19TH CENTURY

PHILIPPINES

AS RIZAL’S CONTEXT

Presented by: Lyra Joy Collantes

 THE REVOLUTIONS
GOVERNOR-GENERAL
“GALLEON TRADE.”
JOSE DE BASCO Y VARGAS

THE GALLEON TRADE WAS A

WHEN GOVERNOR-GENERAL JOSE
GOVERNMENT MONOPOLY. IT WAS A
DE BASCO Y VARGAS ARRIVED IN
SHIP (“GALLEON”) TRADE GOING BACK
THE PHILIPPINES, AND FORTH BETWEEN MANILA AND
ACAPULCO IN MEXICO.
GALLEON TRADE WAS NOT YET IN

PROGRESS.
 ONLY TWO
GALLEONS WERE USED:

ONE SAILED OTHER SAILED FROM MANILA TO

FROM ACAPULCO TO MANILA WITH SOME ACAPULCO WITH SOME 250,000 PESOS

500,000 PESOS WORTH OF GOODS, WORTH OF GOODS SPENDING 90 DAYS AT

SPENDING 120 DAYS AT SEA SEA.

 THIS TRADING SYSTEM SERVED AS THE
ECONOMIC LIFELINE FOR THE
SPANIARDS IN MANILA, SERVING MOST

TRADES BETWEEN CHINA AND EUROPE. DURING

THE
HEYDAY OF THE GALLEON TRADE, CHINESE

SILK WAS BY FAR THE MOST IMPORTANT

CARGO.
 ROYAL PHILIPPINE
COMPANY,

FINANCE BOTH THE AGRICULTURAL AND THE NEW TRADE THAT WERE

BEING
MADE BETWEEN THE PHILIPPINES AND SPAIN, AND OTHER ASIAN

COUNTRIES. SOME GROUPS

LIKE THE CATHOLIC CHURCH OPPOSED THE NEW ORGANIZATION AS
BUT THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL STILL CONTINUED TO DEVELOP

CHANGES BROUGHT BY THE REFORMS THAT HE

PLANNED REFORMS AND TRADERS OF THE GALLEON TRADE WERE NOT
PROHIBITED THE CHINESE MERCHANTS FROM TRADING

ACCEPTED. INTERNALLY. HE ALSO INTRODUCED THE

DEVELOPMENT OF CASH CROP FARMS (CROPS CULTIVATED

FOR EXPORT) AND BECAME VERY

STRICT TO SOME POLICIES THAT ALLOW THE CONTINUOUS

OPENING OF MANILA TO FOREIGN

MARKETS; AND FINALLY, HE ALSO ESTABLISHED MONOPOLY

AND MAXIMIZE THE PRODUCTION OF

TOBACCO.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION,

THIS REVOLUTION WAS CONSIDERED AS ONE OF THE MOST

SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE 19TH CENTURY —

FROM BEING A COUNTRY THAT RELIED ON

MACHINES AND WAGE LABOR, EUROPE’S ECONOMIC

STATUS TOTALLY CHANGED.

 FROM THIS, POSITIVE EFFECTS TOOK PLACE AS

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CONTRIBUTED

MANY THINGS TO THE PEOPLE:

1. THE PHILIPPINES WAS OPENED FOR WORLD COMMERCE.

2. FOREIGNERS WERE ENGAGED IN MANUFACTURING AND AGRICULTURE.
3. THE PHILIPPINE ECONOMY BECAME DYNAMIC AND BALANCED.
4. THERE WAS RISE OF NEW INFLUENTIAL AND WEALTHY FILIPINO MIDDLE CLASS.
5. PEOPLE WERE ENCOURAGED TO PARTICIPATE IN THE TRADE.
6. MIGRATION AND INCREASE IN POPULATION WERE ENCOURAGED.
 BY 1810, THE END OF GALLEON TRADE TRANSPIRED BECAUSE OF THE LOSS OF LATIN AMERICAN

COLONIES BROUGHT BY THE MEXICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE FROM THE SPANIS EMPIRE.

THE ROYAL PHILIPPINE COMPANY EVENTUALLY CLOSED AND THE POLICIES FOR TRADE WERE ADJUSTED.

IN EFFECT, MANILA WAS OPEN FOR WORLD TRADE IN 1834. MERCHANTS AND TRADERS FROM OTHER COUNTRIES
MIGRATED IN MANILA AND BECAME LEADERS IN FINANCE, WHO MADE AGRICULTURAL CASH CROP EXPORT POSSIBLE.

IN THIS PERIOD, RAILWAYS AND STEAMSHIPS WERE CONSTRUCTED FOR SAFER, FASTER AND

COMFORTABLE MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION. THE CONSTRUCTION OF

BRIDGES, MOST ESPECIALLY, THE OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL PROVIDED A SHORTER ROUTE FOR
TRADES. BUILT BY FERDINAND DE LESSEPS, A FRENCH MAN, THE OPENING

OF THE SUEZ CANAL FOR WORLD SHIPPING TOOK PLACE ON NOVEMBER 17,

1860. IN EFFECT, THERE HAD BEEN CLOSER INTERACTIONS BETWEEN

PHILIPPINES AND TO OTHER COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.
PACTO DE RETROVENTA

– AN AGREEMENT OF SALE GUARANTEEING THAT THE LANDOWNER COULD BUY THE LAND BACK AT THE SAME

PRICE AT WHICH IT WAS SOLD. HOWEVER, IT WAS DIFFICULT TO BUY BACK THE LAND BECAUSE OF THE THE LIFE

AND WORKS OF JOSE RIZAL 19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES AS RIZAL’S CONTEXT 15 CONTINUOUSLY RISING DEMAND

OF THE ECONOMY AND PAYMENT FOR RENEWALS, CAUSING FARMERS TO BE IN FULL DEBT.

KASAMA. THE LOST OF THE FARMERS’ RIGHTS TO THEIR

LAND AS THEY WERE FORCED TO WORK AS TENANT FARMERS,

INQUILINOS, A LABORER INDEBTED TO A LANDLORD WHO ALLOWS HIM TO FORM A FARM IN PARTS OF
HIS PROPERTY AND WHO, IN EXCHANGE, WORKS WITHOUT PAY FROM THE LANDLORD.
THE RISE OF CHINESE AND CHINESE MESTIZOS WAS BROUGHT
CHINESE POPULATION HAVE INCREASED, BUT THE
BY THE INCREASING
SPANIARDS SAW THIS AS A POTENTIAL THREAT TO

GROWTH OF THE ECONOMY. EVEN BEFORE SPANISH

THEIR COLONY. SPANIARDS WERE AFRAID THAT

COLONIZATION, THEY WERE ALREADY DOING
MULTIPLE SERVICES AS TRADERS, ARTISANS AND DOMESTIC
THE CHINESE COULD BE MORE LOYAL TO THE INDIOS

SERVANTS IN THE PHILIPPINES. ALSO, (CHRISTIANIZED NATIVES) THAN THE

WHEN THE GALLEON TRADE WAS INTRODUCED, THE PRODUCTS
SPANISH REGIME.
OF THE CHINESE WERE THE
GOODS THAT WERE MOST TRADED.

HOWEVER, DESPITE THIS DILEMMA, THE SPANIARDS FIND THE CHINESE AS THE
POPULATION WHO WERE ESSENTIAL TO THE ECONOMY. THEY PLANNED TO CONVERT

THE CHINESE
AND INTRODUCE INTERMARRIAGES WITH INDIOS THAT BROUGHT THE CHINESE MESTIZOS.
 ACCORDINGLY, THE INCREASING POPULATION OF THE MESTIZOS
PROMPTED THE EMERGENCE OF THE FOLLOWING SOCIAL STATUS IN THE SOCIETY:

1ST PENINSULARES (PURE-BLOODED SPANIARD BORN IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA SUCH

AS SPAIN)

2ND INSULARES (PURE-BLOODED SPANIARD BORN IN THE PHILIPPINES) You can also add other
related visuals to capture
3RD SPANISH MESTIZO (ONE PARENT IS SPANISH, THE OTHER IS A NATIVE OR CHINESE
MESTIZO; OR ONE PARENT IS CHINESE, THE OTHER IS A NATIVE) the attention of your
audience.
4TH PRINCIPALIA (WEALTHY PURE-BLOODED NATIVE SUPPOSEDLY DESCENDED FROM
THE KADATOAN CLASS)
5TH INDIO (PURE-BLOODEDD NATIVE OF THE PHILIPPINES OR THE FILIPINOS)

6TH CHINO INFIEL (NON-CATHOLIC PURE BLOODED CHINESE)

 THROUGH THIS, THE RELIGIOUS HACIENDEROS WILL BE FREE FROM THE RESPONSIBILITY TO DO
ALL THE LAND CROP CULTIVATING WHILE DIRECT CONTACT WITH THE SHARECROPPERS WAS DONE
BY THE INQUILINOS. THE SHARECROPPERS WERE ALSO HAPPY WITH THE ARRANGEMENT BECAUSE
AN INQUILINATO SYSTEM WAS INTRODUCED DURING THE MID-EIGHTEENTH CENTURY THEY WILL BE EXEMPTED FROM THEIR RESPONSIBILITY TO SERVE THE FORCED LABOR OWING TO
BECAUSE OF THE INCREASING ECONOMY THROUGH THE EXPORT OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS FOR
THEIR LABOR OBLIGATIONS TO THE RELIGIOUS ESTATES AS DEMANDED BY THE SPANISH
TRADE. THE PROCESS FOR THE SYSTEM WAS: SOMEBODY OR SOMEONE, KNOWN AS CANON, WILL
GOVERNMENT.
BE RENTING A PIECE OF LAND FOR A FIXED AMOUNT FOR THE YEAR.

HOWEVER, THERE WAS DISADVANTAGE IN THIS ARRANGEMENT: AFTER PAYING THE

RENT TO THE HACIENDEROS BY THE INQUILINOS AND GOT THEIR SHARE, THE REMAINING INCOME
WILL BE DIVIDED AMONG ALL THE SHARECROPPERS. SUDDENLY A CHANGE IN THE SOCIAL
STRUCTURE AND LAND SERVICES STARTED AN ARGUMENT BETWEEN THE SPANISH RELIGIOUS
HACIENDEROS, THE INQUILINOS AND THE SHARECROPPERS. THE ABUSES OF THE FRIAR ESTATES
THE INQUILINO OR LESSEE SHOULD BE WORKING FOR THE LANDLORDS. IF THE INQUILINO DID NOT MEET THE
STARTED WHEN THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION BROKE OUT IN 1896 AND BECAME ONE OF THE
MAIN CAUSES THAT URGED THE REBELLION.
REQUIREMENTS, HE WILL BE EVICTED FROM THE LAND. IN RETURN, THE INQUILINO WOULD RENT THE LAND

TO A KASAMA OR A SHARECROPPER, WHO WOULD DO THE CULTIVATING OF THE LAND. A SYSTEM OF THREE-

TIRED BEGAN WHERE THE LANDLORDS OR LANDOWNERS STAY AT THE TOP, THE INQUILINOS IN THE
MIDDLE AND THE KASAMA AT THE BOTTOM.
 THE NEXT REVOLUTION WAS THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, WHICH ALLOWED FOR THE CHANGING
OF POLITICAL VIEWS AMONG THE PEOPLE. IT STARTED IN EUROPE AND OTHER PARTS OF THE
WORLD. SINCE POLITICS, NOT ONLY IN FRANCE BUT SPAIN, TOO, WERE DISTURBED DURING THE
19TH CENTURY, A REVOLUTION AROSE. THE FRENCH GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURE CHANGED FROM
ABSOLUTE MONARCHY, WHICH GAVE PRIVILEGES TO THE NOBLES AND RELIGIOUS OFFICIALS. IT
WAS AN ERA OF POLITICAL DISTURBANCES WHICH INCLUDED SOME CHANGES IN THE MINISTRIES,
CONSTITUTIONS AND PARLIAMENTS.

CONSIDERED AS THE THIRD REVOLUTION, THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION WAS SOMEHOW

ABOUT THE POLITICAL DISTURBANCE DURING THE MID-18TH CENTURY. THERE WERE THIRTEEN (13)
NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES THAT FORCIBLY REMOVED THE BRITISH EMPIRE FROM POWER AND
IGNORED THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT FOR UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TO BECOME A SOVEREIGN
NATION. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION HAS GIVEN THE IDEA THAT THE COLONIZED PEOPLE WILL
HAVE THEIR INDEPENDENCE FROM THEIR COLONIZERS IN THE 19TH CENTURY.
 BOURBON REFORMS AND CADIZ
CONSTITUTION

THE SPANISH MONARCHS DECIDED ON IMPLEMENTING BOURBON REFORMS, A SET OF ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL

LAWS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE EXPANSION OF THE GAPS BE TWEEN THE PENINSULARES AND THE CREOLES

(THOSE BORN IN AMERICA). THIS MADE THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE

SPANISH AMERICAN COLONIES POSSIBLE THROUGH A REVOLUTION. THE BOURBONS’ PURPOSE WAS TO

STRENGTHEN AND SUPPORT THE SPANISH EMPIRE DURING THE 18TH CENTURY BUT LED TO ITS DESTRUCTION IN

THE NINETEENTH.
 SAID REFORMS WERE AIMED AT THE FOLLOWING:

1) TO CONTROL OVER THE AMERICAN COLONIES;

2) FOR THE CROWN TO OBTAIN RESOURCES THROUGH

EXPLOITATION;

3) TO PROFESSIONALIZE THE ARMY;

4) TO SUBDIVIDE NEW SPAIN INTO MAYORS;

5) TO DIMINISH THE VICEROY’S POLITICAL POWER; AND

6) TO PROHIBIT THE NATIVES FROM

PARTICIPATING IN POLITICAL OR ECCLESIASTICAL

COMMANDS.
 THE STUDY OF THE CÁDIZ CONSTITUTION, OF LIBERALISM, AND OF ITS MANIFOLD RELATIONS
WITH SPANISH AMERICA DURING THE FIRST QUARTER OF THE 19TH CENTURY HAS SHOWN SUCH A
REVIVAL IN THE PAST TWO DECADES THAT IT MAY BE A TEMPTATION TO SAY THAT THIS IS A
“NEW” FIELD IN THE WESTERN ACADEMIC WORLD. THE PROBLEM IS, ANY ENGLISH-SPEAKING
SCHOLAR WHO CANNOT READ SPANISH WILL NOT BE ABLE TO DO SO BECAUSE MOST OF THE
BIBLIOGRAPHY IS IN SPANISH. STUDIES OF THE CÁDIZ CONSTITUTION AND LIBERALISM UP TO THE
RECENT YEARS WERE ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY CONFINED TO THE PENINSULA WHERE SPANISH
AMERICA IS NOW A VERY LARGE FIELD OF RESEARCH REGARDING THESE TOPICS.

THE 1812 CONSTITUTION WAS DEEMED ESSENTIAL IF ONE IS TO UNDERSTAND THE

POLITICAL, IDEOLOGICAL, AND INTELLECTUAL ASPECTS OF LIBERALISM. WITH ALL ITS

LIMITATIONS AND
ITS VERY RESTRICTED APPLICATION IN THE PENINSULA, IT WAS REVOLUTIONARY VIS-À-

VIS THE
POLITICAL PRINCIPLES THAT HAD SUSTAINED THE SPANISH MONARCHY FOR CENTURIES.
THANK YOU FOR
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