REINFORCED CONCRETE

DESIGN

MODULE 1

BSCE

Prepared by:
CESAR B. VALLEJO, CE, Ph.D.
Module 1
Subject: REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

1. Title of the Module

Introduction to Fundamentals of Reinforced Concrete Design

2. Introduction

In this module, the definition of basic terms will be learned by the architecture
students including the correct water cement ratio to be able to have a concrete mixture with
the greatest strength. The sizes of bars in millimeter and inches and conversion of the sizes
will also be learned by the students. A part of this will also be devoted to the discussion of the
minimum concrete cover for the reinforcing bars in different structural members to for longer
service life of the reinforced concrete structure. Loads and loading arrangements will also be
taken up for them to know the how to position the live loads top give the worst condition for
a continuous beam or frame.

3. Learning Outcomes

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

a. define important terms on reinforced concrete design
b. differentiate strengths of concrete depending on the water cement ratio
c. write correctly the sizes of bars in mm and identify bars just by visual inspection
d. discuss the minimum concrete cover for different types of structural members
e. be familiar a with the NSCP 2015 provisions on loads and loading arrangements

4. Learning Content

It contains readings, discussions, questions and sets of activities that students can
work on individually or by group.
Topic 1. Important terms
Topic 2. Water cement ratio
Topic 3. Metal reinforcement
Topic 4. Minimum cover
Topic 5. Loads and loading arrangements
Topic 6. Bundled bars
Topic 7. Minimum concrete cover
Topic 8. Standard hooks
Topic 9. Arrangements of liveloads
Topic 10. Use of Occupancy
Topic 11. Special Loads
REINFORCED CONCRETE

As with most like mass, concrete has a very high compressive strength but have a
very low tensile strength. As a structural member, concrete can make to carry tensile stresses
(as in beam in flexure). In this regard, it is necessary to provide steel bars to provide the
tensile strength lacking in concrete. The composite member is called reinforce concrete.

CONCRETE

Are mixture of Portland cement or any other hydraulic cement, fine aggregate, coarse
aggregate and water, with or without admixtures. Concrete mixture shall be designed in
accordance with the requirements Sections 419.3.2 and 426.4, considering applicable
environmental exposure to provide required durability.

AGGREGATES (426.4.1.2, NSCP 2015)

Is a granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone and iron blast-furnace slag,
and when used with a cementing medium forms hydraulic, cement, concrete or mortar.
The nominal maximum sizes of coarse aggregate are specified in Section 426.4.2.1 of NSCP
2015. These are follows : 1/5 the narrowest dimension between sides of forms, 1/3 the depth
of slabs, or 3/4 the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or wires,
bundles of bars, or pre stressing tendons or ducts.

Compliance Requirements:
Aggregates shall conform to (1) or (2)
1. Normal weight aggregate: ASTM C33M
2. Lightweight aggregate: ASTM C330M

Aggregates not conforming to ASTM C33M or ASTM C330M are permitted if they
have been shown by test or actual service to produce concrete of adequate strength
and durability and are approved by the building official.

WATER (426.4.1.3, NSCP 2015)

According to section 5.3.4, water used in mixing concrete shall be clean and free from
injurious amount of oils, acids, alkalis, salts, organic materials, or other substances that may
be deleterious to concrete or reinforcement. Mixing water for pre stressed concrete or for
concrete that will contain aluminum embedment’s, including that portion of mixing water
contributed in the form of free moisture on aggregates, shall not contain deleterious amounts
of chloride ion. Non-potable (non-drinkable) water shall not be used in concrete unless the
following are satisfied; (a) Selection of proportions shall be based on concrete mixes using
water from the same source and (b) mortar test cubes made with non-potable mixing water
shall have 7-day & 28-day strengths equal to at least 90 percent of strengths of similar
specimens made with potable water.
According to Section 426.4.1.3.1, water used in mixing shall conform to ASTM
C1602M

Mixing water, including that portion of mixing water contributed in the form of free
moisture on aggregates, shall now contain deleterious amounts of chloride ion when used for
prestressed concrete, for concrete that will contain aluminum embedment, or for concrete
cast against stay-in-place galvanized steel forms.

CONCRETE PROPORTIONS

Proportions of materials for concrete shall be established to provide:

(a) Workability and consistency to permit concrete to be worked readily into forms
and around reinforcement under conditions of placement to be employed, without segregation
or excessive bleeding,

(b) resistance to special exposures and

(c) conformance with strength test requirements. With different materials are to be
used for different portions of proposed work, each combination shall be evaluated.

Concrete proportions, including water – cement ratio shall be established based on

field experience and / or trial mixtures with materials to be employed.

LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE

Concrete lighter in weight than ordinary sand-and-gravel concrete is used principality

to reduce dead load, or for thermal insulation, nail ability, or fill. Disadvantages of
lightweight structural concretes include higher cost, need for more care in placing, greater
porosity, and more drying shrinkage. For a given percentage of cement, usually the lighter the
concrete, the lower the strength.

Table 1.1 Approximate Weights of Lightweight Concrete

AGGREGATES CONCRETE WEIGHT, kN/m3

Cinders:

Without sand 13.4

With sand 17.3-18.1
 Shale or clay 14.1-17.3

Pumice 14.1-15.7

Scoria 14.1-17.3

Perlite 7.9-12.6

Vermiculite 5.5-11.8

HEAVYWEIGHT CONCRETE

Concrete weighing up to about 60.5 𝑘𝑁 𝑚3 can be produced by using heavier-than

ordinary aggregate. Theoretically, the upper limit can be achieved with steel shot as fine
aggregate and steel punching as coarse aggregate. The heavy concrete is used principally in
radiations shield and counterweights.

Concrete made with barite develops an optimum density of 36.5 𝑘𝑁 𝑚3 and

compressive strength of 41.35 Mpa; with limonite and magnetite, densities from 33 to 35 𝑘𝑁
𝑚3 and strengths of 22 Mpa to 39.3 Mpa; with steel punching and sheared bars as coarse
aggregate and steel shot as fine aggregate, densities from 39.3 to 45.3 𝑘𝑁 𝑚3 and strengths of
about 38.6 Mpa.

UNIT WEIGHT OF NORMAL CONCRETE

= specific gravity × specific weight of water @4°C

= 2.4 × 9.81 𝑘𝑁 𝑚3

= 23.544 𝑘𝑁 𝑚3

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

Unlike steel and other materials, concrete has no definite modulus of elasticity. Its
value is dependent on the characteristics of cement and aggregates used, age of concrete and
strengths.

According to NSCP 2015 Section 419.2.2.1 Modulus of Elasticity, EC, for concrete
shall be permitted to be calculated as (a) or (b):

a. For values of wC between 1440 and 2560 kg/m3

EC = wC 1.5 0.043 √𝑓′𝑐 (in MPa) (419.2.2.1.a)

b. For normal weight concrete

EC = 4700 √𝑓′𝑐 (in MPa) (419.2.2.1.b)

Modulus of elasticity ES for nonprestressed reinforcement may be taken as 200,000 MPa.

 Table 1.2 Values of Modulus of Elasticity for Normal Weight Concrete

f’c (Mpa) Ec (Mpa)

20.7 21,760

24.1 23,503

27.6 25,130

31.0 26,650

34.5 28,030

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Depending on the mix (specially the water-cement ratio) and the time and quality of curing,
compressive strengths of concrete can be obtained up to 97 Mpa or more. Commercial
production of concrete with ordinary aggregates is usually in the 21 to 83 Mpa range with the
most common ranges for cast-in-place buildings from 21 to 41 Mpa. On the other hand,
precast and prestressed applications often expect strengths of 27.6 to 55.1 MPa.

According to NSCP 2015 Section 419.2.1 Specified Compressive Strength under Concrete
Design Properties states that the value of 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 shall be specified in construction documents
and shall be in accordance with (a) through (c):

a. Limits in table 419.2.1.1;

b. Durability requirements in table 419.3.2.1;

c. Structural strength requirement

Table 419.2.1.1 Limits for f’c

Application Concrete Minimum f’c, Mpa Maximum f’c, Mpa

General Normal-weight and 17 NONE

lightweight

Special Moment Normal-weight 21 NONE

Frames and Special
Structural Walls Lightweight 21 35(1)
[1] The limit is permitted to be exceeded where demonstrated by experimental evidence that
members made with lightweight concrete provide strength and toughness equal to or
exceeding those of comparable members made with normal weight concrete of the same
strength.

Section 419.2.1.2 states that the specified compressive strength shall be used for
proportioning of concrete mixtures in Section 426.4.3 and for testing and acceptance of
concrete in Section 426.12.3.

In section 419.2.1.3 states that otherwise specified, 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 shall be based on 28-day tests. If
other than 28 days, test age for 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 shall be indicated in the construction documents. The 28-
day compressive strength of concrete can be estimated from the 7-day strength by formula
proposed by W.A. Sater:

S28 = S7 + 2.5√𝑆7 Eq. 1-

Where:

S28= 28 day compressive strength, MPa

S7 = 7 day compressive strength, MPa

Concrete strength may increase significantly after 28 days, particularly when cement is mixed
with fly ash. The stress-strain diagram for concrete of a specified compressive strength is
curved line as in Figure 1.1. Maximum Stress is reached at a strain of 0.002 mm/mm, after
which curve descend.

WATER-CEMENT RATIO

Concrete strength is influenced chiefly by the water-cement ration; the higher this ratio, the
lower the strength. In fact, the relationship is approximately linear when expressed in terms
of C/W, the ration of cement to water by weight. For a workable mix, without the use of
water reducing admixtures

PROPORTIONING BY WATER-CEMENT RATIO

With the absence of any required data, concrete proportions shall be based on water cement
ratio limits in Table 1.3, if approved by the engineer. Proportioning by Water-
Cement Ratio.
METAL REINFORCEMENT

Metal reinforcement in concrete shall be deformed, except that plain reinforcement be

permitted for spiral or tendons; and reinforcement consisting of structural steel, steel pipe, or
steel tubing. Reinforcing bars to be welded shall be indicated on the drawing and welding
procedure to be used shall be specified. PNS reinforcing necessary to conform to welding
procedures specified in “Structural Welding Code – Reinforcing Steel” (PNS/AWS D 1.4) of
the American Welding Society and/or Welding of Reinforcing Bars (PNS / A5-1554) of the
Philippines National Standard.

PLAIN REINFORCEMENT

Plain bars for spiral reinforcement shall conform to the specification listed in Section
5.3.5.3.1 of NSCP. For wire with specified yield strength fy exceeding 415 Mpa, fy shall be
the stress corresponding to a strain of 0.35 percent if the yield strength specified in the design
exceed 415 Mpa

Weight, Area, and Perimeter of Individual Bars

PLAIN BARS

As opposed to other types, these bars do not have ribs on its surface. It is commonly used for
small projects with a tight budget since they’re cheaper to come by yet do not bond well with
concrete. Its tensile strength is
about 40,000 psi.
DEFORMED BARS

TYPES OF DEFORMED BARS

Hot Rolled Deformed Bars

These are the most popular bars used for reinforced cement concrete (RCC) structures. It is
well-known for its distinct deformations (also known as ribs) that helps adhere to the
concrete. It has a tensile
strength of 60,000 psi.

COLD WORKED STEEL BARS

These bars look similar to hot rolled deformed bars,

although it is worked by rolling the steel at room
temperature. Due to its working, these bars are less
pliable and work best to improve straightness and low-tolerance projects. It has a tensile
strength of 60,000 psi.

PRESTRESSING STEEL BARS

These bars are composed of multiple wires (called tendons) ranging from 2 to 7 strands. It is
best known for its versatile composition and impressive tensile strength. This material is
often paired with prestressed concrete found in bridges and concrete slabs in buildings. It has
a tensile strength of around 250,000 to 270,000 psi.
425.2 MINIMUM SPACING OF REINFORCEMENT

425.2.1 For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement in a horizontal layer, clear

spacing shall be at least the greatest of 50 mm, db and (4/3)dagg.

425.2.2 For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement placed in two or more

horizontal layers, reinforcement in the upper layers shall be placed directly
above reinforcement in the bottom layers of at least 25 mm.

425.2.3 For longitudinal reinforcement in columns, pedestals, struts, and

boundary elements in walls, clear spacing between bars shall be at least the
greatest of 40 mm, 1.5db, and (4/3)dagg.

425.6 BUNDLED REINFORCEMENT

425.6.1 NON-PRESTRESSED REINFORCEMENT

425.6.1.1 Groups pf parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as a

unit shall be limited to four in any one bundle.

425.6.1.2 Bundled bars shall be enclosed within transverse reinforcement.

Bundles bars in compression members shall be enclosed by transverse
reinforcement at least 12 mm (phi) in size.

425.6.1.3 Bars larger than a 36 mm (phi) shall not be bundled in beams

425.6.1.4 Individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of
flexural members shall terminate at different points with at least 40 db
stagger.

425.6.1.5 Development length for individual bars within a bundle, in tension

or compression, shall be that of the individual bar, increased 20 percent for a
three-bar bundle, and 33 percent for a four-bar bundle.

425.6.1.6 A unit of bundled bars shall be treated as a single bar with an area
equivalent to that of the bundle and a centroid coinciding with that of the
bundle. The diameter of the equivalent bar shall be used for db in (a) through
(e):

a. Spacing limitations based on db;

b. Cover requirements based on db;

c. Spacing and cover values in Section 425.4.2.2;

d. Confinement term in Section 425.4.2.3;

e. Ψe factor in Section 425.4.2.4.

425.6 BUNDLED REINFORCEMENT

425.6.1 NON-PRESTRESSED REINFORCEMENT

425.6.1.1 Groups pf parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as a unit shall be limited to
four in any one bundle.
425.6.1.2 Bundled bars shall be enclosed within transverse reinforcement. Bundles bars in
compression members shall be enclosed by transverse reinforcement at least 12 mm(phi) in size.

425.6.1.3 Bars larger than a 36 mm(phi) shall not be bundled in beams

425.6.1.4 Individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members shall
terminate at different points with at least 40 d b stagger.

425.6.1.5 Development length for individual bars within a bundle, in tension or compression, shall
be that of the individual bar, increased 20 percent for a three-bar bundle, and 33 percent for a four-bar
bundle.

425.6.1.6 A unit of bundled bars shall be treated as a single bar with an area equivalent to that of
the bundle and a centroid coinciding with that of the bundle. The diameter of the equivalent bar shall
be used for db in (a) through (e):

a. Spacing limitations based on db;

b. Cover requirements based on db;

c. Spacing and cover values in Section 425.4.2.2;

d. Confinement term in Section 425.4.2.3;

e. Ψe factor in Section 425.4.2.4.

420.6.1.3.2 Cast-in-place prestressed concrete members shall have specified concrete cover for
reinforcement, ducts and end fittings at least that given in Table 420.6.1.3.2

420.6.1.3.3 Precast non-prestressed or prestressed concrete members manufactured under plant

conditions shall have specified concrete cover for reinforcement, ducts, and end fittings at least that
given in Table 420.6.1.3.3
420.6.1.3.4 For bundled bars, specified concrete cover shall be at least the smaller of (a) and (b):

a. The equivalent diameter of the bundle;

b. 50 mm

and for concrete cast against and permanently in contact with ground, the specified cover shall be 75
mm

420.6.1.3.5 For headed shear stud reinforcement, specified concrete cover for the heads or base rails
shall be at least that required for the reinforcement in the member.

420.6.1.4 SPECIFIED CONCRETE COVER REQUIREMENTS FOR CORROSIVE

ENVIRONMENTS

420.6.1.4.1 In corrosive environments or other severe exposure conditions, the specified concrete
cover shall be increased as deemed necessary. The applicable requirements for concrete based on
exposure categories in Section 419.3 shall be satisfied, or other protection shall be provided.
420.6.1.4.2 For prestressed concrete members classified as Class T or C in Section 424.5.2 and
exposed to corrosive environments or other severe exposure categories such as those given in Section
419.3, the specified concrete cover for prestressed reinforcement shall be at least 1.5 times the cover
in Section 420.6.1.3.2 for cast-in-place members and in Section 420.6.1.3.3 for precast members.

420.6.1.4.3 If the pre-compressed tensile zone is not in tension under sustained loads, Section
420.6.1.4.2 need to be satisfied

STANDARD HOOKS: CHAPTER 4 SECTION 425

425.3 Standard Hooks, Seismic Hooks, Crossties, and Minimum Inside Bend
Diameters.

425.3.1 Standard Hooks for development of deformed bars in tension shall conform to
Table 425.3.1

Table 425.3.1

Standard Hook Geometry for Development of Deformed Bars in Tension

Type of Bar Size Minimum Straight Type of standard

Standard inside bend extension hook
Hook diameter in
l ext mm.
mm.

10 mm Ø
through 25
6d b
mm Ø

28 mm Ø
through 36
8d b
mm Ø
90-degree 12d b
hook 40 mm Ø
through 58
10d b
mm Ø

10 mm Ø
through 25
6d b
mm Ø

28 mm Ø
180-degree through 36 Greater of 4d b
8d b
hook mm Ø and 65 mm
 40 mm Ø
through 58
10d b
mm Ø

425.3.2 Minimum inside bend diameter for bars used as transverse reinforcement and
standard hooks for bars used to anchor stirrups, ties, hoops, and spirals shall conform to Table
425.3.2. Standard hooks shall enclose longitudinal reinforcement.

Table 425.3.2

Minimum Inside Bend Diameters and Standard Hook Geometry for Stirrups, Ties, and Hoops

Type of Bar Size Minimum Straight Type of standard hook

Standard inside bend extension
Hook diameter in
l ext mm.
mm.

10 mm Ø Greater of 46
through 16 d b and 75
4d b
mm Ø mm
90-degree
hook 20 mm Ø
through 25
6d b 12d b
mm Ø

10 mm Ø
through 16
4d b
mm Ø
135-degree Greater of 6
20 mm Ø d b and 75
hook
through 25
6d b mm
mm Ø

10 mm Ø
through 16
4d b
mm Ø
180-degree Greater of d b
20 mm Ø
hook and 65 mm
through 25
6d b
mm Ø
*A standard hook for stirrups, ties and hoops includes the specific inside bend diameter and straight
extension length. It shall be permitted to use a longer straight extension at the end of a hook . a longer
extension shall not be considered to increase the anchorage capacity of the hook.

425.3.3 Minimum inside bend diameters for welded wire reinforcement used as
4 d b for deformed wire larger than D6 and 2d b for all other
stirrups or ties shall not be less than
8d 4d
wires. Bends with inside diameter of less than b shall not be less than b from nearest
welded intersection.

425.3.4 Seismic hooks used to anchor stirrups, ties, hoops, and crossties shall be in
accordance with (a) and (b):

a. Minimum bend of 90 degrees for circular hoops and 135 degrees for all other hoops;
b. Hook shall engage longitudinal reinforcement and the extension shall project into the
interior of the stirrup or hoop.

425.3.5 Crossties shall be in accordance with (a) through (e):

a. Crossties shall be continuous between ends.

b. There shall be a seismic hook at one end.
c. There shall be a standard hook at other end with minimum bend of 90 degrees.
d. Hooks shall engage peripheral longitudinal bars;
e. 90-degrees hooks pf two successive crossties engaging the same longitudinal bars
shall be alternated end for end, unless crossties satisfy Section 418.6.4.3 or
425.7.1.6.1

Section 205 LIVE LOADS

205.1 General
Live load shall be the maximum loads expected by the intended use or occupancy
but in no case shall be less than the loads required by this section.

205.2 Critical Distribution of Live Loads

Where structural members are arranged to create continuity members shall be
designed using the loading conditions, which would cause maximum shear and
bending moments. This requirement may be satisfied in accordance with the
provisions of Section 205.3.2 or 205.4.2, where applicable.

205.3 Floor Live Loads

205.3.1 General
Floors shall be designed for the unit live loads as set forth in Table 205-1. These loads
shall be taken as the minimum live loads of horizontal projection to be used in the
 design of buildings for the occupancies listed, and loads at least equal shall be
assumed for uses not listed in this section but that creates or accommodates similar
loadings.
Where it can be determined in designing floors that the actual live load will be
greater than the value shown in Table 205-1, the actual live load shall be used in the
design such buildings or portions thereof. Special provisions shall be made for
machine and apparatus loads.

205.3.2 Distribution of Uniform Floor Loads

Where uniform floor loads are involved, consideration may be limited to full dead
load on all spans in combination with full live load on adjacent spans and alternate
spans.

205.3.3 Concentrated Loads

Floors shall be designed to support safely the uniformly distributed live loads
prescribed in this section or the concentrated load given in Table 205-1 whichever
produces the greatest load effects. Unless otherwise specified the indicated
concentration shall be assumed to be uniformly distributed over an area 750-mm
square and shall be located so as to produce the maximum load effects in the
structural member.
Provision shall be made in areas where vehicles are used or stored for concentrated
loads, L, consisting of two or more loads spaced 1.5m nominally on center without
uniform live loads. Each load shall be 40 percent of the gross weight of the maximum
size vehicle to be accommodated. Parking garages for the storage of private or
pleasure-type motor vehicles with no repair or refueling shall have a floor system
designed for a concentrated load of not less than 9kn acting on an area of 0.015 m2
without uniform live loads. The condition of concentrated or uniform live load,
combined in accordance with Section 203.3 or 203.4 as appropriate, producing the
greatest stresses shall govern.

205.3.4 Special Loads

Provision shall be made for the special vertical and lateral loads as set forth in Table
205-2.

205.4 Roof Live Loads

205.4.1 General
Roofs shall be designed for the unit live loads, Lr, set forth in Table 205-3. The live
loads shall be assumed to act vertically upon the area projected on a horizontal
plane.

205.4.2 Distribution of Loads

 Where uniform roof loads are involved in the design of structural members arranged
to create continuity, consideration may be limited to full dead loads on all spans in
combination with full roof live loads on adjacent spans and on alternate spans.

Exception:
Alternate span loading need not be considered where the uniform roof live load is 1.0
kPa or more.

For those conditions where light-gage metal preformed structural sheets serve as
the support and finish of roofs, roof structural members arranged to create
continuity shall be considered adequate if designed for full dead loads on all spans in
combination with the most critical one of the following superimposed loads:
1. The uniform roof live load, Lr, set forth in Table 205-3 on all spans.
2. A concentrated gravity load, Lr, of 9 kN placed on any span supporting a tributary
area greater than 18 m2 to create maximum stresses in the member, whenever
this loading creates greater stresses than those caused by the uniform live load.
The concentrated load shall be placed on the member over a length of0.75 m
along the span. The concentrated load need not be applied to more than one
span simultaneously.
3. Water accumulation as prescribed in Section 206.7.

205.4.3 Unbalanced Loading

Unbalanced loads shall be used where such loading will result in larger members or
connections. Trusses and arches shall be designed to resist the stresses caused by
unit live loads on one-half of the span if such loading results in reverse stresses, or
stresses greater in any portion than the stresses produced by the required unit live
load on the entire span. For roofs whose structures are composed of a stressed shell,
framed or solid, wherein stresses caused by any point loading are distributed
throughout the area of the shell, the requirements for unbalanced unit live load
design may be reduced 50 percent.
205.4.4 Special Roof Loads
Roofs to be used for special purposes shall be designed for appropriate loads as
approved by the building official. Greenhouse roof bars, purlins and rafters shall be
designed to carry a 0.45 kN concentrated load, Lr, in addition to the uniform live
load.

205.5 Reduction of Live Loads

The design live load determined using the unit live loads as set forth in Table 205-1
for floors and Table 205-3, Method 2, for roofs may be reduced on any member
supporting more than 15 m2, including flat slabs, except for floors in places of public
assembly and for live loads greater than 4.8 kPa, in accordance with the following
equation:
R = r (A - 15) (205-1)
The reduction shall not exceed 40 percent for members receiving load from one level
only, 60 percent for other members or R, as determined by the following equation:
R = 23.1(1 + D/L) (205-2)
Where:
A = area of floor or roof supported by the member, m2
D = dead load per square meter of area supported by the member, kPa
L = unit live load per square meter of area supported by the member, kPa
R = reduction in percentage,
r = rate of reduction equal to 0.08 for floors. See Table 205-3 for roofs

For storage loads exceeding 4.8 kPa, no reduction shall be made, except that design
live loads on columns may be reduced 20 percent. The live load reduction shall not
exceed 40 percent in garages for the storage of private pleasure cars having a
capacity of not more than nine passengers per vehicle.
2-20 CHAPTER 2 - Minimum Design Loads

205.6 Alternate Floor Live Load Reduction

As an alternate to Equation 205-1, the unit live loads set forth in Table 205-1 may be
reduced in accordance with Equation 205-3 on any member, including flat slabs, having an
influence area of 40 m2 or more.
L=Lo ¿]
Where:
A = influence area, m2
L = reduced design live load per square meter of area supported by the member
Lo = unreduced design live load per square meter of area supported by the member
(Table 205-1)

The influence area A I is four times the tributary area for a column, two times the tributary
area for a beam, equal to the panel area for a two-way slab, and equal to the product of the
span and the full flange width for a precast T-beam.
The reduced live load shall not be less than 50 percent of the unit live load Lo for members
receiving load from one level only, nor less than 40 percent of the unit live load Lo for other
members.

Table 205-3 Minimum Roof Live Loads

Method I Method 2
2
Tributary Area m Rate of Maximum
ROOF SLOPE 0 to 20 20 to 60 Over 60 Uniform Reduction, Reduction
Load2 (percentage)
Uniform Load (kPa) (kPa)

l. Flat 3 or rise less than I-unit vertical in

3-unit horizontal (33.3% slope). Arch
1.00 0.75 0.60 1 .00 0.08 40
and dome with rise less than 1/8 of
span.
2. Rise I-unit vertical to less than 3-unit
vertical in 3-unit horizontal (33.3% to
less than 100% slope). Arch and dome 0.75 0.70 0.60 0.75 0.06 25
with rise 1/8 of span to less than 3/8 of
span.
3. Rise I-unit vertical in I-unit horizontal
(100% slope) and greater. Arch or 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
dome with rise 3/8 of span or greater.
No reduction permitted
4. Awnings except cloth covered. 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25

5. Greenhouses, lath houses and

0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
agricultural buildings.

1. For special-purpose roofs, see Section 205.4.4.

2. See Sections 205.5 and 205.6for live-load reductions. The rate of reduction r in Equation
205-1 shall be as indicated in the table. The maximum reduction, R, shall not exceed the
value indicated in the table.
3. A flat roof is any roof with a slope less than I-unit vertical in 48-unit horizontal (2% slope).
The live load for flat roofs is in addition to the ponding load required by Section 206.7.
 4. See definition in Section 202.
5. See Section 205.4.4for concentrated load requirements for greenhouse roof members.

Table 205-1 Minimum Uniform and Concentrated Live Loads

UNIFORM CONCENTRATED
USE OF OCCUPANCY
LOADⁱ LOAD

Category Description kPa kN

I. Access Floor Office Use 2.4 9.0²

Systems Computer Use 4.8 9.0²

2. Armories -- 7.2 0

Fixed Seats 2.9 0

3. Theaters, Movable Seats 4.8 0

Assembly Areas³,
And Auditoriums Lobbies And Platforms 4.8 0

Stage Areas 7.2 0

4. Bowling Alleys,
Poolrooms, And -- 3.6 0
Similar Recreational

5. Catwalk for
-- 1.9 1.3
Maintenance Access

6. Cornices and
-- 3.6⁴ 0
Marquees

7. Dining Rooms and

-- 4.8 0
Restaurants

8. Exit Facilities⁵ -- 4.8 0⁶

General Storage and/or Repair 4.8 --⁷

9. Parking Garages Public Parking and Ramps 4.8 --⁷

and Ramps
Private (Residential) or Pleasure-
2.4 --⁷
Type Motor Vehicle Storage

Wards And Rooms 1.9 4.5²

Laboratories And Operating

I 0. Hospitals 2.9 4.5²
Rooms

Corridors Above Ground Floor 3.8 4.5

 Reading Rooms 2.9 4.5²

11. Libraries Stack Rooms 7.2 4.5²

Corridors Above Ground Floor 3.8 4.5

Light 6.0 9.0²

Heavy 12.0 13.4²

12. Manufacturing
Building Corridors Above Ground
3.8 9.0
Floor

Call centers and business 2.9 9.0

processing offices
13. Office
Lobbies and ground floor corridors 4.8 9.0

Other offices 2.4 9.02

Press Rooms 7.2 11.02

14. Printing Plants Composing and linotype rooms 4.8 9.02

Basic floor area 1.9 06

15. Residential8 Exterior balconies 2.94 0

Decks 1.94 0

Storage 1.9 0

16. Restrooms9 - - -

17. Reviewing
stands, grandstands,
bleachers, and
folding and - 4.8 0
telescoping seating

18. Roof Decks Same as area served or occupancy - -

Classrooms 1.9 4.52

19. Schools Corridors above ground 3.8 4.5

Ground floor corridors 4.8 4.5

20. Sidewalks and Public access 12.0 -7

Driveways

21. Storage Light 6.0 -

 Heavy 12.0 -

22. Stores Retail 4.8 4.52

Wholesale 6.0 13.42

Pedestrian Bridges - 4.8 -

and walkways

Table 1.10: Special Loads (NSCP)

USE Vertica
Lateral
l
Load
Load
Category Description
Pa
Pa

Construction, public access at the site

1 Walkway, Canopy 7,200
(Live Load)

Grandstands, reviewing stands and

2 Seats and footboard 1,750
bleacher (live load)

Gridirons & fly galleries 3,600

Loft block wells 3,650 3,650

Head block wells &

3 Stage accessories 3,650 3,650
sheave beams

4 Ceiling framing Over Stages 1,000

All uses except over stage 500

Table 1.10: Special Loads (NSCP)

USE Vertical Lateral

Category Description Load Load

Pa Pa

5 Partition & 250

Interior Walls

6 Elevator & 2
dumbwaiter
By total loads
(Dead load &
 Live load)

7 Mechanical & Total load

Electrical
equipment

8 Cranes (Dead & Total load 1.25 0.10

Live load) including impact
increase By total loads By total loads

Exit Facilities 750

serving an
9 Balcony railings, occupant load
guardrails and greater than 50
handrails
Other 300

10 Storage racks Over 2.4 m Total load

Section 205.3.4 Provision shall be made for the special vertical and lateral
loads as set forth in table 205-2.

TABLE 205-2 SPECIAL LOADS

USE Vertical Load Lateral

Load
Category Description kPa kPa
1. Construction, public access at Walkway 7.2 -
the site (live load) Canopy 7.2 -
2. Grandstands, reviewing stands Seats and 1.75 2 See Note 3
and bleacher, and folding and footboards
telescoping seating (live load)
3. Stage accessories(Live Catwalks 1.9 -
loads)
Follow spot, 2.4 -
projection and
control room
4. Ceiling framing Over Stages 1.0 -
All uses except over 0.5 4 -
stage
5. Partition & Interior Walls - - 0.25
6. Elevators and - 2 * total Load -
dumbwaiters (dead and
live loads)
7. Cranes (dead and live Total load including 1.25 * 0.10 * total
loads) impact increase total load 6
 load 5

8. Exit Facilities serving - 0.75 kN/m 7

an occupant load
greater than 50
Other than exit - 0.30 kN/m 7
facilities
Components - 1.2 8
9. Vehicle Barriers - - 27 kN 9
10. Handrails - See See Note 10
Note 10
11. Storage racks Over 2.4 m high Total See table
Loads 208-
11
13
12. Fire Sprinkler structural - 1.1 kN See Table
Support plus 208-
weight 13
of
water-
filled
pipe 12