Consonants place and manner of articulation and vowels

Consonants

Some authorities claim one or two fewer consonants than I have shown
above, regarding those with double symbols (/tʃ/ and /dʒ/) as “diphthong
consonants” in Potter's phrase. The list omits one sound that is not strictly a
consonant but works like one. The full IPA list of phonetic symbols includes
some for non-pulmonic consonants (not made with air coming from the
lungs), click and glottal sounds. In some varieties of English, especially in
the south of Britain (but the sound has migrated north) we find the glottal
plosive or glottal stop, shown by the symbol /ʔ/ (essentially a question mark
without the dot at the tail). This sound occurs in place of /t/ for some
speakers - so /botəl/ or /botl/ (bottle) become/boʔəl/ or /boʔl/.
We form consonants by controlling or impeding the egressive (outward)
flow of air. We do this with the articulators - from the glottis, past the velum,
the hard palate and alveolar ridge and the tongue, to the teeth and lips. The
sound results from three things:
 voicing - causing the vocal cords to vibrate
 where the articulation happens
 how the articulation happens - how the airflow is controlled.

Voicing

All vowels must be voiced - they are caused by vibration in the vocal cords.
But consonants may be voiced or not. Some of the consonant sounds of
English come in pairs that differ in being voiced or not - in which case they
are described as voiceless or unvoiced. So /b/ is voiced and /p/ is the
unvoiced consonant in one pair, while voiced /g/ and voiceless /k/ form
another pair.
We can explain the consonant sounds by the place where the articulation
principally occurs or by the kinds of articulation that occurs there. The first
scheme gives us this arrangement:

Articulation described by region

 Glottal articulation - articulation by the glottis. We use this for one

consonant in English. This is /h/ in initial position in house or hope.
  Velar articulation - we do this with the back of the tongue against
the velum. We use it for initial hard /g/ (as in golf) and for final /ŋ/ (as
in gong).
 Palatal articulation - we do this with the front of the tongue on the
hard palate. We use it for /dʒ/ (as in jam) and for /ʃ/ (as
in sheep or sugar).
 Alveolar articulation - we do this with the tongue blade on the
alveolar ridge. We use it for /t/ (as in teeth), /d/ (as in dodo) /z/ (as
in zebra) /n/ (as in no) and /l/ (as inlight).
 Dental articulation - we do this with the tip of the tongue on the back
of the upper front teeth. We use it for /θ/ (as in think) and /ð/ (as in that).
This is one form of articulation that we can observe and feel ourselves
doing.
 Labio-dental articulation - we do this with the lower lip and upper
front teeth. We use it for /v/ (as in vampire).
 Labial articulation - we do this with the lips for /b/ (as in boat)
and /m/ (as in most). Where we use two lips (as in English) this is bilabial
articulation.

Articulation described by manner

This scheme gives us a different arrangement into stop(or plosive)

consonants, affricates, fricatives, nasal consonants,
laterals and approximants.
 Stop consonants (so-called because the airflow is stopped)
or plosive consonants(because it is subsequently released, causing an
outrush of air and a burst of sound) are:
 Bilabial voiced /b/ (as in boat) and voiceless /p/ (as in post)
 Alveolar voiced /d/ (as in dad) and voiceless /t/ (as in tap)
 Velar voiced /g/ (as in golf) and voiceless /k/ (as in cow)
 Affricates are a kind of stop consonant, where the expelled air
causes friction rather than plosion. They are palatal /tʃ/ (as in cheat) and
palatal /dʒ/ (as in jam)
 Fricatives come from restricting, but not completely stopping, the
airflow. The air passes through a narrow space and the sound arises
from the friction this produces. They come in voiced and unvoiced pairs:
 Labio-dental voiced /v/ (as in vole) and unvoiced /f/ (as in foal)
 Dental voiced /ð/ (as in those) and unvoiced /θ/ (as in thick)
 Alveolar voiced /z/ (as in zest) and unvoiced /s/ (as in sent)
 Palatal voiced /ʒ/ (as in the middle of leisure) and
unvoiced /ʃ/ (as at the end of trash)
 Nasal consonants involve closing the articulators but lowering the
uvula, which normally closes off the route to the nose, through which the
air escapes. There are three nasal consonants in English:
 Bilabial /m/ (as in mine)
 Alveolar /n/ (as in nine)
 Velar /ŋ/ (as at the end of gong)
 Lateral consonants allow the air to escape at the sides of the
tongue. In English there is only one such sound, which is alveolar /l/ (as
at the start of lamp)
 Approximants do not impede the flow of air. They are all voiced but
are counted as consonants chiefly because of how they function in
syllables. They are:
 Bilabial /w/ (as in water)
 Alveolar /r/ (as in road)
 Palatal /j/ (as in yet)
 VOWELS

Consonants place and manner of articulation and vowels

Consonats

Some authorities claim one or two fewer consonants than I have shown
above, regarding those with double symbols (/tʃ/ and /dʒ/) as “diphthong
consonants” in Potter's phrase. The list omits one sound that is not strictly a
consonant but works like one. The full IPA list of phonetic symbols includes
some for non-pulmonic consonants (not made with air coming from the
lungs), click and glottal sounds. In some varieties of English, especially in
the south of Britain (but the sound has migrated north) we find the glottal
plosive or glottal stop, shown by the symbol /ʔ/ (essentially a question mark
without the dot at the tail). This sound occurs in place of /t/ for some
speakers - so /botəl/ or /botl/ (bottle) become/boʔəl/ or /boʔl/.
We form consonants by controlling or impeding the egressive (outward)
flow of air. We do this with the articulators - from the glottis, past the velum,
the hard palate and alveolar ridgeand the tongue, to the teeth and lips. The
sound results from three things:
voicing - causing the vocal cords to vibrate
where the articulation happens
how the articulation happens - how the airflow is controlled.
Voicing

All vowels must be voiced - they are caused by vibration in the vocal cords.
But consonants may be voiced or not. Some of the consonant sounds of
English come in pairs that differ in being voiced or not - in which case they
are described as voiceless or unvoiced. So /b/ is voiced and /p/ is the
unvoiced consonant in one pair, while voiced /g/ and voiceless /k/ form
another pair.
We can explain the consonant sounds by the place where the articulation
principally occurs or by the kinds of articulation that occurs there. The first
scheme gives us this arrangement:
 Articulation described by region

Glottal articulation - articulation by the glottis. We use this for one

consonant in English. This is /h/ in initial position in house or hope.
Velar articulation - we do this with the back of the tongue against the
velum. We use it for initial hard /g/ (as in golf) and for final /ŋ/ (as in gong).
Palatal articulation - we do this with the front of the tongue on the hard
palate. We use it for /dʒ/ (as in jam) and for /ʃ/ (as in sheep or sugar).
Alveolar articulation - we do this with the tongue blade on the alveolar
ridge. We use it for /t/ (as in teeth), /d/ (as in dodo) /z/ (as in zebra) /n/ (as
in no) and /l/ (as inlight).
Dental articulation - we do this with the tip of the tongue on the back of the
upper front teeth. We use it for /θ/ (as in think) and /ð/ (as in that). This is
one form of articulation that we can observe and feel ourselves doing.
Labio-dental articulation - we do this with the lower lip and upper front
teeth. We use it for /v/ (as in vampire).
Labial articulation - we do this with the lips for /b/ (as in boat) and /m/ (as in
most). Where we use two lips (as in English) this is bilabial articulation.

Articulation described by manner

This scheme gives us a different arrangement into stop(or plosive)

consonants, affricates, fricatives, nasal consonants, laterals and
approximants.
Stop consonants (so-called because the airflow is stopped) or plosive
consonants(because it is subsequently released, causing an outrush of air
and a burst of sound) are:
Bilabial voiced /b/ (as in boat) and voiceless /p/ (as in post)
Alveolar voiced /d/ (as in dad) and voiceless /t/ (as in tap)
Velar voiced /g/ (as in golf) and voiceless /k/ (as in cow)
Affricates are a kind of stop consonant, where the expelled air causes
friction rather than plosion. They are palatal /tʃ/ (as in cheat) and palatal
/dʒ/ (as in jam)
Fricatives come from restricting, but not completely stopping, the airflow.
The air passes through a narrow space and the sound arises from the
friction this produces. They come in voiced and unvoiced pairs:
Labio-dental voiced /v/ (as in vole) and unvoiced /f/ (as in foal)
 Dental voiced /ð/ (as in those) and unvoiced /θ/ (as in thick)
Alveolar voiced /z/ (as in zest) and unvoiced /s/ (as in sent)
Palatal voiced /ʒ/ (as in the middle of leisure) and unvoiced /ʃ/ (as at the
end of trash)
Nasal consonants involve closing the articulators but lowering the uvula,
which normally closes off the route to the nose, through which the air
escapes. There are three nasal consonants in English:
Bilabial /m/ (as in mine)
Alveolar /n/ (as in nine)
Velar /ŋ/ (as at the end of gong)
Lateral consonants allow the air to escape at the sides of the tongue. In
English there is only one such sound, which is alveolar /l/ (as at the start of
lamp)
Approximants do not impede the flow of air. They are all voiced but are
counted as consonants chiefly because of how they function in syllables.
They are:
Bilabial /w/ (as in water)
Alveolar /r/ (as in road)
Palatal /j/ (as in yet)

VOWELS

English has twelve vowel sounds. In the table above they are divided into
seven short and five long vowels. An alternative way of organizing them is
according to where (in the mouth) they are produced. This method allows
us to describe them as front, central and back. We can qualify them further
by how high the tongue and lower jaw are when we make these vowel
sounds, and by whether our lips are rounded or spread, and finally by
whether they are short or long. This scheme shows the following
arrangement:

Front vowels
 /i:/ - cream, seen (long high front spread vowel)
/ɪ/ - bit, silly (short high front spread vowel)
/ɛ/ - bet, head (short mid front spread vowel); this may also be shown by
the symbol /e/
/æ/ - cat, dad (short low front spread vowel); this may also be shown by /a/

Central vowels

/ɜ:/- burn, firm (long mid central spread vowel); this may also be shown by
the symbol /ə:/.
/ə/ - about, clever (short mid central spread vowel); this is sometimes
known asschwa, or the neutral vowel sound - it never occurs in a stressed
position.
/ʌ/ - cut, nut (short low front spread vowel); this vowel is quite uncommon
among speakers in the Midlands and further north in Britain.

Back vowels

/u:/ - boob, glue (long high back rounded vowel)

/ʊ/ - put, soot (short high back rounded vowel); also shown by /u/
/ɔ:/ - corn, faun (long mid back rounded vowel) also shown by /o:/
/ɒ/- dog, rotten (short low back rounded vowel) also shown by /o/
/ɑ:/ - hard, far (long low back spread vowel)
We can also arrange the vowels in a table or even depict them against a
cross-section of the human mouth. Here is an example of a simple table:
Back to top

Front Central Back

High ɪ i: ʊ u:
Mid ɛ ə ɜ: ɔ:
Low æ ʌ ɒ ɑ:

VOWELS LINKS FOR PRACTICE

Games:
 http://www.englishmedialab.com/pronunciation/vowelvideo.html
http://gamequarium.org/readquarium/shortvowels.html
http://www.manythings.org/vocabulary/games/w/

Cool Info:
http://books.google.com/books?
id=cO9yDkqS1Y0C&dq=Peter+Ladefoged&printsec=frontcover&source=an
&hl=en&ei=obdYS_nvL9Gg8Aaw6YXBAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result
&resnum=4&ved=0CBUQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://www.ic.arizona.edu/~lsp/Phonology.html
http://www.phon.ox.ac.uk/jcoleman/phonation.htm
http://rbeaudoin333.homestead.com/shortvowel_1.html
http://faculty.washington.edu/dillon/PhonResources/newstart.html
http://www.stuff.co.uk/calcul_nd.htm

QUIZZES

http://anthro.palomar.edu/language/quizzes/langqui3.htm
http://www.esltower.com/pronunciation.html
http://cambridgeenglishonline.com/Phonetics_Focus/
http://es.scribd.com/doc/7920057/Phonology-Exercises
http://www.mta.ca/faculty/arts/mll/linguistics/exercises/index.html
http://www.esl-galaxy.com/pronunciation.html
Publicado por Pedro Edgardo Hernandez Escoto en 15:36
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Phonology concepts
Consonants place and manner of articulation and vo...
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Blogger.English has twelve vowel sounds. In the table above they are
divided into seven short and five long vowels. An alternative way of
organizing them is according to where (in the mouth) they are produced.
This method allows us to describe them as front, central and back. We can
qualify them further by how high the tongue and lower jaw are when we
make these vowel sounds, and by whether our lips are rounded or spread,
and finally by whether they are short or long. This scheme shows the
following arrangement:

Front vowels

 /i:/ - cream, seen (long high front spread vowel)

 /ɪ/ - bit, silly (short high front spread vowel)
 /ɛ/ - bet, head (short mid front spread vowel); this may also be shown
by the symbol /e/
 /æ/ - cat, dad (short low front spread vowel); this may also be shown
by /a/

Central vowels
  /ɜ:/- burn, firm (long mid central spread vowel); this may also be
shown by the symbol /ə:/.
 /ə/ - about, clever (short mid central spread vowel); this is sometimes
known asschwa, or the neutral vowel sound - it never occurs in a
stressed position.
 /ʌ/ - cut, nut (short low front spread vowel); this vowel is quite
uncommon among speakers in the Midlands and further north in Britain.

Back vowels

 /u:/ - boob, glue (long high back rounded vowel)

 /ʊ/ - put, soot (short high back rounded vowel); also shown by /u/
 /ɔ:/ - corn, faun (long mid back rounded vowel) also shown by /o:/
 /ɒ/- dog, rotten (short low back rounded vowel) also shown by /o/
 /ɑ:/ - hard, far (long low back spread vowel)
We can also arrange the vowels in a table or even depict them against a
cross-section of the human mouth. Here is an example of a simple table:
Back to top

Front Central Back

High ɪ    i: ʊ    u:
Mid ɛ ə    ɜ: ɔ:
Low æ ʌ ɒ    ɑ:

VOWELS LINKS FOR PRACTICE

Games:
http://www.englishmedialab.com/pronunciation/vowelvideo.html
http://gamequarium.org/readquarium/shortvowels.html
http://www.manythings.org/vocabulary/games/w/
Cool Info:
http://books.google.com/books?
id=cO9yDkqS1Y0C&dq=Peter+Ladefoged&printsec=frontcover&source=an
&hl=en&ei=obdYS_nvL9Gg8Aaw6YXBAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result
&resnum=4&ved=0CBUQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://www.ic.arizona.edu/~lsp/Phonology.html
http://www.phon.ox.ac.uk/jcoleman/phonation.htm
http://rbeaudoin333.homestead.com/shortvowel_1.html
http://faculty.washington.edu/dillon/PhonResources/newstart.html
http://www.stuff.co.uk/calcul_nd.htm

QUIZZES

http://anthro.palomar.edu/language/quizzes/langqui3.htm
http://www.esltower.com/pronunciation.html
http://cambridgeenglishonline.com/Phonetics_Focus/
http://es.scribd.com/doc/7920057/Phonology-Exercises
http://www.mta.ca/faculty/arts/mll/linguistics/exercises/index.html
http://www.esl-galaxy.com/pronunciation.html
Publicado por Pedro Edgardo Hernandez Escoto en 15:36 
Seguidores
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