitation project study pipes for a new sewer in Faisalabad. Food also plays a role in celebrating the end of the fasting period of Ramadan. It starts with a special breakfast of pure harma (sweet dish), which is vermicelli cooked in milk with dried phoenixes,
raisins, almonds and other nuts. In addition, crowds rush to local bazaars to buy fruit, meat and sweets, as well as new clothes and jewelry. Sweets are distributed in celebration of the birth of a new child in the family, as well as the sacrificial animal - one goat for the girl and two for the boy, with the meat of the animal distributed among the poor or among friends and relatives.
Food also participates in the ceremony celebrating a child becoming six or seven months old. Sisters and relatives put rice pudding in the baby's mouth with a silver spoon, and a drop of chicken stock is also put in the mouth. After this ceremony the adults then hold a elaborate dinner at the conclusion with a special dessert called kheer. Basic economy. Pakistan is a poor country
and its economic prospects are bleak. It relies heavily on external loans and subsidies, and debts account for almost 50 per cent of public expenditure. The average per capita income in Pakistan is estimated at $460 (USA). A large number of Pakistanis, an estimated 35 per cent, live below the poverty line. Land ownership and property. An estimated 54.69 million acres (22.14
million hectares) of land are used for agriculture. The main crops are cotton, wheat, rice and sugar cane. A large amount of land in Pakistan has archaeological sites such as Moenjo Daro, Harappa, Taksila, Kot Digi, and Mehr Gar. Commercial activities. Much of the commercial activity includes the sale of handmade items, such as carpets, for which Pakistan is well known. Major
industries. Pakistan's main industries include textiles, cement, fertilizers, steel, sugar, electrical goods and shipbuilding. Trade. Pakistan's main export products include cotton, textiles, rice, leather goods, carpets, sporting goods, fruits and crafts. The main imports include industrial equipment, vehicles, iron ore, oil and edible oil. Trading partners include the United States, Hong
Kong, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United Arab Emirates. Caravan along the Silk Road. Labor Department. Forty-eight per cent of workers work in the service sector, 27 per cent in industry and 25 per cent in agriculture. Classes and castes. There is no caste system in Pakistan. High-income, middle-income and high-income people are available throughout the
country. Locale is essential for the quality of life; low-income people in areas has more problems than a person living in a tribal mountainous area. Symbols of social stratification. Pakistan has, and still is, a number of social development weaknesses, but of these, the Government initiated the Social Action Programme (SAP) in 1992-1993 to provide social development and social
services for all levels of Pakistanis. Reports show that while some have benefited, the villagers who should have benefited largely did not. Part of the programme's expenditures were spent on primary education, primary health, social security and water and sanitation in rural areas. It is believed that many people do not understand the purpose and scope of SAP and that in order
for it to be successful, significant changes to the program need to be made. Government. The Government of Pakistan consists of an elected Prime Minister, a President and a Parliament composed of the Senate (upper house) and the National Assembly (lower house). The Senate has 57 members and 217 members of the National Assembly. The Prime Minister is the head of
government and the President, who is elected by the legislature, is the head of state. There are also ministers in charge of government units such as education and tourism. They are appointed by the Prime Minister. They, in turn, appoint governors of various states within the country. The Prime Minister also appoints chief justices of the Supreme Court. Leadership and political
officials. Every single state in the country has a governor, and each city has its own mayor. In addition, most tribal groups have a chapter. Social problems and control. The biggest social problem in Pakistan is drug use. Both governmental and non-governmental programs gathered at the wedding in Islamabad. Muslim marriages unite not only the couple, but also their families.
rehabilitation of drug users and the cessation of drug use. Military activity. The branches of the armed forces are the army, navy, air force, civilian armed forces and the National Guard. Pakistan's military is made up of representatives of all ethnic groups within the country. Their responsibilities included participation in United Nations (UN) peacekeeping and nation-building activities
in various parts of the world. Pakistani army soldiers are regular participants in a long-running dispute, sometimes violent, with India over sovereignty over Kashmir. Military activities in Pakistan included four military coups. After those, in 1955, 1969, 1977, the government was returned to civilian control through popular elections. The last coup took place in October 1999, and at
the end of 2000 the general was still the head of Government, although he promised democratic elections for a new Prime Minister in the near future. Pakistan has a number of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), including the women's organizations Aurat and Detud, as well as the international lions and Rotary clubs, to which a large number of men belong. The World Bank
and its various institutions Pakistan since 1952. Aga Khan's Rural Support Program Worked set up rural organizations with separate groups for men and women, and then, through their groups, launch a series of development activities. The Orange Pilot Project, headquartered in Karachi, is active in urban development, including improvements to one of Karachi's worst slum areas,
with a focus on sanitation, followed by a number of community development activities. Gender-based division of labor. Most Pakistani women are domestic workers, and men are generally referred to as breadwinners. The largest percentage of working women in Pakistan are nurses or teachers. In the Government, women are represented as ministers in Parliament and
ambassadors. Benazir Bhutto was the first female prime minister to hold the post from 1988 to 1990. The relative situation of women and men. Pakistani women are regular voters, as are men, and women are also regular visitors to colleges. Islam gives women the right to child custody, alimony and inheritance, and the right to do business and enter any profession. Women are
employed in agriculture and the services sector. Female judges had been appointed to four high courts, as well as to several lower courts, and a 10 per cent quota had been set for women to become police officers. Violent crimes against women or involving women were on the rise, and the Government had introduced the concept of women's police stations, which had been
opened in Rawalpindi, Karachi and Abbottabad on the north-western border. A number of computer training centres had been set up for women and the Government had opened women's development centres specializing in training of community development workers in family planning, hygiene, sanitation, adult literacy, community organizations and legal rights. Marriage. One
form of Muslim marriage is a niche, an official legal document signed by the bride and groom in front of several witnesses; it establishes that the couple is legally married. There are other Muslim traditions of marriage. One includes a mayun or lagan that takes place three or four days before the wedding and starts with the bride retiring in the secluded area of her home. The day
before the wedding, a menhdi ceremony takes place, when the bride's hands and feet are painted hena. When the wedding ceremony takes place, it is necessary that there were at least two witnesses, and all guests offer a short prayer for the success of the marriage. After the ceremony, the guests will be made up of dry features. Wedding customs vary slightly between
provinces, but Muslim marriages are seen as uniting both families as well as couples. Each tribal group also has certain ceremonies, which are an important part of marriages in this group. Inheritance. In Pakistan, women have the right to inherit so that inheritance benefits can be granted women and children after the death of her husband and father. Keen Group. Muslim
marriage is seen as bride and groom's family, so the group of relatives expands after marriage. In some tribes there can be no intercultural marriage or a double ethnic one, so the sister groups are and remain ethnically and culturally identical. Caring for babies. Adding a new child to a Muslim family is seen as a great blessing and there are a wide range of ceremonies that occur
both at birth and at different stages of infancy. A number of children's health centres are available throughout the country to assist families caring for infants. Parenting and education. Most Pakistani families consider it a privilege for their grandfather to name a child. Another tradition is that the first clothes for children's mundane clothes are made from an old shirt that belonged to
my grandfather. The baby is usually called within forty days after birth and is thus usually known by a pseudonym until then. The boy's hair was shaved off, with the belief that it would provide a thick growth throughout life. The hair is weighed and balanced with silver, and then silver is given to the poor. In February 1998, the Prime Minister announced the drafting of a new
education policy between 1998 and 2010, in order to increase the number of primary and secondary schools by 2003, so that 12 million children, including some six million girls, would be registered by 2003. The project also proposes the creation of community informal schools to fill gaps in schools and to minimize primary school costs. The new education policy also proposes the
training of some 36,000 teachers annually between 1998 and 2003, with a 40-to-one ratio of students to teachers, with the majority of new teachers having to be women. It was also suggested that military expenditures should be reduced so that funds could be allocated to primary education for all children throughout the country. Higher education. Higher education is seen as
having an important role in preparing a person for a successful career. Almost all over the country there are about a thousand colleges and universities. Religious beliefs. Pakistan was formed as an Islamic nation, and Islam is still the religion of approximately 95 per cent of the population. There are also small groups of Buddhists, Christians, Parsis and Hindus. The Muslim religion
was at home in Baltit. Pakistan's landscape includes snow-capped mountains and valleys such as this, as well as sunny beaches. founded by the Prophet Muhammad in the seventh century, when, according to the Islamic faith, he received messages from God and recorded them in what became the Koran, an Islamic book that instructs Muslims on how to lead their lives. Rituals
and holy places. One of the common rituals for Muslims is the month of Ramadan, during which they must fast from dawn to dusk (this is not required from young children, the elderly or pregnant women). Ramadan is also a when Muslims thank Allah for his blessings last year. An additional requirement during Ramadan is that all Muslims should help the less fortunate with both
money and gifts. Eid, or the day ending Ramadan, begins with a carefully thought out breakfast; then Muslims go to a mosque or a special park for prayer. An equally important Muslim holiday is Eid-i-Milad-un-Nabi, the birth of the Prophet Muhammad, on the twelfth day of Rabi-u-Awwal, which is the third month of the Muslim calendar. In addition to special gatherings in mosques
that tell the story of Muhammad's life and mission, large groups of Muslims parade through the streets singing the praises of Muhammad. Even private houses are decorated (as well as mosques) in honor and praise of Muhammad. Another important Muslim religious holiday is The Sabba-I-Barat, which is held on the fourteenth day of Shabana, the eighth month of the Muslim
year. The belief that on this day of life and the fate of mankind are registered in heaven for the coming year. The martyrdom of Imam Hussein, the grandson of Muhammad, is celebrated during Muharram, which is the first month of the Muslim calendar. For the first nine days of the month, the death is reported, and then on the tenth day, the day of his murder, walking barefoot with
banners associated with the tragedy of his death. Other religions in Pakistan also have special festivals/rituals and holidays, with Christmas and Easter being special from 750,000 Pakistani Christians. Christmas coincides with the birthday of Ali Jinnah, known as the founder of Pakistan, so both Muslims and Christians celebrate this day. The main holiday of the Buddhist
community is Baysahi Purnima, Buddha's birthday; it is the same calendar date when later in his life he is believed to have achieved his great wisdom of enlightenment. Parsi people of Pakistan celebrate their New Year (Naoroz) on March 21. About fifty-five hundred Parsis live near Karachi. View of the center of Karachi, Pakistan's first capital. Located on the shores of the Arabian
Sea, it is a center of trade and industry. Pakistani Hindus also have a number of festivals; two of the most special ones are Diwali (Festival of Lights) and Holi (Flower Festival). The Festival of Lights takes place in Lahore in the gardens of Shalimar, which are filled with colorful lights and where folk music and dance are performed. A colorful and interesting festival takes place in the
Northwest Frontier Province in April, at the Peshawar Stadium. Events include Hattak's famous Patans dance and music concerts; tribal people participate in colorful costumes. During the Eid festival, tribesmen gather around the sanctuary of Baba Harvari in the valley of Siarat, held competitions in combat and shooting. A large number of people visit it regularly to make sacrifices
in memory of the saint. The residence of the city of Kuade-i-Azam in the ziarat valley was the residence of Ali Jinnah during his last illness and now houses his relics and is a highly revered sacred site. It was originally built in l882 by the British and used by the governor's agent as its summer headquarters. Taht Bhai is one of the holiest sites of Buddhism. The Buddhist monastery
of Taht Bhai stands 500 feet (152 meters) above a plain on a hill. Buddhists chose this place to build a religious complex where monks and students could conduct their rituals and studies. The main stupa is surrounded on three sides by chapels where buddha and Buddisattwa images were installed. McLeagh Hill, near the city of Totta, is home to more than a million graves of
kings, queens, saints, scientists, philosophers and soldiers. Tombstones and mausoleums are considered masterpieces of stone carving, representing different eras and dynasties. Death and the afterlife. Shab-I-Barat is also celebrated as a day of remembrance for the deceased family and friends. Special coverage of mosques takes place and food is distributed to the poor. It is
also a time when children participate in fireworks. After the distribution of food, the Koran is read and prayers are spoken; then most Muslims visit cemeteries and lay flowers and lights on the graves of deceased relatives and friends. At a seminar at the Aga Khan Medical University in September 1998, medical experts reported that perinatal mortality rates in Pakistan were
alarmingly high and an estimated 54 deaths per thousand births. The 1990-1994 National Health Survey reported that eighty-nine children per thousand children under the age of five died in Pakistan from pneumonia, diarrhoea, disease, preventive vaccines, or combinations, most of which occurred in the first week after birth. A number of polio programmes have been
implemented; The World Health Organization and Japan participated. At the end of the twentieth century, 100,000 people and at least twenty thousand new cases of paralytic polio died each year from paralytic polio. A survey conducted by the Federal Bureau of Statistics in Pakistan showed that about 50 per cent of the main health facilities did not have doctors and that about 70
per cent of public health facilities did not have female staff. Only about 56 per cent of the population has safe drinking water and only 24 per cent have good sanitation. Programmes are under way to expand basic health services for women, develop a women-friendly district health system, and strengthen and improve human resources to promote women's health. Official national
holidays include: Pakistan Day, March 23; May 1; Independence Day, August 14; Pakistan Protection Day, 6 September; the death of Ali Jinnah, 11 September; and the birth of Ali Jinnah, December 25. People's Mela or People's Festival of Lahore is held Every March, is a six-day competition that features equestrian sports, cattle displays, and huge crowds of people. Special
events include yourself animal dancing, big band shows, camel acrobatics, dancing horses, parades and folk dances. Another festival in Lahore is Basant, when the sky is filled with thousands of colored kites in honor of the arrival of spring. The color yellow is associated with the festival, all dresses in yellow and mostly yellow products are prepared. It is often a national holiday
when Pakistan's cricket team wins a major international match. Support for art. The Pakistan National Arts Council (PNCA) has established the National Gallery, Sadekinn Gallery and the National Centre for Music and Dance. They also regularly hold exhibitions, workshops and theatre workshops. In the early 1970s, the National Film Development Corporation was established to
use cinema to keep people aware of social and cultural values. The corporation regularly hosts film festivals. Literature. Faiz Ahmad Faiz is considered Pakistan's greatest poet, and there is a national holiday celebrating his birth. Pakistan is called a country of poetry, and it is said that almost every Pakistani has written some poems. Graphics. There are a wide range of examples
of graphic art, including hand-painted clay products, hand-painted batik products, and a print block called Ajrak. Glazed ceramics with hand-painted designs are common throughout the country, and the artwork in clay dates back thousands of years. Pakistani crafts are as diverse as the ethnic origins of artisans, and include work in wood, beaten brass and copper utensils,
ceramics and jewelry, a wide range of fabrics that have embroidery, and handmade carpets for which Pakistan is internationally recognized. Performing arts. There are so many dance and musical performance arts in Pakistan - many unique to the artist's ethnic culture - that they are almost considered common rather than unique. Music and dance are made in both classical and
folk form. Usually the performer wears a suit that has an ethnic design. Just as a costume worn by a performer defines a tribe or ethnic group, as does music or performance. For example, while dancing in a circle is a major education for Pakistani folk dancing, there are also many versions of katak Pathans, but they all start with dancers in two columns accompanied by trumpet
and drum music. There is Jhoomer in Balochistan, which involves spinning around at high speed, as men do in the dark nights by the light of flickering torches. Punjabi women make a jhoomer in what is called romantic fashion. Also in Punjab, juddi begins with girls singing to the beat of the drum; then they join the circle and start dancing. Another Punjab dance is bhangra, which
is described as rock 'n' roll and which is always done at the beginning of the harvest season. Ho Jamalo originated in Sindh, but is popular throughout Pakistan. It's a dance that's being performed Within the framework victory or celebration. Pakistan has four main families of musical instruments and more than six hundred Pakistani musical instruments; the most famous are sitar,
vienna, rabab, sur mandala and tanpur. The most popular of all instruments is the sitar, but the two-piece drum, the tabla is considered the most important accompaniment for all Pakistani music and dance. Almost all instruments are used mainly for solo performances; The Western concept of orchestral music is not part of Pakistan's musical heritage. However, Western
instruments such as piano, violin and accordion are now often included in Pakistani concerts because they adapt to Pakistani music. Several other musical instruments are used, notably dhol, a double-sided drum that is usually hung around the neck and played with sticks, while dholkit is smaller and played by hand. In addition, the flute is often used. In the field of social sciences,
a major problem is the low level of literacy in Pakistan. Efforts are being made to address the problem, both outside and outside the school. Another social problem is that often young children have to work - most often in carpet work - in addition to family income and sometimes provide a single income in the family. As a result, children do not have time to attend school. Efforts to
address this problem are often linked to attempts to find work for parents. In the field of physical sciences, one of the biggest problems is that, because of ever-increasing population growth, natural resources are often misused and land is lost as a result of desertification, settlement and soil erosion. Pollution of groundwater and surface water is increasing with agricultural
chemicals, as well as industrial and municipal waste. Because of the important role of agriculture in the country's economy, agricultural production is and will continue to be very much in danger of land degradation unless solutions are found quickly. Alichin, Bridget and Alichin, Raymond. The uprising of civilization in India and Pakistan, 1982. Cohen, Stephen. Pakistani Army 1998,
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