2018

SOC 353

BERK SEZER YILMAZ

FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND ADMİNİSTRATİVE

SCIENCES
ECONOMICS
120405003
 THE OBSTACLES IN FRONT OF WOMEN
IN BUSINESS LIFE
(SPORT)
GLASS-CEILING AGAINST WOMAN’S
POENTIALS

I.INTRODUCTION:

KEY WORDS: Glass-ceiling, Women’s inequalities, Women on sports, Women Labor, Wage
inequalities

The glass ceiling is a fact that all today’s educated or less educated women are facing. Today
we see a lot of definitions such as "looking for men" in job advertisements. This invisible or
“glass” barriers continuing to exist. It may be useful to make a definition of "glass-ceiling" in
sports, which is directly involved in the life of the community, to remove unnatural barriers
like this. I’m planning to consider football and basketball coaches. I will use the data in
Messner, Michael A. It’s all for the kids: Gender, families, and youth sports. Univ of
California Press, 2009. It is interesting that the fact that there is still a fact named glass-
ceiling is real when the women has proven that they can compete with every other man in the
world, today. While many female athletes are moving away from their fields after leaving the
sport, male athletes often make the transition to coaching.

II. Justification of Proposed Review:

Today's general-pass sports sensation; masculine, man-specific form of competition. But this
so-called perception does not reflect reality at all. Even if it reflects reality: there is no
scientific reason for women to not to compete with men in these areas. It would be totally
wrong to think that the sport has been a sport with a male focus since ancient times. There are
many sports and athletes in history that show that this thesis is not real. While it was
understood that women could be as successful as the men at least: Why are huge percentage
of today's coaches male? The question comes to mind. Why is it that our world which is
successful to train women athletes, is inadequate in educating and laboring female coaches?
The situation has not much different between developed and undeveloped countries. This
shows that the problem is not only related to the level of education, but that it is derived from
a false mentality.
III.OBJECTIVES :
 A brief definition of glass-ceiling against women.
 Describe an international context sport culture.
 To measure the percentage of women coaches on defined areas.
 To answer the question which is : “Is it impossible to create a genderless and sexless
sport area or areas”.
 Describe a solution on gendered sport culture with respect of sociological and feminist
thinking.

IV.CONCLUSION:
As a result, this area must be encouraged to investigate what needs to be done for a sports
culture that women can participate as much as male athletes and coaches, not just
"cheerleaders" in men's sports .In a society, woman's participation in the sport activities ; is a
reflection of the general status of the woman in that society. It can be said that, in the world,
the positions of the women in sports are considered with her “gender” before the her
capability to do that sport. Especially with the feminist movement that has developed since
the early 1970s, the issue of women and sport has been seriously addressed and debated.

V.BIBLIOGRAPHY
 McPherson B. D. , Curtis, J. E. , Loy, J. W. , The Social Sgnificance of Sport, Human
Kinetics, Champaign, 1989 
 Giulianotti, Richard. Sport: A critical sociology. John Wiley & Sons, 2015.
 Messner, Michael A. It’s all for the kids: Gender, families, and youth sports. Univ of
California Press, 2009.
 Harry, Joseph. "Sports ideology, attitudes toward women, and anti-homosexual
attitudes." Sex Roles 32.1-2 (1995): 109-116.

I. Understanding the success potential of women in sports

In order to understand the potential for women's success in sports, it is necessary to look at
whether the biologic structure of women is different from men, whether they have a
difference in potential. I tried to summarize this work as easily as the reader would
understand, so as to be able to distinguish it from a medical work. But it is still important to
know some important points. We will first examine the potential for success in women's
sports life (muscle structure, hormone balance, insulin resistance), and then measure their
exposure to glass ceiling by looking at their potential for success. As we all know, there are
very successful female athletes in both team sports and individual sports. But in this work we
will talk about the biological reality that lies behind it and how they can catch these
achievements despite the cuts of women. It would be appropriate to start with muscle
morphology.

a) Muscle Morphology
A gender difference in muscle morphology has been well documented. By use of
histochemical myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATP-ase) staining we have observed a higher
number of type I muscle fibers in the vastus lateralis muscle in women compared to matched
men, and when expressed relative to area the proportion of type I fibers were 27–35% greater
in women, while the proportion of type IIA (19, 70), or both IIA and IIX were reported to be
greater in men. If we are to interpret the text we have cited here in a more comprehensible
way, for example, the vastus lateralis (leg) muscle is selected and measured through the
subjects looking at the potential microfiber structures of this muscle. Type 1 seems to be
much more intense in the muscular females. Type 1 muscle fibers are muscles with fiber types
that enable the human body to produce long-term force. This is actually very striking because,
in sports, power is divided into two, explosive force, and second, persistence of force. There
are more muscle fibers in women's biologic structures that will allow them to stay on the
force-arm. The number of capillaries surrounding each muscle fiber are found to be similar in
men and women, but due to a lower total amount of type II fibers and a smaller individual
area of these, a greater capillary density per given muscle area is observed in women. This is a
very remarkable fact. Women are more likely to be small in some muscular structures, but in
terms of muscle quality they are more than men's quality intensity.

b) Glucose Transport and Insulin Signaling

Another important measure of strength, speed and durability is the Glucose transfer rate. Our
body is trying to extract energy from sugar, carbohydrates or oil by breaking them down. The
fact that women's morphology has a higher rate of glucose transport than men is an important
factor in measuring women's sporting potential. The resistance of the female body is much
stronger, making women more successful in the long-term sports.

II. Global Masculine Sport Expectations

From past to today, women and men have differentiated by the influence of many variables.
These differences, which are basically socio-cultural, have always been expressed and
reproduced. Therefore, human body is not just an organism, but an asset that is produced and
determined historically and culturally. The rules for the use of the body are also determined in
a historical and cultural environment. In fact, this is the phenomenon that creates the
masquerade. It is formed as a "patriarchal" by the formation of sports, is owned by a
"patriarchal" state and is watched by the "patriarchal" society. The gender issue in sports,
which has long been neglected by the social sciences, has begun to be expressed since the
1980s. he area called sociality is re-established and re-established by sex-based associations,
and there is no non-gendered space. Conceptualizing gender with sport, looking at the sport
from a gender perspective, gives us various messages about the relationship between sports,
society, power and politics. Gender is one of the most important characteristics of the body.
Gender discrimination plays an important role in the organization of social life. One of the
basic inequalities that have been faced since the beginning of life is based on the gender
difference between bodies. One of the most important factors in the transformation of
physical bodies into social bodies is gender. The concept of gender is a reproduced concept in
the field of sports. In addition to this, attention to the physical dimension and physical
performance makes the sporting field a strong environment for the creation and validation of
gender ideologies. The sport is often viewed as a male activity that has to have features of the
"masculine" gender role, and the strong sporty performance corresponds to the same value as
the masculine. Cultural and social evaluation of the body is important in terms of keeping the
biological body image and the body-mind balance in the sports field, if necessary, in the
sports institution. In competition sports, the body is treated as a structure in which physical
competence and physical superiority are of great importance, organized by various training
techniques and supporting programs. It is possible to say that many women in the sporting
environment, which is seen as a men's area, put their women in the forefront while forming
their own athlete's identity under the male athlete identity, which has all kinds of
characteristics of hegemonic men. In addition to the perception and evaluation of sportive
activity, how sport is defined and perceived as a social institution is also important in sports
gender analysis. When we look from the gender perspective, it is ideologically important that
the biological differences between men and women in this process are transformed into social
division and masculine supremacy, so that women's sports experiences are made insignificant
and small.

a) Press, Social Media and Gender

The place where people, groups and societies seem most obvious is their media. The other
areas where sports and gender relations are most prominent are the mass media.
According to many feminist approaches, the relationship between gender building and the
mass media is dealt with in different dimensions, but all feminist approaches recognize
that mass media is an important tool in the construction and reproduction of different
definitions of femininity and masculinity and experiences under the patriarchal system of
values. It is a fact that the mass media now reproduces gender roles that should be known
by everyone. In addition to many discriminations, the media make various references to
gender roles in sports news and become a contributor and contributor to the same meaning
produced from scratch.
b) Gender and Hormone Usage (Anabolics)
In particular, the use of drugs in the sport environment, gender tests applied to women,
and regulation of sexual practices serve changing gender ideologies. Gender tests began to
be implemented in the 1960 Olympics. In these tests applied to successful athletes women,
it is determined whether they are female or male by looking at the hormonal structure and
chromosome structure of the women. On average, the female human body contains about
one-tenth of the testosterone hormone of the male human body. But there are many
situations in which the testosterone hormone levels in the female body may rise. Hence,
excessive testosterone hormone does not indicate that a female athlete has taken
supplemental hormone.

III. Conclusion
At present, it appears that women are receiving significant distances to participate in the
sport, although not at a comparable level with men. It is observed that although the
established perceptions of women's participation in the sport are not entirely clear, they do
not change. Women have become competitors in men, beyond being visible only in the
sports field, which was once controlled by men. It is possible to see women now in many
sports branches, which we are not used to seeing before or where only men are racing.
Integrating sports man's athletic structure into a man-specific activity is the product of a
patriarchal understanding that considers man as the sovereign in society, and there is a
close relationship between gender roles in man and women's and boys' spore participation
and sporting experiences
References

 McPherson B. D. , Curtis, J. E. , Loy, J. W. , The Social Sgnificance of Sport, Human

Kinetics, Champaign, 1989 
 Giulianotti, Richard. Sport: A critical sociology. John Wiley & Sons, 2015.
 Messner, Michael A. It’s all for the kids: Gender, families, and youth sports. Univ of
California Press, 2009.
 Clausen JO, Borch-Johnsen K, Ibsen H, Bergman RN, Hougaard P, Winther K, et al.
Insulin sensitivity index, acute insulin response, and glucose effectiveness in a
population-based sample of 380 young healthy Caucasians. Analysis of the impact of
gender, body fat, physical fitness, and life-style factors. J Clin
Invest  (1996) 98(5):1195–209.

 Harry, Joseph. "Sports ideology, attitudes toward women, and anti-homosexual
attitudes." Sex Roles 32.1-2 (1995): 109-116.