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Sector 2B
Attitude Instrument Flying

Flight Instruments Gyroscopic Attitude Indicator

Heading Indicator
Turn Coordinator
Instrument Scanning Interpretation Cross check when faulty
Usage Errors > Fixation
Omission
Emphasis
Instrument Errors

Blocked Pitot Airspeed Reaction as Altimeter

Highered in Climb, Lowered in Descent
Blocked Static VSI Remains at Zero
Airspeed Lowered in Climb, Highered in Descent
Alternate Static Altimeter Reads Higher
Airspeed Reads Higher
VSI Indicates Climb

Airspeed IAS on airspeed indicator

CAS correction for position installation error
TAS correction for temp/alt
at 200kts or lower > per 1000ft altitude, CAS +2% = TAS

Altitude Air temperature higher than standard > altimeter indicates lower than true altitude
Pressure Decrease Cold Air (most)
Warm Air (least)
Warm > Cold = Indication Lower > Higher than True Altitude
Pressure Setting Twist from Higher > Lower QNH Setting on Altimeter
> Altitude Indication will be Lowered
General High > Low, Look Below

Obtain Pressure Altitude = Set altimeter to 29.92 inch

Standard Pressure Lapse Rate = 1 inch per 1000ft

Reading Altimeter Long Hand = 100's feet

Small Hand = 1000's feet
Thin Hand = 10.000 feet
Magnetic Compass

Variation West = + (west is best), East = - (east is least)

Compass Errors LAG = Turns Through Northern Compass Side Not valid to/from East/West Heading
LEAD = Turns Through Sourthern Compass Side Not valid to/from East/West Heading

North UNOS Undershoot North, Stop Turn Before HDG

LAG Overshoot South, Stop Turn After HDG
Latitude 20° = 20° Correction
ANDS
Acceleration ANDS on E/W Heading
LEAD Acceleration = North Turn Indication
South Desceleration = South Turn Indication
Attitude Indicator

Error after rollout of 180° Turns Indication of Slight Climb + deviation in opposite direction
180° Skid Turns Indication to Opposite Direction
360° Turns No error

Error due speedchange Accelaration Horizon plane moves Down

Descelaration Horizon plane moves Up

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Attitude IF

Pitch Instruments Attitude Indicator / Altimeter / Airspeed Ind / VSI

Bank Instruments Attitude Indicator / Heading Indicator (DG) / Turn Coordinator
Power Instruments Manifold Pressure Gauge / Tachometer / Airspeed Ind

Primary Instruments During maneuvres keep instrument on constant indication

Supporting Instruments During maneuvres for helping maintain desired indication

Primary Supporting
Level Flight Alt / DG / Airspeed VSI / Attitude
Standard Turn Alt / Turn Coord VSI / Attitude
Climb DG / Airspeed Attitude / Turn Coord
Descent DG / VSI Attitude / Turn Coord
Speed Change Alt / DG / Manifold Attitude

Attitude Indicator Primary during Transitions, Supporting during Stability

Altitude Correction Correction < 100ft Half Bar Pitch on Attitude Ind

Instrument Failure Vacuum Pump Att/Heading are conflicting

Other instruments then leading
Attitude Indicator Bank + Others are leading
Heading Indicator Check with magnetic compass
Alternative: Timed Turns > 3° p/sec, 45° p/15 sec

Control / Performance Attitude Indicator is leading, other instr one by one

Power set for maneuvres

Sector 2C
Instrument Navigation

HSI components Compass Magnetic Heading

Course Arrow (selecter)
Glide Slope Indicator
Heading Index (curr heading: lubberline)
Course Deviation Bar (2° of track / per dot)
TO / FROM Arrow

Radial Interception Visualize present position and where to go

Select heading to intercept
Tracking Wind Correction, double corr angle (10/20)

Time to VOR Station Time (10° passage) x 60 / Degrees bearing change = time (min)
Cone of Confusion No more than 5° correction, hold last heading

0.5Nm from station 12sec (at 100kts)

3.0Nm 35sec
10Nm 140sec

ADF Navigation L/MF NDB, relative bearing: Nose/Station angle

Magnetic Bearing TO Station
MH + RB = MB (TO)

Radio Magn Indicator ADF on a slaved compass

Single and Double Arrow = NDB/VOR switched

DME Slant Range Distance till 199Nm at 1000ft min

Distance 6000ft = 1Nm

Errors At high altitude above station
Accuracy Valid From station 1+ Nm for each 1000ft altitude
Check VORDME DME portion every 30sec identification

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DME Arc Enroute > Approach fase

RMI or ADF to wingtip
After segment begin inbound approach
Windcorrection

ILS OM Blue Light, -- -- --

MM (200ft) Amber Light, -- . -- . --
IM White Light, . . . .

On Localizer no driftcorrection >2°

GS At OM 420 feet vertical deflection 2 dots

GS At 1.9Nm 140 feet vertical deflection 2 dots
LOC At OM 1550 feet horizontal deflection 2 dots
LOC At 1.9Nm 710 feet horizontal deflection 2 dots
DME Channel Information in box

VOR/VORTAC (T) Terminal Service Volume Radial of 25Nm

* 1000 - 12000ft
(L) Low Altitude Service Volume Radial of 40Nm
* 1000 - 18000ft, (max 80Nm apart off route)
(H) High Altitude Service Volumes
* 1000 -14500ft Radial of 40Nm
* 14000-18000ft Radial of 100Nm
* 18000-45000ft Radial of 130Nm
(max 200Nm apart off route)

Course Dots on Scale Per Dot 2° of deviation, Max 5 Dots each side
Per Nm > 200ft per Dot off track (6000ft = 1Nm)
1 Dot at 30Nm, 200 x 30 = 6000ft

VOR Checks IFR: tested in last 30 days period

VOT: Test facility on ground, on 360 radial with FROM indication
Max 4 + 4° error on Ground and Air 2 rcvrs, Air with 1 receiver +/- 6°
Test: 0° on FROM indication, 180° on TO indication
Results in logbook (date/place/error/signed)

RNAV Area Navigation, route via geographical waypoints

GPS Approach: when RAIM (receiver autom integrity monitoring)

test is passed, safe operation, if not then other navigation
Bearing Track from present pos to wp
TRK Current track
DTK Desired track (to intercept)

Sector 3A
Airports, Airspace + Flight Information

Runways Visual Only numbers on RW

Non Precision Instr No glideslope, visual RW markings (treshhold/aiming)
Precision Instr ILS, Visual clues, treshhold/touchdown zone

Taxiway Center Marking by yellow line

Holding Line between Ground and Tower responsability
Holding Point Types: Standard
ILS Holding (signal interference)

LAHSO Landing and Hold- Clearance to land/hold short

Short Operation of intersecting (crossed) runways (pilot responsability)
ALD Available Landing Distance (found in Airport Facility Directory)

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Approach Lighting Sys Purpose: Transition form Instrument > Visual Reference
Types: SFL, Sequenced Flashing Light (travelling light)
RAIL, Runway Alignment Indicator Light (travelling light)
REIL, RW End Indentifier Light, strobes at TRHLD
Red over Red = You're dead VASI, Visual Appr Slope Indicator, 1st white, 2nd red,
VASI, 3-bar/3-light, high or low cockpit (WWR/WRR)
VASI, 3-Color, Amber/Green/Red, 1-light system
PLASI, Pulsating Light Appr Slope Ind., red/white low/above
PAPI, Prec. Appr. Path Ind, 4 red/white lights (hor.)
LIRL, Low Intensity RW Lights (MIRL/HIRL)
MALS, Medium Appr Lighting Sys (MALSF, seq flashing lghts)
ODALS, Omnidir Appr Lighting System

High Glidepath > 3.5°

Slight High Glidepath 3.2°
Low Glidepath < 2.5°

Airspace IF Based Class A From 18000ft AGL and above (FL600)

Altimeter: 29.92 (FL)
IFR Only, FPL required, ATC Clearance
Class B Busy airports
Surface > 10000ft MSL, 2 or 3 layers
ATC Clearance + Mode C/VOR (30Nm rad)
VFR Corridors
Class C 2 Circular layers, outward 5 and 10Nm radius (<4000ft)
Sattelite AP clearances via radio ATC
Mode C (also above) + radio contact
Class D 2-Way radio ATC
Class D when tower is operative
Max 2500ft MSL (in 100's of feet)
Class E 14500ft > 18000ft MSL
Mode C at 10000ft MSL and above
VFR till FL180
Federal Airways (V-Airways), VFR/IFR between navaids
(1200>18000ft)
Class G Uncontrolled by ATC
At 700 or 1200ft AGL or 14500ft MSL

Airspace & Visibility B-C-D 3 sm (3-152)

1000ft above / 500ft below / 2000ft horizontal
E (<10000ft) 3 sm (3-152)
1000ft above / 500ft below / 2000ft horizontal
E (>10000ft) 5 sm (5-111)
1000ft above / 1000ft below / 6000ft (1 sm) horizontal
G (<1200ft) Day: 1 sm
Clear of Clouds
Night: 3 sm (3-152)
1000ft above / 500ft below / 2000ft horizontal
G (>1200ft) Day: 1 sm (1-152)
1000ft above / 500ft below / 2000ft horizontal
Night: 3 sm (3-152)
1000ft above / 500ft below / 2000ft horizontal

Special Use Airspace Prohibited Area OK

Restricted Area OK
Warning Area Potential danger outward coastarea 3Nm
Alert Area Areal activity
Mil Operations MOA, separate military from IFR traffic (cleared)
VFR should contact ATC (FSS)
Controlled Firing Not displayed on chart
National Security Increased security (NOTAM issued)
ADIZ Air Defense Identification Zone, FPL for ID
when entering US airspace

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Flight Information Airport Fac. Directory Regional books with public airports, ATC
Aeron. Inf. Manual VFR/IFR procedures/services etc
NOTAM Time critical; D (distant), L (local) in FSS area
Intern. Flight Inf. Manual For flights outside USA
Advisory Circulairs References for practical operations (tips)

Sector 3B
Air Traffic Control System

ARTCC Air Route Traffic Con.Ctr Authority for IFR clearances

Monitoring IFR flights enroute
Coordination/Seperation
Safety Alerts
Eemergency Assistence
Airspace: Sector Devided, Lateral/Vertical
Part: Center Weather Advisory CWA
Call <NAME> Center

Flightplan Submitted at FSS or TWR (via phone/radio)

At least 30min before departure
Distributed via ARTCC network
Clearance by Delivery, if no TWR than phone/radio (1-800-WXBRIEF)

Terminal Facilities ATIS

Clearance Delivery
Control Tower
Approach/Departure Coordination into ARTCC

FSS Flight Service Stations IFR/VFR

Weather/Flightplans
Local Airport Advisory
No heading corrections for wind
Call: <NAME> Radio
Freq: 122.2 / 121.5

Terminal Radar Separation between IFR and VFR Traffic

Terminology Resume Own Navigation Own navigational

responsability by pilot
Radar Contact Aircraft indentified
flight following provided

No Alternate on FPL AP With IAP: if on Destination Cloudbase >2000ft, Visibility >3 sm

1 hour before / 1 hour after ETA

Standard Alt Selection Precision Approach: >600ft, 2 s.m.

Non-Precision Appr: >800ft, 2 s.m.

Without IAP: Must allow descent from MEA under VFR

Sector 3C
ATC Clearances

Elements Clearance Limits like Waypoint restricted

ShortRange only
Phrase: Expect further clearance at TIME
Departure Procedure Heading/Altitudes
Route of Flight Different Routes or FLs
Altitude Data Cruise clearance
Holding Instructions When delays are expected
Special Info
Freq/Transponder Info

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VFR on Top On pilots request

VFR conditions with VFR cruising levels
Not in class A
VFR Levels based on magenetic course:
0° - 179° > odd 1000's + 500 (oost is oneven) (e.g. 9500ft)
180° - 359° > even 1000's + 500 (e.g. 10500ft)
Request by radio or FPL ("VFR on Top" statement)
IFR (flightplan) + VFR, requested ATC clearances
See and avoid other aircraft by pilot

Approach Clearance Circling Approach Clearance

Contact Approach, short-cut (on req), min 1 s.m.
Visual Approach (VMC: 3 s.m. or more)

Cruise Clearance ALT Choose any altitude from MEA to ALT

On pilots discretion

Climb Clearance Use optimum climb to 1000ft under assigned ALT,

then climb 500-1500ft/min

Conversion Tabel: ft/nm > ft/min (Rate of Climb)

Composite FPL IFR with VFR segments Contact FSS enroute for activation
or closure

Departure Restrictions Release Time earliest time for departure (hold for release)
Clearance Void Time by ATC expected time to be departed

Sector 4A
Departure

Published by Jeppesen (worldwide)

National Ocean Service (NOS)
Atmosperic Administration

TERP US Standard for Terminal Instrument Procedures

Items: Obstacle Clearance
Climbrate >200ft/Nm
Take Off: at least 35ft above End of Runway

DP Instrument Departure Procedure, Transition Airport > Enroute segment

DP Chart: Check table req Climbrate ft/min related to Groundspeed

DP Charts Pilot NAV DP Navigation by pilot

Vector DP Initial instruction to Radar Control

Sector 4B
Departure Procedures

Take Off Minimums Single / Twin Engine VMC: 1 s.m. FAR Part 97
Twin / More Engine VMC: 1.5 s.m. (1600ft = 1/4 s.m.)

Prevailing Visibility Greatest distance of visibility for half the horizon

(METAR Info)
Runway Visual Range Pilot Visibility on runway Touchdown RVR
Mid Runway RVR
Roll Out RVR
Runway Visability Value Via transmissometer determined visibility for spec runway

Departure Options Graphic Instrument Departure Procedure

Textual DP (minimal) Choice depending
Radar DP on circumstances/airplane
VFR DP

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Sector 5A
En Route + Area Charts

En Route Charts Complexity of Airway System

Dipicting Safe Altitude
Ensure Signal Reception
Area Charts Displays Terminal Area in detail
Usage during Transition Enroute <> Terminal Area
Low Altitude ER Chart Below 18000ft MSL (V-Airways)
High Altitude ER Chart 18000ft and up to FL450 (Jetroutes)

Enroute Navaids VOR

TACAN (Civil DME only)
VORTAC (VORDME)

Victor Airways V = VHF Airways

Via VOR/VORTAC navaids
Airway East - West = Even Numbered
Airway North - South = Odd Numbered
Width: 4 + 4 Nm
Airspace: Class E

Low Freq Airways Via NDB's

Airways General Dimensions: Width = 4+4Nm, 1200ft to 18000ft

Symbols X = Milage Breakpoint, Course change
Intersection, Non-Compulsory Position Reporting Point
Intersection, Compulsory Position Reporting Point

Symbols 10000 MEA

*7100 MOCA (with * or T)

X MCA, must be reached when being crossed, Stated in attached Label

7000
6500 Direction Related altitudes

H HIWAS, Hazardous Inflight Weather Adv Services

70 Distance (total) between Compulsory Reporting Waypoints

L Airfield/RW Pilot Controlled Lightning

Altitudes MEA Minimum Enroute Altitude Lowest Altitude on segment between fixes
Signal reception assured
Obstacle Clearance (2000ft)
MSA (airport) Min Safe Altitude Ensures 1000ft Clearance in 25Nm radius
MOCA Min Obstacle Clear. Alt. Within 22Nm from navaid
MORA Min Off Route Altitude 1000ft above highest manmade obstacle
Mountains: +2000ft + 4Nm from Course
Big numbers on chart
MAA Max Authorized Alt. Routesegment alt. for single freq reception
of navaid (line of sight)
MRA Min Reception Altitude Lowest altitude for reception of signal
MCA Min Crossing Altitude MOCA with climb before MCA fix (mountains)
COP Change Over Point Freq change between navaids

VOR Signal Reception At MOCA within 22Nm from Navaid

or is reliable at MEA
Off Airway max 80Nm between VOR's

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FSS Frequency Normally 122.2 and 121.5 (bold-shaded box)

Other frequency above Box
VOR Frequency 118.6 = No Voice on frequency

Communications FSS Flight Service Station

EFAS Enroute Flight Advisory Service (Area) (122.0 Mhz below FL180)
Call: <NAME> Flight Watch, (weather info)
ARTCC Air Route Traffic Control Center (blokkartel lijnen)
RCO Remote Communication Outlet, Controlled by FSS

Airports With Instrument Appr Blue and Capital Letters (Jeppesen)

Non-Instrument Green and Upper/Lower Case letters

Sector 5B
Enroute Procedures

Reporting Procedures Non-Radar Every Enroute Waypoint

Performance change (Speed 5% or 10kts, >500ft/min)
Altitude Changes
ETA Changes (~ 3min)
Reach Holding Fix
Leave Holding Fix
Outer Marker
Missed Approach
Approaching Clearance Limit
Equipment Failure
Unforcasted Weather

Compulsory Reports Over VOR's and Intersections

Items Identification
Position / Altitude
IFR / VFR
ETA next Fix > ETA second Fix
Remarks

Radio Failure Leave Fix at EFC or Close to ETA

En Route: Highest Altitude

IFR Cruising Altitudes Assigned by ATC

Based on magnetic course (0-179 = ODD) (e.g. 9000)
Altimeter on QNH below 18000ft (req with FSS <100Nm)
Altimeter on 29.92 above 18000ft (FL)

IFR Descent Clearance when req, prompt descent with 500-1500ft/min

report leaving/maintaining altitude
On Pilots discretion Start whenever pilot chooses
Leaving means no return

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Sector 5C
Holding Procedures

Standard Pattern Oval Racetrack

Turns to Right Left = Non-Standard
Below 14000ft MSL 2 x standard rate 180°, 1-minute legs
Above 14000ft MSL 2 x standard rate 180°, 1.5-minute legs

Inbound / Holding Course Towards Fix (navaid or DME distance)

Holding Side Side where holding is flown

Wind Upwind/Downwind corr 1min / 45sec - 1min / 1.15min

Crosswind corr WCA Inbound = 3 x WCA for Outbound
Speed 6000ft or below 200 KIAS Max add 110° to HC
6000-14000ft 230 KIAS
14000ft and up 265 KIAS Parallel
Holding Course
Entries Direct Sector 180° at Holding Side
Teardrop Intercept 30°, 1-minute leg Direct
Parallel At non-hold side, left turn Teardrop

Rule for Direct When HC is behind at fixposition

Rule for Teardrop When HC is Ahead and Right
Rule for Parallel When HC is Ahead and Left

Holding ATC Expect Further Clearance at TIME (EFC)

Sector 6A
Arrival

Arrival Chart

Approach Plate Frequency Options 119.05 (east) Coming from easterly direction
125.80 (west) Coming from westerly direction

Communications ATIS Updated upon receipt of official weather

Omitted items, Ceiling > 5000ft, Visibility >5SM

Descent Clearance On Segment of Published IAP

Approach/Localizer only with ATC clearance

STAR Standard Terminal Arrival Route

Functions Enroute segment > Terminal Area and Instr/VIsual Approach
Simplify complex clearances and freq congestion
Starts at common Navaid or Intersection
Initial Fixes on STAR correspond with Enroute Charts
Routes contain: Course, Distance, MEA, Speeds
Vertical Nav Planning Establish efficient descent for High Performance Aircraft

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Sector 6B
Arrival Procedures

Functions Preparation before Approach Fase

STAR filed in FPL or additional Clearance by ATC
No acceptance: NO STAR in Remarks section
MCA is not a part of ATC clearance

Preparation Listen to ATIS

Monitor AWOS, ASOS, FSS

Review the Approach ATIS

Radio / Nav Frequencies (identification)
Inbound Course
Descent Minimums
Missed Approach / Time to MAP
Min Safe Altitude
Approach Checklists
Preland Checks
ATC Clears for Altitudes, Airspeed (if comply max 10kts dev), amendments, cancellations

Sector 7A
Approach

Approach Chart

Instr. Appr. Procedure (IAP) From Enroute to Starting Point at Destination Airport
Precision Approach Vertical/Horizontal Guidance (ILS/Glideslope)
Non Precision Appr. VOR/NDB, No Glideslope

Approach Segments Initial Initial Appr Fix (IAF) to Intermediate Fix (IF)
Purpose: Alignment aircraft with approach course
How: via DME Arc, Course Reversal, Procedure Turn
Intermediate IF to Final Approach Fix (FAF)
Purpose: Positioning for Final Descent
How: with 30° alignment to Final Appr Course (FAC)
Reducing Airspeed, Before Landing Checklist, Downwind checks
Final FAF to Missed Approach Point (MAP)
Purpose: Navigate safely to Visual References for Landing
Cues must be visible at MAP
a) Precision: Starts at Intercept Glideslope at
Minimum Glideslope Intercept Altitude
b) Non-Precision: Starts at FAF on FAC or where
VOR/NDB radial intersects with FAC
Missed Approach MAP back to Initial Approach Fix
Purpose: Navigate from MAP to IAF or IF
a) Precision: MAP is at Decision Height (DH)
b) Non-Precision: MAP is at defined Fix from Navaid

Chart Symbols T Minimums not Standard A

Departure is Published Alternate Min Not Standard

Indicates FAF for Precision Approach

Indicates FAF for Non Precision Approach

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Approach Chart Layout (Jeppesen)

Heading Section City + Airportname

Instrument Approach Title
Primary Appr Facility
Comms Frequencies
Min Safe Altitude (1000ft above Obstruction within 25Nm radius)
Procudure Title (Type/Req Equipment) (VOR/A = no straight in)
Chart Index Nr. > XX-X (airpnr in same area/chart type/index chart w/same appr)
Charttype: 0=Area/STAR//DP, 1=ILS/LOC, 3=VOR/DME, 6=NDB

Heading
Contents Heading Section
Comms MSA Proc
Communications Approach/Tower/Ground
ASOS
Radar (y/n) (R)
Alternate Frequencies
Plan View Dates Effective date
Chart date
MSA 1000ft Clearance on highest obstacle in 25Nm
radius of facility
Contents Plan View
Profile

Landing Minimums Overhead Presentation of Approach

Conversion Table Procedureturns/Patterns/Non-Course reversal
Highest Reference Point (nr with arrow)
OM/MM, Outer Compass Locator (LOM)
Feeder Routes (thin arrow)
Marker Beacons (lens shaped)
Missed Approach Track
Navaid box with DME (D), High Alt DME (H)
Oval Shape = ILS/LOC/LDA/SDF, Shadowed=Primary

Contents Profile View Approach from the side, Height Path

IAF/FAF, (x)=non-precision FAF (alt)
TDZE, Touchdown Zone Elevation
HAT, Height Above Touchdown (real height)
> DA(H) 489'(200')
TCH, Treshold Crossing Height, GS height above THD
FAF, ILS intercept point
Distances (Nm) OM - MM

Stepdown Fix Descent to lower altitude after FAF and MAP

VDP Visual Desc. Point, by letter "V" for normal landing
Runway in sight starting form MDA.

Landing Minimums Minimal Visibility and Altitude

Specified for each approach

Aircraft Appr Catagories 1.3 x Power Off Stall Speed in Landing Configuration at
max grossweight
A Up to 90kts (approach speed)
B 91-120kts
C 121-140kts
D 141-165kts
E 165+ kts

B-Type (120) + 5kts (inc)= C Catagory (example)

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Minimum Descent Req Section: Landing Minimums

DH: Decision Height (MSL)
DA(H) Decision Altitude (Height) (MSL)
Point in Approach to decide Land or Missed Appr
Visibility Requirements Stated in s.m. or 100s of feet
Landing Minimums 840/24 MDA / RVR (2400ft)
RVR 24 = 0,5 s.m.
Inoperative Components Minimums will increase
ILS I/O > Localizer Minimums

Airport Chart

Diagram (sketch) Ground movements, on reverse side of 1st appr chart

Airport Chart Heading Section Location/Elevation/Variations

Comms Frequenties
CTAF Common Traffic Advisory Freq.

Plan View + Add. Info Overhead View

Runways/Lighting Systems
Airport Ref Point (ARP), geographical centre
Pilot Controlled Lighting Freq.

Take Off and Alternate Minimums

Alternate Airport On FPL only as on destination:

Ceiling < 2000ft
Visibility < 3 sm
1 Hour before / 1 Hour after ETA
Standard Minimums Precision Appr 600ft ceiling, 2 s.m.
Non Precision 800ft ceiling, 2 s.m.

New Approach Chart (19/9/97)

Layout Briefing Strips, Horizontal

Information left > right Comms: ATIS/Appr/TWR/Grnd
Approach: VOR/CRS/MDA/TDZE
Missed Approach Instructions
Required General Equipment
Plan View Unchanged
Profile View Unchanged
Approach Lighting System
Missed Approach Icons for Altitude/Navaid
Minimums Unchanged
Airport Chart Unchanged

Sector 7B
Approach Procedures

Straight In Landing FAC must be within 30° of RW

Straight In Approach From Fix via DME (arc) or Vectors to FAC
ATC Radar Radar Vectors to FAC
MVA: Min Vectoring Altitude, Can be lower than MEA/MOCA
at least 300ft above highest obstacle

RADAR Approaches Airport Surveillance At Airports with RADAR approach minimums

ASR Non Precision Approaches
Vectors to FAC, distance, MDA, Altitude
No weather watch

Precision Approach Glideslope Guidance

PAR No-Gyro Guidance (start/stop turns)
(on FAC only 1/2 standard rate)

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Course Reversal Within 10Nm of primary Fix to FAC (max 200kias)

Procedure Turn / Teardrop Proc
Timed Approach From Holding Fix
Conditions Control Tower is in operation
Leave pattern at TIME
Initial communication with Approach before TWR
No missed approaches with PT
Final Approach Whn no visual clues, not below MDA/DH (100ft above TDZE)
Non Precision: plan prior to MAP
Chart: Time to MAP at SPEED / MDA(HAT)
Circling Approach When IAC is not within 30° of RW
Unfavorable winds or sudden RW closure
Procedure according to TERP criteria (aircr appr cat)
RADII on chart for catagori in Nm at MDA
Sidestep Maneuver Parallel RW approach (<1200ft apart)
Missed Approach Due to Low visibility
Sudden runway closure
Inadequate seperation by ATC
Visual Approach Separation form IFR and VFR trafic
Visibility 3 sm, Ceiling 500ft above Min Vector Alt
Airport in Sight
Remain VFR

Contact Approach Expedite traffic procedures (shortcut)

On pilots request, own responsability, ATC Separation
Visibility 1 sm, Clear of Clouds
Airport has IAP

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Sector 8A
Instrument Approaches

VOR + NDB Appoaches

Type Non Precision Off Airport Facility IAF/FAF Navaid

On Airport Facility

VOR Approach Off Airport Facility MDA from 500-1000ft above TDZE
DME not always required
Procedure Clearance by ATC
Preparing Chart, AP Diagram, Missed Appr
Descent to FAF MEA > MOCA at DME distance or fix
Outbound on Proc Turn Cross VOR on OB Radial PT
Intercept Radial 45°
2 minutes to PT, 1 min to 180° turn
Inbound to FAF Landing checks, descent to VOR
Report Position (CTAF)
Final Appr Segment Watch groundspeed
Descent to MDA in TIME (at FAF/VOR)
Missed Approach Not below MDA until Visual References
Remember 1st step (procedure)

Procedure w/DME Fly the ARC

Intercept radial inbound at Lead Radial

VOR Approach On Airport Facility With DME fix FAP = FAF (no defined FAF)
Without DME fix Overhead VOR at safe altitude
Outbound > Turn Inbound, descent > MDA

Procedure Preparing Via ATIS or UNICOM

Identify VOR
Fly to VOR > Outbound
Clearance VOR rw 2, maintain alt until outbound
Descent to IAF MEA > MOCA (MSA)
Outbound on PT Overhead VOR, rightturn to intercept IB radial
Descent on OB radial, 2 min to PT
PT (45°) 1 min then 180 turn
Inbound Airport On intercept crs for FAC to VOR on field
Descent to MDA, watch descent rate
MAP at TO/FR change
Missed Approach Climb to MOCA and fly procedure

VOR/DME procedure Stepdown fix Defined by DME distances on QNH

intercept angle 45°

2 min

leaving holding

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NDB Approach Procedure Preparing Identify Primary Navaid as a LOM

Check MOCA and MDA/TDZE
VOR radial for Stepdown Fix (MOCA>MDA)
Check Heading Indicator
Check ATIS on IB
Clearance Cleared for NDB approach, contact TWR
Inbound to FAF Landing checklist before FAF
At ADF needleswing > timed descent
Final Appr Segment Groundspeed to Time FAF>MAP (table)
MDA > MAP, RW in sight?
Missed Approach Turn till ADF needle on the nose,
direct to station
NDB Intercepts & Holdings

180° Bearing TO

Hold South Bearing 360

240° Bearing TO Leftturns (non-standard)

240 Bearing Inbound = 060 Radial Outbound

190 (SOUTH HDG)

Heading Indicator Holding + Position
Projection
Quadrants (protected areas)
North of Bearing 090 TO,
Rightturns
100 280 NW / Left NE / Right
90
SW / Right SE / Left
Where am I
Where do they want me
Which Turns (left/right)
10 Which Entry

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Sector 8B
ILS Approaches

Features Precision Approach

Lower minimums
Landing on airports with no nonprecision possibilities

ILS Catagories Cat I Instrument rated pilots only

Proper equipment
Minimums RVR 2400ft, DH 200ft at HAT
Cat II Lower minimums
Minimums RVR 1200ft, DH 100ft at HAT
Cat III Special certification for pilots/aircraft/operators
Minimums A RVR 700ft
B RVR 150ft
C None

ILS Components Localizer Alignment with Front Course and Back Course (ATC auth)
Span 10/10°, Service 10-18Nm
Glideslope Service 10Nm, 3° Angle, Freq 108.1 - 111.95 Mhz
DME Distance
Marker Beacons Integrated in path, MM/LOM
OM Glideslope Intercept, 4-7Nm before TRH (blue)
MM 3500ft form TRH (amber)
IM Cat II = DH (white)
LOM = Compas Locator Outer Marker, LMM (middle marker)

Inoperative Components Glideslope Out > Localizer Minimums

Localizer Out > No ILS approach
Minimums Increase (see table)

Straight-In (NoPT) ILS Approach

Procedure Preparing Via IAF (VOR) > Localizer

ATIS monitoring / Altimeter Reset
Navaid: Loc + NDB or TWR
Clearance Cld for rw 18, maintain alt until established
Descent prior FAC From IAF > MOCA, checks
Inbound to OM Established ILS, Appr Speed, desc 480ft/m
Final Appr Segment Call TWR: IB on ILS approach
Descent to DH

ILS Approach with Course Reversal

Procedure Preparing From Intersection > IAF (MEA), contact UNICOM

ADF/Localizer tuning
Descent prior IAF Inbound IAF
Outbound on PT IAF > Turn to intercept OB localizer (>MOCA)
Inbound to LOM 180 Turn with 45° intercept
Final Appr Course on Localizer
Descent to DH

Type ILS Approaches Parallel (dependent) Parallel Runway (Centerline >2500ft apart)
Seperation 1,5Nm Diagonally, RW 4300-9000ft apart > 2Nm
Parallel (independent) Dedicated controllers
No staggerred separation
NTZ, No Transgressing Zone between RW's
Localizer Approach When Glideslope is I/O
Non Prcesion with LOC, descent to MDA
Localizer Back Course No Glideslope, be aware for GS signals from Front Course
On VOR radial, reverse sensing, HSI > FC=BC

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LDA Localizer Type Direction Aid

Also in combination with GS, Width: 3-6° vertically
Ident: Ixx (3-letter group)
Final Appr segment of RW centerline > loc deviates 30° or more
SDF Simplified Directional Facility
Width: 6-12° vertically, 35° horizontally
Differs from LDA in LOC width
No Glideslope

Radio Procedures (Practical)

Inbound Airport Ft Myers Approach Sq 0145, Cleared as Filed

Cessna 172 464TC Via Radar Vectors
15 Nm south of Venice at 3000ft Fly <Heading> at <Altitude>
IFR to Ft Myers Pagefield
Ready to Copy

Approach Clearance Cessna 464TC

Turn Left 080
Maintain 2000ft
Until established on Localizer
Cleared ILS 05
Contact Tower on <Freq>

On the Localizer LOM Page Tower Cleared for the option

Cessna 464TC Established on Loc 05 (Missed Appr / Touch and Go)

Missed Appr Cessna 464TC on Missed Approach 05

Air to Air Comm On 122.75 and 122.95

Sector 8C
GPS + RNAV Approaches
IAF IF/IAF IAF
Approach Design Basic T:
5Nm 5Nm
Routing aircraft to destination 5Nm
Alignment with RW centerline
Straight-in procedure
Holding at IF/IAF FAF

5Nm

MAP

GPS Approach Non-Precision

Types Overlay Phase 1, Existing Non-Precision approaches

Phase 2, Using existing appr charts
Phase 3, No conventional navigation (or GPS )

Stand-Alone Solely GPS approaches

More efficient routing (basic T)

GPS Equipment Requirements FAA appoved, TSO C-129, AC 20-138

RAIM, relability of GPS signal, 4 base + 1 integrity sattelite
GPS RAIM availability from FSS wxbrief

VOR/DME RNAV Computer determined position on nearby VORTAC's (FMS)

Programmed point-to-point enroute/appr operations
CLC > Course Line Computer, azimuth and distance to
VORTAC (phantom VOR's)
Approaches: specific charts, CLC programming

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Sector 9A
Weather Factors

Atmosphere 50Km (160000ft) Thick MSL

18000ft 50% of atmosperic mass
53000ft 90% of atmosperic mass
164000ft 99.9% of atmosperic mass

Troposphere SFC > 24000/50000ft Decrease of temperature (Av 37000ft)

Tropopause Top Abrupt Temp Lapse Rate (watervapor)
Constant temperature
Stratosphere 36000/160000ft Top > Stratopause
Stratopause Top Small Temp Changes
Mesosphere 160000/280000ft
Thermosphere 280000ft+

High Altitude Tropopause height is 24000 - 50000ft (at equator)

Between Troposphere and Stratosphere > Constant temp (-57°C), isolates airmass
Breaks, between polar and subtropical airmass (30-60° N)
and subtropical and tropical airmass (25° N) (in winter only)

Jetstream 60-240kts
Winter Southern movement, Increased Strength
Summer Northern movement, Decreased Strength

Atmosp. Circulation Uneven heating by Solar radiation in different angles and locations
North of Tropic of Cancer Northern Hemispere (21 june)
South of Tr of Capricorn Southern Hemisphere (21 dec)

Pressure/Wind Isobars / Pressure Gradient > change in pressure over distance

High Center of high pressure, Ridge, area of high pressure
Low Center of hlow pressure, Trough, area of low pressure
Col Neutral zone between 2 highs and 2 lows
Wind Airflow from Cool/High to Warm/Low
Coriolis Force Deflect airflow to right (northern hem)
By earths friction crossing wind over isobars
Up to 2000ft, wind direction shifts
Moisture

Water Solid (ice)

Liquid
Gaseous (vapor)

Water added to air Evaporation Heated water > Gas (vapor)

Sublimation Ice > watervapor (no liquid state)
Condensation Vapor > Liquid (from saturated air (verzadigd))
Deposition Watervapor > Ice
Precipitation Condensed water in atmosphere (drizzle or Virga)
Supercooled water, liquid below freezing level

Latent heat of Water To Vaporate 1 Gram of water takes 540 Calories

Stability Resistance to vertical motion in atmosphere

Airparcel rising or sinking in relation to the air around it

DALR Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate, 3°C/5.4°F per 1000ft

SALR Saturated Adiab. Lapse Rate, ( )
Stability (DALR) Air is Cold/Dry
Instability (SALR) Air is Warm/Moist (more watervapor)

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Ambient Air Lapse Rate 2°C/3.5°F per 1000ft

Fronts Passage inflight Change of temperature

Wind direction changes to right
Pressure changes

Frontal Cyclone Counter Clockwise in northern hemisphere

Excessive temp gradient along Polarfront
Orographic lifting in moutainous areas
Starts with windshear and pressuredrop (wave cyclone)
Cyclone deepens, increase winds around it (occluded)

Turbulence in A/C Light Slight changes in Attitude/Altitude

Moderate Variations in Airspeed
Severe Abrupt changes in Attitude/Airspeed, moments out of control
Extreme Impossible to Control, Structural Damage

Thunderstorms When Penetrating Watch Instruments, no looking outside

Don't change power
Constant Attitude, Ride the Waves
Don't turn back

Microburst Intense Downdraft 6000ft/min, both Sides 45kts Tail/Headwind, total at 90kts
Maximum time is 15 minutes

Icing Reduces Lift with 30%, Increases Drag with 40%

Freezing Rain indicates higher temps at higher altitude
Frost is ice sublimed on surface with lower temp than dewpoint (=below freezing)
Rime Ice Small droplets
Clear Ice Bigger drops, Slow growth

Windshear Change in Wind Direction at Frontal Activity or with

strong Temperature Inversions, at any Level

Warm Front Before front, Below 5000ft for 6 hrs

Cold Front Behind front, Below 5000ft for 3 hrs

Inflight Tailwind to Headwind Lower power then

increase of power
Pitch decrease and
IAS increase

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Sector 9D
Graphical Weather Products

Surface Analysis Chart Conditions in validated time on chart (3 hours)

Pressure patterns on surface (isobars)

Locations of highs and lows, fronts, temp, wind, vmc
Symbols Round Station > human observation
Square Station > Automated observation
Pressure 147 > 1014.7 hPa
Precipation .45 > 0,45 inch
Temp/Dewpoint 44/42 NW at 50kts
Wind Northwest 15kts >
Clouds > Broken >

Weather Depiction Chrt General weather sky conditions from METAR (3 hours)
Symbols Visibility in s.m. at Left (< 6 s.m.)
Cloud Height > 100's of Feet AGL
Cloud Coverage, Ceiling < 3000ft, X = Obscured Sky
Weather Obstructions > snow etc
Rain: .. = continuous, . = showers
IFR Conditions: Shaded Areas, Ceiling < 1000ft, 3 s.m. Visibility

Radar Summary Chrt Collection of Radar weather reports (SD)

Precipitation: Intensity/size/trend/direction
No Cloud/Fog formations
Thunderstorms (T), Rain Shower (RW), Snow (SN), (+) increasing intensity

Contours 1st Line, Intensity 1-2, weak/moderate

2nd Line, Intensity 3-4, strong/very strong
3rd Line, Intensity 5-6, intense/extreme
Cloud Tops In 100's of Feet MSL
Cloud Movements 5 / 10 / 50 kts (half-whole barb/pennant)

Satellite Weather Pict Photos with Temp/Hunidities/Wind/Watervapor

Visual and IR observations

Composite Moisture Stability Chart

Stability Panel Areas of stable and unstable airmass

Temp of lifted airparcel (negative = unstable)
K-Index for temp/moisture level (<15 = no TS)
Freezing Level Panel Upper Air freezing levels, BF = Surface freezing
Precipitation Water Pnl Condensed Watervapor / Normal Values p. month
Surface to 500mm level
Average Rel Humidity Pnl Surface to 500mb level
Air saturation
Dark station symbol > 50%+

Constant Pressure Analysis Chart

Upper Air weather map

Daily at 1200Z and 0000Z, Surface to 850mb level (5000ft), upto 39000ft
Observed Temp/DP spread, Wind, Pressure, Clouds
Isotachs: Lines of equal wind velocity

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Observed Winds and Temp Aloft Chart

Planning: Cruise Altitude

Wind Direction and Temperature
Depicts winds at 8 levels, 6000/9000/12000/18000/ etc
Daily at 1200Z and 0000Z
Symbols: Station with DP spread < 5°C
Station with DP spread > 5°C
Level Winds Format Wind 200° at 45kts, temperature -26°C
2045-26 (Temps interpreted Negative at >FL240)

Wind 160° at 115kts, temperature 34°C

16 + 50 = 66
115 - 100 = 15 > 661534
330° at 60 KTS
751041 = 250 at 110kts, -41
781842 = 280 at 118kts, -42
9900+00 = light/variable, < 5kts

Graphic Forecasts

Low Level Significant Weather Prognosis Chart

Planning: flight around low visibility areas

Surface to 400mb pressure level (24000ft)
Daily 4 times, 12/24 hours forecast
4 Panels 2 Upper Panels > Surface to 24000ft
2 Lower Panels > Surface Only
Significant Weather Pnl Turbulence/Freezing levels, Thunderstorms
Surface Prog Panel Pressure center movements, Precipitation

CB coverage ISOL = 1/8

OCNL = 1/8 - 4/8
FRQ = 5/8 - 8/8

High Level Significant Weather Prognosis Chart

Above 400mb pressure level, up to 70mb (63000ft)

Displays thunderstorms, cyclones, squalls, turbulence, troppause height

Severe Weather Outlook Chart

Advanced Flightplanning, 48-hours outlook (24/48) at 1200Z

General and severe thunderstorm activity

Forecast Winds and Temp Aloft Chart

Daily at 0000Z and 1200Z, 12-hours forecast

Level 6000/9000/12000/18/24/30/34/39ft MSL

Tropopause Data Chart Daily once at 1200Z

For High Altitude flight, vertical/horizontal windshear/turbulence

Tropopause Winds Panel Streamlines: Parallel to Wind Direction (solid)

Isotachs: Wind Speed, (Dashed)
Tropopause Height / Vertical Windshear Panel
Trop Height in Pressure Altitude
Vertical Windshear in kts / 1000ft
Turbulance, moderate: at 6 kts or more
PIREP Pilot (written) Report
OV / TM Location / Time
FL / SK Level / Cloud Layers
UA / UUA Urgent

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Others HIWAS Continuous broadcast over VOR´s of SIGMET/AIRMET

AIRMET For SE and VFR traffic, mod icing, turb, winds >30kts,
vis IMC conditions, Issued HR + 15/45 1 hr validation
SIGMET All Aircraft, severse icing, turb, vis < 3 sm
Issued as AIRMET, Convective for tornados/etc, H+55)

Sector 9E
Automated Surface Weather Reporting Systems

ASOS Aut. Surface Observation System (METAR)

Update: When significant change occurs
Installed/Operated by FAA
Frequency with computer synthesized voices (also by tel)
At TWR controlled AP Level A In B airspace
Level B/C/D Human observation

AWOS Aut. Weather Observation System

Update: 3 times per hour
At non-TWR airports
Also human observation
Types A, Altimeter Setting only
1, Including Temp/Wind information
2, Including Visibility
3, Including Cloud Information

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Sector 10C
IFR Flight Planning

Flight Overview Decision: Go or No-Go Weather General via TV, Internet

Performance of aircraft
Equipment for IFR flight
Available routes
Instrument proficiency

Flight Planning Route Listed in Enroute section of Jeppesen Airway Manual

Or Airport/Facility Directory (AF/D)
SID and STAR Jeppesen Approach Charts (or NOS)
Departure/Arrival procedures
Alternate airports on distance not affected by weather
and with comparable instrument facilities
Publications NOTAM via Jeppesen Airway Manual or AIM
Weather General Overview before flight
Occuring hazards
Standard briefing at FSS or DUATS
(Direct User Access Terminal System)
RADAR and Sattelite Images
Surface Analisys Chart
Low Level Sign. Weather Prognosis Chart for VMC conditions
and Freezing levels
Weather Depiction Chart, simple VMC indication
TAF/METAR of airports
Forecast Winds Aloft
Altitude Selection MEA or designated by ATC according east/west direction
Considerations: Wind/Icelevel/Turbulence/Cloudbase
Navigation Log Times (ETA, ATE (enroute), ATA
Fuel planning
Flightplan Type Code: in Aeronautical Inf. Manual
Filing: at FSS 30 min before departure time
Closing: When landed at TWR AP (automatically)
or in VFR condition enroute
Non-TWR: at FSS or ATC
Transponder: /U, including altitude
Transponder: /A, including altitude + DME

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Section
IFR Decision Making

DECIDE Model Detect a Change

Estimate the need for action
Choose the desired outcome
Identify action to take
Do the action
Evaluate the effect

Section
Regulations

IR License Less than min VFR conditions for a/c catagory

All Class A airspace (18000-FL600)
Passengers (hire) <50Nm at night prohibited (CPL)
Passengers at night, cross country >50Nm (IR)
Passengers at night (hire), cross country >50Nm (CPL/IR)
IFR Flightplan

IR Currency Flight in IFR/IMC Conditions within 6 months with:

> 6 Instrument Approaches/Intercepts/Holdings OR

After 6 Months, with qualified Safety Pilot OR
> 12 Months: IR Competency Check
in an aircraft (rated) or approved trainer/sim

For IFR Flights Minimal VFR equipment:

Airspeed / Attitude / Magn Compass / Tacho / Oiltemp / Oilpress / Fuel
Plus extra: Radio / Nav 2-Way
Turn Indicator + Ball
Directional Gyro
Sensitive Altimeter
Clock
Alternator
If necessary: Mode C Transponder (>10000ft, A-B-C)
DME (>FL240)

Transponder C Deviation in Controlled Airspace (B)

Requests 1 Hour before flight

Equipment Inspection Altimeter / Transponder / Statics Every 24 months (end)

VOR Receivers Within 30 days

Inspection (Aircraft) 100hrs (Rental)

Annual (General)

Oxygen Night >5000ft

General >12500ft after 30 min (crew)
>14000ft for Flight Duration (crew)
>15000ft after 30 min (occupants)

Logbook Simulated + actual IR Time, reference by instruments

Instructor Time only in actual IMC

Documents Airworthiness / Registration / Radio / Operating Manual / W + B

Airworthiness valid as long as Maintenance is performed

IFR Chart Validation 56 Days

Fuel Requirements Time To Destination, To Alternate, + 45 Minutes

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Section
Remarks

Latitude Parallel to the Equator

Longitude Meridians from North to South Pole

Night 1 hr after SS - 1 hr before SR

Aircraft Catagories Airplane SE/ME - SES/MES

Rotorcraft - Heli/Gyro
Glider
Lighter than Air - Airship/Balloon

Aircraft Class Complex aircraft Retractable Gear, Controlles Pitch Prop

High Performance > 200 BHP

Rating required for Aircraft > 12500 lbs

Turbojet
Other

Section
FAA Written Test

Test Addendums

Legends A/F Directory Description Airport/Legends

Abbreviations
IAP Symbols and Chart Expanation

Rate of Climb Table, ft/Nm > ft/min

Approach Lighting System
Rate of Descent Table, ft/Nm > ft/min, Descent Angle (GS) > ft/min
En Route Chart Legend
Aircraft Equipment Suffixes (FPL)
Air Navigation Aids (VOR Service Volumes)

ETE Calculation - All given Courses are Magnetic

- Find TAS/ALT/VAR/WIND in Flightplan
Calculate Magnetic Winds (East Variation = -xx)
Distances (from departure field to destination field)
Calculate Groundspeed per leg (pencildot on TAS)
Calculate legtimes

FROM TO CRS NM GS ETE

A B x x x x
B C x x x x
C D x x x x

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