SHS

GENERAL PHYSICS 2
Quarter 3 - Module 5B:
Electricity
General Physics 2

Grade 11/12 Quarter 3 - Module 5B: Electricity

First Edition, 2021

Copyright © 2020
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form
without written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: FRANKLIN L. PADILLA, MT-II

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team

Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II

Management Team:

Atty. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent

Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, PhD

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

German E. Flora, PhD, CID Chief

Virgilio C. Boado, PhD, EPS in Charge of LRMS

Rominel S. Sobremonte, Ed.D., EPS in Charge of Science

Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II

Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II

 Target

What would your life be like without electricity? Can you imagine a modern
home without electric lights and appliances? How do you feel when, for one reason
or another, you suddenly lose your electricity during a brownout? How does your
mother react about all the frozen food when there is a long power interruption?

Electricity is useful because it is easily transformed into other form of energy.

It can give us light and heat. It makes motors run and produce mechanical energy.
It can have changed to sound energy in radios and stereos.

Electricity has become so important in our daily lives that ways and means to
produce it in great quantities have been devised. Huge dams and other power supply
projects including geothermal power plants have been undertaken by the government
and some private enterprises to keep us supplied with electricity.

Electricity supplies the energy needed to operate your household appliances,

calculator and radio. You know that electrons at rest produce static electricity.
However, electrons are called Electric Current.

After studying this Self-Learning Module in General Physics 2, you are

expected to:
a. Distinguish between conventional current and electron flow
(STEM_GP12EMIIId-32);
b. Apply the relationship charge = current x time to new situations or to solve
related problems (STEM_GP12EMIIId-33);
c. Describe the effect of temperature increase on the resistance of a metallic
conductor (STEM_GP12EMIIId-35);
d. Describe the ability of a material to conduct current in terms of resistivity and
conductivity (STEM_GP12EMIIId-36);
e. Apply the relationship of the proportionality between resistance and the length
and crosssectional area of a wire to solve problems (STEM_GP12EMIIId-37);
f. Differentiate ohmic and non-ohmic materials in terms of their I-V curves
(STEM_GP12EMIIId-38); and
g. Differentiate emf of a source and potential difference (PD) across a circuit
(STEM_GP12EMIIId-40)

Before going on, check how much you know about this topic. Answer
the pretest on the next page in a separate sheet of paper.
 LESSON
Current, Conventional Current
1 and Electron Flow

Jumpstart

For you to understand the lesson well, do the following activities.

Have fun and good luck!

Activity 1: UNSCRAMBLE ME!

Directions: Unscramble the following letters to identify the concept being described.
Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.

SCRAMBLED LETTERS DESCRIPTION ANSWER

It is the flow of charge
TUCRREN
(electrons)
It is anything that keeps
SISTANCERE
the current from flowing
MPEREA The unit of current
the complete path of
ITCCUIR
electrical energy
Substances that allow the
NDURSCOCTO
passage of charges
OENLNACONVTI
Assumes that current
TUCRREN flows out of the positive
terminal
OWFL
It is what actually
LRONECTE
happens and electrons
flow out of the negative
LOWF
terminal
 Discover

Electric current is the flow of electrons through a complete circuit of

conductors. It is used to power everything from our lights to our trains. Everything
we see is made up of tiny little particle called atoms. The atoms are made of even
smaller parts which are called protons, electrons and neutrons or the sub-atomic
particles. An atom usually has the same number of protons (which have a positive
charge) and electrons (which have a negative charge). Sometimes electrons can be
moved away from their atoms.
Electric current is the movement of electrons through a wire. Electric current
is measured in amperes (amps) and refers to the number of charges that move
through the wire per second.

When current flows, electrical work is done and energy transferred. The
amount of charge passing a point in the circuit can be calculated using the equation:
charge = current × time
𝑄=𝐼𝑥𝑡

This is when:
charge (Q) is measured in coulombs (C)
current (I) is measured in amperes (A)
time (t) is measured in seconds (s)

Electrons are negatively charged particles and they transfer energy through
wires as electricity.
Charge is a property of a body which experiences a force in an electric field.
Charge is measured in coulombs (C).
Since electrons are so small and one electron will not have much of an effect
anywhere, it is more useful to refer to large groups of electrons. One coulomb of
charge is equivalent to 6,250,000,000,000,000,000 electrons.

Example 1:
A current of 1.5 amps (A) flows through a simple electrical circuit. How many
coulombs of charge flow through a point in 60 seconds?

Given: Remember this!

I = 1.5 A
t = 60 s

Unknown:
Q =?

Solution:
Q=Ixt
 = 1.5 A x 60 s

Answer:
Q = 90 C (Coulombs)

In order for a current to flow, the circuit must be closed; in other words, there
must be an uninterrupted path from the power source, through the circuit, then
back to the power source.
Remember that a circuit is the complete path of electrical energy. In the
circuit we have created here with the light bulb, wire and battery, the battery provides
the voltage and the light bulb gives us resistance, by slowing down the flow of charge
and changing it into light. The current flows through the battery, the light bulb and
the wires.
What might happen if we disconnect the battery? The light goes off because
the current has nowhere to flow. This creates what we call an open circuit. It is like
an open circle because there is a break in the line of flow. A closed circuit is like a
closed circle or a completed circle. Current can only travel through a closed circuit.

Figure 1: Image taken from https://www.georgetownisd.org/Page/21329

All circuits need to have three basic elements. These elements are a voltage
source, conductive path and a load. The voltage source, such as a battery, is needed
in order to cause the current to flow through the circuit. In addition, there needs to
be a conductive path that provides a route for the electricity to flow. Finally, a proper
circuit needs a load that consumes the power. The load in the above circuit is the
light bulb.

Conventional Current VS Electron Current Flow

In 1752, prior to electricity being identified with the electron, Benjamin
Franklin chose a convention regarding the direction of current flow. Franklin
assumed that positive charge carriers flowed from positive to negative terminals. We
now know this is incorrect. In metals, the charge carrier is the electron whose charge
is negative by definition (note negative sign): (−1.6 × 10−¹⁹ C).
The flow of electrons is termed electron current. Electrons flow from the
negative terminal to the positive. Conventional current or simply current, behaves
as if positive charge carriers cause current flow. Conventional current flows from
the positive terminal to the negative.
Perhaps the clearest way to think about this is to pretend as if movement of
positive charge carriers constituted current flow.

Figure 2: Conventional Current Flow

Figure 3: Electron Current Flow

It is important to realize that the difference between conventional current flow

and electron flow in no way effects any real-world behavior or computational results.
In general, analyzing an electrical circuit yields results that are independent of the
assumed direction of current flow.
Conventional current flow is the standard that most all of the world follows.
 Explore

Here are some enrichment activities for you to work on to master and
strengthen the basic concepts you have learned from this lesson.

Activity 1: FILL IN THE BLANKS

Directions: Read each statement or question below carefully and fill in the blank(s)
with the correct answer. Choose your answers that are found inside the box. Use a
separate sheet of paper for your answers.

ELECTRIC CURRENT OPEN ELECTRIC

ELECTRIC CHARGES CLOSED ELECTRICITY

1. _____________________ is the movement of electrons from one place to another.

2. An incomplete or broken path for electric current is a/an ________ circuit.
3. A/An ___________________ circuit is a path for electric current to flow.
4. _______________________ are the particles of matter that are positively or
negatively charged.
5. A complete, or unbroken path for electric current is a ______________ circuit.
6. A form of energy produced by the movement of electrons is __________________.

Activity 2: DRAW A DIAGRAM OF AN OPEN AND CLOSED CIRCUIT

Directions: Draw a correct diagram of an open and closed circuit. Use a separate
sheet of paper for your answers.

Closed Circuit Open Circuit

Activity 3: DRAWING THE PATH OF ELECTRONS
Directions: Draw a picture of the circuit. Label the light bulb, switch and battery.
Use arrows to show the true direction the electrons flowed. Use a separate sheet of
paper for your answers.

Activity 4: SOLVE ME!

Direction: Read and analyze the following problems below. Write your answers
correctly. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.
1. A current of one ampere is a flow of charge at the rate of _______ coulomb per
second.
2. When a charge of 8 C flows past any point along a circuit in 2 seconds, the
current is ________ A.
3. If 5 C of charge flows past in 10 seconds, then the current is _________ A.
4. If the current is 2.0 A, then _______ C of charge flow past in 10 seconds.
5. If 12 C of charge flows past point A in 3 seconds, then 8 C of charge will flow
past in ________ seconds.

Great job! You have understood the lesson.

Are you now ready to summarize?

Deepen

At this point you are now ready for your last activity. Remember the things
that you learned in this lesson. Good luck!!!

What you need: Pen and Paper

What to do: Answer the last wave of activities on this part of module. This activity
shall be the basis of how you have learned in this module. Use a separate sheet of
paper for your answers. Good luck!

Enrichment Activity 1
✓ Two people are debating electron flow versus conventional flow. One of them
says that you will get different results predicting polarity of voltage drops in a
resistive circuit depending on which convention you use. The other person
says that the convention for labeling current does not matter at all, and the
 correct polarities will be predicted either way. Which of these two people is
correct? Explain why, and give an example to prove your point.

ANSWER:

Gauge

DIRECTIONS: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. What is the formula for electric current?

A. I = Q.t C. I = t/Q
B. I = Q/t D. I= W.t

2. A current is passed through a conducting wire for 1 min. How much charge
will flow through the wire?
A. 2 C C. 60 C
B. 30 C D. 120 C

3. The SI unit of electric charge is ______.

A. Ampere C. Watt
B. Volt D. Coulomb

4. In schematic diagrams, currents are indicated using arrows. What do the

arrows indicate?
A. The direction of motion of the electrons
B. The direction of the current vector
C. The direction of motion of the charge carriers
D. The direction that positive charge carriers would move

5. Current is a measure of ________.

A. Force that moves a charge past a point
B. Resistance to the movement of a charge past a point
C. Energy used to move a charge past a point
D. Smount of charge that moves past a point per unit time

6. What is the formula to calculate charge?

A. Q=I*t C. Q = V*E
B. Q=I/t D. Q = V/E

7. Which of the following describes current?

 A. Current is a flow of electrical charge: electrons.
B. Current is the capacity of a physical system to do work.
C. The current across an electrical component is the electrical energy
supplied to it per coulomb of charge flowing through it
D. A unit of matter that expresses the extent to which it has more or fewer
electrons than protons.

8. How much charge must pass by a point in 10 s for the current to be 0.50 A?
A. 0.05C C. 20C
B. 5.0C D. 2.0C

9. Materials that cut down or resist the flow of charges are called _________.
A. Conductor C. Resistor
B. Insulator D. Circuit

10. Flow of charges in the direction of electrons is called __________.

A. Conventional Flow C. Current Flow
B. Electron Flow D. Photonic Flow

11. What is current measured in?

A. Ω (Ohms) C. A (Amps)
B. V (Volts) D. W (Watts)

12-15: Draw and label the parts found in a closed Circuit.

 LESSON
Resistance, Resistivity,
3 and Voltage

Jumpstart

For you to understand the lesson well, do the following activities.

Have fun and good luck!

Pretest:

DIRECTIONS: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. What is the unit of electrical resistance?

A. Ampere C. Volts
B. Ohm D. Joule

2. This factor that affects electron flow depends on the thickness, length,
resistivity or kind of a material used.
A. Current C. Resistance
B. Voltage D. Power

3. Which one is a poor conductor of electricity?

A. Human body C. Sea water
B. Dry Wood D. Earth

4. This device is used to measure the resistance of a circuit?

A. Ammeter C. Ohmmeter
B. Voltmeter D. Power meter

5. The amount of charge flowing through a cross-sectional area of a wire per unit
of time is called:
A. Voltage C. Resistance
B. Power D. Work

6. A wire of length L and cross-sectional area A has a resistivity ρ. Which of the

following formulas can be used to calculate the resistance of the wire?
A. A. R = 𝜌𝐿/𝐴 C. C. R = 𝐿/𝜌𝐴
B. R = 𝜌𝐴/𝐿 D. R = 𝐴 /𝜌𝐿
TRUE or FALSE:

7. The resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to its length

8. The cross-sectional area of a conductor is one factor that determines the

conductor's resistance to current.

9. A longer wire has more resistance than a shorter wire. Current must travel
farther through a longer wire, so there are more chances for it to collide with
particles of matter.

10. A cooler wire has less resistance than a warmer wire. Cooler particles have
less kinetic energy, so they move more slowly.

11. The extremely thin wire has more resistance than a wider wire would. This
helps the wire resist electric current and change it to light.

12. All materials have resistance. How much resistance a material has depends
on the type of material, its width, its length, and its temperature.

13. Resistance is a hindrance when a material is being used to transmit electric

current. Resistance is helpful when a material is being used to produce heat
or light.

14. Materials such as plastics have high resistance to electric current. They are
called electric insulators.

15. Electricity flowing through a wire is like water flowing through a hose. More
water can flow through a wide hose than a narrow hose. In a similar way,
more current can flow through a wide wire than a narrow wire.

Activity 1: FACTORS AFFECTING ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE

Objectives
1. Determine how length of a wire affects resistance
2. Determine how the diameter of a wire affects resistance

Materials/Equipment
2 1.5 V dry cells
3 W flashlight bulb
Connecting wires with alligator clip
3 nichrome wires of different length (20 cm, 60 cm, 80 cm)
2 nichrome wires of the same length but different diameter (thin and Thick)

Procedure
1. Make a circuit with one flashlight bulb, two dry cells and connecting wire.
2. Connect the alligator clip to the nichrome wire
 3. Use the 20 cm, 60 cm and 80 cm long wires. Observe and indicate the
brightness of the bulb as bright, brighter, and brightest for each wire
4. Remove and replace the wire again, this time using thin and thick nichrome
wires of the same length
5. Fill out the table provided

Wire Brightness of the Bulb

A. Length
20 cm
60 cm
80 cm
B. Diameter
Thin
Thick

Guide Questions:

1. What happened to the brightness of the bulb as the length of the wire was
increased? What did this indicate about resistance of the circuit?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. What happened to the brightness of the bulb as the diameter or thickness of

the wire was increased? What did this indicate about the resistance of the
circuit?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Application
Why is it important to know the wire gauge in house wiring?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
 Discover

Resistance

Resistance is the opposition a material offers to current. The symbol for

resistance is R. All materials offer some resistance to current but amount of
resistance differs from each other. There are high-resistance and low-resistance
materials. More energy is required to move electrons through high-resistance
materials.

Ohmic and non-Ohmic Material

A resistor is an electrical device that resists current, and the difference

between ohmic and non-ohmic resistors relates to how the resistor reacts to different
types of current that pass through it. In an ohmic resistor, the resistance provided
is the same regardless of the type of current that passes through the device. In a
non-ohmic resistor, the resistance changes depending on the type of current passing
through it.
The designation of ohmic versus non-ohmic involves an electrical law known as
Ohm's Law, which was developed by Georg Ohm. Ohm's law basically says that the
current in a circuit is proportional to the amount of voltage in the circuit. Because
of this proportionality, when voltage and current are plotted on a graph, their
relationship is linear. An ohmic resistor also has this linear relationship if its current
and voltage are graphed, according to the physics Web page for Nayland College.
Non-ohmic resistors, on the other hand, have an irregular graph that is not linear.

It is important to note that the distinction between ohmic and non-ohmic

resistors can be made only when the conditions of the resistor are constant. If
conditions are not constant, then the distinction cannot be made between ohmic and
non-ohmic resistors.
 The unit used to specify the amount of resistance is the ohm. It is represented
by the symbol Ω. The ohm is defined as the amount of resistance that allows 1 A of
current to flow when the voltage is 1 V. It can also be defined as the amount of
resistance of a column of mercury 106.3cm in length, with cross-sectional area of
1 mm2, and at a temperature of 0 oC.
Resistance of an object depends on the following factors discussed below.

LAWS of RESISTANCE
A greater electrical pressure or emf will increase the current flowing through a
conductor. This is true only if the conductor is made of the same material, of the
same length, of the same diameter, and if the temperature remains constant. These
four factors affect the amount of current that flows through the conducting wire.
With the same potential difference (voltage), current may increase or decrease
depending on which of the factors varies.
1. Law of lengths. The current flowing through a wire will be reduced if the
wire were made longer, using the same power source. This has been proven
through experiments. The results of such experiments enable us to state
that resistance of a uniform conductor is directly proportional to its length,
R ∞ l or
R1 l1
=
R2 l2

where R is the resistance in ohms and l is the length of the conductor in

centimeters. Remember! Never equate resistance with resistivity. Resistance
is the opposition offered by any object to the passage of an electric current
through it.
2. Law of Diameters. The resistance of a conductor is inversely proportional
to the square of its diameter or its cross-sectional area; that is R ∞ 1/d2, or
R ∞ 1/A, where d is the diameter and A is the area of the wire. Therefore,
R1 d22
=
R2 d12

Sample Problem

An iron wire with a diameter of 0.80 mm will have a resistance of 0.4 Ω. What
resistance will the iron wire of 0.40 mm diameter have if it has the same length as
the iron wire?
Given:
R1 = 0.4 Ω
d1 = 0.80 mm
d2 = 0.40 mm

Unknown:
R2 =?

Solution:
 R1 d22
=
R2 d12

0.4 Ω (0.40 mm)2

=
R2 (0.80 mm)2

0.4Ω x 0.64 mm2

R2=
0.16 mm2

Answer:
R2 = 1.60 Ω

3. Law of Nature of the Material. Wires of different materials offer different

amounts of resistance. At the same temperature, copper wire offers only 1/6
the resistance of an iron wire of the same length and diameter. A single wire
of the same size offers even much less resistance. The resistance therefore
of a given conductor depends on the kind of material the conductor was
made. Table 1 below show the list of materials that are considered as good
conductor.

Conductors Poor Conductors Insulators

Earth Dry wood Glass
Moist materials Paper Plastics
Seawater Oil Dry silk
Human body Distilled Water Sealing wax
Metals Porcelain
Paraffin
Mica
Dry air
Rubber
Wool

Table 1. List of Materials as good conductor

This is known as resistivity ρ (rho) of the wire dependent on the material

out of which the wire is made and its temperature. In symbol,

𝝆𝒍
𝑹=
𝑨
Where:

ρ = reistivity in ohm-meters (Ω.m)

l = length of the wire in meters
A = Area of the wire in square meters

Sample problem
 What is the resistance of a silver wire 15 m long at 20oC and whose diameter
is 0.00085m? The resistivity ρ of silver at 20 oC is 1.60x10-8 Ω.m?
Given:
l = 15m
d=0.00085 m
ρ=1.60x10-8 Ω.m

Unknown:
Resistance R

Solution:
𝝆𝒍
𝑹=
𝑨

A=πr2

𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 =
2

0.00085𝑚
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 =
2

r = 0.000425 m

A=3.14 (4.25x10-4m)2
=56.72 x 10-8 m2

(1.60x10-8 Ω.m)(15m)
𝑅= 56.72 x 10-8 m2

Answer:
R = 0.42 Ω

4. Law of temperatures. All substances whether metal or non metal, register

a change in electrical resistance as the temperature changes. In pure metals
and in alloys, the resistance increases significantly as the temperature rises.
Carbon, a semiconductor like silicon, and few electrolytic solutions however
have lower electrical resistance at higher temperature. Special alloys like
constantan and manganin hardly show any increase in resistance even at
high temperatures. The resistance of these special alloys may be considered
as independent of temperature. Over limited temperature range, the
resistance of a metal increases lineary with temperature. That is,

𝑹 = 𝑹𝒐 (𝒍 + 𝜶𝑻)

Where:
Ro = resistance of the metal at 0 oC
α = temperature coefficient of resistance
 T=temperature in oC

Table 2 gives the values for resistivity and temperature coefficient at 0 oC

(Image taken from https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/table-

18-1-resistivity-temperature-coefficients-20-c-resistivity-temperature-coefficient-c-
q33610988)

Voltage

Voltage, which is also known as electromotive force (emf) or potential

difference (PD) is the electric pressure that causes current to flow. Potential difference
is potential energy divided by charge. The potential energy here is the work needed
to move a charged body against the electric force toward or away from another
charged body. If the two bodies have the same charge (e.g. both are positive), work is
needed to move them closer. If the two charge bodies are opposite charge, work is
needed to move them apart. Also, the term “electromotive force” could be misleading;
it is not a force.
The symbol used to represent Voltage is V. The unit of voltage is joule per
coulomb, which is called volts (V).
The relationship between charge, energy and voltage is

𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑊 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝐽
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑉= ; 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑉 =
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑞 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏 𝐶

The concept of grounding appliances, such as washing machines,

transformers, and refrigerators, is applied by connecting them to the ground since
the earth is considered to have zero potential.
Sample problem

In a 1.5 V dry cell, how many joules of work is done by every coulomb of
charge?

Given:
V = 1.5 V
Q = 1C
Unknown:
W =?

Solution:
W = Vq
= (1.5V)(1C)
Answer:
W = 1.5 J

Potential Difference vs. Electromotive Force

The potential difference is defined as the amount of energy used by one
coulomb of charge in moving from one point to the other. It is measured in volts and
represented by the symbol V. The potential difference is measured by the Voltmeter.

The potential difference between the two point charges is expressed by the
formula shown below.
Example – Consider a circuit shown in the figure below.

A 12 volt supply applies across the

resistance of the circuit. The potential
difference between any two points, says A
and B, is the energy used by one coulomb
of charge in moving from one point (A) to
the other (B). Thus, the potential difference
between point A and B is 7 volts.

The electromotive force is the total voltage induces by the source. In other
words, it is the amount of energy supplied by the source to each coulomb of charge.
It is measured in volts and represented by the symbol ε (epsilon).

The emf is the maximum voltage that can be attained by the circuit. Naturally,
it is generated when the fluctuation occurs in the magnetic field. The emf is expressed
by the formula shown below

The electromotive force is the type of energy which forces a unit positive charge
to move from the positive to the negative terminal of the source. It separates the two
charges from each other.

Example – Consider a circuit shown in the figure below.

 A battery has an EMF of 12 V; it means that the battery supplies 12 joules of
energy to each coulomb of charge. The charge is travel from the positive terminal to
negative terminal through an external circuit; it gives a whole of the energy

Explore

Here are some enrichment activities for you to work on to master and
strengthen the basic concepts you have learned from this lesson.

Activity 1: WHICH IS WHICH?

Direction: Given that all other factors are equal, the current will be greatest in a
circuit that has ….
a. … a high resistance …………………………………………… a low resistance
b. … wires that are long ………………………………………… wires that are short
c. … wires that are wide ………………………………………….wires that are thin
d. … 12-gauge wires (1/12th inch diameter) or 14-gauge wires (1/14th inch
diameter)
e. … copper wiring ……………………………………………….. silver wiring

Activity 2: PROBLEM SOLVING!

Direction: Solve each problem. Show complete solution in a separate sheet of paper.

1. What is the resistance of a 30 m silver wire with a 2 mm diameter?

2. A carbon wire with a 3 mm diameter has a resistance of 100 ohms. How long
is the wire?
3. A 200 m long aluminum wire has the same resistance and cross-sectional
area as a carbon wire. What is the length of the carbon wire?

4. A wire made of an unknown substance has a resistance of 125 mΩ. The wire
has a length of 1.8 m and a cross-sectional area of 2.35×10-5 m2. What is the
resistivity of the substance from which the wire is made? Give your answer in
scientific notation to one decimal place

5. Differentiate Ohmic from no-Ohmic materials.

6. Differentiate emf of a source and potential difference (PD) across a circuit

Great job! You have understood the lesson.

Are you now ready to summarize?
 Deepen

At this point you are now ready for your last activity. Remember the things
that you learned in this lesson. Good luck!
What you need: Pen and Paper

What to do: Answer the last wave of activities on this part of module. This activity
shall be the basis of how you have learned in this lesson. Good luck!

Enrichment Activity 1

Directions: Solve the following problems below. Show your complete solution. Use
the Rubric as your guide in answering. The rubric shall be used by the teacher in
checking your answer. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer

1. Compute the resistance of a hardened copper rod 2 meters long and 8 mm in

diameter if the resistivity of the material is 1.756 x 10-8 ohm-meters.

2. A 0.500-meter length of wire with a cross-sectional area of 3.14 x 10-6 meters

squared is found to have a resistance of 2.53 x 10-3 ohms. According to the
resistivity chart, from what material is the wire made?

3. The resistance of a uniform copper wire 50.0 meters long and 1.15 mm in
diameter is 0.830 ohms at 20° C. What is the resistivity of the copper at this
temperature?

4. A 200 m long aluminum wire has the same resistance and cross-sectional
area as a carbon wire. What is the length of the carbon wire?
 Rubric for Problem Solving

Criteria &
5 4 3 2 1
Rating
Strategic Approach Valid approach Valid approach Invalid Little or no
Approach (S) chosen is with minor with multiple approach that understanding
clearly shown, errors that errors that demonstrates of how to
clearly written don’t disrupt impede little approach the
& all elements understanding. understanding. understanding problem.
are valid. of the problem.
Physics Appropriate Appropriate Appropriate At least one Little or no
Concepts (P) concepts that concepts that concepts concept understanding
are fully are mostly identified, but identified but of physics
understood understood but not employed unable to concepts.
(symmetries, employed with or understood. demonstrate
conserved errors. understanding.
quantities,
etc.), clearly
stated &
employed
correctly.

Mathematical Correct Correct Correct Can identify at Incorrect

Concepts (M) starting starting starting least one equations;
equations; All equations. All equations. The equation, but demonstrates
mathematical mathematical mathematical unable to little or no
steps are steps are steps are hard apply them. understanding
clearly shown clearly shown to follow and of
and they flow but minor errors begin to mathematical
easily toward errors yield impede concepts
the correct wrong answer. application. involved.
answer.
OR

Correct
starting
equations with
correct final
result but the
mathematical
steps are hard
to follow.

Answer (A) 100% correct Correct answer Incorrect Unable to No answer.

answer – analytically answer, but on reach a correct
analytically (IA), but not the right path. answer on this
(IA) numerically path.
numerically (If (IA).
any) &
conceptually
(IA).
Enrichment Activity 2

Directions: Complete the table below. Use another sheet of paper for your answer.

Laws of Resistance What will happen to the resistance?

1. Law of Length

2. Law of Diameter

3. Law of Nature of the material

4. Law of Temperature
 Gauge

TRUE OR FALSE

Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it gives incorrect
information. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. At constant temperature, the resistance of a conductor changes according to

the applied voltage.

2. The electrical resistance of a wire would be expected to be greater for a longer

wire, less for a wire of larger cross sectional area, and would be expected to
depend upon the material out of which the wire is made.

3. Resistance and resistivity are the same.

4. The resistivity does not depend on the temperature of most metal wires.

5. While maintaining a constant voltage (V), the current (I) increase when the
resistivity ρ of a wire increases.

6. While maintaining a constant voltage (V), the current (I) decrease when the
length (L) of a wire increases.

7. If the voltage across a circuit of constant resistance is doubled, I will decrese.

8. The electromotive force is the total voltage induces by the source. In other
words, it is the amount of energy supplied by the source to each coulomb of
charge.

9. A shorter wire has more resistance than a shorter wire. Current must travel
farther through a longer wire, so there are more chances for it to collide with
particles of matter.

10. A cooler wire has less resistance than a warmer wire. Cooler particles have
less kinetic energy, so they move more slowly.

11. The extremely thick wire has more resistance than a wider wire would. This
helps the wire resist electric current and change it to light.

12. All materials have resistance. How much resistance a material has depends
on the type of material, its width, its length, and its temperature.

13. Resistance is a hindrance when a material is being used to transmit electric

current. Resistance is helpful when a material is being used to produce heat
or light.
14. If the two charge bodies are opposite charge, work is needed to move them
apart.

15. Electricity flowing through a wire is like water flowing through a hose. More
water can flow through a wide hose than a narrow hose. In a similar way,
more current can flow through a wide wire than a narrow wire.
Lesson 2 Lesson 1
Jumpstart Jumpstart
1. B 1. Current
2. C 2. Resistance
3. B 3. Ampere
4. C 4. Circuit
5. C 5. Conductors
6. A 6. Conventional Current Flow
7. T 7. Electron Flow
8. T Explore
9. T Activity 1
10. T 1. Electric Current
11. T 2. Open
12. T 3. Circuit
13. T 4. Electric charges
14. T 5. Close
15. T 6. Electricity
Activity 1 Activity 2
*Answer may vary
Explore
Activity 1
1. A low resistance
2. Wire that are short Activity
3. Wires that are wide
4. Silver wire
Activity 2 Activity 3
1. 0.477 ohms
2. 20.2 m
3. 0.16 m
4. 1.6 x 10 -6 ohm-meter
5 and 6 – answers may vary
Deepen
1. 6.19 x 10-4 ohm-meter
2. 1.6 x 10 -8 ohm-meter-Silver
3. 1.726 x 10 -8 ohm-meter
4. 3.195 ohms Activity 4
Gauge 1. 1C
1. T 14. T 2. 4A
2. T 15. T 3. 0.5A
3. T 4. 20C
4. T 5. 2s
5. T Deepen
6. T *Answer may Vary
7. F Gauge 12-15
8. T 1. B 8. B
9. F 2. D 9. C
10. T 3. D 10. B
11. F 4. A 11. C
12. T 5. D
13. T 6. A
14. 7.
Key to Answers
References

Printed Materials

K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum Senior high school – Science, Technology,

Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) specialized subject. General
Physics 1. List of Learning Competencies

General Physics 2. , March 2, 2015 Open Stax College. Vibal Interactive e-Book.
Philippine Edition

Science Learner’s Material, Grade 10. Department of Education. Republic of the

Philippines.K-12 Curriculum

Department of Education, Secondary Education Development and Improvement

Project. Science and Technology. Physics Textbook.. Pasig City,
Philippines PASMEP Teacher Resource Material 12.2

Website

Lesson 1

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/circuits/Lesson-2/Electric-Current
https://www.thomas.k12.ga.us/userfiles/438/Classes/41454/electricy%20stu
dy%20guide%20answer%20key.pdf

http://web.engr.oregonstate.edu/~traylor/ece112/beamer_lectures/elect_flow_
vs_conv_I.pdf
https://www.georgetownisd.org/Page/21329

https://www.teachengineering.org/content/cub_/activities/cub_energy2/cub_e
nergy2_lesson04_activity1_worksheet_new.pdf

Lesson 2
https://commons.deped.gov.ph/K-to-12-MELCS-with-CG-Codes.pdf

https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/choose-true-
false-statement-regarding-resistance-wire-true-false-maintaining-
constant-volt-q26887421

https://www.indiabix.com/electrical-engineering/voltage-current-and-
resistance/104001
https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/state-whether-true-or-falseat-constant-
temperature-the-resistance-of-a-conductor-changes-according-to/
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/worksheets/specific-resistance-of-
conductors/
https://lhsblogs.typepad.com/files/circuit-concept-practice.pdf