CEFR

LEVEL: B1

FORM 4

english
grammar

KHOR JING YOU (143939)

LAVANIYA A/P RAMACHANDRAN (141758)
KAUSILIYA RAJANAN (142011)
AMIRAH SYAIRAH BINTI ABD RAHMAN (143338)
ANNA MARDEIA BINTI SANUSI (143107)
 table of content
UNIT / THEME FOCUS PAGE
1: AROUND THE REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS 2-7
WORLD
USED TO AND WOULD 8 - 13
(PEOPLE AND
CULTURE) ADVERBS OF MANNER AND COMPARISON 14 - 18

ZERO CONDITIONALS 20 22

FIRST CONDITIONALS 23 24

2: E-MAIL OR SECOND CONDITIONALS 25 27

DIRECT MAIL
READING ACTIVITY 28 31
(SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY) PAST SIMPLE 32

PRESENT PERFECT 33 - 34

PRESENT PERFECT VS. PAST SIMPLE 35 - 36

MODAL VERBS FOR PREDICTION 38 - 44

3.
MODAL VERBS FOR POSSIBILITY 45 - 47
(HEALTH AND
ENVIRONMENT) PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND PRESENT
48 - 54
PERFECT CONTINUOUS

4. INTENSIFIER 56 - 60

SCHOOL, JOB AND

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS 61 - 65
LIFE

(PEOPLE AND
LINKING WORDS 66 - 74
CULTURE)

EI HE .. AND NEI HE ..N 76 - 80

5
WISH + PAST VERB 81 - 86
(CONSUMERISM
AND FINANCIAL)
REPORTED SPEECH 87 - 92

ANSWER SHEETS 93 - 99
 people and culture
00
around the world

REFLEXIVE
PRONOUNS ADVERB OF
MANNER AND
USED TO AND COMPARISON
WOULD

1
 notes

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

Reflexive pronouns are pronouns that end with self (singular) or selves
(plural).
are used when referring to the subject in a sentence.

Subject = Object
For example:

She walked herself to the library. (She walked to school on her own.)

He hurt himself while cutting onions. (She cut his own finger.)

Subject Reflexive
form pronouns
I myself
You yourself
Singular He himself
in the
She talk to herself room.
It itself
You yourselves
Plural They themselves
We ourselves

2
 exercise 1.1.1

Complete the dialogues below with the correct reflexive pronouns.

1
Do you like the The robot is
new robot I amazing. It can
bought you? change
to a car.

2 He travels by
Who is he to
travelling with? Manila for a
business trip.

3
I hurt
What happen while
to your leg? running at the
park.

4 Do you live
No, I don t. She
lives by
with your
at the
grandmother? village.

3
5
You should believe
I don t think I
in .
can finish this
I know you can do
in an hour. this.

6
It is licking
What is that
clean after playing
cat doing?
outside.

7
This painting is Thank you. I drew
so beautiful. it .

4
exercise 1.1.2

Choose the correct reflexive pronouns to complete the sentences.

1. Everyone! The food is ready. Please help .

a. yourself
b. yourselves
c. ourselves

2. We enjoyed at the party.

a. themselves
b. yourselves
c. ourselves

3. Nana and Ali solved the mathematics problem .

a. themselves
b. himself
c. ourselves

4. My family and I are going to build a tree house .

a. yourself
b. themselves
c. ourselves

5. I want all of you to behave .

a. myself
b. yourself
c. yourselves

6. The workers are going on a vacation by .

a. himself
b. themselves
c. ourselves

5
exercise 1.1.3

Fill in the blank with the correct reflexive pronouns.

1. Amir introduces to the whole class.

2. Siera keeps blaming for failing the examination.

3. I do not trust anyone except for .

4. You should experience bungee jumping .

5. The satellite navigation device can find the route .

6. They play the instrument .

7. We compete among in the competition.

8. Ja den and Amy, please clean before going to bed , Aminah

told her children.

9. Raju and I should have gone to the party by .

10. Mei Mei turns into a beautiful lady.

6
exercise 1.1.4

Find 8 mistakes in this diary. Cross out the mistakes and write the correct
answer above the words.
For example:
himself
Amin baked the cookies herself.

TRIP TO THE BEACH

My friends and I took myself to the beach in Langkawi, last

Sunday. There were so many locals and tourists enjoying themselves at

the beach. Calum, one of my friends went swimming by themselves while

Nana and I ent to the caf . Please help o rself ith the food , the

waitress told us as soon as we get to the café. We ate so much that it

feels like our stomachs were going to burst. We went back to the beach

and build the sandcastle ourselves. Laila was busy carrying the pail with

some water himself to build our sandcastle. While digging the sand, I

found a small crab wondering by himself. Before going back home, my

friends bought himself some souvenirs for their family and friends. I got

ourselves a stuffed crab as a memory of the trip. We had so much fun

and I always told myself that I will definitely come again to this beach.

When I reach home I was greeted by my mother who was smiling at me

and she told me, Ne t time bring s along and do not ha e f n b

o rsel es . I nodded and smiled back to her.

7
 notes

used to and would

are used when talking about repeated actions or habits in the past that do not
happen anymore.

I used to go hiking every month b t no I don t an more.

I would go hiking e er month b t no I don t an more.

Both sentences have the same meaning.

Mimi used to have a tricycle when she was young.

Mimi would have a tricycle when she was young.

Would is not suitable in the second sentence as the action had already occurred in
past.

remember you need to

(used to + the base form of a verb) use the base form of a
verb after the words used
I used to take the bus to work. to and would

I used to taking the bus to work.

(would to + the base form of a verb)

I would go fishing every weekend.

I would went fishing every weekend.

8
HOW TO USE THEM? Sometimes used to
and would cannot be
used in the same
sentence.
USED TO

is used with stative verbs such as understand, think, love and feel.

I used to love fishing every weekend.

I would love fishing every weekend.

Would is not used with stative verbs.

is used for actions that happen in a longer period of time.

I used to think of a great idea while drinking coffee this morning.

I used to drink coffee in the morning but now I prefer tea instead.
The first sentence is incorrect as thinking of an idea happens suddenly. The action

might not be repeated.

The second sentence is correct as the action is repeated for certain period of time.

WOULD

is used for actions that happen many times.

When Lisa was a student, she would always sleep late.

Lisa would live in Tokyo before she bought a house in Osaka.

Would cannot be used in this sentence as Lisa only bought the house once. It
does not occurs repeatedly.

is used to talk about temporary events or actions.

My grandmother would sometimes baked cookies for Christmas.

Daniel would often forget the date of his birthday.

Daniel often used to forget the date of his birthday.

9
exercise 1.2.1

Re rite the sentences sing o ld instead of sed to . Write not s itable if the
word cannot be replaced.
Example:
a. He used to play football every evening at the park.
He would play football every evening at the park.

b. Nina used to own a small bakery in her hometown.

Not suitable

1. Aidan used to like eating meat but now he is a vegetarian.

. .
2. Kumar used to have a long hair when he was a student.
. .
3. My father used to tell stories about his childhood memories before going to
bed.
.
4. I used to wait for the ice cream shop to open every day after going back from
school.
. .
5. She used to dance very well before the accident.
. .
6. We used to share our lunch during high school.
. .
7. We used to call each other every night to share our problems.
. .
8. A lot of customers used to eat at this restaurant until they stop selling
seafood.
. .

10
exercise 1.2.2

Fill in the blanks ith sed to or o ld

1. My family and I live in Singapore before moving to Malaysia.

2. We have a small garden at the back of our house.

3. Anika usually bake some cookies for her grandchildren.

4. Dad to work as a waiter when he was young.

5. Every morning I go jogging with my sister.

6. He often walk to school.

7. I never board an airplane as I was scared of height.

8. I to like travelling.

9. Li Wei always drink milk before going to bed.

10. Omar love playing with his toys.

exercise 1.2.3

Complete the paragraph belo ith sed to and o ld .

JESSICA COX

Sometimes we (1) feel hopeless when things does

not turn out like we wanted. However, we should not give
up and always try our best to achieve our goals. Jessica Cox
was born without arms but that did not stop her from achieving
her dream. Jessica s parents ne er anted to make her feel different so

11
they send her to a regular school. She (2) do all of the activities
like other normal children did. She (3) wear a prosthetic arms but she
felt uncomfortable. So she decided to take it off and do things with her legs. She can
drive, pump gas, play piano and insert contact lenses using her feet. When she was a
child, she (4) daydream of being a superwoman on the swings. She is the first
person to become an armless pilot and black-belt in taekwondo. She has proven that
nothing is impossible if you are determined, hardworking and believe in yourself.

J.K. ROWLING

Behind every success, there (5) always be

challenges that need to overcome. J.K Rowling is another
inspiring person that (6) work hard to
achieve her dream. She likes to read book and wanted to be
a writer ever since she was young. She (7) write and tell stories to her
sister. Rabbit is the first book that she wrote when she was 6 years old. She (8)
be an English teacher in Portugal before moving back to the United
Kingdom. She was jobless at that time. She (9) live in a small
flat and (10) go to cafes to write the Harry Potter novel, which is now
become the bestselling novels. She (11) write the novel on a typewriter.
She (12) receive a lot of rejection letters before a small publishing
company agreed to publish her novel. She had won numerous awards and sold a lot
of copies for her Harry Potter novel. Her novels were also adapted to movies. She
inspires and encourages others to never give up in what you are doing to achieve
success in life.

12
exercise 1.2.4

Find the errors and rewrite the correct sentences in the space provided.

1. Nabila used to living with her grandmother before she moved to the city.
Nabila used to live with her grandmother before she moved to the city.

2. Bitto o ld finished his home ork earl before bed b t no he doesn t.

3. I would spent a lot of money for food when I first got my paycheck.

4. Amran used to always bring his children to the beach every weekend.

5. Shasha would like eating cereal with milk at breakfast.

6. I would smoke when I was a teenager, but now I have stop.

7. He used to worked as a waiter before becoming an actor.

8. Gopal would play archery before he injured his hand.

9. Farah would woke up early to watch her favourite show.

10. Jessica used to often play badminton at the park in the evening.

13
 notes

adverb of manner and comparison

What is adverb of manner?

It is used to describe or give more information about verbs or actions.

Tell us how the verb or action is carried out.

She clapped her hand happily. Showing how she clapped her hand.

usually placed after a verb or at the end of a sentence.

Hisham work hard to become a policeman.

Diana did her homework lazily

often formed by adding ly at the end of the adjectives such as bravely, quickly,
slowly, easily, and correctly.

However some adverbs of manner do not change form at all such as hard, fast,
late and wrong.

Kamila will come late to the party.

We can use adverb to
compare between two
or more things.

comparative superlative
is used when comparing between is used to compare a thing or person
two things or actions. with others of the same category.

HOW TO USE THEM?

1# One-syllable adverb
Comparative Superlative
er and est are Faster Fastest
Harder Hardest
added

14
 Comparative is
Earlier than The earliest
followed by than
Higher than The highest
and superlative
begins with the .

2# when the adverbs ends with -ly

Comparative superlative
More and most are more slowly most slowly
more angrily most angrily
used

3# Irregular verbs
Adverb Comparative superlative
Well Better Best
Badly Worse Worst

exercise 1.3.1

Someone left a secret letter to Adverb Man. Help him to solve the mystery.
Circle all of the adverbs in the letter.

Dear Adverb Man,

I am terribly sorry for not being able to meet you in person. I was at the café
waiting for you but I hurriedly went to see my friend when she called me anxiously
asking for help. I immediately drove myself to her house. I was afraid something
bad might happened to her. When I arrived at her house, someone was banging
the door loudly and shouting angrily. I nervously walked to the front door. I
desperately need your help. Please come and see me as fast as you can.

Write the initial word

of the adverb to find
T the clue the sender
left me.

15
exercise 1.3.2

Circle the suitable adverbs to complete the sentences.

1. Aimi speaks Mandarin now than 2 years ago.

a. fluent
b. more fluently
c. most fluent

2. She explained out of all the tutors.

a. clearer
b. more clearly
c. most clearly

3. He pours the water in his glass.

a. more
b. most
c. less

4. He arrived than expected to the meeting.

a. later
b. latest
c. most latest

5. Her sister used to play chess than her.

a. badly
b. worse
c. worst

6. He took the time to complete the task.

a. longer
b. more longer
c. longest

16
exercise 1.3.3

Fill in the blanks with suitable form of adverbs from the words in the brackets.

1. She speaks in the room. (loud)

2. He worked than his friend in completing the project. (hard)

3. He can draw than her brother. (beautiful)

4. I woke up among my family. (early)

5. Mimi finished her food than her brother. (fast)

6. He fights than his opponent. (aggressive)

7. She had the experience last summer. (badly)

8. Mei Lin runs the in the competition. (quick)

9. Jenny sings than the original singer. (well)

10. Ahmad sleeps than his roommate. (sound)

17
exercise 1.3.4

Choose the suitable adverb to complete the sentence. Change the form of the
adverb to comparative or superlative if needed.

slowly safe quiet

noisy hard long

farthest dramatic gracefully

seriously

1. She acts more than the main actress.

2. She can stare than her brother.

3. Jamil talks in the library.

4. Snail moves more than rabbit.

5. The little boy jumps the among the competitors.

6. Her mother handled the situation more than her father.

7. Laila speaks more than her teacher.

8. Farid drives than his grandchild.

9. Gina tries to solve the problem in her classroom.

10. Hanim s teacher dances than her.

18
 UNIT 3:
HEALTH
AND
ENVIRONMENT

AT THE END OF THE UNIT, YOU WILL ABLE TO:

LEARN MORE ABOUT MODAL VERBS FOR PREDICTION

DIFFE E IA E ILL A D G I G
LEARN ABOUT MODAL VERBS FOR POSSIBLITIY
LEARN ABOUT PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
USE AND DIFFERENTIATE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS

37
3.1 What is modal verbs of prediction ?

Verbs that are used to predict future events based

on judgement or present evidence.

Verbs that are used to describe future events:

INFO
CORNER
MODAL VERBS
Used to talk about
possibility, willingness,
ability, certainty and
permission .
Examples of modal verbs:
can, could, will, would,
going to, shall, should

38
 WILL
How can I
SENTENCE FORM use will in a
sentence?

will + infinitive without to

Affirmative I, You, He, She, will work.

It, We, You, They

Negative I, You, He, She, will not

It, We, You, They work.

Question Will I, you, he, she, work?

it, we, you, they

To express willingness
Example:
To express a o The phone is ringing. I
prediction of future will get it.
based on personal
judgement or
When we decide to do
intuition.
something at the
FUNCTION moment of speaking.
Example: Example:
o Tomorrow will be o Would you like
another cold day in
something to drink?
most of the countries. I will have some
orange juice.
o I don t think he will
come tonight.

39
 EXERCISE 3.1.1

Comple e he en ence ing ill + infini i e .

1. I __________ (call) you once I reach the station.

2. Don orr ! I ___________(be) caref l.

3. I promise I _________(write) to you when I reach home.

4. She ___________( not tell) anybody your secret.

5. He __________(send) you an email as soon as he gets the answer from the

teacher.

6. You have a headache. I ______(get) you some medicine.

EXERCISE 3.1.2
Ma ch each en ence i h a f nc ion of ill .

Function of will: 1. A: A promise B: A prediction

C: A decision D: An offer

1. There will be a thunderstorm tonight.

2. He will help you with your homework.

3. My brother will get your car from the workshop.

4. The lawyer will prepare the agreement once the deal is made.

40
 GOING TO
SENTENCE FORM

be + going to + infinitive

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION

I am not I am not Am I
You are You are Are you
not not
He is not Is he
going to He is not going to going to
She is not Is she
eat. She is not eat. eat?
It is not Is it
It is not
We are not Are we
We are not
Are you
You are You are
Are they
not not
They are They are
not not

To express prediction
based on present
evidence
Both will and going to To express a prior plan
can be used to make Example:
prediction if she/he o I am going to have
thinks it will occur in shower.
the future FUNCTION
Example:
o Hurry up! It s getting
o I am going to paint
late. You re going to
my room tomorrow.
missbethe train.

o Look at the black

clouds. It is going to
rain. 41
 EXERCISE 3.1.3

Fill in the blanks using going to and the verbs in the bracket.

1. What ____________ (you/wear) at the party on Saturday?

2. He decided that he ____________ (not/leave) school this summer.

3. Where __________ she __________ (stay)?

4. Helen and Mike _______________ (to spend) their holidays in Paris.

5. _____________ (Are/leave) the house?

EXERCISE 3.1.4

Create q e ion ba ed on he erb gi en ing going o .

Example: He/ trip: Is he going to the trip?

1. You/ the library this weekend.

_____________________________________?

2. He/ bake a cake .

______________________________________?

3. Children/ funfair tomorrow.

______________________________________?

4. Mei Lin/ buy new dress.

______________________________________?

5. She/ miss the bus.

______________________________________?

42
 Are you able to differentiate how to use will and going to ?
Well, if you don t, lets look at this example.

We use both will and going to in predictions about future, but there is a difference.

Going to: Used to describe about

Will: Used to describe about
something in future which we
what we think or believe will
can see as a result of something
happen in future.
in the present.

That boat does not look very Look at the boat! It is going to
safe. It will sink in that heavy sink.
sea.

43
 EXERCISE 3.1.5

Fill in the blanks with suitable modal verbs of prediction.

1. Would you like tea or coffee? I ____________ (to have) coffee.
2. Watch out! You ________________ ( to hurt) yourself.
3. I fi e o clock alread . We ________________ ( o mi ) he rain.
4. Sara ____________(to come) to the party. Oliver __________(be) there as
well.

5. After I graduate, I ______________(to attend) medical school and become

a surgeon.

6. As soon as the weather clears up, we ___________(to walk) down the park
and go jogging.

7. If o don op b ll ing her, I ____________ ( o ell) the headmaster.

8. The damage we do to our environment today___________(to affect) the life
of future generation.
9. Do you want to go shopping with me? I _____________( go) to the
shopping mall downtown.

10. Oh! I e pilled coffee on m hir . J a min e. I ___________( get) a

damp cloth for you.

EXERCISE 3.1.6

Circle the correct answer.

1. That glass is near the edge. I think it (will / is going to) fall.
2. Next month, I (will / am going to) buy a new video game.
3. After work. James and Nicollet ( will / are going to ) watch a new
movie.
4. One of the computers broke down yesterday, so we ( will / are going
to) buy a new one soon.
5. The sky is clear today. It (will/is going to) be a nice day.

44
3.2 What are modal verbs of possibility?

Modal verbs of possibility are used to talk about the possibility

or to express uncertainty in the present and future.
Verbs that are used to describe possibility:

MAY
Might is usually a little sure than may.
Could is normally less sure than may or might.

PRESENT POSSIBILITY

Sentence form:

Example: There is someone at the door. It may be Sarah.

Look at Ahmad! He might be in a hurry to the interview.

Don ea ha f i I co ld be oi ono

Example: They may be having dinner at the moment.

45
PAST POSSIBILITY

Sentence form:

Example: I cannot find my pen. I might have dropped it earlier.

She may have been at the cinema last night.

Peter is late. He might have missed his train.

I cannot find my wallet. You could have left it home.

FUTURE POSSIBILITY

Sentence form:

E am le I ind o ide I ma ain la e on

Chris might come to the open house party next weekend.

That student is really smart. She could be very successful

someday.

46
 EXERCISE 3.2.1
INFO CORNER
Rephrase these sentences using the modal Negative Possibilities

verbs in brackets.
o We can use negative form of
Examples: may not and might not to
Perhaps she is ill. (may) = She may be ill refer to future possibility but
could not is only used when
Perhaps they went out. (might) = They might have gone out. we are certain that something
is impossible in the past.

1. Perhaps you are right. (could) o Example: She could not have
_________________________. taken the car; she does not
have a key.
2. Perhaps she will win the race. (might)
________________________________.

3. Perhaps she forgot about the meeting. (may)

______________________________________.

4. Perhaps they were asleep. (might)

_____________________________.

5. Perhaps he does not know the answer. (may)

______________________________________.

6. Perhaps they left early. (could)

__________________________.

7. Perhaps he is not coming now. (might)

_________________________________.

8. Perhaps I will see you tomorrow. (may)

_________________________________.

9. Perhaps they are going on holiday. (could)

____________________________________.

10. Perhaps she did not catch the bus. (may)

___________________________________.

47
 3.3 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS VS
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

SENTENCE FORM
PRESENT PREFECT PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS SIMPLE
Have/has + been + verb-ing Have/has + past participle

Example: They have been Example: I have completed

learning English for 2 years. my homework.

Have/has + not + been + verb- Have not/Has not + past

ing participle

Example: They have not been Example: I have not

learning English for 2 years. completed my homework.

Have/Has + been + verb-ing Have/Has + past participle?

Example: Have they been Have you completed your

learning English for 2 years? homework?

48
 EXERCISE 3.3.1

Complete the sentence using present perfect continuous.

1. We are tired. We _____________________ hard all day. (work)

2. Lia Bahasa Melayu is good. She _____________________ the language

for ten years. (study)

3. I am sorry I came late. ___________ you____________ long? (wait)

4. I don kno London ell. I _________________ he e fo e long.

(not/live)

EXERCISE 3.3.2

Create sentence based on the words given. It could be positive, negative or

question. (Present Perfect Simple)

1. You-keep a pet for three years.

__________________________

2. You-eat Western food before?

__________________________

3. It-rain all day?

__________________________

4. She-steal all the chocolate

__________________________

5. Amalin-leave her phone in a taxi.

__________________________

49
 FUNCTION

PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT

CONTINUOUS SIMPLE

Action may be finished or

Finished action
not finished
She has done her
She has been doing her
homework.
homework.

Temporary actions Permanent actions

He has been living there for
He has always lived there.
few months.

Emphasis on the duration of Emphasis on the result of the

action action
I have been walking all I have walked six kilometers so
morning. far this morning.

Indicate howlong something Indicate howmuch/many has

has been happening been completed
I have been studying English It has taken six years to write
for two months. this book.

50
 EXERCISE 3.3.3

Circle the correct answer.

1. (They have been repairing / The have repaired) the road all this week,
but they have not finished yet.

2. I am very sorry, but I (have been breaking he chair/ I have broken) this
chair.

3. Anna (has been saving/has saved) nearly RM10000 this year.

4. What is the matter? (Have you been losing/Have you lost) something?

5. I (have always been working/ I have always worked) in the music

industry.

6. Someone (has been eating / has eaten) my chocolates. There are not
many lefts.

7. (Have they been arriving / Have they arrived) already?

8. I (have cleaned/have been cleaning) all morning- I am fed up!

9. The students (have finished / have been finishing) their exam. They are
very happy.

10. She is a good dancer. She (has won/has been winning) two awards
already.

51
 The following verbs are usually only used in Present Perfect Simple (not in the
continuous form).
State: be, have (for possession only)
Example: We have been on holiday for two weeks.

Senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch

Example: He has touched the painting.

Brain work: believe, know, think, understand

Example: I have known him for 3 years.

Ongoing states and actions

For, since and how long is used with the present perfect simple to
talk about ongoing states.

Example: How long have you known each other?

We've known each other since we were at school.

Use for, since and how long is used with the present perfect
continuous to talk about ongoing single or repeated actions.

Example: How long have they been playing tennis?

They've been playing tennis for an hour.
They've been playing tennis every Sunday for years.

Sometimes the present perfect continuous can emphasize that a

situation is temporary.

Example: I usually go to the gym on the High Street, but it's closed for repairs
at the moment, so I've been going to the one in the shopping Centre.

52
 EXERCISE 3.3.4

Choose the correct answer.

1. My neighbour __________________ his lawn for the last two hours.

A. Have been mowing
B. Had been mowing
C. Has been mowing

2. I ________________ your book all day. It is very interesting, but I am

only on Chapter 3.
A. Read
B. Have been reading
C. Has read

3. Can you help me? I ___________ my wallet.

A. Has lost
B. Have been losing
C. Have lost

4. My grandparents are coming to see us next weekend. They ________ us

for two years.
A. Has not visited
B. Have not been visiting
C. Have not visited

5. ______________ the dustbin yet?

A. Has you emptied
B. Have you been emptying
C. Have you emptied

53
 EXERCISE 3.3.5

Fill in the correct form. (Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Continuous)

1. Mimi: Mother, Amira ____________ (just/call) to ask if I can go to a talk about

zero-waste with her. May I?
2. Mother: ________________(you/do) your homework yet?
3. Mimi: Well, I ____________ (do) it for about 2 hours, but I
_____________(finish/not) it yet.
4. Mother: If you _____________(complete/not) your homework you cannot go the
talk. Remember, you _______________ (promise) me to study harder this year.
5. Mimi: But mother, I _______________(work) hard all this year and I
_____________(improve/already) in Additional Mathematics and Physics.
6. Mother: But that is only because I ______________(push/always) you to do
something.
7. Mimi: But I also need a break. I ____________(be/not) out with my friends for so
long. May I go?
8. Mother: Okay but you need to promise me to study harder this year.
9. Mimi: Sure mother. Thank you.

54
UNIT PEOPLE AND CULTURE
4 SCHOOL, JOB AND LIFE

Grammar Content:
i) Intensifier
ii) Indefinite Pronoun
iii) Linking Words

At the end of lesson:

i) Students able to identify intensifier,
indefinite pronoun, and linking words
ii) Students able to differentiate the usage
of intensifiers and use it in the sentences
iii) Students able to list the indefinite
pronoun
55
55
 unit 4.1
Intensifier

An intensifier is used to emphasise words and phrases in a sentence. They perform the same
function as adverbs and adverbial phrases. If we want to add emphasis to an adjective in a
sentence an intensifier will allow us to do that.

Example : I m really grateful for this opportunity to meet. I m very interested in this role.

Example 2: I am very angry.

Strengthen

Example 3: I am fairly angry.

Weaken

Intensifier: Too Intensifier: Too many Intensifier: Too much

You can use the intensifier
The intensifier too can too many to modify In a similar way, too
be used to emphasise countable nouns. You can much can be used to
that there is a lot of place it in front of a noun modify uncountable
something, often in a that can be counted to nouns and verbs.
negative context. signify an excessive
number of something. Ex:
Ex: There is too
Ex:
I am too sick to much salt in the
go school. Siva bought too soup.
I am too lazy to many drinks. I have been
do my There are too missing out too
homework. many people in much sleep
the conference lately.
room.

56
 Exercise 4.1.1

Fix the mistakes with intensifiers in the sentences.

1) You are driving too much fast.

2) Do not worry much too, I know he is safe.

3) I have too much problems to handle so please help me.

4) She has too much of absences.

5) I have missed out many too sleep because of my baby brother.

6) The calculation that Miss Swati taught me was hard too.

57
 More to LEARN!

Intensifier: very

The intensifier very can be placed before adjectives and adverbs to add a greater
degree of emphasis. It is one of the most used intensifiers in English.

Our customers were very satisfied with the product launching.

She was very happy on her graduation day.

Intensifier: so
The intensifier so modifies adjectives and adverbs to signify the extent of
something. It can be casuall used than ver . It can often be used with that.
Like the intensifier too, so can be combined with much and many.

The classroom was so far from the canteen.

I have eaten so much food during lunch.

Intensifier: pretty
The intensifier pretty can be used to add emphasis in a similar way to quite and
very. This intensifier is used in a more informal context. It adds emphasis to a
similar degree as quite. Used as a modifier, it means almost.

She was pretty early to school.

He was pretty sure that he will pass all the exams.

58
 Exercise 4.1.2
Fill in the blanks with intensifiers.

very quite so too too many

Last week, I had an interview with Mr Lee for my job application at his company. We
planned to meet at the Café A Laté. But on the day, it was busy due to the number
of customers. So, we went to another Café which was around the corner. I was
nervous beforehand, but I think it went well. Mr Lee was friendly, so it
made me feel more at ease and comfortable. Therefore, I managed to answer his questions
confidently without blunders or mistakes. After, the interview I thanked him and
went home with a satisfied smile.

Exercise 4.1.3
Intensifiers quiz: Pick the best answer.

1. I had much fun at the funfair last week

A. Too
B. Very
C. So
D. Pretty

2. She put too salt in the curry

A. So
B. Many
C. Much

3. The film was scary! I couldn t sleep after watching it!

A. too
B. much
C. so

59
4. Which sentence is correct?
A. Robert does not get enough sleep.
B. Do we have tea enough?
C. Paul is enough tall to reach the top of the cupboard.

5. Which sentence is NOT correct?

A. Please do not put too much sugar in my coffee.
B. Clara eats too many.
C. John drinks much too much!

6. She got ____ nice house with a large swimming pool!

A. such
B. such a
C. so

7. Roger is so rich that ____________

A. he can buy whatever he wants with all his wealth.
B. he works very hard every day.
C. I bought him a drink on his birthday.
D. he failed all his exam papers.

8. that I couldn t see a thing

A. It was too dark
B. It was so dark
C. It was dark enough
D. It was too much dark

9. I had much fun that I forgot about all the assignments

A. So
B. Vey
C. Too
D. Pretty

10. He is _______ naughty in the class and always cause too___________ trouble to his friends.
A. Too, very
B. Very, many
C. Very, much

60
 unit 4.2
Indefinite Pronoun

Indefinite pronouns are those referring to one or more unspecified

objects, beings, or places.
They are called indefinite simply because they do not indicate the
exact object, being, or place to which they refer.
Indefinite pronouns include partitives such as any, anybody, anyone,
either, neither, nobody, no, someone, and some; they also include
universals such as every, all, both, and each; finally, they include
quantifiers including any, some, several, enough, many, and much.
Many indefinite pronouns can also function as determiners.

some any no every

-thing something anything nothing everything
-body somebody anybody nobody everybody
-one someone anyone no one everyone
-where somewhere anywhere nowhere everywhere

1. The differences between something/somebody, etc and anything/anybody, etc is the same as
the differences between some and any.
2. In general, we use something, somebody, etc mainly in affirmation sentences and anything,
anybody, etc mainly in negative sentences and questions.
3. But we also often use something, somebody, etc in questions when we expect or want the
people to answer yes , for example in requests and offers.
4. These indefinite pronouns also serve as replacement where we use these pronouns instead
frequently using his or her , but indefinite pronoun so not specify the gender or exact number
of the person.

61
 Exercise 4.2.1

Fill in the blanks using the words provided in the box.

something anything nothing everything

somebody anybody nobody everybody
somewhere anywhere nowhere everywhere

1. There is in this box. It is empty!

2. Why don t we go out for dinner since we are free tonight?

3. The unfortunate man lost in the fire.

4. Mr Siva gave the prize to Lisa since else failed to answer his questions.

5. She wanted to buy for her parents, so she went to the nearest souvenir shop.

6. I was really busy with my homework that I hardly had all day.

7. It s a secret so knows about it.

8. She lost her English textbook so she has been looking for it . She cannot find it

9. There isn t ………… in the library at the moment.

10. There s ……….. waiting at the door but he didn t tell his name and he look suspicious.

11. They homeless have to live, so the Council are helping them as much as they can.

12. After I have done with all the homework I want to go ………… and do ……….. to release my

stress.

62
 Exercise 4.2.2

The following exercises will help you gain greater understanding about how indefinite
pronouns work. Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.

1. Does know what is going to happen tonight at the art exhibition?

A. Anybody
B. Somebody
C. Everybody
D. Nobody

2. My mom used to tell me that happens for a reason so we just need to keep moving
forward.
A. Something
B. Everything
C. Nothing
D. Anything

3. She failed the test because she forgot her teacher taught her
A. Everything
B. Something
C. Nothing
D. Anything

4. My friends are going tonight but they are not telling me the destination.
A. Anywhere
B. Nowhere
C. Everywhere Le s
D. Somewhere review.

5. She think is following her so she reported to the police

A pronoun is a word that can
A. Anyone
function by itself as a noun
B. No one
phrase (e.g. I, you, he, they, it).
C. Someone
An indefinite pronoun is a
D. Everyone
pronoun that does not refer to
any person, amount, or thing.

63
6. It was dark in the room so saw the murder
A. Someone
B. No one
C. Everyone
D. Everyone

7. The guidebook shows that there is a museum around here

A. Somewhere
B. Anywhere
C. Nowhere
D. Everywhere

8. Since it was so boring and to do we decided to watch a horror movie

A. Anything
B. Something
C. Nothing
D. Everything

9. She knows about the human structure since she is really interested in the topic
A. Nothing
B. Something
C. Anything
D. Everything

10. Ever since, I joined the company I enjoyed myself with the jobs that is given to me and in
the company are friendly.
A. Everyone
B. Someone
C. No one
D. Anyone

64
 Exercise 4.2.3

Complete the following sentences with suitable indefinite pronoun.

1. I had a bad dream I think bad is going to happen

2. This restaurant is dirt and smell can e go else

3. She put in box since she is not coming back.

4. li es in the house but at night we can still hear some strange sounds.

5. Danial is reall glad because is going ell e en though he lost his job

6. Does seen m books I can t find them

7. I there in the classroom

8. I kno in the compan It s m first da here

9. The kind-hearted girl lo es to help no matter ho the are

10. We ere stuck in the middle of

11. Do ou ant to eat I kno ou are hungr

12. I hope happens to the patient.

13. Siti was late to the class so she didn t bring to eat

14. The teacher asked us to e plain she taught us

15. Li ing alone is hard but I cannot depend on so I tr to do m self

65
 unit 4.3
Connecting words

Linking words in English (also called 'connective' or 'transition'

words) are used to combine two clauses or sentences presenting
contrast, comparison, condition, supposition, purpose, etc. They
enable us to establish clear connections between ideas.

Sometimes we want to link two ideas that are different from each
other (for example, one is a positive idea and one is a negative idea)
or we want to link one idea to another one which is surprising or
unexpected. We can use linking words like 'however', 'although' and
'despite' to do this.

Although

We can use 'although' at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. It is

used in front of a clause (a clause has at least a subject and a verb that
agrees with the subject).

a) Although he did not do his best in the interview, he still managed

to get the job.
b) He got the job, although he did not do well in the interview.

However

We use 'although' and 'despite / in spite of' to connect two clauses in the
same sentence. On the other hand, 'however' isn't used to connect two
clauses. Instead, we usually put the two ideas in two separate sentences. We
put 'however' in the second sentence, and we can put it at the beginning, at
the end, or after the subject.

a) He loves to stay there. However, the weather is not suitable for him.
b) He loves to stay there. The weather, however, is not suitable for him.
c) He loves to stay there. The weather is not suitable for him, however.

66
 Despite/In spite
of

We use 'despite' or 'in spite of' before a noun or a gerund. It can also go in the
middle or at the beginning of a sentence. 'Despite' and 'in spite of' mean the
same thing. You can choose whichever one you like! If you want to use
'despite' or 'in spite of' before a clause, you need to add 'the fact that'.

a) I love London despite the bad weather.

b) I love London in spite of the bad weather.
c) Despite the bad weather, I love London.
d) In spite of the bad weather, I love London.
e) Despite the fact that the weather is bad, I love London.
f) In spite of the fact that the weather is bad, I love London.
g) I love London despite the fact that the weather is bad.
h) I love London in spite of the fact that the weather is bad.

67
 Exercise 4.3.1

Rewrite the sentences so that they have the same meaning

1. In spite of being a top student he didn t get the job.

Although

2. Although they are best friends, they still argue a lot.

Despite

3. Despite the fact that I was late the boss wasn t angry
Although

4. In spite of being the managing director he goes to work by bike.

Even though

5. Although I forgot to submit my work Miss Siti didn t scold me

Despite

6. Despite being an excellent student, he is still searching for a job.

Although

68
 Linking Words (Reason)
We use linking words to join ideas together when we're
talking or writing. Sometimes we want to show that one thing
happened because of another thing. We can use linking words
like 'because' or 'since' or 'due to' to do this.

Because

a) We ran to the bus stop because we were late.

As

We use as to mean because before a clause

a) We cancelled the tour as it was raining.

Since

We cancelled the picnic since it was raining.

b) Since she as doing her home ork e didn t disturb
her.

Due to

Due to must be followed by a noun.

a) Due to the number of assignments e couldn t atch
the movie.

69
 Exercise 4.3.2
Rewrite the sentences using the word in bold.

1) Sally did not want to go to her Chemistr class She didn t finish her home ork
due to
Sall did not ant to go to her ........................................................................ .

2) Sarah refused to eat dinner. She was not hungry.

because

Sarah refused to eat dinner ...... .

3) She decided to attend extra classes. She needed to do well in her exam.

reason why

to attend extra classes was the fact that she needed to do well in her
exam.

4) I wanted to stay longer in Miss Marsal s class. I enjoyed her class.

Since
I anted to sta longer

5) She was absent. She needs to take her sick brother to hospital.
Because
She as absent

70
 Exercise 4.3.3

Choose the correct word or phrase to fill the space.

1. We sta ed inside the storm because because of

2. I wanted to stay longer I was really enjoying the party. (since / because of)

3. It as Si a s birthda e decided to bu him a present so because

4. all the seats on the bus are taken, we had to stand. (As a result/Since)

5. Amanda stayed at home her illness. (as / due to)

6. Lucy was very tired; she went to bed early. (because / due to)

7. the terrible weather, we decided not to walk home from school. (as /

due to)

8. Alan helped his friends to complete their homework he already done with

his homework. (due to / since)

9. I didn't want to leave the school I was having a great time. (because of/ as)

10. She had the best qualification among the candidates she got the job

(so, as)

71
 Linking Words (Result)
We use linking words so, as a result and therefore to introduce
result of something in a sentence.

Therefore

We do not have enough money. Therefore, we cannot afford to buy

the new car.

So
She is going to the Sport Festival in her school, so she is wearing her
tracksuit.

As a result
As a result of lack of sleep, he falls asleep during our English class.

Let s Re ie

Connecting words expressing a

contrast: although, even though,
however, in case, despite, in spite of
Connecting words expressing cause:
because, because of, as a result of,
due to
Connecting words expressing an
effect: so, consequently, as a result,
thus, therefore

72
 Exercise 4.3.4
Choose the correct linking word to complete the following sentences.

1. Dan sa s he on t accept the position the raise the salar

A. So
B. As
C. Although
D. Despite

2. Jack loves to play badminton __________ his parents want him to focus on his
studies.
A. Although
B. Since
C. As
D. Despite

3. Which word or phrase CANNOT complete the sentence?

The match as cancelled the lack of participants.
A. due to
B. because
C. because of

4. Which word completes the sentence?

Some scientists believe that global temperatures are increasing and ___ ice is
melting at the poles.
A. consequently
B. because
C. due to

73
5. In spite of ____, the team won the match.
A. their inexperience
B. they were inexperienced
C. their experience

6. she tried her best to sol e the question she cannot get the
ans er her teacher promised to help her
A. As, in spite of
B. Although, however
C. Since, although
D. Despite, but

7. Which sentence is NOT correct?

A. In spite of she prepared for her inter ie she didn t get the job
B. Although she prepared for her interview, she didn t get the job
C. Despite preparing for her inter ie she didn t get the job

8. He stayed up to do his revision __________ he was really tired.

A. however
B. even though
C. in spite of

9. He didn t start his essa until the last minute and he didn t manage to
finish it on time.
A. although
B. because of
C. consequent

74
At the end of this lesson, students will be able to :
Use either … or / neither .. nor correctly
Use will with the past verb correctly in a sentence
Use the reported speech correctly in a sentence.

75
 EITHER..OR / NEITHER..NOR

5.1 NOTES
EITHER…OR

1. Refers to any one of the two things or people.

2. Is considered singular in a sentence.
3. It is a correlative conjunction.
4. We can use it to emphasis a choice.
5. Connect things which are the same types, phrases, clauses, or words.

EXAMPLES :
1. You can either write or phone to request a copy.
2. Do either of you smoke or drink heavily?
3. Either he or she cooks dinner.
4. Either Amira or Anna will go.

NEITHER…NOR

1. Is used as a conjunction
2. Makes negative statement about two people or things.
3. This structure “neither….nor”, is used to connect the same kind of
word or phrase in a sentence.

EXAMPLES :
1. Neither Mark nor his wife is very tall.
2. Neither the boss nor the employees was at work.
3. Neither Susan nor her friends are going to the party tonight.
4. He has neither talent nor desire to learn.

76
 EXERCISE 5.1.1

Choose the correct version of the following:

1) Which is correct?

A. You can either go by bus or by taxi. They are both efficient.

B. You can neither go by bus nor by taxi. They are both efficient.

2) Which is correct?

A. If you need help you can either ask Danny or Chris.

B. If you need help you can neither ask Danny nor Chris.

3) Which is correct?

A. We can’t go swimming today or we can't we go to visit Peter.

B. We can't go swimming today nor can we visit Peter.

4) Which is correct?

A. Neither this driver nor the other one was going fast.

B. Either this driver or the other one was going fast.

5) Which is correct?

A. Sarah doesn't like pizza or pasta.

B. Sarah doesn't like pizza nor pasta

6) Which is correct?

A. If you get lost you can neither call me nor Sam. Here are our numbers.

B. If you get lost you can either call me or Sam. Here are our numbers.

77
 EXERCISE 5.1.2

Fill in the blanks with either … or / neither … nor to complete the

sentences below.

1. That’s enough! ___________ you pay your debt to me ____ I take you
to court.
2. They had ________ food to eat _____ money to go to a restaurant.
3. You should stop making excuses. _________ you study hard _____
you will fail in the Maths test tomorrow.
4. We have __________ bread _____ cheese so we cant make cheese
sandwich.
5. She can _______ buy a laptop _____ a tablet PC. She had enough
money.
6. My baby sister likes ________ soup ____ spinach. She just likes milk.
7. We have some flour and eggs. We can ______ make an omelette ____
pancake.
8. You can _______ grow corn ____ wheat here in this season.
9. I think I wont be able to come to the party. _________ my father ____
my mother gave me permission.
10. Jason can play _______ the guitar ____ the drums at the concert. He
can play them well.

78
 EXERCISE 5.1.3

Complete the sentences. Use: either, or, neither, nor.

1. I can’t find __________ of my pencils.

2. ________ tomorrow or the day after tomorrow is a good day to meet.

3. We can take a flight at _________ one o’clock _______ three thirty.

4. ___________ cats _______ dogs are allowed in the restaurant.

5. I don’t like _________ of those two coffee shops.

6. _________ of my classmates could come to the party. They were both

sick.

7. _________ of the movies were interesting. They were both boring.

8. The hat was __________ too large, _______ too small. I was the right

size.

9. Either it will rain tomorrow, ________ it wont rain.

10. Let’s meet on __________ Friday _____ Saturday.

79
 EXERCISE 5.1.4

Combine the sentences using either…or / neither… nor.

Example : Maybe I’ll drink soda. Maybe I’ll drink juice.

Answer : I’ll drink either soda or juice.

1. I don’t eat candy. I don’t eat cake.

2. Maybe the doctor will help you. Maybe the nurse will help you.

3. The store owner isn’t here today. The store manager isn’t here today.

4. Maybe the team is practicing in the gym. Maybe the the team is
practicing outdoors.

5. I am not watching the movie on TV. I am not watching the movie on

my laptop.

6. Maybe my mom will be home. Maybe my sister will be home.

80
5.2 NOTES
Wish is a powerful word for expressing dreams, hopes and desires.
Examples:
We wish you the best.
I wish I had brought my camera.

A wish is a desire for different reality. In general, wishes express desires

that are unlikely to happen.

We use wish + past form verb to talk about things in the present we
would like to be different.

Examples:
1. I wish I was better with money. I am always in debt
2. I wish I had a car, but I can’t afford one
3. I wish I could help, but I’m really busy now.

We use wish + past perfect verb to show that we regret something and
we want something in the past to be different.

Examples:
1. I wish I had listened to my mum and studied harder.
2. I wish I hadn’t eaten so much.

81
 EXERCISE 5.2.1

Complete the sentences with the simple past form of the verb.

1. I wish she (tell) _______________ me about her party before. I already have plans.

2. Danny wishes he (finish) ________________ work earlier everyday.

3. My children wish that I (buy)__________________ them more presents every

Christmas.

4. I wish I (not fill up) ______________ on appetizers, because the entree looked

fabulous and I didn’t get to try it.

5. I wish I (get) _______________ paid twice a month instead of once a month.

6. Henry wishes he (go) _______________ to Harvard because he would have a

better job by now.

7. I wish I (have) _________________ my free time back.

8. I wish I had (find) _________________ one of those jobs.

9. I wish I had (choose) ________________ a job with better benefits earlier.

10. Are you serious? I wish I (can) __________ get paid extra for working on

holidays.

82
 EXERCISE 5.2.2

Extra Notes :
There are three distinct types of I wish/ if only sentences:
1. Regrets with the PAST PERFECT
Example : I wish I hadn got so angry
2. Wanting change for the present or future with the PAST SIMPLE
Example : I wish I had enough money to go to New York this holiday.
3.Fill
Complaints withusing
in the gaps WOULD + INFINITIVE
the verbs in brackets.
Regrets : I wish you
Example ldn arrive so late all the time.
1. I wish I ____________ her she’d put on weight. She hates me now. (tell
NEGATIVE)
2. I wish it ___________ so much. The garden’s turned to mud. (rain NEGATIVE)
3. If only I ___________ there, I wouldn’t have got a fine. (park NEGATIVE)

Wanting Change
4. If only I ___________ more time for my hobbies. (have)
5. I wish it __________ more often in Thailand. (rain)
6. I wish I _________ to go to your nephew’s wedding. (have NEGATIVE)

Complaints
7. I wish you ________ so much. You’re a complete idiot when you’re drunk. (drink
NEGATIVE)
8. If only it ________ The garden’s as dry as a bone. (rain)
9. I wish Samantha ___________ her hair more often. It looks so easy all the time.
(wash)

Mixed
10. I wish you __________ so horrible to your brother. He’s really nice bloke. (be
NEGATIVE)
11. I wish the council _____________ that beautiful old house. It was part of the
town’s heritage. (demolish NEGATIVE)
12. If only I _________ the money to go to John’s wedding in Australia. (have)
13. I wish you ____________ to your mother like that. ( speak NEGATIVE)
14. If only we ______________ a Hewlett Packard printer. The cartridges are so
expensive. (buy NEGATIVE)
15. I wish Malik _____________so fast. It’s only matter of time before he kills
someone. (drive NEGATIVE)

83
 EXERCISE 5.2.3

Choose the correct phrase a, b, or c to complete each sentence.

1. I wish I ____________ to him.

A. Have listened B. had listened C. had listen

2. If I had studied harder, I ____________ my exam.

A. Will have passed B. would have pass C. would have passed

3. If I ________ out last night, I wouldn’t have been late this morning.
A. Hadn’t gone B. hadn’t go C. had went

4. I wish I ____________ all my money last week.

A. Hadn’t spend B. haven’t spent C. hadn’t spent

5. If only I ___________ my homework.

A. Have done B. had done C. had did

6. If only they _______________ me.

A. Hadn’t seen B. hadn’t saw C. haven’t seen

7. I wish ___________ to my father.

A. I have listened B. had listen C. I had listened

8. I wish it _________ snowing.

A. Would stopped B. would stop C. could stopped

9. I wish I _______ so old.

A. Am B. was not C. had not

10. I wish I _______ the train.

A. Have took B. would taken C. had taken

11. I wish I __________ a day off.

A. Could take B. would taken C. could taken

12. I wish the prices ___________ so expensive.

A. Would not B. were not C. was not

84
 EXERCISE 5.2.4

A. Use the words to write complete sentences.

1. We / wish / have / car.

2. I / wish / not live / here.

3. Jenny / wish / have / more money.

4. Mike / wish / can / play the piano.

5. They / wish / not have / exams.

B. Write wishes for the situation.

1. I’m not a lawyer.

2. I don’t have a big house in the country.

3. I have to do lots of homework.

4. I’m afraid of snakes.

5. I’m so lazy.

_____________________________________________________________________

85
EXERCISE 5.2.5
LOVE IS BLIND
Catherine is describing her boyfriend, Salman. Read the paragraph from her
diary.
My boyfriend, Salman, is not very handsome. He is
short and thin. He doesn’t like sports and he never
wants to go on a date with me. He spends a lot of time
with his friends at the Cyber Cafe to play games. He
doesn’t get on well with my friends, and they don’t like
him either. He doesn’t have much money. He is not a
romantic person. He never buys me flowers or
chocolates. So, why do I still go out with him? Well,
I’m not sure but I really love him. I believe he can
change if he wants to.

Write 8 things Catherine might wish for :

1. Salman is not very handsome.
Catherine wishes Kevin were more handsome.

2. He’s not tall.

3. He doesn’t like sports

4. He is not romantic.

5. He never wants to go on a date with her.

6. He doesn’t get on well with her friends.

7. He doesn’t have much money.

8. He never buys me flowers or chocolates.

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5.3 NOTES
We use a reporting verb like 'say' or 'tell'. If this verb is in the present tense, it's easy.
We just put 'she says' and then the sentence:
Direct speech: I like ice cream.
Reported speech: She says she likes ice cream.

We don't need to change the tense, though probably we do need to change the ‘person'
from 'I' to 'she', for example. We also may need to change words like 'my' and 'your'.
On the other hand, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change
the tenses in the reported speech:
Direct speech: I like ice cream.
Reported speech: She said she liked ice cream.

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 PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES: CHANGES
NECESSARY

A. First and second person pronouns and possessive adjectives normally change to the
third person except when the speaker is reporting his own words. (I = he, she; me =
him, her; my = his, her; mine = his, hers; we = they...)

Direct speech : “He’s my son”.

Reported speech : She said that he was her son.
Direct speech : “I m ill”, she said.
Reported speech : She said that she was ill.

B. THIS / THESE

This used in time expressions usually becomes that.

Direct speech : “She’s coming this week”.
Reported speech : She said that she was coming that week.

This and that used as adjectives usually change to the.

Direct speech :“I bought this pearl/these pearls for my mother”.
Reported speech : He said that he had bought the pearl/the pearls for his mother.

This, these used as pronouns can become it, they/them.

Direct Speech : He came back with two knives and said, “I found these beside the
king’s bed”.
Reported speech : He said he had found them beside the king’s bed.
Direct Speech : “We will discuss this tomorrow”.
Reported speech : He said that they would discuss it (the matter) the next day.

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 EXPRESSION OF TIME

DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

Today That day
Tomorrow The following day
Last day / week The day / week before
Next week / year The next week /year

EXERCISE 5.3.1

Change the pronouns from direct speech to reported speech.

Example : Direct speech : Mr. Smith said, “I need help with my luggage”
Reported speech : Mr. Smith said (that) he needed help with his luggage.

1. My roommate said to me, “You should call your brother”

My roommate said that _________ should call __________ brother.

2. Sarah said, “ I like sugar in my coffee”.

Sarah said that _________ liked sugar in _________ coffee.

3. Joe said to me, “I will call you”.

Joe said that ____________ would call _____________.

4. My aunt said to me, “ I want your new telephone number”

My aunt said that __________ wanted _______ new telephone number.

5. Sue and Tom said, “We don’t like our new apartment”.

Sue and Tom said that _________ didn’t like __________ new apartment.

6. Sam said to me, “I’ve lost my book”

Sam said that ________ had lost _______ book.

7. Paul said to me, “I want you to help me with my homework”.

Paul said that ___________ wanted _________ to help _________ with _________

homework.

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 EXERCISE 5.3.2

Complete the reported speech sentences.

1. Direct speech : Sara said, “I need some help”
Reported sentence : Sara said that she needed some help.

2. Tom said, “I’m meeting David for dinner.”

Tom said that he _____________ David for dinner.

3. Ms. Davis said, “I have studied in Cairo”.

Ms. Davis said that she _____________ in Cairo.

4. Bill said, “ I forgot to pay my electric bills”.

Bill said that he _____________ to pay his electric bills.

5. Barbara said, “ I’m exhausted”

Barbara said that she ________________ exhausted.

6. I said, “I’ll carry the box up the stairs”.

I said that I _____________ the box up the stairs.

7. Jerry said to me, “ I can teach you to drive”.

Jerry said that he _______________ me to drive.

8. My sister said, “I have to attend a conference in London.”

My sister said that she ____________ a conference in London.

9. George said, “ I should Leave on Friday”.

George said that he ______________ on Friday.

10. Ed said, “ I want a CD player.”

Ed said that he ___________________ a CD player.

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 EXERCISE 5.3.3

Change the direct speech to reported speech using the reported verb from
the given list. Use each verb from the list only one time.
advise invite remind

ask order warn

Example : encourage permit

1. My son said, “Could you help me with my homework after dinner?”
My son asked me to help him with his homework after dinner.

2. Jennifer said to Kate, “Would you like to have dinner with me?”
Jennifer ____________ Kate ___________ dinner with her.

3. Mr. Crane said to his daughter, “You should take music lessons. You already sing
very well. You would enjoy studying music. Wouldn’t like you to learn how to play
the piano?”
Mr. Crane _____________ his daughter ___________ music lessons.

4. Nicole said to Heidi, “You should call July to apologize. At least that’s what I
think”.
Nicole __________ Heidi ____________ Julie and _____________.

5. Professor Wilson said to Bill, “Yes, you may use my name as a reference on your
job application”.
Professor Wilson ____________ Bill ______________ her name as a reference.

6. Robert said to his dog, “Sit”.

Robert _____________ his dog ______________.

7. Kate said, “Don’t forget to order some more large envelopes”.

Kate ___________ her secretary ____________ some more large envelopes.

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 EXERCISE 5.3.4

Change the direct speech to reported speech using the reporting verbs
from the list to complete the sentence.

Advise√ order remind

1. I said encourage permit quit your job ifwarn

to my daughter, “You should you are unhappy.”
I advised my daughter to quit her job if she was unhappy.

2. The rebel commander said to his army, “Retreat!”

The rebel commander __________________________________________.

3. My aunt and uncle said to my husband and me, “Why don’t you spend a week with
us in August?”.
My aunt and uncle ________________________________________________.

4. Mr. Gordon said to his teenaged son, “Don’t forget to make your bed”.
Mr Gordon _______________________________________________________.

5. The tour guide said to us, “Watch out for pickpockets in the marketplace.”
The tour guide _____________________________________________________.

6. The teacher said to the students, “You may not leave the room in the middle of the
examination.”
The teacher didn’t __________________________________________________.

92
 EXERCISE 1.1.4
ANSWERS
My friends and I took myself (ourselves)
UNIT 1 to the beach in Langkawi, last Sunday.
EXERCISE 1.1.1 There were so many locals and tourists
1. Itself enjoying themselves at the beach.
2. Himself Calum, one of my friends went
3. Myself swimming by themselves (himself)
4. Herself while Nana and I went to the café.
5. Yourself P ea e he yourself (yourselves) with
6. Itself he f d , he ai e d a
7. Myself as we get to the café. We ate so much
that it feels like our stomachs were
EXERCISE 1.1.2 going to burst. We went back to the
1. b beach and build the sandcastle
2. c ourselves. Laila was busy carrying the
3. a pail with some water himself (herself) to
4. c build our sandcastle. While digging the
5. c sand, I found a small crab wondering by
6. b himself (itself). Before going back
home, my friends bought himself
EXERCISE 1.1.3 (themselves) some souvenirs for their
1. himself family and friends. I got ourselves
2. herself (myself) a stuffed crab as a memory of
3. myself the trip. We had so much fun and I
4. yourself always told myself that I will definitely
5. itself come again to this beach. When I reach
6. themselves home I was greeted by my mother who
7. ourselves was smiling at me and she told me,
8. yourselves Ne i e bi g a g a d d
9. ourselves have fun by ourselves ( e f) . I
10. herself nodded and smiled back to her.

93
EXERCISE 1.2.1 8. would used to 7. quietly
1. Not suitable 9. woke up wake up 8. hardest
2. Not suitable 10. used to would 9. more gracefully
3. would
4. would EXERCISE 1.3.1 UNIT 2
5. Not suitable 1. Terribly EXERCISE 2.1.1
6. would 2. Hurriedly 1. Yes
7. Would 3. Anxiously 2. No
8. Not suitable 4. Immediately 3. No
5. Loudly 4. No
EXERCISE 1.2.2 6. Angrily 5. No
1. used to 7. Nervously 6. Yes
2. used to 8. Desperately 7. No
3. would Secret word: 8. No
4. used to THAILAND 9. Yes
5. would 10. Yes
6. would EXERCISE 1.3.2 11. Yes
7. would 1. B 12. No
8. used to 2. C
9. would 3. B EXERCISE 2.1.2
10. used to 4. A 1. Ms. Nurul feels
5. C angry if no one does
EXERCISE 1.2.3 6. C her homework.
1. would 2. If mom eats too
2. would EXERCISE 1.3.3 much at night, she
3. used to 1. The loudest does not sleep well.
4. would 2. Harder 3. If you don't water
5. would 3. More beautifully your flowers, they
6. would 4. The earliest die.
7. would 5. Faster 4. Sarah takes a nap if
8. used to 6. More aggressively she comes back
9. used to 7. Worst before 5pm.
10. would 8. Most quickly 5. If a customer sends
11. used to 9. The best a feedback, the
12. used to 10. More soundly company responds.
6. Liya usually does
EXERCISE 1.2.4 EXERCISE 1.3.4 well in exam if she
2. finished finish 1. Dramatically prepares early.
3. spent spend 2. Longer 7. Anna's brothers
4. used to would 3. the noisiest complain if she
5. would - used to 4. slowly teases them
6. would used to 5. most farthest
7. worked - work 6. seriously

94
8. Jake plays guitar if EXERCISE 2.7.1 8. has been robbed /
his family is not I used to use many managed
around. sites before settling 9. have watched /
9. You get orange if with Gmail. I used to watched
you mix red and download a lot of 10. Have you been /
yellow. applications to do one paid / was
10. Mira is excited if she specific thing. Since I 11. said / have not
sees her dog. found that Gmail has all received
11. If a letter has a the features, I have got
wrong address, it is rid of them. UNIT 3
regarded as a dead I have always loved EXERCISE 3.1.1
letter mail. the reliability of Gmail. 1. Will call
It is always ahead of its 2. Will be
EXERCISE 2.2.1 time. Gmail has 3. Will write
1. will taste provided me with free 4. Will not tell
2. drink space to store data. It 5. Will send
3. stay has really stood the 6. Will get
4. will look test of time.
EXERCISE 3.1.2
5. will break Since then, I have
6. return used Gmail for the last 1. B: A prediction
7. Will you follow / go 13 years. I am sure I'll 2. A: A promise
3. D: An offer
8. buy / will it cost not switch to any other
9. will not graduate / mailing competitor. 4. C: A decision
are found EXERCISE 3.1.3
10. is sent / will enter EXERCISE 2.7.2 1. Are you going to
11. are not shown / will 1. B wear
be required 2. A. 2. Is not going to leave
12. is not sent / will be 3. A 3. Is she going to stay
able ; is sent / will 4. A 4. Is going to spend
not be able 5. Are they leaving
EXERCISE 2.8.1
EXERCISE 2.3.1 1. has been / studied EXERCISE 3.1.4
1. A 2. Did you buy / were 1. Are you going to
2. A 3. has not forgiven / library this
3. C did weekend?
4. A 4. rained / has been 2. Is he going to bake
5. A sunny a cake?
6. B 5. has never cooked / 3. Are the children
7. C did going to funfair
8. B 6. lost / has been tomorrow?
9. A found 4. Is Mei Lin going to
10. C 7. has been / was not buy a new dress?
able 5. Is she going to miss
the bus?

95
EXERCISE 3.1.5 3. Have you been
1. Will have waiting EXERCISE 4.1.2
2. Going to hurt 4. Have not been living 1. too
3. Going to miss 2. quite
EXERCISE 3.3.2
4. Will come, will be 3. pretty
5. Will attend 1. You have kept a pet 4. really
for three years.
6. Are going to walk 5. too many
7. I will 2. Have you eaten EXERCISE 4.1.3
Western food
8. Will affect 1. C
9. Am going to before? 2. C
3. Has it rained all
10. Will get 3. C
day? 4. A
EXERCISE 3.1.6 4. She has stolen all 5. B
1. Will the chocolate. 6. B
2. Am going to 5. She has left her 7. A
3. Will phone in a taxi. 8. B
4. Are going to
EXERCISE 3.3.3 9. A
5. Is going to 10. C
1. They have been
EXERCISE 3.2.1 repairing
1. You could have 2. I have broken EXERCISE 4.2.1
been right. 3. Has saved 1. Nothing
2. She might win the 4. Have you lost 2. Something
race. 5. Have always been 3. Everything
3. She may have working 4. Everyone
forgotten about the 5. Something
meeting. UNIT 4 6. Anything
EXERCISE 4.1.1 7. Nobody
4. They might be
asleep. 1. You are driving too 8. Everywhere,
fast. anywhere
5. He may not know
the answer. 2. Do not worry too 9. Anyone
much, I know he is 10. Someone
6. They could have left
early. safe. 11. Nothing
7. He might not come 3. I have too many 12. Somewhere,
now. problems to handle anything
8. I may see you so please help me.
tomorrow. 4. She has too many EXERCISE 4.2.2
of absences. 1. A
9. They could be on
5. I have missed out 2. B
holidays. 3. A
too much sleep
10. She may not catch 4. D
the bus. because of my baby
5. C
brother. 6. B
EXERCISE 3.3.1 6. The calculation Miss 7. A
1. Have been working Swati taught me 8. C
2. Has been studying was too hard. 9. D

96
10. A 2. Sarah refused to eat 3. B
dinner because she 4. A
EXERCISE 4.2.3 was not hungry. 5. B
1. Something 3. The reason why she 6. B
2. Someone decided to attend
3. Everything extra classes was
4. Nobody EXERCISE 5.1.2
the fact that she
5. Everything 1. Ei he
6. Anyone, anywhere needed to do well in
2. Nei he
7. Someone her exam.
3. Ei he
8. No one 4. I wanted to stay
4. Nei he
9. Everyone longer in Miss
5. Ei he
10. Nowhere Ma a c a i ce
11. Anything 6. Nei he
I enjoyed her class.
12. Nothing 7. Ei he .O
5. She was absent
13. Anything 8. Ei he .O
14. Everything because she needs 9. Nei he .N
15. Anyone, everything 10. Ei he .O
to take her sick
EXERCISE 4.3.1 brother to hospital.
EXERCISE 5.1.3
1. Although he was a
top student, he 1. Either
did ge he b. EXERCISE 4.3.3 2. Either
2. Despite arguing a 3. Either / or
1. Because of
lot, they are best 4. Neither / nor
2. Since
friends. 5. Either
3. So
3. Although I was late
4. Since 6. Neither
he b a
5. Due to 7. Neither
angry.
6. Because 8. Neither / nor
4. Even though he is
7. Due to 9. Or
the managing
8. Since
director he still goes 10. Either / or
9. Because
work by bike.
10. So
5. Despite I forgot to EXERCISE 5.1.4
submit my work
EXERCISE 4.3.4 1. I d ea ei he
Mi Si i did c d
1. C candy nor cake.
me.
2. A 2. Either the doctor or
6. Although he was an
3. B
excellent student, the nurse will help
4. A
he is still looking for you.
5. A
a job. 3. Neither the store
6. B
7. A owner nor the store
EXERCISE 4.3.2
8. B manager is here
1. Sally did not want to
9. C today.
go to Chemistry
class due to her 4. The team is
UNIT 5
unfinished practicing either in
homework. EXERCISE 5.1.1
the gym or outdoors.
1. A
2. A

97
5. I ac 9. B 6. Catherine wishes he
movie on TV nor my 10. C got on well with her
laptop. 11. A friends.
6. Either my mom or my 12. B 7. Catherine wishes he
sister will be home. had more money
EXERCISE 5.2.4 8. Catherine wishes he
EXERCISE 5.2.1 EXERCISE A bought her flowers and
1. Told 1. We wish we had a chocolates.
2. finished car.
3. bought 2. I I dd EXERCISE 5.3.1
4. did not fill up here. 1. I
5. got 3. Jenny wishes she 2. S .
6. went had more money 3. H
7. Had 4. Mike wishes he could 4. S
8. Found play the piano 5. T ..
9. Chosen 5. T dd 6. H .
10. Could have exams. 7. H .
his
EXERCISE 5.2.2 EXERCISE B
1. Had d 1. I wish I was a lawyer EXERCISE 5.3.2
2. Had a d 2. I wish I had a big 1. Needed
3. Had a d house in the country 2. was meeting
4. Had 3. I Idd a 3. had studied
5. Rained do lots of homework 4. had forgotten
6. d d a 4. I I a ad 5. was
7. d d of snakes 6. would carry
8. would rain 5. I I 7. could teach
9. would wash lazy. 8. had to attend
10. 9. should leave
11. ad d d EXERCISE 5.2.5 10. wanted
12. had 1. Catherine wishes
13. d a Salman were more EXERCISE 5.3.3
14. ad b handsome. 1. A d ..
15. d d 2. Catherine wishes he 2. I d . a
were taller. 3. E c a d .
EXERCISE 5.2.3 3. Catherine wishes he take
1. B liked sports 4. Ad d . ca /
2. C 4. Catherine wishes he apologize
3. A were romantic 5. P d
4. C 5. Catherine wishes he 6. O d d .
5. B wanted to go on a date 7. R d d .
6. A with her order
7. C
8. B EXERCISE 5.3.4

98
1. I advised my husband and I to spend pickpockets in the
daughter to quit her job a week with them in marketplace.
if she was unhappy. August. 6. The eache did
2. The rebel 4. Mr. Gordon reminded permit the students to
commander ordered his his teenaged son to leave the room in the
army to retreat. make his bed middle of the
3. My aunt and uncle 5. The tour guide examination.
encouraged my warned us about the

99