Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 32 views

    B.B Immunology For Blood Bank

    Uploaded by

    Abode Alharbi
    This document provides an overview of key concepts in immunology as they relate to blood banking. It discusses the roles of the immune system, classifications of immunity as innate or acquired, antibodies and their classes and functions. It focuses on human antibodies against red blood cell antigens, antigen-antibody reactions including agglutination, and factors that influence immunogenicity and antibody screening in blood banking.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    B.B Immunology For Blood Bank

    Uploaded by

    Abode Alharbi
    32 views26 pages
    This document provides an overview of key concepts in immunology as they relate to blood banking. It discusses the roles of the immune system, classifications of immunity as innate or acquired, antibodies and their classes and functions. It focuses on human antibodies against red blood cell antigens, antigen-antibody reactions including agglutination, and factors that influence immunogenicity and antibody screening in blood banking.

    Original Title

    (2) B.B Immunology for Blood Bank

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document provides an overview of key concepts in immunology as they relate to blood banking. It discusses the roles of the immune system, classifications of immunity as innate or acquired, antibodies and their classes and functions. It focuses on human antibodies against red blood cell antigens, antigen-antibody reactions including agglutination, and factors that influence immunogenicity and antibody screening in blood banking.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    32 views26 pages

    B.B Immunology For Blood Bank

    Uploaded by

    Abode Alharbi
    This document provides an overview of key concepts in immunology as they relate to blood banking. It discusses the roles of the immune system, classifications of immunity as innate or acquired, antibodies and their classes and functions. It focuses on human antibodies against red blood cell antigens, antigen-antibody reactions including agglutination, and factors that influence immunogenicity and antibody screening in blood banking.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 26

    L (2)

    IMMUNOLOGY
    In BLOOD BANK
    By
    Yasser Hassanein,
    D.H.Sc., M.Sc.,
    MLS(ASCP)CM
    Hematology Consultant
    Immune System Roles

    • Provide defense mechanism which protects the


    body against foreign substances
    • Identify and destroy foreign or abnormal cells
    • Discriminates self from non-self
    Innate Immunity

    • Primary line of defense


    • Same mechanisms against every stimulus
    • Exists from birth
    Immunity Classifications

    • Which of these are examples of innate (or


    natural) immunity?
    – Skin
    – IgG class antibody
    – Mucosal membranes
    – C-reactive protein
    – T memory cells
    Acquired Immunity

    • Adaptive immunity
    • Acquired by contact with specific invader
    • Ag: Ab reactions
    • Memory: improves response upon successive
    exposures
    Antibodies

    • Main focus of blood banking


    • Antibodies are large protein molecules found in
    the ‘globulin’ portion of plasma or serum (aka
    immunoglobulins)
    • Bind to foreign substances (‘antigen’)
    • Specificity
    • Nomenclature: anti-xx
    Classes of Immunoglobulins
    Blood Bank Focus

    • Human antibodies against RBC antigens


    • Usually class IgG or IgM
    • Antibodies to different individuals of same
    species are alloantibodies
    • Antibodies against “self” are autoantibodies
    Primary Immune Response

    First Ig class:
    Primary IgM activate complement, consider best
    complement activator and immediate lysis.
    Secondary Immune Response

    • IgG : Called Anamnestic response (Secondary


    response)
    • ( slower in activating complement)
    Subclasses of IgG

    • IgG1
    • IgG2
    • IgG3
    • IgG4
    • IgG1 and IgG3 are associated with greatest
    RBC destruction
    Antigens

    • ‘Immunogen’ – initiates an immune response


    • ‘Antigen’ – initiates production of and reacts
    with an antibody
    Immunogenicity of Antigens

    • A.k.a., ‘antigenicity’
    • Influenced by host factors and antigen
    characteristics
    Host Factors

    • Which of these factors determine an individual’s


    response to outside stimulus?
    – Nutritional status
    – Hormones
    – Genetic makeup
    – Age
    – Race
    Antigen:Antibody Reactions

    • Hemagglutination/hemolysis
    • Agglutination occurs in 2 stages
    Agglutination – Stage 1

    • (1) Sensitization:
    • Antibody binding occurs
    • Ag:Ab held together by non-covalent forces
    Agglutination – Stage 2

    • (2) Agglutination:
    • Bridge is formed and visible agglutination or
    hemolysis present
    IgM Antibodies

    • ‘Saline agglutinates’
    • ‘Cold reacting’
    • NOT usually ‘clinically significant’
    Naturally Occurring Antibodies

    • Not the result of sensitization


    • Usually IgM
    • Optimal temperature: < RT
    • Usually not clinically significant
    IgG Antibodies

    • ‘Warm reacting’
    • Need help to visualize agglutination
    • Usually ‘clinically significant’
    Immune Mediated Antibodies

    • Result of exposure; transfusion or pregnancy


    • Usually IgG
    • Optimal temperature: ~37oC (warm reactive)
    • Usually clinically significant
    Repulsion (‫) تنافر‬of RBCs et
    et
    • RBCs normally repel each other due to excess
    electronegative surface charge. This
    phenomenon is called:
    – Zeta potential
    T
    oi
    Zeta Potential

    • The deference in charge between the negative


    charge RBC’s surface and the positive ions
    surrounding RBC’s.
    • Reduce Zeta Potential allow RBC’s to move
    closer
    Ways to Enhance Agglutination
    Reduce zeta potential
    • Temperature
    • pH
    • Proteolytic enzymes
    • Chemically modified IgG
    • Ag:ab ratio
    Enhancement Medias PEG
    Albumin
    Liss
    • (1) PEG: polyethylene glycol Enzymes
    • (2) Albumin: 22% bovine serum albumin
    decrease negatively charge allow RBC’s to get
    closer
    • (3) LISS: low ionic strength solution reduce
    incubation time and allow Ag Ab to get together
    • (4) Enzymes: ex. Ficin and papain reduce RBC’s
    surface charge
    Homozygous vs. Heterozygous
    ‫ما هي ال‬
    dosage

    • ‘Dosage’
    • Homozygous (XY) cells have “double dose” of antigen
    – more binding sites, more reaction you can cross it out
    • Heterozygous (xx) cells have less sites and may have
    weaker reactions, you can not cross it out.
    • So, dosage is a word describes a significant difference
    in antibody reaction strength depend of the amount of
    antigen present on RBC’s

    You might also like