Republic of the Philippines

SUPREME COURT
Manila

EN BANC

G.R. No. L-5803            November 29, 1954

THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, plaintiff-appellee,

Jose P. Laurel, Cipriano Primicias, Alejo Mabanag, Manuel Concordia, P.M. Stuart Del
Rosario, Tomas R. Umali, Eufemio E. De Mesa and Edmundo T. Zepeda for appellants.
Solicitor General Juan R. Liwag and Solicitor Martiniano P. Vivo for appellee.

MONTEMAYOR, J.:

Narciso Umali, Epifanio Pasumbal, and Isidro Capino are appealing directly to this Tribunal
from a decision of the Court of First Instance of Quezon province finding them guilty of the
complex crime of rebellion with multiple murder, frustrated murder, arson and robbery, and
sentencing each of them to "life imprisonment, other accessories of the law, to indemnify jointly
and severally Marcial Punsalan in the amount of P24,023; Valentin Robles in the amount of
P10,000; Yao Cabon in the amount of P700; Claro Robles in the amount of P12,800; Pocho
Guan in the amount of P600; the heirs of Domingo Pisigan in the amount of P6,000; the heirs of
Locadio Untalan in the amount of P6,000; Patrolman Pedro Lacorte in the amount of P500;
Lazaro Ortega in the amount of P300; Hilarion Aselo in the amount of P300; Calixto Rivano in
the amount P50; Melecio Garcia in the amount of P60; and Juanito Lector in the amount of P90,
each to pay one fifteenth of the costs, without subsidiary imprisonment in case of insolvency due
to the nature of the principal penalty that is imposed upon them."

The complex crime of which appellants were found guilty was said to have been committed
FACTS
On November 14, 1951, a raid was staged in the town of Tiaong, Quezon by armed men. Such a
raid took place resulting in the burning down and complete destruction of the house of Mayor
Marcial Punzalan, the house of Valentin Robles, and the house of one Mortega, the death of
Patrolman Domingo Pisigan and civilians Vicente Soriano and Leocadio Untalan, and the
wounding of Patrolman Pedro Lacorte and five civilians; that during and after the burning of the
houses, some of the raiders engaged in looting, robbing one house and two Chinese stories; and
that the raiders were finally dispersed and driven from the town by the Philippine Army soldiers
stationed in the town led by Captain Alzate.

1. Political situation in Tiaong not only shortly before that raid but one year or two years before
it. Narciso Umali and Marcial Punzalan were old time friends and belonged to the same political
faction. In the general elections of 1947 Umali campaigned for Punzalan who later was elected
Mayor of Tiaong. In the elections of 1949 Punzalan in his turn campaigned and worked for
Narciso Umali resulting in the latter's election as Congressman. However, these friendly relations
between the two did not endure.

Umali became jealous because of his Punzalan's fast growing popularity among the people of
Tiaong who looked to him instead of Umali for political guidance, leadership, and favors.

In time the strain in their relationship grew. One event is when Punzalan refused to grant Umali's
request on wanting to have the firearms of the 26 policemen who joined the Huks and
surrendered.

Then the elections of 1951 (November 13) approached and Mayor Punzalan ran for
reelection. To oppose him, and to clip his political wings and definitely blast his ambition
for continued power and influence in Tiaong, Umali picked Epifanio Pasumbal, his trusted
leader.

The pre-election campaign and fight waged by both factions — Punzalan and Pasumbal,
was intense and bitter, even ruthless. The election was to be a test of political strength and
would determine who was who in Tiaong, — Umali or Punzalan. Congressman Umali
spoke at political meetings, extolling the virtues of Pasumbal and the benefits and
advantages that would accrue to the town if he was elected, at the same time bitterly
attacking Punzalan, accusing him of dishonesty, corruption in office, abuse of power, etc.

At one of those meetings he told the audience not to vote for Punzalan because he would
not be elected and that even if he won the election, he would not sit for blood will flow, and
that he (Umali) had already prepared a golden coffin for him (Punzalan). After denying the
charges, in retort, Punzalan would say that Umali as a Congressman was useless, and that
he did not even attend the sessions and that his chair in Congress had gathered dust, even
cobwebs.

To help in the Umali-Pasumbal campaign, Amado Mendoza who later was to play the role of
star witness for the prosecution, was drafted. He was a compadre of Pasumbal and had some
experience in political campaigns, and although he was not exactly a model citizen, being
sometimes given to drunkenness, still, he had the gift of speech and persuasion. In various
political meetings he delivered speeches for Pasumbal. He was ever at the back and call of Umali
and Pasumbal, and naturally he frequented the latter's houses or headquarters. The result of the
elections plainly showed that Punzalan was the political master and leader in Tiaong. He
beat Pasumbal by an overwhelming majority of 2,221 votes. Naturally, Umali and Pasumbal
were keenly disappointed, and according to the evidence, adopted measures calculated to
frustrate Punzalan's victory, even as prophesied by Umali himself in one of his pre-election
speeches about blood flowing and gold coffin.
Going back to the raid staged in Tiaong on November 14, 1951, it is well to make a short
narration of the happenings shortly before it, established by the evidence, so as to ascertain and
be informed of the reason or purpose of said raid, the persons, behind it, and those who took part
in it.

According to the testimony of Amado Mendoza, in the morning of November 12th, that is, on
the eve of the election, at the house of Pasumbal's father, then being used as his electoral
headquarters, he heard Umali instruct Pasumbal to contact the Huks through Commander
Abeng so that Punzalan will be killed, Pasumbal complying with the order of his Chief
(Umali) went to the mountains which were quite near the town and held a conference with
Commander Abeng. It would seem that Umali and Pasumbal had a feeling that Punzalan
was going to win in the elections the next day, and that his death was the surest way to
eliminate him from the electoral fight.

The conference between Pasumbal and Commander Abeng on November 12th was
witnessed and testified to by Nazario Anonuevo, a Huk who was under Commander Abeng,
and who later took an active part in the raid. In the evening of the same day, Mendoza heard
Pasumbal report to Umali about his conference with Commander Abeng, saying that the latter
was agreeable to the proposition and had even outlined the manner of attack, that the Huks
would enter the town (Tiaong) under Commander Lucio and Aladin, the latter to lead the
sector towards the East; but that Commander Abeng had suggested that the raid be
postponed because Pasumbal may yet win the election the following day, thereby rendering
unnecessary the raid and the killing of Punzalan.

Continuing with the testimony of Amado Mendoza, he told the court that as per instructions of
Umali he went to the house of the latter, in the evening of November 14th, the day following the
election, with the result of the election already known, namely, the decisive victory of
Punzalan over Pasumbal. He was told by Umali to come with him, and Pasumbal and the
three boarded a jeep with Pasumbal at the wheel. They drove toward the Tiaong Elementary
School and once there he (Mendoza) was left at the school premises with instructions by Umali
to wait for Commander Abeng and the Huks and point to them the house of Punzalan.

After waiting for sometime, Abeng and his troops numbering about fifty, armed with
garands and carbines, arrived and after explaining his identity and his mission to Abeng,
he had led the dissidents or part of the contingent in the direction of Punzalan's house and
on arriving in front of the bodega of Robles, he pointed out Punzalan's house and then
walked toward his home, leaving the Huks who proceeded to lie flat in a canal. Before
reaching his house, he already heard shots, so, he evacuated his family to their dugout in his
yard. While doing so he and his wife Catalina Tinapunan saw armed men in the lanzones grove
just across the street from their house, belonging to the father of Umali, and among those men
they saw Congressman Umali holding a revolver, in the company of Huk Commander
Torio and about 20 armed men. Afterwards they saw Umali and his companions leave in
the direction of Taguan, by way of the railroad tracks.
It would appear from the evidence that the raid was well-planned. As a diversionary
measure, part of the attacking force was deployed toward the camp or station of the Army
(part of 8th B.C.T.) in the suburbs and the camp was fired upon, not exactly to destroy or
drive out that Army unit but to keep it from going to the rescue and aid of the main
objective of the raid. The rest of the raiding party went toward Punzalan's house and attacked
it with automatic weapons, hand grenades, and even with bottles filled with gasoline
(popularly known as Molotov's cocktail). It was evident that the purpose of the attack on
Punzalan's house was to kill him. Fortunately, however, and apparently unknown to the
attackers and those who designed the raid, at six o'clock that morning of November 14th
Punzalan and his Chief of Police had left Tiaong to go to Lucena, the capital, to report the
results of the election to the Governor.

The attack on the house of Punzalan was witnessed and described by several persons,
including policemen who happened to be near the house. Policeman Tomas Maguare who
was in front of the house saw Epifanio Pasumbal, Isidro Umali (brother of Congressman
Umali) and Moises Escueta enter the gate of Punzalan's house and take part in the firing .
Policeman Pedro Lacorte who was stationed as guard at the gate of Mayor Punzalan's house
recognized defendant Isidro Capino as one of those firing at the house. Lacorte said that he was
guarding the house of Punzalan when he suddenly heard shots coming from the sides of the
house and going over to the place to investigate, he saw armed men in fatigue and shouting "burn
the house of Mayor Punzalan"; that he was hit on the left check and later Isidro Capino threw at
him a hand grenade and he was hit in the right forearm and in the right eye and became
permanently blind in said eye. Mateo Galit, laundryman who was sitting inside a jeep parked in
front of the house of Punzalan recognized defendant Pasumbal as one of the attackers who, once
in the yard said ina loud voice as though addressing somebody in the house "Pare, come down."
Mrs. Punzalan who was then inside the house related to the court that at about eight in the
evening while she was resting she heard shots and rapid firing. As a precaution she took her
children to the bathroom. Then she noticed that her house was being fired at because the glass
window panes were being shattered and she heard the explosion of a hand grenade inside the
house, followed by flares in the sala and burning of blankets and mosquito nets in the bedrooms
and she noticed the smell of smoke of gasoline. Realizing the great danger, she and the children
ran out of the house and went to hide in the house of a neighbor.

Nazario Añonuevo declared in court that he was a farmer and was picked up and seized by Huk
Commander Tommy sometime in August 1951, and was taken to Mt. Banahaw in Laguna and
mustered in the ranks of the Huks; that just before the elections of November 13, 1951, he saw
Pasumbal come to the mountains near Tiaong and talk to Commander Abeng; that on November
14th by order of Commander Abeng he with other Huks left Mt. Banahaw for Tiaong; that when
they crossed the Osiw River already near Tiaong, they were met by Pasumbal and Capino; that
when they were at the outskirts of the town, he and the party were told by Commander Tommy
to attack the 8th BCT camp in Tiaong to prevent the sending of army help to the town proper;
that he took part in firing on the camp which returned the fire in the course of which he was
wounded; and that because of his wound he could not escape with his companions to the
mountains when the Army soldiers dispersed and drove them out of the town and so he was
finally captured by said soldiers.
As to defendants Pasumbal and Capino, their participation in and responsibility for the raid was
duly established not only by the going of Pasumbal on November 12th to the mountains
following instructions of Umali, and conferring with Commander Abeng asking him to raid
Tiaong and kill Punzalan, but also by the fact that Pasumbal and Capino in the afternoon or
evening of November 14th met the Huks at the Osiw River as the dissidents were on their way to
Tiaong and later Pasumbal and Capino were seen in the yard of Punzalan firing at the house with
automatic weapons and hand grenades.

What about Umali? His criminal responsibility was also established, tho indirectly. We have the
testimony of Amado Mendoza who heard him instructing Pasumbal to contact Commander
Abeng and ask him to raid Tiaong and kill Punzalan. The rest of the evidence is more or less
circumstantial, but nonetheless strong and convincing. No one saw him take part in the firing and
attack on the house of Punzalan; nor was he seen near or around said house. Because of his
important position as Congressman, perchance he did not wish to figure too prominently in the
actual raid. Besides, he would seem to have already given out all the instructions necessary and
he could well stay in the background. However, during the raid, not very far from Punzalan's
house he was seen in the lanzonesan of his father, holding a revolver and in the company of
about 20 armed men with Huk Commander Torio, evidently observing and waiting for
developments. Then he and his companions left in the direction of Taguan.

Umali and Pasumbal, however, claim that during the raid, they were in the home of Pasumbal in
Taguan, about seven kilometers away from Tiaong where a consolation party was being held.
There is ample evidence however to the effect that they arrived in Pasumbal's home only around
midnight. An Army soldier named Cabalona who happened to be in Pasumbal's home arriving
there earlier in the evening and who was invited to take some refreshments said that he did not
see the two men until they arrived about midnight when the Army reinforcements from Lucena
passed by on their way to Tiaong. Thus, we have this chain of circumstances that does not speak
in favor of Umali, or Pasumbal for that matter. But this is not all. There is the rather strange and
unexplained, at least not satisfactorily, behaviour of Umali and Pasumbal that evening of
November 14th. Assuming for a moment as they claim, that the two were not in Tiaong at the
commencement of the raid between 8:00 and 9:00 p.m., and during the whole time the raid
lasted, and that they were all that time in the home of Pasumbal in Taguan, still, according to
their own evidence, they were informed by persons coming or fleeing from Tiaong that there was
a raid going on there, and that some houses were burning. As a matter of fact, considering the
promixity of Taguan to Tiaong, a distance of about seven kilometers and the stillness and
darkness of the night, the fire and the glow produced by the burning of three houses and the
noise produced by the firing of automatic weapons and the explosion of the hand grenades and
bottles of gasoline, could and must have been seen and heard from Taguan. The natural and
logical reaction on the part of Umali and Pasumbal would have been to rush to Tiaong, see what
had really happened and then render help and give succor to the stricken residents, including
their own relatives. It will be remembered that the houses of the fathers of Umali and Pasumbal
were in Tiaong and their parents and relatives were residing there. And yet, instead of following
a natural impulse and urge to go to Tiaong, they fled in the opposite direction towards
Candelaria. And Umali instead of taking the road, purposely avoided the same and preferred to
hike through coconut groves so that upon arriving in Candelaria, he was wet, and spattered and
very tired. Had they wanted to render any help to Tiaong they could have asked the police
authorities of Candelaria to send a rescue party to that town. Or better still, when the army
reinforcements from Lucena sent at the instance of Punzalan, who at about eight or nine that
evening was returning to Tiaong from Lucena, found at the barrio or sitio of Lusakan near
Tiaong that there was fighting in the town, he immediately returned to Lucena to get army
reinforcements to relieve his town, was passing by Taguan, where they were, Umali and
Pasumbal could have joined said reinforcements and gone to Tiaong. Instead the two continued
on their way to the capital (Lucena) where before dawn, they went and contacted Provincial
Fiscal Mayo, a first cousin of Umali, and Assistant Fiscal Reyes and later had these two officials
accompany them to the Army camp to see Col. Gelveson, not for the purpose of asking for the
sending of aid or reinforcement to Tiaong but presumably to show to the prosecution officials,
specially the Army Commander that they (Umali and Pasumbal) had nothing to do whatsoever
with the raid. Umali said he was trying to avoid and keep clear of Tiaong because he might be
suspected of having had some connection with the raid and might be the object of reprisal. As a
matter of fact, according to Umali himself, while still in Taguan that evening and before he went
to Candelaria, somebody had informed him that Col. Legaspi of the Army was looking for him.
Instead of seeking Col. Legaspi and find out what was wanted of him, he left in the opposite
direction and fled to Candelaria and later to Lucena, and the next day he took the train for
Manila. This strange act and behaviour of the two men, particularly Umali, all contrary to
impulse and natural reaction, and what other people would ordinarily have done under the
circumstances, prompted the trial court in its decision to repeat the old saying "The guilty man
flees even if no one pursues, but the innocent stands bold as a lion." We might just as well
reproduce that portion of the decision of the trial court, to wit:

. . . Considering the fact that Taguan is very near Tiaong so that even taking it for granted
as true, for the sake of argument, that the said accused were really at the party of
Pasumbal on the night in question, that would not prevent them from being in Tiaong
between 8 and 9. Besides, why was it that night the hasag lamp was replaced with
candles when the reinforcements passed through Taguan about midnight of November
14, 1951. Why did Congressman Umali and company instead of going to Tiaong which
was the scene of the attack hurried towards Candelaria, after the reinforcement has passed
and went to the house of Felix Ona walking through a muddy path under the coconut
groves? Why was Umali afraid to pass through the provincial road and preferred a muddy
road instead? Was he trying to conceal himself? Why did Pasumbal and company also go
to the house of Ona? Why did they go to the house of Felix Ona instead of going to the
house of Manalo who could have given them better protection? And again why did
Congressman Umali and the other co-accused repaired and sought the company of Fiscal
Reyes in going at such an early hour to the Army authorities, did they fear any reprisal?
From whom? Why did Umali go to Manila from Lucena on November 16, 1951? "The
guilty man flees even if no one pursues, but the innocent stands bold as a lion."

At first blush it would appear rather unbelievable that Umali and Pasumbal, particularly
the former should seek the aids of the Huks in order to put down and eliminate their
political enemy Punzalan. It would seem rather strange and anomalous that a member of
Congress should have friendly relations with this dissidents whom the Government had been
fighting all these years. But if we study the evidence, it will be found that the reason and the
explanation are there. As already stated, during the Japanese occupation, to further the resistance
movement, guerillas were organized in different parts of the Philippines. One of these was the
guerilla unit known as President Quezon's Own Guerillas (PQOG) operating in the provinces of
Tayabas (now Quezon) and Laguna. Umali, Pasumbal, Commander Abeng and even Punzalan
himself were officers in this guerilla unit, Umali attaining the rank of colonel, and Pasumbal and
Punzalan that of Lieutenant-colonel, Pasumbal then being known as "Panzer". After Liberation,
Abeng joined the dissidents, and became a Huk Commander. It was not unnatural that Umali and
Pasumbal should continue their friendship and association with Commander Abeng and seek his
aid when convenient and necessary. Umali admitted that he knew Huk Commander Kasilag.
Graciano Ramos, one of the witnesses of the prosecution told the court that way back in May
1950, in a barrio of San Pablo City he saw Umali confer with Commander Kasilag, which
Commander after the conference told his soldiers including Ramos that Umali wanted the Huks
to raid Tiaong, burn the presidencia and kidnap Punzalan. Of course, the last part of the
testimony may be regarded as hearsay, but the fact is that Umali conferred with a Huk
commander as early as 1950. Then we have the fact that on November 18 of the same year
Punzalan wrote to President Quirino denouncing the congressman Umali for fraternizing with the
Huks and conducting a campaign among them in preparation for the elections the following year.
And we may also consider the fact that the town of Tiaong stands at the foothills of Mt. Banahaw
where the dissidents under Commander Abeng, Tommy, Lucio, Aladin, and others had their
hideout, so that it was not difficult for residents of Tiaong like Umali and Pasumbal to
communicate and even associate with dissidents in that region.

After carefully considering all the evidence in the case, we are constrained to agree with the
trial court that the three appellants are guilty. Besides, the determination of this case, in great
measure, hinges on the credibility of witnesses. The learned trial court which had the opportunity
of observing the demeanor of witnesses on the stand and gauging their sincerity and evaluating
their testimony, decided the Government witnesses, including Amado Mendoza, to be more
credible and reliable. And we find nothing in the record to warrant correction or reversal of the
stand and finding of the trial court on the matter. We have not overlooked the rather belated
retraction of Amado Mendoza made on October 31, 1952, about a year and 9 months after he
testified in court. Considering the circumstances surrounding the making of this affidavit or
retraction, the late date at which it was made, the reasons given by him for making it and the fact
that when he testified in court under the observation and scrutiny of the trial court bearing in
mind that he was the star witness for the prosecution and his testimony naturally extremely
important, and the trial court after the opportunity given to it of observing his demeanor while on
the witness stand had regarded him as a witness, sincere, and his testimony truthful, and
considering further the case with which affidavits of retraction of this nature are obtained, we
confess that we are not impressed with such retraction of Mendoza.

The last point to be determined is the nature of the offense of offenses committed. Appellants
were charged with and convicted of the complex crime of rebellion with multiple murder,
frustrated murder, arson and robbery. Is there such a complex crime of rebellion with
multiple murder, etc? While the Solicitor General in his brief claims that appellants are guilty
of said complex crime and in support of his stand "asks for leave to incorporate by reference" his
previous arguments in opposing Umali's petition for bail, counsel for appellants considered it
unnecessary to discuss the existence or non-existence of such complex crime, saying that the
nature of the crime committed "is of no moment to herein appellants because they had absolutely
no part in it whatsoever". For that present, and with respect to this particular case, we deem
it unnecessary to decide this important and controversial question, its consideration and
determination to another case or occasion more opportune, when it is more directly and squarely
raised and both parties given an opportunity to discuss and argue the question more adequately
and exhaustively. Considering that, assuming for the moment that there is no such complex
crime of rebellion with murder, etc., and that consequently appellants could not have been
legally charged with, much less convicted of said complex crime, and the information
should therefore, be regarded as having charged more than one offense, contrary to Rule
106, section 12 and Rule 113, section 2 (e), of the Rules of Court, but that appellants having
interposed no objection thereto, they were properly tried for and lawfully convicted if guilty
of the several, separate crimes charged therein, we have decided and we rule that the
appellants may properly be convicted of said several and separate crimes, as hereinafter
specified. We feel particularly supported and justified in this stand that we take, by the result of
the case, namely, that the prison sentence we impose does not exceed, except perhaps in actual
duration, that meted out by the Court below, which is life imprisonment.

We are convinced that the principal and main, tho not necessarily the most serious, crime
committed here was not rebellion but rather that of sedition. The purpose of the raid and
the act of the raiders in rising publicly and taking up arms was not exactly against the
Government and for the purpose of doing the things defined in Article 134 of the Revised
Penal code under rebellion. The raiders did not even attack the Presidencia, the seat of
local Government. Rather, the object was to attain by means of force, intimidation, etc. one
object, to wit, to inflict an act of hate or revenge upon the person or property of a public
official, namely, Punzalan was then Mayor of Tiaong.

Under Article 139 of the same Code this was sufficient to constitute sedition. As regards
the crime of robbery with which appellants were charged and of which they were
convicted, we are also of the opinion that it was not one of the purposes of the raid, which
was mainly to kidnap or kill Punzalan and destroy his house. The robberies were actually
committed by only some of the raiders, presumably dissidents, as an afterthought, because of the
opportunity offered by the confusion and disorder resulting from the shooting and the burning of
the three houses, the articles being intended presumably to replenish the supplies of the
dissidents in the mountains. For these robberies, only those who actually took part therein
are responsible, and not the three appellants herein. With respect to the crime of multiple
frustrated murder, while the assault upon policeman Pedro Lacorte with a hand grenade
causing him injuries resulting in his blindness in one eye, may be regarded as frustrated
murder; the wounding of Ortega, Anselo, Rivano, Garcia and Lector should be considered
as mere physical injuries. The crimes committed are, therefore, those of sedition, multiple
murder, arson, frustrated murder and physical injuries. The murders may not be qualified by
evident premeditation because the premedition was for the killing of Punzalan. The result was
the killing of three others intended by the raiders (People vs. Guillen, 47 Off). The killing may,
however, be qualified by treachery, the raiders using firearms against which the victims
were defenseless, with the aggravating circumstance of abuse of superior strength. The
three murders may be punished with the penalty of death. However, because of lack of the
necessary votes, the penalty should be life imprisonment.
We deem it unnecessary to discuss the other points raised by the appellants in their brief.

In conclusion, we find appellants guilty of sedition, multiple murder, arson, frustrated

For the crime of sedition each of the appellants is sentenced to 5 years of prision
correctional and to pay a fine of P4,000;

for each of the three murders, each of the appellants is sentenced to life imprisonment and to
indemnify the heirs of each victim in the sum of P6,000;

and for the arson, for which we impose the maximum penalty provided in Article 321, paragraph
1, of the Revised Penal Code, for the reason that the raiders in setting fire to the buildings,
particularly the house of Punzalan they knew that it was then occupied by one or more persons,
because they even and actually saw an old lady, the mother of Punzalan, at the window, and in
view of the aggravating circumstances of nighttime, each of the appellants is sentenced
to reclusion perpetua and to pay the indemnities mentioned in the decision of the lower court.

It shall be understood, however, the pursuant to the provisions of Article 70 of the Revised Penal
Code the duration of all penalties shall not exceed 40 years.

In view of the heavy penalties already imposed and their long duration, we find it unnecessary to
fix and impose the prison sentences corresponding to frustrated murder and physical injuries;
however, the sums awarded the victims (Lacorte, Ortega, Anselo, Rivano, Garcia and Lector), by
the court below will stand.

With these modifications, the decision appealed from is hereby affirmed, with costs.