MLA 9th Edition Formatting and Style

Guide

Purdue OWL Staff

Brought to you in cooperation with the Purdue Online Writing Lab
 What is MLA?

MLA (Modern Language Association)

Style formatting is often used in
various humanities disciplines.

In addition to the handbook, MLA also

offers The MLA Style Center, a
website that provides additional
instruction and resources for writing
and formatting academic papers.
https://style.mla.org/
 What does MLA regulate?

MLA regulates:
• document format
• in-text citations
• works-cited list
 MLA Update 2016

The 9th edition handbook focuses on clarification, guidance,

and expansion on MLA 8’s introduction of core elements
for Works Cited through calcification and expansion and
meaning of the categories.

The three guiding principles:

1. Cite simple traits shared by most works.

2. Remember that there is more than one way to cite the
same source.
3. Make your documentation useful to readers.
 MLA

• We all have to use the

same format to write
papers & list our sources
at the end of the paper
• MLA Handbook = a set of
rules to do this
 Overview

This presentation will cover:

• How to format a paper in MLA style (9th ed.)

• General guidelines
• First page format
• Section headings

• In-text citations
• Formatting quotations

• Documenting sources in MLA style (9th ed.)

• Core elements
• List of works cited
 Your Instructor Knows
Best

Basic rule for any formatting style:

Always
Follow your instructor’s
guidelines
 Format: General
Guidelines

An MLA Style paper should:

• Be typed on white 8.5“ x 11“ paper
• Double-space everything
• Use 12 pt. Times New Roman (or similar) font
• Leave only one space after punctuation
• Set all margins to 1 inch on all sides
• Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch
 Format: General
Guidelines (cont.)

An MLA Style paper should:

• Have a header with page numbers located in the upper
right-hand corner
• Use italics for titles of container works (e.g., books)
and quotation marks for sources within containers (e.g.,
chapters within books)
• Place endnotes on a separate page before the list of
works cited
 Formatting the 1st Page

The first page of an individually-written MLA Style paper will:

• Have no title page unless it is a group project
– For a group project, list all names of contributors in their own line, followed by
the remainder of the MLA 9 header described below
• Double space everything
• List your name, your instructor's name, the course, and date in the upper left-hand
corner
• Center the paper title (use standard caps but no underlining, italics, quote marks, or
bold typeface)
• Create a header in the upper right corner at half inch from the top and one inch
from the right of the page (list your last name and page number here)
Sample 1st Page
 Formatting Section
Headings

Section Headings are generally optional:

• Headings in an essay should usually be numbered
• Headings should be consistent in grammar and formatting
but, otherwise, are up to you

OR
 Sample Section
Headings

Numbered (all flush left with no Unnumbered (by level):

underlining, bold, or italics):
Example: Example:
1. Soil Conservation Soil Conservation
1.1 Erosion Erosion
1.2 Terracing Terracing
2. Water Conservation abc
3. Energy Conservation def
Soil disappearance. The …
 MLA Citations

•Plagiarism vs. paraphrasing & quoting

•MLA Citations
 What is Plagiarism?

“…Taking and passing off as one’s own

someone else’s work or ideas (from
Latin plagiārius, kidnapper, literary
thief).”
~ Macmillan Dictionary

ANY TIME YOU USE SOMEONE

ELSE'S IDEA, cite it.
This is considered Cheating!
 Already knew that? But…
Did you know this was plagiarism too?

• Keeping any of the same vocabulary without quotations, even

if cited
• Keeping the original order of ideas or sentence structure
without quotations, even if cited (no cutting and pasting and
using synonyms)
• Not using ANY of your own ideas (entire paper is cited)
• Parenthetical citations do not lead to the right source
• Inaccurately paraphrasing or misrepresenting the author’s
intentions
 What’s The Big Deal?
If you plagiarize:

In the “Real World,” if you plagiarize, you may…

• Be expelled from college the first time
• Lose your job
• Be sued by the person whose idea you “borrowed”
Instead of Plagiarizing,
you have 2 choices…
 “Use A Direct Quotation”…
• Use the author’s exact words in
“quotation marks”
• Don’t make ANY changes
• Give the author’s name (Wilson 5)

That tells your teacher, “I did not write this

part. These are someone else’s words.”
…or Paraphrase
• Explain the main ideas
of something you read
• Write completely in
your own words
• Show that you
understand the source
• Cite the source (Wilson
5)
 How do I paraphrase?
First, READ ACTIVELY & TAKE NOTES
• STOP after each paragraph and ask yourself, “What
did I just read?”

• Take notes = Write a list of the main facts.

• Write ONLY things that relate to your topic.

• DON’T use full sentences.

 Then PARAPHRASE

• Put the source away

• Write about what you read in your own
words.
• Pretend you’re explaining to a friend.
• DON’T put anything in your paper that
you don’t understand.
 Then CITE YOUR SOURCES!
• Author and page #:
(Martinez 5)
• For websites, sometimes you don’t have a page
number:
(Martinez)
• Sometimes you don’t have an author either! Use the
page title:
(“Pollution”)
 It looks like this:
Americans throw away too much
trash. For example, we created 245
million tons of trash in 2006 (Parks 7).
Our trash includes things like paper
and food scraps that could be recycled
or composted instead.
 Then Introduce & Explain your
evidence in your own words:
Americans create too much waste each year.
According to the book Garbage and Recycling,
“In 2006, about 245 million tons of trash were
produced in the United States” (Parks 7). If we
keep producing so many tons of trash each year,
we will run out of space in landfills, the places
where we dump our garbage.
 What if I want to use a quotation from a
book or website?

• Put “quotation marks…” around the author’s

words in your paper
• And put a citation after it like this:
“In 2006, about 245 million tons of
trash were produced in the United
States” (Parks 7).
Don’t forget to Cite Your Sources…

Which just means giving credit

to the author and making it easy
for the reader to find the
source.
 “Citing your sources” has 2 parts:

• Parenthetical citations inside the essay: The author and page

number (OR the page title if no author) right after the fact or quote:
Burrowing owls are an endangered species because of their
habitat. “Burrowing owls live in underground dens that are easily
threatened by construction projects” (Miller 55). Even if
construction crews don’t hurt the owls, the birds may still
become too afraid to lay eggs. Burrowing owl populations have
gone down by 45% in the last ten years (“Threatened Bird
Statistics”). Construction companies need to look for burrowing
owls before they start working on a new project.
 “Citing your sources” has 2 parts:
• and a Works Cited list
A page at the
Works Cited end of your
Bily, Cynthia A. The Impact of E-Waste. Chicago:
Greenhaven Press, 2009. Print.
paper listing
Mayo, Katie. Personal interview. 16 Oct. 2012.
each source
“Pollution.” The World Book Encyclopedia. 3rd ed. you used…
2003. Print.
 In-Text Citations: the
Basics

An in-text citation is a brief reference in your text that indicates

the source you consulted.
•It should direct readers to the entry in your works-cited list for that
source.
•It should be unobtrusive: provide the citation information without
interrupting your own text.
•In general, the in-text citation will be the author’s last name (or
abbreviated title) with a page number, enclosed in parentheses.
 Author-Page Style

Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. Oxford UP, 1967.

 Print Source with
Author

For the following print source

Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature,
and Method. U of California P, 1966.

If the essay provides a signal word or phrase—usually the author’s

last name—the citation does not need to also include that
information.
 With Unknown Author

How to cite a work with no known author:

We see so many global warming hotspots in North America
likely because this region has “more readily accessible climatic
data and more comprehensive programs to monitor and study
environmental change…” (“Impact of Global Warming” 6).
 With Unknown Author

When author and title are not enough:

If two or more works by the same author have the same title,
more information is needed to clearly references a specific
item on your works cited in square brackets after the title.

Example: The first illustrated version (Milton, Paradise Lost

[Tonson]) does not name the suspected four illustrators that
contributed.
 With Unknown Author

Corresponding Entry in the List of Works Cited:

“The Impact of Global Warming in North America.” Global

Warming: Early Signs. 1999. Accessed 23 Mar. 2009.

 Other In-Text Citations 1

Authors with Same Last Names

In-text example:
Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer
children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research
outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).
 Other In-Text Citations 2

Work by Multiple Authors

In-text Examples:
Smith et al. argues that tougher gun control is not needed in the United
States (76).

The authors state: “Tighter gun control in the United States erodes Second
Amendment rights” (Smith et al. 76).

A 2016 study suggests that stricter gun control in the United States will
significantly prevent accidental shootings (Strong and Ellis 23).
 Other In-Text Citations 3

Multiple Works by the Same Author

In-text examples:

Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children
(“Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged elsewhere that early exposure
to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development in a
child's second and third year (“Hand-Eye Development” 17).

Visual studies, because it is such a new discipline, may be “too easy” (Elkins,
“Visual Studies” 63).
 Other In-Text Citations 4

Citing Multivolume Works

In-text example:
… as Quintilian wrote in Institutio Oratoria (1: 14-17).

Citing the Bible

In-text example:

Ezekiel saw “what seemed to be four living creatures,” each with the faces of a
man, a lion, an ox, and an eagle (New Jerusalem Bible, Ezek. 1:5-10).
 Other In-Text Citations 5

Citing Indirect Sources

In-text example:
Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as “social service centers,
and they don't do that well” (qtd. in Weisman 259).

Multiple Citations
In-text example:
Romeo and Juliet presents an opposition between two worlds: “the world of
the everyday… and the world of romance.” Although the two lovers are part
of the world of romance, their language of love nevertheless becomes “fully
responsive to the tang of actuality” (Zender 138, 141).
 Other In-Text Citations 6

Works in time-based media

In-text example:

Buffy’s promise that “there’s not going to be any incidents like at my old
school” is obviously not one on which she can follow through (“Hush”
00:03:16-17).

Works-cited entry:

“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance

by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, episode 10, Mutant Enemy, 1999.
 Other In-Text Citations 7

Sources without page numbers

In-text example:
Disability activism should work toward “creating a habitable space for all
beings” (Garland-Thomson).

Corresponding works-cited entry:

Garland-Thomson, Rosemarie. “Habitable Worlds.” Critical Disability

Studies Symposium. Feb. 2016, Purdue University, Indiana.
Address.
 Formatting Short
Quotations (in Prose)

Short prose quotations

In-text example:
According to some, dreams express “profound aspects of personality” (Foulkes
184), though others disagree.

According to Foulkes's study, dreams may express “profound aspects of

personality” (184).

Is it possible that dreams may express “profound aspects of personality”

(Foulkes 184)?
 Formatting Long
Quotations (in Prose)

Quoting more than four lines of prose

In-text example:
Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and dehumanizes him throughout her
narration:
They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in their room, and I
had no more sense, so, I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping it would be
gone on the morrow. By chance, or else attracted by hearing his voice, it
crept to Mr. Earnshaw's door, and there he found it on quitting his chamber.
Inquiries were made as to how it got there; I was obliged to confess, and in
recompense for my cowardice and inhumanity was sent out of the house.
(Bronte 78)
 Formatting Short
Quotations in Poetry

Quoting 1-3 lines of poetry

Examples:

Properzia Rossi tells the statue that it will be a container for her feelings: “The
bright work grows / Beneath my hand, unfolding, as a rose” (lines 31-32).

In “The Thorn,” Wordsworth’s narrator locates feelings of horror in the

landscape: “The little babe was buried there, / Beneath that hill of moss so
fair. // I’ve heard the scarlet moss is red” (stanzas xx-xxi).
 Formatting Long
Quotations in Poetry

• Use block quotations for three or more lines of

poetry.

• If the poem is formatted in an unusual way,

reproduce the unique formatting as accurately as
possible.
Adding/Omitting
Words
 Works Cited: The Basics

Each entry in the list of works cited

is made up of core elements given
in a specific order.
The core elements should be listed
in the order in which they appear
here. Each element is followed by
the punctuation mark shown here.
 Works-cited List:
Author

Author – the primary creator of the work

Begin the entry with the author’s last name, followed by a comma and the
rest of the name, as presented in the work. End this element with a period.

Examples:

Baron, Naomi S. “Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital Communication

Media.” PMLA, vol. 128, no. 1, Jan. 2013, pp. 193-200.

Jacobs, Alan. The Pleasures of Reading in an Age of Distraction. Oxford UP,

2011.
 Works-cited List: Title of
Source

Title of source – the title of the work

Books and websites should be in italics:

Hollmichel, Stefanie. So Many Books. 2003-13, somanybooksblog.com.

Linett, Maren Tova. Modernism, Feminism, and Jewishness. Cambridge UP, 2007.

Periodicals (journal, magazine, newspaper article), television episodes, and songs should
be in quotation marks:

Beyoncé. “Pretty Hurts.” Beyoncé, Parkwood Entertainment,

2013, www.beyonce.com/album/beyonce/?media_view=songs.

Goldman, Anne. “Questions of Transport: Reading Primo Levi Reading Dante.” The
Georgia Review, vol. 64, no. 1, 2010, pp. 69-88.
 Works-cited List: Title of
Container

Title of container – a work that contains another work

Examples:

Bazin, Patrick. “Toward Metareading.” The Future of the Book, edited by Geoffrey
Nunberg, U of California P, 1996, pp. 153-68.

Hollmichel, Stefanie. “The Reading Brain: Differences between Digital and Print.” So
Many Books, 25 Apr. 2013,
somanybooksblog.com/2013/04/25/the-reading-brain-differences-between-digital-
and-print/.

“Under the Gun.” Pretty Little Liars, season 4, episode 6, ABC Family, 16 July 2013.
Hulu, hulu.com/watch/511318.
 Works-cited List: Title of
Container

Title of container
Not a container A container

Blackboard When it links you to another When something, like a lecture,

website is published on it

Amazon When you download an e-book When a customer review is

from it published on the site

Google When it displays snippets of When it publishes an original

text in the results page of a artwork, such as a Google
search Doodle
Facebook When you click on a link (e.g., When a user publishes or
a link to a news story) that comments on a link or post
takes you to another website

Fig. 5.31. MLA, MLA Handbook Ninth Edition, 2021, p. 137

 Works-cited List: Other
Contributors

Contributor – people, groups, or organizations that contribute

without being its primary creator.

Examples:

Chartier, Roger. The Order of Books: Readers, Authors, and Libraries in

Europe between the Fourteenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Translated by
Lydia G. Cochrane, Stanford UP, 1994.

“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by

Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, episode 10, Mutant Enemy, 1999.

Woolf, Virginia. Jacob’s Room. Annotated and with an introduction by Vara

Neverow, Harcourt, Inc., 2008.
 Works-cited List:
Version

Version – notation indicating which of multiple versions of a

work released in multiple forms
If a source is listed as an edition or version of a work, include it in your citation.

Examples:

The Bible. Authorized King James Version, Oxford UP, 1998.

Newcomb, Horace, editor. Television: The Critical View. 7th ed., Oxford UP,
2007.

Scott, Ridley, director. Blade Runner. 1982. Performance by Harrison Ford,

director’s cut, Warner Bros., 1992.
 Works-cited List:
Number
Number – indicates position in sequence

If a source is part of a numbered sequence, such as a multi-volume book, or

journal with both volume and issue numbers, those numbers must be listed in
your citation.

Examples:

Baron, Naomi S. “Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital Communication Media.”

PMLA, vol. 128, no. 1, Jan. 2013, pp. 193-200.

“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah
Michelle Gellar, season 4, episode 10, Mutant Enemy, 1999.

Wellek, René. A History of Modern Criticism, 1750-1950. Vol. 5, Yale UP, 1986.
 Works-cited List:
Publisher
Publisher – primarily responsible entity for producing the work or
making it available to the public.

The publisher produces or distributes the source to the public. If there is more
than one publisher, and they are all are relevant to your research, list them in
your citation, separated by a forward slash (/).

Examples:
Harris, Charles “Teenie.” Woman in a Paisley Shirt behind Counter in Record Store.
Teenie Harris Archive, Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh,
teenie.cmoa.org/interactive/index.html#date08.

Jacobs, Alan. The Pleasures of Reading in an Age of Distraction. Oxford UP, 2011.

Kuzui, Fran Rubel, director. Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Twentieth Century Fox, 1992.
 Works-cited List:
Publication Date

Publication date –tells when the version of work was published

The same source may have been published on more than one date, such as an
online version of an original source. When the source has more than one date,
use the date that is most relevant to your use of it.

Examples:

Belton, John. “Painting by the Numbers: The Digital Intermediate.” Film Quarterly, vol.
61, no. 3, Spring 2008, pp. 58-65.

“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah
Michelle Gellar, season 4, Mutant Enemy, 1999.
 Works-cited List:
Location

Location – specifies work’s location, such as page range

Be as specific as possible in identifying a work’s location.

Examples:

Adiche, Chimamanda Ngozi. “On Monday of Last Week.” The Thing around Your
Neck, Alfred A. Knopf, 2009, pp. 74-94.

Deresiewicz, William. “The Death of the Artist—and the Birth of the Creative
Entrepreneur.” The Atlantic, 28 Dec.
2014, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/01/the-death-of-the-artist-an
d-the-birth-of-the-creative-entrepreneur/383497/. Bearden, Romare. The Train.
1975, Museum of Modern Art, New York.
 Works-cited List:
Optional Elements

Optional elements:

•Date of original publication:

Franklin, Benjamin. “Emigration to America.” 1782. The Faber Book of

America, edited by Christopher Ricks and William L. Vance, Faber and
Faber, 1992, pp. 24-26.

•City of publication:

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. Conversations of Goethe with Eckermann

and Soret. Translated by John Oxenford, new ed., London, 1875.
 Works-cited List:
Optional Elements

Optional elements:

•URLs

•DOIs (digital object identifier)

Chan, Evans. “Postmodernism and Hong Kong Cinema.” Postmodern

Culture, vol. 10, no. 3, May 2000. Project Muse, doi:
10.1353/pmc.2000.0021.

•Date of access

“Under the Gun.” Pretty Little Liars, season 4, episode 6, ABC Family, 16
July 2013. Hulu, www.hulu.com/watch/511318. Accessed 23 July
2013.
 Works-cited List:
Optional Elements

Annotated Bibliography
Annotations:
•Are succinct descriptions or evaluations of a source.
•Are at the end of an entry, with a one-inch indentation from where the
entry begins.
•Can be concise phrases or complete sentences, but not exceed a single
paragraph.

Spinoza, Benedict de. Ethnics Proved in Geometrical Order. Edited by

Matthew J. Kisner. Translated by Michael Silverhorne and Matthew J.
Kisner. Cambridge UP, 2018.
A comprehensive work that systemically lays out Spinoza’s
rationalist philosophy, explaining the nature of God, humanity’s
place in the universe, human psychology, our freedom, and the best
ethical life.
How to find citation info on a website
#3: Publisher

#2: Site title

#1: Page title

How to find citation info on a website cont.

• Give the most complete

date that you can.
• Use n.d. if no date.
 Citing A Website
(Web Document or Page from a Website)

“Pluto.” Solar System Exploration. National Aeronautics and Space

Administration, n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012.

<http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Pluto>.
 Where to Go to Get More Help

• Purdue OWL
Purdue University Writing Lab
Heavilon 226
• MLA Tutorials
Web: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/
Phone: (765) 494-3723 • Citation generators
Email: owl@owl.english.purdue.edu like:
-Citation Machine
-Easy Bib
 Resources
• MLA Handbook, 9th Edition
• MLA Style Center
• Purdue Online Writing Lab's MLA page
 Where to Go to Get
More Help

Purdue University Writing Lab

Heavilon 226

Web: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/
Phone: (765) 494-3723
Email: owl@owl.english.purdue.edu
 The End

MLA 9th Edition Formatting Style Guide

Brought to you in cooperation with the Purdue Online Writing Lab