Understanding The Self (GE 1 SS) Module

C
SUSIE HOPE R. TOMOL

PREMEL JEAN B. FARILLON
JEREMY C. LAMOSTE
MURIEL M. JOVER
ANALIE S. CORDERO
Photo Courtesy: Google Images (https://www.amazon.in/understanding-Self-Seema-Sharma/dp)

UNDERTANDING
THE SELF
Prepared by
SUSIE HOPE R. TOMOL

PREMEL JEAN B. FARILLON
JEREMY C. LAMOSTE
MURIEL M. JOVER
ANALIE S. CORDERO
First Semester, A. Y. 2020-2021

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface………………………………….………………………………………………i
Module 1. The Self from Various Perspectives…………….…………..1

1. Philosophical Perspectives……………………………….………..……….2
2. Sociological Perspectives…………………………………………..………9
3. Anthropological Perspectives……………………………………………..13
Module 2. The Self from Theoretical Perspectives……………………17

1. Stages of Psychosocial Development………………….…………..……18
2. Psychosexual Development …………………………..………….………23
3. Moral Development…………………………………………………..….…29
Module 3. The Self in the Western and Eastern Thoughts ……….36

1. Western and Eastern Philosophy…………………………………………37
Module 4. Unpacking the Self: The Physical Self……………….…....45

1. The Self as Impacted by the Body and the Impact of
the Culture of the Body Image and
Self-Esteem Beauty ……………………………....…………………..…..46
Module 5. Unpacking the Self: The Sexual Self ………………………56

1. Unpacking The Self: The Sexual Self……………….………………....…57
Module 6. Unpacking the Self: The Material Self…………………..…65
1. I Shop, Therefore I Am: I Have, Therefore I Am? ………………………66
2. The Nature of Materialism…………………………………………………74
Module 7. Unpacking the Self: The Spiritual Self ……………………85

1. Religious Beliefs and Ceremonies……………….…………………….…86
2. Finding and Creating Meaning of Life…………………………..………..92
Module 8. Unpacking the Self: The Political Self ………………….…97

1. Developing a Filipino Identity Values, Traits,
Community and Institutional Factors……………….………...……….…98
2. Filipino Markers………………………………………………………......102
3. The Self in the Context of Peace and Violence……………………….107
Module 9. Unpacking the Self: Digital Self ……………………………112

1. I, Me, Myself and my User ID Online Identity………………….…..…..113
2. Impact of Online Interactions on the Self………………………..…..…126
Module 10. Self-Care Management………………………………………..140

1. Learning to be a Better Student……………….…………………………142
2. Setting Goals for Success…………………………………………....….149
3. Taking Charge of One’s Health…………………………………..…..…154
References………………………………………………………...………………162
PREFACE
Understanding oneself is an integral process one needs to

understand to manage and set direction for his/her actions and
behavior. it is vital to be able to address concerns and issues about
the self-philosophical, psychological, sociological, anthropological,
and even the dilemma of mirroring oneself from the eastern and
western perspective-to define one’s purpose and act properly.
Understanding the Self present varied range of topics related to

different perspectives, deconstructing or unpacking the self, and
managing and caring for the self. It must be emphasized that
understanding the self is a multidisciplinary approach and endeavors,
and that no discipline supersede other principles and theories in
comprehending the self. Various perspectives on the self, presenting
a wider scope or even just a glimpse of oneself, are available at one’s
understanding.
- The Authors
ISAT-U VISION, MISSION, GOALS
VISION
ISAT U as a leading science and technology university in Southeast Asia
by 2030.
MISSION
The University is committed to provide quality and relevant advanced
education, higher technological, professional instruction and training in
arts, sciences, education, architecture, engineering, agriculture, forestry,
and other fields of study, thereby producing locally oriented, globally
competitive, and globally eco-friendly human resources. It shall promote
research and development programs to advance science and technology
and undertake sustainable extension and production activities.
CORE VALUES
Integrity
Commitment
Accountability
Responsiveness
Excellence
INSTITUTIONAL GOALS
1. To provide a nurturing environment where academic freedom is

guaranteed and respected for the optimum development of human
potential.
2. To produce highly competent and eco-friendly graduates, who will
become leaders and experts in their fields of specialization.
3. To conduct research towards the advancement of science and
technology.
4. To provide extension and production activities for the improvement of
the quality of life in the community.
5. To provide effective and efficient delivery of services through
responsive management of human, physical, financial and information
resources.
INSTITUTIONAL OUTCOMES/GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES

1. ISAT U graduates will demonstrate:
a. love of God and Nation;
b. expertise in their field of specialization;
c. leadership in the practice of their profession;
d. social responsiveness, gender sensitivity and respect towards
people and environment;
ii
e. awareness of and concern to domestic and global issues; and
f. ability to communicate effectively and think critically and
creatively.
2. ISAT U graduates will work:
a. with integrity and commitment in their respective fields of
endeavors; and
b. harmoniously in a multi-disciplinary and multi-cultural
environment.
3. ISAT U graduates will engage into:
a. life-long learning by keeping abreast with the latest
development in the society; and
b. the development and transfer of technology.
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Module Outcomes
At the end of the unit, the learners must have:

1. determined the different representations and
conceptualizations of the self from various
disciplinal perspectives;
2. compared and contrast how the self has been
represented across different disciplines and
perspectives; and
3. examined the different influences, factors and
forces that shapes the self
Rationale
The perdurable question, "Who am I?" points to a

deeply rooted need within the human species to
understand the basis for the experience of unitary
consciousness known as the Self. Today, the word
"Self" has come to refer to a host of intersecting ideas,
questions, concerns, and problems that are central to
the human condition and predicament. At the same
time, our fundamental experience of selfhood has
inevitably led to the pursuit of the related but equally
enigmatic question of "What is the Self?" Historically,
concepts and theories of what constitutes the Self
abound and at times have been so disparate that the
term has assumed radically different meanings across
disciplines.
Lesson 1 PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, the learners must have:
1. compared the role of philosophy in understanding the
self;
2. distinguished the different concepts of the self from the
philosophical perspective; and
3. created your own philosophy of the self.
Introduction
Before we even had to be in any formal institution of learning, among the
many things that we were first taught as kids is to articulate and write our names.
Growing up, we were told to refer back to this name when talking about
ourselves. Our parents painstakingly thought about our names. Should we be
named after a famous celebrity, a respected politician or historical personality, or
even a saint? Were you named after one? Our names represent who we were. It
has not been a custom to just randomly pick a combination of letters and number
(or even punctuation marks) like zhjk756!! To denote our being. Human beings
attach names that are meaningful to birthed progenies because names are
supposed to designate us in the world. Thus, some people get baptized with
names such as precious,” “beauty,” or “lonely.” Likewise, when our parents call
our names, we were taught to respond to them because our names on our
papers, projects, or any output for that matter. Our names signify us. Death
cannot even stop this bond between the person and her name. Names are
inscribed even into one’s gravestone.
A name is not the person itself no matter how intimately bond it is with the
bearer. It is only a signifier. A person who was named after a saint most probably
will not become an actual saint. He may not even turn out to be saintly! The self
is thought to be something else than the name. The self is something that a
person perennially molds, shapes, and develops. The self is not a static thing that
one is simply born with like a mole on one’s face or is just assigned by one’s
parents just like a name. Everyone is talked to discover one’s self. Have you truly
discovered yours?
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Activate
Activity 1.1: DO YOU TRULY KNOW YOURSELF?

Answer the following questions about yourself as fully and precisely as you can.
1. How would you characterize yourself?
2. What makes you stand out from the rest? What makes yourself special?
3. How has yourself transformed itself
4. What will happen to yourself after you die
Acquire
PHILOSOPHY is called the mother of all disciplines because all fields of

study began as philosophical discourses. Ancient philosophers attempted to
explain natural and social phenomena, coming up to their own definitions of how
the world works and what factors contribute to such phenomena. It was also
inevitable to come up with various conceptions of what it means to be human,
and the different definitions of the self.
SELF is the condition of identity that makes one subject of experience
distinct from all others. It is sometimes understood as the unified being
essentially connected to consciousness, awareness and agency (rational
choice).
Empiricism vs. Rationalism
Empiricists’ believes that there is no thing such as innate knowledge;
instead knowledge is derived from EXPERIENCE- either perceived by the five
senses or processed with the brain while the Rationalist movement believe that
innate knowledge exist and it has different sources. It explains self from
standpoint of what is “ideal” and “true” not felt by the senses or body.
Conclusions are derived through logic and reasoning
Who are you?
To answer this question let us try to examine the following philosophers and
their theories about the self or their basic tenets.
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CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY
1. SOCRATES is known for the phrase “Know thy Self”.
He uses the “Socratic Method” (the dialogue between the

soul and it self) to know more about self. He also believes
that Knowledge is inherent to man.
https://freedomandcitizenship. Introspection is examining or observation of one’s own

columbia.edu/socrates
mental and emotional processes.
2. PLATO believed that PLATO believed that the self is

the soul and that man is a soul who uses a body.
 “TWO WORLD THEORY

Ideal World (Intelligible world)-the true world
of reality.
Sensible World (World of Matter) - a world
of becoming; it is a world of constant https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
change. Plato
 The nature of man lies in the dichotomy of

body and soul.
 BODY is MATERIAL.
 The SOUL, on the other hand, can EXIST
APART FROM THE BODY.
 It is immutable and indestructible.
3 Parts of the Soul:

 APPETITIVE PART – part of the soul that drives man to experience
thirst, hunger, and other physical wants.
 SPIRITUAL PART – part of the soul that makes man assert
abomination and anger. It is the seat of EMOTIONS (i.e. anger,
fear, hatred, jealousy).
 RATIONAL PART – it is the seat of REASONING.
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3. ARISTOTLE stated that Man is a RATIONAL ANIMAL.
 Body and soul are in a STATE OF UNITY.
 Phenomena is matter and ideals are
essence
 The BODY is MATTER to the soul and the
SOUL is the FORM to the body.
 RATIONAL SOUL exists only in man. https://www.communicationth
eory.org/aristotle
MEDIEVAL AGES
4. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO argued that man is a
creation of God.
 Man is responsible for the existence of evil,
not God, for God cannot will it because He is
Absolute Goodness, says Augustine.
 It is therefore man’s nature, his freewill that
makes man imperfect.
 Man is capable of reaching PERFECTION
only if man keeps himself GOOD. https://www.britannica.com/bi
ography/Saint-Augustine
RENAISSANCE
5. RENE DESCARTES coined the phrase “Cogito

ergo sum”- I think therefore I am
 SELF is a THINKING THING.

 Credited with being the “Father of Modern
Philosophy.”
 The essential self—the self as thinking
entity—is radically different than the self as
physical body. https://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Desc
artes
6. JOHN LOCKE believed in “Tabula rasa”- man is

born with a blank slate. Proponent of The Memory
Theory of the Self.
 CONSCIOUSNESS is what defines one’s

SELF
 Self is unified by consciousness
 Consciousness is unified by connections
https://en.wikipedia.org/
between mental states wiki/John_Locke
5
7. DAVID HUME contended that the self is a bundle of
perception.
 Hume argues that our concept of the self is a
result of our natural habit of attributing unified
existence to any collection of associated parts.
 SELF- is simply combination of all experiences
with a particular person
 Believes that man can only know what comes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
from the senses and experiences. /David_Hume
8. IMMANUEL KANT stated that humans have inner and

outer self
 METAPHYSICAL SELF explores the nature of
being existence with no basis in reality.
 The INNER SELF includes rational reasoning
and psychological state.
 The OUTER SELF includes the body and
physical mind where representation occurs.
SELF- seat of knowledge acquisitions for all https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I
mmanuel_Kant
human persons.
MODERN TIMES
9. GILBERT RYLE believed that the mind and the body
are ordinarily harnessed together, but after the death
of the body the mind may continue to exist and
function.
 Ghost in the machine- in contrast of
“Cartesian dualism.”
 Self is known through the actions revealed by
MODES OF BEHAVIOR
https://www.philosophybasics
 “I act therefore I am” .com/philosophers_ryle.html
10. PATRICIA and PAUL CHURCHLAND said that the

self is the BRAIN
 Neurophilosophy-Concerned with association of
the brain and the mind.
 In order to understand the workings of the
human mind, people must first understand
the brain, its functions and wave activity.
 the physical brain and not imaginary brain https://www.newyorker.com/
that controls self magazine/2007/02/12/two-
heads
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11. MERLEAU-PONTY posited that the self is EMBODIED
SUBJECTIVITY and is based on experience
 PHYSICAL BODY is important in subjective
being
 “SELF”- is a product of both idealist and realist
standpoints.
 Mind and Body are so intertwined that they
cannot be separated from one another. One’s https://psychology.wikia.org/w
iki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty
body is his opening toward his existence to the
world.
 The living body, his thoughts emotions and
experiences are all ONE.
Apply
Activity 1.2
 Reflect on and make a narrative essay on the different philosophical

perspectives.
 What is your own philosophy of self?
Explore More
The students will watch the video link and learn more about the self-
perspective of different philosophers
 https://youtu.be/ybCAXqkzPhw
 https://youtu.be/eZTNA-2E1n4
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Assessment task
Name: Date:
Program, Year and Section: Score:
Direction: Using the table below, list down four philosophers and their views on
the self. Then, cite similarities and differences in their philosophical
perspectives.
Philosopher Philosophical Similarities Differences

View/s on the Self
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Lesson 2 SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Learning Outcomes:
1. examined yourself against the different sociological views
about self;
2. distinguished how the sociological perspective on the self
are applied; and
3. demonstrated critical and reflective thinking in showing
different aspects of the self.
Introduction
In this section, you will learn about how sociologists use paradigms to
understand the social world. A paradigm is a broad viewpoint, perspective, or
lens that permit social scientists to have a wide range of tools to describe society,
and then to build hypotheses and theories. You can also consider paradigms to
be guiding principles or belief systems. In the text, you’ll sometimes see the word
paradigm used interchangeably with perspective, theory, or approach.
Activate
Activity 1.3 My Self through the Years
Paste a picture of you when you were in elementary, in high school, and
now that you are in college. Below the picture, list down your salient
characteristics that you remember.
My Elementary Self My Elementary Self My Elementary Self
After having examined your “self” in its different stages, answer the
following:
1. Similarities in all stages of my “self”

2. Differences in my “self” across the three stages of my life
3. Possible reasons for the differences in me.
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Acquire
SELF is a relatively stable set of perceptions of who we are in relation to

ourselves, others, and social systems. It is socially constructed in the sense that
it is shaped through interaction with other people.
SOCIALIZATION is a means by which human infants begin to acquire the

skills necessary to perform as a functioning member of their society and is the
most influential in learning process one can experience.
LOOKING GLASS SELF by CHARLES COOLEY
“I am not what I think I am and I am not what you
think I am; I am what I think that you think I am.”
The LOOKING-GLASS SELF is a social
concept stating that a person’s self grows out of
society’s INTERPERSONAL INTERACTIONS and
the PERCEPTIONS OF OTHERS. The view of
ourselves comes from the contemplation of personal
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin
/433893745320806162/
qualities and impressions of how others perceive us.
The term refers to people shaping their identity based on the perception of
others, which leads the people to reinforce other people’s perspectives on
themselves. People shape themselves based on what other people perceive and
confirm other people’s opinion of themselves.
Cooley adheres to the INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE OF
SOCIOLOGY which aims to understand the meanings attached to the certain
situations and the behavior attach to it. He observed his own children to study
human nature.
3 Processes involved in developing the Self-concept or self-image

according to Cooley:
 We imagine what judgments people make of us based on our
appearance.
 We imagine how the person feels about us, based on the judgments
made of us. The result could lead us to change our behavior based on
how we feel people perceive us.
 THE PRIMARY GROUP is the source of human nature and is
characterized by close, intimate, face-to-face interaction whose
primary function is socialization
 THE SECONDARY GROUP refers to the larger and more disparate
‘nucleated group whose members were rarely if ever all in direct
contact.
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THEORY OF SOCIAL SELF BY GEORGE HERBERT MEAD
Mead's theory of the social self is based on the perspective that the self
emerges from SOCIAL INTERACTIONS, such as observing and interacting with
others, responding to others' opinions about oneself, and internalizing external
opinions and internal feelings about oneself. According to Mead, the self is not
there from birth, but it is developed over time from social experiences and
activities.
DEVELOPMENT OF SELF
 Preparatory Stage (imitation Stage) LANGUAGE develops
self by allowing individuals to respond to each other through
symbols, gestures, words, and sounds.
 PLAY develops self by allowing individuals to take on different
roles, pretend, and express expectation of others.
 GAMES develop self by allowing individuals to understand and
PARTS OF THE SELF

 “ME” part of the self is Objective element and active part of self. It is
our Social Self and it is the organized set of attitudes of others which
individuals assumes
 “I “part of the self is the part of you that’s existing out in the world,
acting, being spontaneous, etc. It is the subject of action. It’s what
you would commonly think of as yourself. It is in response to the
ME self
 Social acts, through transactions between persons who are
mutually oriented toward each other.
Apply
Activity 1.4: At the heart of the sociological perspective is understanding how

people:
a. are alike under the skin;
b. can never fully understand who they really are;
c. change their minds over little things; and
d. are influenced by society
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Assessment Tasks
Name: Date: _____________

Program, Year and Section: Score: ____________
Direction: Answer the following

A. Think of a current issue or pattern that a sociologist might study. What
types of questions would the sociologist ask, and what research
methods might he employ? Now consider the questions and methods a
psychologist might use to study the same issue. Comment on their
different approaches.
B. Explain why it’s important to conduct research using both male and
female participants. What sociological topics might show gender
differences? Provide some examples to illustrate your ideas.
A.
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B.
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Lesson 3 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Learning Outcomes:
1. increased awareness of the various dimensions of
anthropology and its influence on self-concept;
2. appreciated how each culture develops a unique cultural
lens; and
3. reflected on your own identity how culture influences our
beliefs and behavior.
Introduction
Anthropology is the study of human differences, cultural and biological, in
the context of human nature. Anthropologists identify and compare behaviour of
a particular group against the full range of human behaviour. Such comparison
should uncover principles that apply to all human communities. Third World
Focus was the distinguishing characteristics of this discipline. Until after the
Second World-War, anthropology focused almost exclusively on non-western or
'tribal people'. For a long time, anthropologists assumed that non-European
cultures were different enough to justify a different social science discipline to
study them. This assumption seems less persuasive today.
Activate
Activity 1.5
The followings are familiar Filipino expressions or “sayings” You are
invited to take a closer look into these sayings by using a “universal culture
glass”. A universal culture glass is a more objective way of looking at these
ideas and ways of living.
1. Kung maiksi ang kumot, matutong mamaluktot.
2. Huli man daw at magaling, naihahabol din.
3. Ang talong hindi marunong lumingon sa kanyang
pinanggalingan ay di makakarating sa paroroonan.
4. Naghangad ng kagitna, isang salop ang nawala.
5. Ang lalagyang walang laman ay maingay.
6. Ang tumakbo ng matulin, pag natinik ay malalim
7. Kung hindi ukol, hindi bubukol
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8. Kapag puno na ang salop ay dapat nang kalusin
9. Ang pag-aasawa ay hindi biro, 'di tulad ng kanin, Iluluwa kung
mapaso.
Saan nagmula ang ganitong kaisipan nating mga Pilipino?

Paano nakatutulong o nakabubuti sa sarili nating pag-unlad bilang
tao at bilang isang bansa ang bawat kasabihan
Acquire
Study of Humanity and How I feel About Life
https://www.scribd.com/presentation/416152668/Anthropology-as-a-Perspective-in-Understanding-the-self
 The study of human societies and cultures and their development

 Culture is the set of unwritten norms of conduct that guide the behavior
of a group
 Culture is the acquired pair of glasses through which we see life
https://www.scribd.com/presentation/416152668/Anthropology-as-a-Perspective-in-Understanding-the-self
Archaeology
 Examines the remains of ancient and historical human populations to
promote an understanding of how humans adapted to their
environment and developed.
14
Linguistic Anthropology
 Examines the language of a group of people and its relation to their
culture.
Cultural Anthropology
 Promote to study of a society’s culture through their belief systems,
practices, and possessions.
Physical Anthropology
 Looks into the Biological Development of Humans and their
contemporary variation.
Culture Filters “On Automatic”

 We see and interpret behavior through our own cultural filter (cultural
programming)
 Parents, friends, and relatives were simply passing on the message
 Forming stereotypes about people who were different from us
(politician, Igorot, homeless)
Dilemmas of a Society
 Hierarchy vs. Equality
 Individualism vs. Collectivism
 Performance vs. Caring
 Uncertainty vs. Let it be
 Flexibility vs. Discipline
Three Ways we can Relate to Culture

 CONFRONT -you believe that your behaviors are the right behavior
 CONFORM- when you adapt your way to behave, when you conform
to the whole society
 COMPLAIN- what happens is that you will isolate yourself into social
bubbles of foreigners living in segregation with the society
The challenge of becoming culturally competent

 Diversity is an inside job.
 Diversity goes beyond race and gender
 No one is the target of blame for current to past inequities.
 Human beings are ethnocentric
 The human species resists changes, continuing to seek homeostasis.
 Human beings find comfort and trust in likeness
 It is difficult for people to share power
15
Apply
Activity 1.6
How can anthropological perspective help us to understand different
societal issues connected with global world?
Explore more:
https://www.slideshare.net/NaraMier/module-3-anthropology-and-the-
study-of-culture
Assessment Tasks
Name: Date: _____________

Direction: Write an essay about what it means to be Filipino.
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Module Outcomes

1. differentiated the theoretical
underpinnings on how to manage and
care for different aspects;
2. acquired and hone new skills and
learning’s for better managing of one’s
self and behaviors; and
3. applied these new skills to one’s self and
functioning for a better quality of life.
Rationale
As discussed in the previous lessons, every field of study,

at least in the social sciences, have their own research, definition,
and conceptualization of self and identity. Some are similar while
some specific only in their field. Each field also has thousands of
research on self and identity as well as related or synonymous
terms. The trend of the lesson also seems to define the concept
of the “self” from a larger context (i.e., culture and society) down
to the individual. However it must be pointed out that modern
researches acknowledge the contributions of each field and this
is not some sort of a nurture vs. nature, society/culture vs.
individual/brain, and other social sciences vs. psychology debate.
Psychology may focus on the individual and the cognitive
functions, but it does not discount the context and other possible
factors that affect the individual. For students who take up
psychology, discussions on theories, and development, among
others actually take at least one semester and there are still more
to be learned about the concept of “self”. This lesson provides an
overview of the themes of psychology regarding the said concept.
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Lesson 1 STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Learning Outcomes:
1. differentiated the eight (8) stages of Erikson’s Theory of
Development;
2. compared and contrast the psychosocial crisis in different life
stages; and
3. valued the importance of the virtue and
maladaptation/malignancy in every stages of
psychosocial development
Introduction
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development is a theory that was
introduced in the 1950s by the psychologist and psychoanalyst Erik Erikson. It
built upon Freud’s theory of psychosexual development by drawing parallels in
childhood stages while expanding it to include the influence of social dynamics as
well as the extension of psychosocial development into adulthood. It posits eight
sequential stages of individual human development that are influenced by
biological, psychological, and social factors throughout the lifespan. This bio-
psychosocial approach has influenced several fields of study, including
gerontology, personality development, identity formation, life cycle development,
and more.
Activate
Activity 2.1
Using the crayons,
pencils, and markers create the
environments that were a part of
your upbringing.
The chart below can be a
guide in creating your own
human ecological influences.
http://lpc1.clpccd.cc.ca.us/lpc/rosensimon/Prenatal fall 2010/Activities.doc
18
Acquire
Erikson maintained that personality develops

in a predetermined order through eight stages of
psychosocial development, from infancy to
adulthood. During each stage, the person
experiences a psychosocial crisis which could have
a positive or negative outcome for personality
development.
For Erikson (1958, 1963), these crises are of
a psychosocial nature because they involve
psychological needs of the individual (i.e., psycho)
conflicting with the needs of society (i.e., social).
According to the theory, successful
completion of each stage results in a healthy
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/811773
personality and the acquisition of basic virtues. Basic 901569325945/
virtues are characteristic strengths which the ego can
use to resolve subsequent crises.
Failure to successfully complete a stage can result in a reduced ability to
complete further stages and therefore a more unhealthy personality and sense of
self. These stages, however, can be resolved successfully at a later time.
Erikson's Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development include:
Trust vs. Mistrust
 This stage begins at birth and lasts through
around one
year of age.
 The infant develops a sense of trust when
interactions
provide reliability, care, and affection.
 A lack of this will lead to mistrust. Simplypsychology.org-Erik-
Erikson.pdf
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

 This stage occurs between the ages of 18 months to
approximately age two to three years.
 The infant develops a sense of personal control over
physical skills and a sense of independence.
 Erikson states it is critical that parents allow their children
to explore the limits of their abilities within an
encouraging environment which is tolerant of failure.
Simplypsychology.org-Erik-  Success leads to feelings of autonomy, failure results in
Erikson.pdf feelings of shame and doubt.
19
Initiative vs. Guilt
 This stage occurs during the preschool years, between
the ages of three and five.
 The child begins to assert control and power over their
environment by planning activities, accomplishing tasks
and facing challenges. Success at this stage leads to a
sense of purpose.
 If initiative is dismissed or discourages, either through
Simplypsychology.org-Erik- criticism or control, children develop a sense of guilt.
Erikson.pdf
Industry vs. Inferiority

 This stage occurs during childhood between the ages of
five and twelve.
 It is at this stage that the child’s peer group will gain
greater significance and will become a major source of
the child’s self-esteem. The child is coping with new
learning and social demands.
 Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure
results in feelings of Inferiority.
Simplypsychology.org-Erik-
Erikson.pdf
Identity vs. Role Confusion

 The fifth stage occurs during adolescence, from about
12-18 years.
 Teenagers explore who they are as individuals, and seek
to establish a sense of self, and may experiment with
different roles, activities, and behaviors.
 According to Erikson, this is important to the process of
forming a strong identity and developing a sense of
direction in life.
Erikson.pdf
Intimacy vs. Isolation

 This stage takes place during young adulthood between
the ages of approximately 19 and 40.
 During this period, the major conflict centers on forming
intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success
leads to strong relationships, while failure results in
loneliness and isolation.
Erikson.pdf
20
Generativity vs. Stagnation
 This stage takes place during middle adulthood
between the ages of approximately 40 and 65.
 People experience a need to create or nurture
things that will outlast them, often having mentees
or creating positive changes that will benefit other
people.
 Success leads to feelings of usefulness and Simplypsychology.org-Erik-
Erikson.pdf
accomplishment, while failure results in shallow
involvement in the world.
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
 This stage takes place after age 65 and involves
reflecting on one's life and either moving into feeling
satisfied and happy with one's life or feeling a deep
sense of regret.
 Success at this stages leads to feelings of wisdom, while
failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair.
Erikson.pdf
Apply
Activity 2.2
Imagine that you are watching or listening to a child who is between 2 and
5 years of age. Name a skill that the child is learning to do. What is the can you
see or hear the child doing on their own?
What might you say or do next to help the child build on that skill?
21
Assessment task
Name: Date: _____________

Direction: Describe and complete Erik Erikson’s first 4 stages of Psychosocial

Development chart below.
TRUST (Birth – 18 months) MISTRUST (Birth – 18 Months)
AUTONOMY (2-3 years old) SHAME AND DOUBT (2-3 years old)
INITIATIVE (3-5 years old) GUILT (3-5 years old)
INDUSTRY (6-11 Years of age) INFERIORITY (6-11 years of age)
22
Lesson 2 PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
Learning Outcomes:
1. identified the five stages of psychosexual development;
2. analysed the result of fixations at a stage and the impact
that this has on adult personality; and
3. evaluated the development according to their relevance to
yourself.
Introduction
Freud (1905) proposed that psychological
development in childhood takes place in a series of fixed
psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and
genital.
These are called psychosexual stages because each

stage represents the fixation of libido (roughly translated
as sexual drives or instincts) on a different area of the
body. As a person grows physically certain areas of their Simplypsychology.org/psychose
body become important as sources of potential frustration xual.html
(erogenous zones), pleasure or both.
Activate
Activity 2.1
On the pad paper, write the important events everyone goes through from
birth to adolescence and compare the differences on the aspect of psychological
development.
Acquire
In describing human personality development as psychosexual Freud

meant to convey that what develops is the way in which sexual energy
accumulates and is discharged as we mature biologically. (NB Freud used the
term 'sexual' in a very general way to mean all pleasurable actions and
thoughts).
23
Freud stressed that the first five years of life are crucial to the formation of
adult personality. The id must be controlled in order to satisfy social demands;
this sets up a conflict between frustrated wishes and social norms.
The ego and superego develop in order to exercise this control and direct
the need for gratification into socially acceptable channels. Gratification centers
in different areas of the body at different stages of growth, making the conflict at
each stage psychosexual.
The Role of Conflict

Each of the psychosexual stages is associated with a particular conflict
that must be resolved before the individual can successfully advance to the next
stage. The resolution of each of these conflicts requires the expenditure of sexual
energy and the more energy that is expended at a particular stage, the more the
important characteristics of that stage remain with the individual as he/she
matures psychologically.
To explain this Freud suggested the analogy of military troops on the

march. As the troops advance, they are met by opposition or conflict. If they are
highly successful in winning the battle (resolving the conflict), then most of the
troops (libido) will be able to move on to the next battle (stage).
But the greater the difficulty encountered at any particular point, the greater the
need for troops to remain behind to fight and thus the fewer that will be able to go
on to the next confrontation.
Frustration, Overindulgence, and Fixation
Some people do not seem to be able to leave one stage and proceed on
to the next. One reason for this may be that the needs of the developing
individual at any particular stage may not have been adequately met in which
case there is frustration.
Or possibly the person's needs may have been so well satisfied that
he/she is reluctant to leave the psychological benefits of a particular stage in
which there is overindulgence.
Both frustration and overindulgence (or any combination of the two) may
lead to what psychoanalysts call fixation at a particular psychosexual stage.
Fixation refers to the theoretical notion that a portion of the individual's
libido has been permanently 'invested' in a particular stage of his development. It
is assumed that some libido is permanently invested in each psychosexual stage
and thus each person will behave in some ways that are characteristic of infancy,
or early childhood.
24
Psychosexual Stages of Development
1. Oral Stage (0-1 year)
In the first stage of personality development,
the libido is centered in a baby's mouth. It gets much
satisfaction from putting all sorts of things in its mouth
to satisfy the libido, and thus its id demands. Which
at this stage in life are oral, or mouth orientated, such
as sucking, biting, and breastfeeding.
Freud said oral stimulation could lead to an oral
fixation in later life. We see oral personalities all
around us such as smokers, nail-biters, finger-chewers, Simplypsychology.org/psychosexual.html
and thumb suckers. Oral personalities engage in such oral behaviors,
particularly when under stress.
2. Anal Stage (1-3 years)

The libido now becomes focused on the anus,
and the child derives great pleasure from defecating.
The child is now fully aware that they are a person in
their own right and that their wishes can bring them
into conflict with the demands of the outside world
(i.e., their ego has developed).
Freud believed that this type of conflict tends
to come to a head in potty training, in which adults
Simplypsychology.org/psychosexual.
html impose restrictions on when and where the child can
defecate. The nature of this first conflict with
authority can determine the child's future relationship
with all forms of authority.
3. Phallic Stage (3 to 5 or 6 years)
Female Oedipus complex

Simplypsychology.org/psychosexual.html
25
Sensitivity now becomes concentrated in the genitals and masturbation (in
both sexes) becomes a new source of pleasure. The child becomes aware of
anatomical sex differences, which sets in motion the conflict between erotic
attraction, resentment, rivalry, jealousy and fear which Freud called the Oedipus
complex (in boys) and the Electra complex (in girls).
The most important aspect of the phallic stage is the Oedipus complex.
This is one of Freud's most controversial ideas and one that many people reject
outright.
The name of the Oedipus complex derives from the Greek myth where
Oedipus, a young man, kills his father and marries his mother. Upon discovering
this, he pokes his eyes out and becomes blind. This Oedipal is the generic (i.e.,
general) term for both Oedipus and Electra complexes.
In the young boy, the Oedipus complex or more correctly, conflict, arises
because the boy develops sexual (pleasurable) desires for his mother. He wants
to possess his mother exclusively and get rid of his father to enable him to do so.
Irrationally, the boy thinks that if his father were to find out about all this, his
father would take away what he loves the most. During the phallic stage what the
boy loves most is his penis. Hence the boy develops castration anxiety.
Freud (1909) offered the “Little Hans” case study as evidence of the
Oedipus complex.
For girls, the Oedipus or Electra complex is less than satisfactory. Briefly,
the girl desires the father, but realizes that she does not have a penis. This leads
to the development of penis envy and the wish to be a boy.
The girl resolves this by repressing her desire for her father and
substituting the wish for a penis with the wish for a baby. The girl blames her
mother for her 'castrated state,' and this creates great tension. The girl then
represses her feelings (to remove the tension) and identifies with the mother to
take on the female gender role.
Latency Stage (5 or 6 to puberty)
No further psychosexual
development takes place during this
stage (latent means hidden). The libido is
dormant. Freud thought that most sexual
impulses are repressed during the latent
stage, and sexual energy can be
sublimated (re: defense mechanisms) Simplypsychology.org/psychosexual.html
towards school work, hobbies, and
friendships.
Much of the child's energy is channelled into developing new skills and
acquiring new knowledge, and play becomes largely confined to other children of
the same gender.
26
Genital Stage (puberty to adult)
This is the last stage of Freud's psychosexual
theory of personality development and begins in
puberty. It is a time of adolescent sexual
experimentation, the successful resolution of which is
settling down in a loving one-to-one relationship with
another person in our 20's. Sexual instinct is directed
to heterosexual pleasure, rather than self-pleasure
like during the phallic stage.
For Freud, the proper outlet of the sexual Simplypsychology.org/psychosexual.html
instinct in adults was through heterosexual intercourse.
Fixation and conflict may prevent this with the consequence that sexual
perversions may develop.
For example, fixation at the oral stage may result in a person gaining
sexual pleasure primarily from kissing and oral sex, rather than sexual
intercourse.
Apply
Activity 2.2
Read through the various Mother Goose nursery rhymes and determine
which fixation the character is stuck on from a previous psychosexual stage of
development.
Jack and Jill
Jack and Jill went up the hill
To fetch a pail of water.
Jack fell down and broke his crown,
And Jill came tumbling after.
Which stage of psychosexual development did Jack and Jill likely develop
a fixation? Explain your answer.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
27
Assessment Tasks
Name: Date: _____________

Direction: Explain the following statements related to development.
A. Discuss and reflect on your life the different stages of development

B. Describe the stage you are currently in as well as success and failures
from previous stages that might affect who you are today
C. Give examples that justify your success/ failure for each stage
A.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
B.
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__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
C.
__________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
28
Lesson 3 MORAL DEVELOPMENT
Learning Outcomes:
1. identified the ways people judge what is right or wrong;
2. examined the stages of moral development as described
by Lawrence Kohlberg; and
3. evaluated Kohlberg’s stages of moral development.
.
Introduction
Lawrence Kohlberg (1958) agreed with
Piaget's (1932) theory of moral development in
principle but wanted to develop his ideas further.
He used Piaget’s storytelling technique to
tell people stories involving moral dilemmas. In
each case, he presented a choice to be
considered, for example, between the rights of
some authority and the needs of some deserving
individual who is being unfairly treated.
One of the best known of Kohlberg’s
(1958) stories concerns a man called Heinz who http://totallyhistory.com/lawrence-kohlberg/
lived somewhere in Europe. Kohlberg asked a
series of questions such as:
1. Should Heinz have stolen the drug?
2. Would it change anything if Heinz did not love his wife?
3. What if the person dying was a stranger, would it make any
difference?
4. Should the police arrest the chemist for murder if the woman
died?
29
Activate
Discuss yourthoughts on the topic of morality and moral development. No
prior knowledge needed.
 What is morality?
 Where do our morals come from?
 How do they develop throughout life?
 Are we born good?
Acquire
By studying the answers from children of different ages to these

questions, Kohlberg hoped to discover how moral reasoning changed as people
grew older. The sample comprised 72 Chicago boys aged 10–16 years, 58 of
whom were followed up at three-yearly intervals for 20 years (Kohlberg, 1984).
Each boy was given a 2-hour interview based on the ten dilemmas. What
Kohlberg was mainly interested in was not whether the boys judged the action
right or wrong, but the reasons given for the decision. He found that these
reasons tended to change as the children got older.
He identified three distinct levels of moral reasoning each with two sub-
stages. People can only pass through these levels in the order listed. Each new
stage replaces the reasoning typical of the earlier stage. Not everyone achieves
all the stages.
Level 1 - Pre-conventional morality

At the pre-conventional level (most nine-year-olds and younger, some
over nine), we don’t have a personal code of morality. Instead, our moral code is
shaped by the standards of adults and the consequences of following or breaking
their rules.
Authority is outside the individual and reasoning is based on the physical
consequences of actions.
Stage 1. Obedience and Punishment Orientation. The child/individual is

good in order to avoid being punished. If a person is punished,
they must have done wrong.
Stage 2. Individualism and Exchange. At this stage, children recognize
that there is not just one right view that is handed down by the
authorities. Different individuals have different viewpoints.
30
Level 2 - Conventional morality
At the conventional level (most adolescents and adults), we begin to
internalize the moral standards of valued adult role models.
Authority is internalized but not questioned, and reasoning is based on the norms
of the group to which the person belongs.
Stage 3. Good Interpersonal Relationships. The child/individual is good in
order to be seen as being a good person by others. Therefore,
answers relate to the approval of others.
Stage 4. Maintaining the Social Order. The child/individual becomes
aware of the wider rules of society, so judgments concern
obeying the rules in order to uphold the law and to avoid guilt.
Level 3 - Post-conventional morality

Individual judgment is based on self-chosen principles, and moral
reasoning is based on individual rights and justice. According to Kohlberg this
level of moral reasoning is as far as most people get.
Only 10-15% are capable of the kind of abstract thinking necessary for
stage 5 or 6 (post conventional morality). That is to say, most people take their
moral views from those around them and only a minority think through ethical
principles for themselves.
Stage 5. Social Contract and Individual Rights. The child/individual

becomes aware that while rules/laws might exist for the good of
the greatest number, there are times when they will work against
the interest of particular individuals.
The issues are not always clear-cut. For example, in Heinz’s
dilemma, the protection of life is more important than breaking
the law against stealing.
Stage 6. Universal Principles. People at this stage have developed their
own set of moral guidelines which may or may not fit the law.
The principles apply to everyone.
E.g., human rights, justice, and equality. The person will be
prepared to act to defend these principles even if it means going
against the rest of society in the process and having to pay the
consequences of disapproval and or imprisonment. Kohlberg
doubted few people reached this stage.
31
Problems with Kohlberg's Methods
1. The dilemmas are artificial (i.e., they lack ecological validity)

Most of the dilemmas are unfamiliar to most people (Rosen, 1980). For
example, it is all very well in the Heinz dilemma asking subjects whether Heinz
should steal the drug to save his wife.
However, Kohlberg’s subjects were aged between 10 and 16. They have
never been married, and never been placed in a situation remotely like the one in
the story. How should they know whether Heinz should steal the drug?
2. The sample is biased

According to Gilligan (1977), because Kohlberg’s theory was based on an
all-male sample, the stages reflect a male definition of morality (it’s androcentric).
Mens' morality is based on abstract principles of law and justice, while womens'
is based on principles of compassion and care.
Further, the gender bias issue raised by Gilligan is a reminded of the
significant gender debate still present in psychology, which when ignored, can
have a large impact on the results obtained through psychological research.
3. The dilemmas are hypothetical (i.e., they are not real)
In a real situation, what course of action a person takes will have real
consequences – and sometimes very unpleasant ones for themselves. Would
subjects reason in the same way if they were placed in a real situation? We just
don’t know.
The fact that Kohlberg’s theory is heavily dependent on an individual’s
response to an artificial dilemma brings a question to the validity of the results
obtained through this research. People may respond very differently to real life
situations that they find themselves in than they do with an artificial dilemma
presented to them in the comfort of a research environment.
4. Poor research design

The way in which Kohlberg carried out his research when constructing this
theory may not have been the best way to test whether all children follow the
same sequence of stage progression. His research was cross-sectional, meaning
that he interviewed children of different ages to see what level of moral
development they were at.
A better way to see if all children follow the same order through the stages
would have been to carry out longitudinal research on the same children.
However, longitudinal research on Kohlberg’s theory has since been

carried out by Colby et al. (1983) who tested 58 male participants of Kohlberg’s
32
original study. She tested them six times in the span of 27 years and found
support for Kohlberg’s original conclusion, which we all pass through the stages
of moral development in the same order.
Problems with Kohlberg's Theory

1. Are there distinct stages of moral development?
Kohlberg claims that there are, but the evidence does not always support
this conclusion. For example, a person who justified a decision on the basis of
principled reasoning in one situation (post-conventional morality stage 5 or 6)
would frequently fall back on conventional reasoning (stage 3 or 4) with another
story. In practice, it seems that reasoning about right and wrong depends more
upon the situation than upon general rules.
What is more, individuals do not always progress through the stages and
Rest (1979) found that one in fourteen actually slipped backward. The evidence
for distinct stages of moral development looks very weak, and some would argue
that behind the theory is a culturally biased belief in the superiority of American
values over those of other cultures and societies.
2. Does moral judgment match moral behavior?
Kohlberg never claimed that there would be a one to one correspondence
between thinking and acting (what we say and what we do) but he does suggest
that the two are linked. However, Bee (1994) suggests that we also need to take
account of:
a. Habits that people have developed over time.
b. Whether people see situations as demanding their participation.
c. The costs and benefits of behaving in a particular way.
d. Competing motive such as peer pressure, self-interest and so on.
Overall Bee points out that moral behavior is only partly a question of
moral reasoning. It is also to do with social factors.
3. Is justice the most fundamental moral principle?
This is Kohlberg’s view. However, Gilligan (1977) suggests that the

principle of caring for others is equally important. Furthermore, Kohlberg claims
that the moral reasoning of males has been often in advance of that of females.
Girls are often found to be at stage 3 in Kohlberg’s system (good boy-

nice girl orientation) whereas boys are more often found to be at stage 4 (Law
and Order orientation). Gilligan (p. 484) replies:
33
“The very traits that have traditionally defined the goodness of women, their care
for and sensitivity to the needs of others, are those that mark them out as
deficient in moral development”.
In other words, Gilligan is claiming that there is a sex bias in Kohlberg’s

theory. He neglects the feminine voice of compassion, love, and non-violence,
which is associated with the socialization of girls.
Gilligan concluded that Kohlberg’s theory did not account for the fact that
women approach moral problems from an ‘ethics of care’, rather than an ‘ethics
of justice’ perspective, which challenges some of the fundamental assumptions
of Kohlberg’s theory.
Apply
Activity 2.3
Discuss the following
1. What was Kohlberg trying to accomplish with his theory?
2. How does moral development relate to cognitive development?
3. What is the difference between moral decisions and moral reasoning
4. Discuss each of the stages.How does moral reasoning develop over time?
34
Assessment Tasks
Name: Date: _____________

Direction: Apply the Theory to Movie/TV Characters
Literature, movies and television shows are filled with characters making
moral decisions and the reasoning for those decisions. Your objective is to think of
an example for as many of Kohlberg’s stages that you can in the time provided.
You are going to make a NEW Schoology post for each stage you discuss.
Note: Keep in mind that ALL DECISIONS ARE NOT MORAL ONES. You need
to think of scenes that are about "right vs wrong".
1. You will make a Schoology post that includes 4 things

a. Name of Movie/TV Show
b. Character Name and Image (or gif)
c. The characters moral dilemma and decision (what is going on). Provi
de dialogue from movie or show if possible.
d. Connect it to Kohlberg - clearly demonstrate understanding of a
characters behavior/decision making as applied to the theory.
______________________________________________________________________
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35
Module Outcomes

1. discussed the different representations and
conceptualizations of the self from various
disciplinal perspectives;
2. compared and contrasted how the self has been
represented across different disciplines and
perspectives; and
3. examined the different influences, factors, and
forces that shape the self.
1. demonstrated critical and reflective thought in
analyzing the development of one’s self and
identity by developing a theory of the self.
Rationale
The study of the self is something that puts

challenge to the one who would want to do it. Popular
cliché tells that one cannot give what one do not have.
Indeed it is difficult to claim that you understand others
when you do not value the experiences you are going
through. This topic will hopefully lead you into
understanding yourself. But for this to be fully functional
or helpful to you, we will begin our journey into how the
different perspective explain the very concept of the self.
36
Lesson 1 WESTERN AND EASTERN PHILOSOPHY
Learning Outcomes:
1. distinguished the concept of self-based on the western
and eastern philosophy;
2. examined the influences and factors that shape the self-
based on these philosophy; and
3. described their own experience of the self-using either of
these philosophy.
Introduction
If you are to be asked, who is more intelligent? Would you say the old
civilations or the people at present? You may be amazed by the new
technologies and discoveries nowadays. Human minds has not stopped
imagining and creating amazing inventions. However, the present is a product of
the past. The present is a refined living because of the learnings in the past.
Before you knew about Taylor Swift, Justin Bieber, Sarah Geronimo, and
many more. There lived Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Shakespeare and etc. whose
names reigned in their own expertise.
Let’s look back in the past and witness how people behaved and their
relative culture. Take a peak as how religion evolved through time, put ourselves
in their own perspectives, and we will know how they have affected our present
views.
37
Activate
Activity 3.1:Take a look at this
The Blind Men and the Elephant is a famous Indian fable that tells the
story of six blind sojourners that come across different parts of an elephant in
their life journeys. In turn, each blind man creates his own version of reality from
that limited experience and perspective.
Blind Men and the Elephant – A Poem by John Godfrey Saxe

John Godfrey Saxe’s (1816-1887) version of Blind Men and the Elephant
It was six men of Indostan, The Fourth reached out an eager hand,
To learning much inclined, And felt about the knee:
Who went to see the Elephant "What most this wondrous beast is like
(Though all of them were blind), Is mighty plain," -quoth he,-
That each by observation "'Tis clear enough the Elephant
Might satisfy his mind. Is very like a tree!"
The First approach'd the Elephant, The Fifth, who chanced to touch the ear,
And happening to fall Said- "E'en the blindest man
Against his broad and sturdy side, Can tell what this resembles most;
At once began to bawl: Deny the fact who can,
"God bless me! but the Elephant This marvel of an Elephant
Is very like a wall!" Is very like a fan!"
The Second, feeling of the tusk, The Sixth no sooner had begun
Cried, -"Ho! what have we here About the beast to grope,
So very round and smooth and sharp? Then, seizing on the swinging tail
To me 'tis mighty clear, That fell within his scope,
This wonder of an Elephant "I see," -quoth he,- "the Elephant
Is very like a spear!" Is very like a rope!"
The Third approach'd the animal, And so these men of Indostan

And happening to take Disputed loud and long,
The squirming trunk within his hands, Each in his own opinion
Thus boldly up and spake: Exceeding stiff and strong,
"I see," -quoth he- "the Elephant Though each was partly in the right,
Is very like a snake!" And all were in the wrong!
38
What is the message of the story? Indeed we tend to see same thing
differently. Beauty depends on the eye of the beholder as they say. How we view
our self may be different at how others view us. Some say that you are what you
think you are; in fact, it is common to hear that you are what you eat. But which
one are you?
During lockdown, we see different ways people respond to the same

situation. How did you respond to it? With positive thoughts? Or otherwise?
Acquire
According to Socrates, “an unexamined life is not worth living.” Often,

issues and concerns are the results of not knowing and understanding the self.
According to Erik Erikson, a known author of the stages of psychosocial
development, by the time an individual reach early adulthood, that person should
be able to already achieved sense of identity. However, not all is able to achieve
this task, maybe because not all is able to fully understand the dynamics of the
“self”.
Self is often associated with identity, personality. The concept is so

compounded that its nature and development is explained differently by different
people and different perspective. Among the early perspective are those
introduced by philosophers. It seems though that the belief on the nature of the
self differs when viewed in the west and that of the east.
“Who are you then?”. Do you view your self as different and distant to
others? or you believe you are what you are because of your interaction with
others? Do you see yourself as a product of your culture or do you stand out
separately from it?
PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE
Philosophy is defined as the rational investigation of the truths and

principles of being, knowledge and conduct (www.dictionary.com). Its history is
replete with men and women who inquired into the fundamental nature of the self
(Alata, et.al., 2018). But since there are so many of them, we will only discuss
few who really made an impact in understanding the nature of the self. First
would be from the western thoughts. This philosophy is self-oriented, values
freedom and choice and wants to free itself from the bondage of society. Most if
not all of those discussed earlier are from the western philosophy.
Eastern philosophy however, has a different way of looking into the nature
of man. Eastern thought is others-oriented. It values relationships and social
obligation and looks into the welfare of society. Here, the self identifies with the
group.
39
Confucianism
A way of life propagated by Confucius. It regarded an individual as a
member of a larger whole, not as a separate being. The ethical teachings of
Confucius are based on the human relationship (ruler & ruled, parents & child,
among siblings and among friends). The individual has to perform its indicated
roles so harmony is achieved. According to Confucianism, your identity is defined
by your membership to a group which is called the “relational self”. Another
concept is the “subdued self” which means that you respond to that relationship
not for your own needs and aspiration but of social requirement and obligations
(Corpuz, et.al., 2019). Confucian thought also insisted that human beings are
teachable, improvable, and perfectible through personal and communal
endeavor.
For example, you are your parents child, this is your relational self. As a
child you are expected to follow the standard rules set by the society, that is to
follow and respect your parents, this is your subdued self. On the other hand,
your parents will take on their duty by embracing difficulties to provide you with
your needs, this is their subdued self as well since this idea is a social
requirement.
Taoism/Daoism
Lao-Tzu (also known as Laozi or Lao-Tze) was a Chinese philosopher

credited with founding the philosophical system of Taoism. According to this
philosophy there are no “bad people” only people who behave badly. One can be
a “good person” and can live in harmony with the earth and with others if one is
given approprate education and guidance towards understanding on how the
universe work.
Taoism emphasizes being flexible and submitting self to whatever life will
bring to live life in best possible way. Hence, if the person is able to adjust to
changes, that person will be happy, otherwise if that person resists to changes in
life, that person becomes unhappy. One's ultimate goal is to live at peace with
the way of the Tao and recognize that everything that happens in life should be
accepted as part of the eternal force which binds and moves through all things
(Mark, 2016).
This “New Normal” puts us all in awe. We are shocked with the many
changes that happen brought about by the pandemic like instead of a face to
face education, you are given a module where you have to study lessons on your
own. This may be alright to some, but for some this may be a difficult way of
learning. We heard many people experience mental health issues and succumb
themselves to depression and suicide. According to Taoism, the way to achieve
peace and move on with life is to accept and adjust to these changes, and
embrace this “new normal.”
40
Buddhism
Founded in the late 6th century B.C.E. by Siddhartha Gautama (the
"Buddha"). The Buddha teaching includes four noble truths: life is suffering
(dukkha), that suffering is caused by cravings and attachments, but these
suffering has an end, and the path to end this is the eightfold path of right views,
right resolve, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right
mindfulness, and right concentration.
In Buddhism, compassion and wisdom go together. When we practice

meditation regularly, we get more space in our mind, and distance from difficult
thoughts and feelings. This then makes us see that everybody has the same
problems as we have, thus we become more compassionate and will try to do
something to help them. When we act with compassion, we focus more on others
than ourselves and by this we get better feedback from the world. If these
happen, disturbing emotions like anger, pride, attachment, and jealousy loosen
its grip. Where there is space that we don’t instantly fill with our own concerns
any more, wisdom has a chance to appear spontaneously.
In the first month of the pandemic, we feel apprehensive of the situation.

Some of you perhaps suffer because lockdown limits you to do the usual thing
you do like malling and enjoying life with your friends. This may be a difficult thing
but according to Buddhism, the suffering that you are going through now has an
end. How? …. Follow the suggested eightfold path. With right mindfulness and
concentration, you will realize that you are not the only one experiencing this. In
the process you will slowly loosen the grip of fear and perhaps angry and you
start to be more understanding of others and see that this happens for a reason.
41
Table below shows the basic differences between the Eastern and
Western Philosophical Perspective.
EASTERN PHILOSOPHY WESTERN PHILOSOPHY

 Everyone is interconnected  Dualities = one is different from the
others.
• Collectivistic Culture“WE” • Individualistic Culture“I”
• True “ME” is in relation to everything • True “Self” is the center as it is already
around or part of the bigger scheme given and part of the divine
• Looks at the welfare of the groups • May loose associations or even loyalty to
and values cooperation the group – competition is the name of the
game
• Emphasis on hierarchy as culture • Values equality, given fair chance
keeps harmony and order
• Talks in general manner and would • Talks more about self and personal
rather keep a low profile (promoting attributions, achievements
self is boastful)
Apply
Who are you? Perhaps when this is asked to you, you will immediately say
your name. but easy as it may seem, in reality may be difficult to answer
especially when asked who are you beyond the name?
But for now, let us take this activity to help you understand in part your
self anchoring it to the perspective that we discussed.
When the COVID 19 became pandemic, Pres. Duterte declared a

lockdown last mid of March. Of course, you know what happened next. We were
not allowed to go out, with very limited or up to none personal interaction and the
usual thing we do were restricted. During that time what were your thoughts?
What were your feelings? Where there changes with the way you view yourself
before the pandemic? Or were there new that you discovered about yourself?
42
Activity 3.2
1. List down below how you view your self before the pandemic and during the
pandemic. Limit your answer to 3-5 descriptions
Before the Pandemic During Pandemic
Ex. I usually discuss my problems with Ex. I am more comfortable talking

my friends. about my fears and worries with my
I just took my parents for granted. siblings.
I cooked and sell it online, hence
helping my parents financially.
2. Are there some changes? (It is alright if there is none). What are those
changes you noticed?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
3. Explain why it happened (the changes or no changes). Anchor your

exlanation to any of the philosophy discussed. (limit your answer to up to 5
sentences only)
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
43
4. Do you like what are you now? or was it better then? Why so?
(limit your answer to up to 5 sentences only)
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Assessment task
Name: Date: _____________

Direction: Tell what philosophy is described in the following statement. Refer

your answer below. Write your anwer on the space provided.
EP. If your answer is Eastern Philosophy

WP. If your answer is Western Philosophy
_____ 1. I need to study more so I can get the grade that I aspire.
_____ 2. COVID 19 pandemic taught me to be more understanding of

the struggles others experience.
_____ 3. Keeping myself healthy is also keeping my family safe from the
possible COVID contagion.
_____ 4. I fear failure that is why I try to excell in all possible endeavor I
am part of.
_____ 5. I am now a student of ISAT university, as such, I will embrace
its core value so the university achieves its vision.
_____ 6. As a working student I experience difficulties, but I know there
is an end to this if I do what is necessary.
_____ 7. I deserve better grade because I work for it.
_____ 8. Trust and loyalty is gained.
_____ 9. Whatever I achieved now, I owe it to people who helped me.
_____ 10. During a monthlong lockdown, many noticed that Manila’s sky
became clearer as before it.
44
Module Outcomes

1. explored the different aspects of self and
identity;
2. demonstrated critical, reflective thought in
integrating the various aspects of self and
identity, including holistic understanding of
gender, peace and violence;
3. identified the different forces and institutions
that impact the development of various aspects
of self and identity; and
4. examined one’s self against the different
aspects of selves discussed in class.
Rationale
Understanding the self is a complex process. To

be able to delve into it, one has to scrutinize the
specifics to be able to appreciate the whole. It is a
complex process because one has to consider the many
forces that has an impact in its development. As a
millennial, you have been exposed to these many
factors thus, it is the intention of this module that you will
see the many aspects of yourself, the factors that
involved in how you see yourself and how it affects your
self-esteem.
45
THE SELF AS IMPACTED BY THE BODY AND THE IMPACT OF THE
Lesson 1 CULTURE OFTHE BODY IMAGE AND SELF-ESTEEM BEAUTY
Learning Outcomes:
1. explored the physical aspect of the self and identity;
2. identified the different forces that has as impact in the
development of your physical self; and
3. described yourself and the different forces that has
influenced your body and self-image.
Introduction
Does any of this sounds familiar to you?” I’m too short and fat”, “If only I
could be taller and skinny, fairer complexion, pointed nose, straight hair, I’d be
happy.”
Are you putting yourself down? If so, you are not alone. As a young
person, you are going through lots of changes in your body and as your body
changes, so does your image of yourself. It’s not always easy to like every part of
your looks but when you get stuck on the negatives it can really deteriorates your
self-esteem.
Activate
Activity 1.1
Face the mirror and ask yourself with the following questions and explain
to yourself the answers to your questions.
a. Am I beautiful?
b. What makes me beautiful?
c. How can I keep this beauty to lifetime?
46
Acquire
THE SELF AS IMPACTED BY THE BODY AND THE IMPACT OF THE

CULTURE OF THE BODY IMAGE AND SELF ESTEEM INCLUDING THE
IMPORTANCE OF BEAUTY
Understanding the self includes understanding the mechanics involve in

development of the physical self. What we are is the consequence of the
combination of traits of our parents made possible through the process of
heredity. It is imperative then that the process should be understood since our
physical self affects our self-esteem.
However, there are other factors that have an impact on how we view our
selves, this includes our culture. The culture in which we are surrounded by has
a significant impact on how we feel about our self and the manner in which we
think our body. Many cultural traditions also contributes to body image and can
influence both negative or positive body image and self-esteem.
How do you feel about the way you look?
Physical Self refers to the body, this marvellous container and complex,
finely tuned, machine with which we interface with our environment and fellow
beings. It is the concrete dimension, the tangible aspect of the person that can be
directly observed and examined (Sanjay Singh, New Delhi, India).
It is usual for us to describe person in terms of physical characteristics that

are visible to us. These characteristics are defining traits and features of the
body. Sex, height, weight, complexion, hair and facial features are among the
common physical features identified when you are asked to describe another
person. The physical self does not include characteristics that are internal to the
self - such as kindness, generosity, loyalty, obedience, and other similar
characteristics (Corpus, et al., 2019).
Understanding the Physical Self starts with understanding the dynamics
involve in this process-the heredity. Heredity is the process of transferring of
traits from parents to offspring. What you are now and what you have now
physically is in most part the result of this genetic components which was
transferred to you by you parents. How is that possible?
Every individual is unique because they have a unique set of traits. The
traits which are transmitted by the parent to its offspring during the process of
fertilization (when the sperm meets the ovum) are inherited traits. This
inheritance is determined by certain rules of heredity. Inherited traits are coded in
our DNA and hence cannot be pass on to the next generation. Example: eye
47
color, height, complexion, color of hair and (https://byjus.com/biology/inhereted-
traits/).
What are these rules of heredity? Each of your parents contribute equal
number of chromosomes 23 each- through their reproductive cells (sperm and
egg cells). These chromosomes hold coded instructions of heredity and are
made up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that acts as code for genetic
information. The DNA in each cell contains three billion base pairs. However, the
crucial pairs can occur in endless combination, which explain the rich diversity of
humanity.
Genes are small areas of the DNA code. Each of the 100 genes in your
cells affects a particular process or personal characteristics. Sometimes, a single
genes is responsible for an inherited feature, such as the color of your eyes.
Most characteristics, however, are polygenic are controlled by many genes
working in combinations.
Genes may be dominant or recessive. When a gene is dominant, the
feature it controls will appear every time the gene is present. When a gene is
recessive, it must be paired with another recessive gene before its effect will be
expressed. For example, your mother has curly hair and your father has straight,
you were most likely have curly hair because curly hair genes are dominant. But
in case you have straight hair that is because your mother carries a recessive
straight hair.
Once the sperm cell and the ova meet, those traits mentioned are form fix.
However, at some instance during the process, some change in the coding of
DNA may occur as a result of exposure to some radioactive substance. The
changes in the genetic coding are called mutation; hence, you hear some news
that there are those born with incomplete limbs or those with the so much facial
hairs and even conjoined twins.
Now, try looking at yourself in the mirror, what you see are the trait
combined exactly from your parent transmitted also by their parents to
them and so on. Earlier on I asked you the question: “How do you feel the way
you look?”… Are you happy with what you see in the mirror? Thus it make you
feel good saying the shape of face, your nose, r eyes, and your body structure?
Are you contented with the way you see yourself in the mirror? Your answer is
your body image.
Body Image is a term that can be used to describe how we think and feel
about our bodies. Because these thoughts and feelings can be complex,
approaches to define and understand body image are varied and can include:
how we view our bodies and how accurate tis bodies in our environment; How
much we value other people think about our body and appearance; and how
48
much other people’s opinion about our appearance affects our feelings about our
self. (https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/ publications/body-image-report)
When you are not satisfied with your body (appearance or its functions,
then you have poor body image. In contrast, when you are satisfied with it, then
you have a positive body image. Not only that you are satisfied with it, but that
you appreciate and accept your abilities, you value it including what seems to be
the limitation you have because of it.
Are you beautiful? Who is beautiful to you? What are your basis to say
that you are beautiful? Usually, the physical features such as the face and body
figure are considered as basis for beauty. In fact, society prescribes standards of
beauty which often is related to physical qualities like glowing skin, rosy cheeks,
sharp and pointed nose, white and healthy teeth and tantalizing eyes.(Corpus
et.al., 2019).
Our present culture tells us that being beautiful is inevitable, it’s like a
requirement for us to be like or loved and so you see that others take some
medical procedures just to fit in. The quest for beauty is sometimes generous but
for those who believe that beauty is capital; they will pursue it no matter what.
If given a chance, will you consider going through a procedure like plastic
surgery, liposuction, and breast augmentation to alter, enhance or modify your
beauty?
Before you answer the questions in the exercises later, read the article
entitled: Body Image, Self Esteem and Mental Health on this website:
(https://heretohelp.bc.ca/infosheet/body-image-self-esteem-and-mental-health)
Being clean, neat and well-groomed are beauty factors that creates a
positive aura and good impression even without following new trend in fashion.
Our skin also contributes a part in our appearance that creates impression to our
habits. Our skin serves as our outer covering that maintains the body
temperature as it contains nerve endings that feed our nervous system with the
stimulus from outside environment. Some ways of taking care of skin are:
drinking 8 glasses of water every day, have a sleep of at least 7-8 hours per day,
avoiding oily food, cigarettes, harsh substances, and too much exposure to
sunlight especially during 10-2 o’clock pm or use waterproof sunscreen lotion
with 15 SPF or higher to hydrate the skin, applying deodorant, taking a regular
bath, vitamin C (anti-oxidant) and Vitamin E, preventing Acne by facial cleaning
and using of facial cream suit to your skin and moderate use of cosmetics.
Our hair act as our ‘crowning glory’. Some ways of taking care our hair
are: brushing or combing hair at least twice a day to maintain body and shine as
it releases natural oil from the root, washing hair everyday with gentle soap and
shampoo and conditioner to prevent dryness, have an intensive hair treatment at
49
least once a week if possible, use your own comb or hair brush to avoid getting
parasites from others, perm hair with salon assistance for extreme care in every
6 month, iron and blower hair occasionally only during significant events and
avail hair trim at least once a month to get rid of split ends.
Having a good set of teeth offer us many opportunity like speaking,

smiling, have fresh breath that provides positive vibes and serves as our ticket to
become more sociable. Some tips to maintain and show a catching smile are: to
maintain a healthy diet, avoid sugar, sweets and cigarettes have a constant oral
care/ dental check-up, brushing teeth before bedtime and every after meal, use a
mouthwash and floss on hard to reach spots of teeth
‘First Impression lasts’. It is a must need to take care our appearance and
to dress appropriately according to event in building our self-esteem. Basic tips to
maintain a good grooming for gentlemen are: having a good smell by wearing
mild perfume scent, having a sense of style like wearing comfy but elegant
clothes, wearing clean shoes or sandals that complement your attire, maintaining
good bearing like proper body posture and confidence and being clean always
like taking shower, cut nails, pamper skin, wear face mask and face shield in
crowded and public places and maintain hand sanitizing. To maintain good
grooming for you ladies you must master the following tips such as: wearing
clean shoes or sandals, bringing only essentials in your bag, using mild perfume
scents that suit your personality, wearing smart face, chin up and keep proper
smart posture, taking a bath, be clean and fresh, sanitize hands from time to time
and wearing face mask and face shields in public and crowded places, and
choosing suitable attire that suits the event, and best bag or clutch that
complements your attire
Social graces are skills used in politely interacting in social situations.

They include manners, etiquette, deportment and fashion and refinement
(Britannica.com). It is society's rules for acceptable kindness. This is extremely
important in developing friendships, but also important in all other relationships.
You need to get along in the world at home and at work. Using social grace is
how you do that. If there is one important rule about social grace it is about self-
awareness. Understanding how you're coming off to people. Good manners are
about respecting yourself and others. They will make life more enjoyable for you
and for those you come into contact with. If you are well mannered others will be
more comfortable in your company. People with good manners will usually make
a positive impression on those around them. We can achieve a good image, well-
oriented and cultured one if we can master some practices especially on special
occasions such as reiterated on the next page:
50
a. For Smoking Etiquette, you must use ashtray in putting out stub, do not
throw cigarette butts on the floor and be courteous to those who are
sensitive to smoke.
b. For Drinking Etiquette, you must drink slowly and moderately to call a
day when you have enough.
c. Dating Etiquette, you must made a plan, have a gift to give, control our
self, do not stay late, inform your parents and must learn to
appreciate and compliment, do not spend much, never tempted to
drink neither take drugs or do sex and never embarrass the person if
you do not like him or her.
d. For Party Etiquette, you must have a plan, dressed well, be hospitable,
avoid Filipino time, get conversations going, moderate eating, do not
over stay, never forget to thank the host/hostess
e. Phone Etiquette happen in answering or making call, you have to
follow the following steps: first, you must start with a greetings,
then you have to introduce yourself, modulate your voice while talking,
avoid saying negative words and thoughts, letting the person you
called to finish his/ her line, always remember to say thank you and
goodbye that the caller should end the call and be accommodating
always.
Being confident requires not only you’re physical self and image but also
you’re bearing and composure. Being confident bring almost positive results.
Your smart manner in sitting and standing upright brings an aura of confidence
and strengths. Proper posture bring proper effects like: contributes to a good
appearance, prevents strain or overuse problems, prevents backache and
muscular pain, prevent the spine from becoming fixed in abnormal positions,
decreases the stress on the ligaments holding the joints of the spine together,
help decrease the abnormal wearing of joint surfaces that results in arthritis, keep
joints and bones in correct alignment so that muscles are being used properly
and prevents fatigue because muscles are being used more efficiently allowing
the body to use the less energy.
When you’re done working on this module, answer the following activities
and submit it to me on ______________________________.
51
Apply
Activity 1.2
1. Look at the mirror (better if you are able to see your entire body). From head
to toe, scrutinize yourself, and then fill-up the table below. Be properly guided
by the following rubric of scoring in making your answer.
Relevance of answer to the question--------------------------- 3

Thoroughness of answer------------------------------------------- 3
Organization and logic of answer-------------------------------- 2
Mechanics of writing
(spelling, punctuation, grammar, clarity of prose)----------- 2
Highest Possible Score-------------------------------------------- 10
Inherited traits you Inherited traits you Inherited traits you have
have that is most likely have that is most likely that is most likely similar
similar to your father similar to your mother to your mother and
father
Are you happy for having those traits? Why so? (Answer in not more than 5
sentences.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
52
2. Answer the Self-test: self-esteem on the article I asked you to read. Do you
have high or low self-esteem? ________________________
3. Based on the Article I asked you to read, what do you intend to do now to
improve your body image and self-esteem? Or maintain it? (Limit your answer
to up to 5 sentences only).
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
53
Assessment task
Name: Date: _____________


I. Fill-up answer on the space provided.
1. The shape of your nose is a trait transmitted to you by your parents
through the process called_______________________.
2. This process (referring to question # 1) begins during_________.
3. How do you think about your self is your___________________.
4. When a gene is dominant, the feature it controls will appear every time
the gene is present. Recessive traits will only appear
if_________________________________________________.
5. When changes in genetic coding happens, it is called________.
6. Self-esteem is_______________________________________.
7-10. Identify what degree of body image. Refer your answer as:
A. Positive body B. poor body image
7. Black is beautiful._____
8. Feeling comfortable with having short limbs._____
9. If only I’m fairer like you, I would be very happy._____
10. I may be smaller than you are, but I am healthy._____
II. Based on your readings from the websites I asked you to read, answer the
following:
Discuss briefly how culture influences your body image, self-
esteem, and mental health. Your points shall be based on how you
integrated your readings from the website. Be properly guided by the
following rubric of scoring in making your answer.
Relevance of answer to the question---------------------------------3

Thoroughness of answer------------------------------------------------ 3
Organization and logic of answer--------------------------------------2
Mechanics of writing (spelling, punctuation,
grammar, clarity of prose-------------------------------------------------2
Highest Possible Score---------------------------------------------------10
54
III. Cartooning
Think of anything that best describes how you value and take care
yourself. Illustrate in the round frame below. Be properly guided by the
following rubric in making your cartooning.
Content/ Knowledge------------------------------------------------------- 2
Work Quality/Effort----------------------------------------------------------- 2
Creativity------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2
Format/Presentation--------------------------------------------------------- 2
Expectations/Potential------------------------------------------------------- 2
Highest Possible Score----------------------------------------------------- 10
55
Module Outcomes

identity;
identity including holistic understanding of
peace and violence; and
that impact the development of various
aspects of self and identity.
Rationale
Understanding the self is a complex process. To

be able to delve into it, one has to scrutinize the
specifics to be able to appreciate the whole. It is a
complex process because one has to consider the many
forces that has an impact in its development. As a
millennial, you have been exposed to these many
factors thus, it is the intention of this module that you will
see the many aspects of yourself, in this case your
sexual self that influences how you see yourself and
how it affects your self-esteem.
56
Lesson 1 UNPACKING THE SELF: THE SEXUAL SELF
Learning Outcomes:
1. distinguished concepts related to the development of the
sexual self;
2. described the development of sex characteristics and
diversity of sexual behavior; and
3. valued sexuality as embodied in human nature.
Introduction
When you fill up certain documents, there are some that will require you to
write your sex. What will you write? Why? What is your basis for writing it? Is sex
and gender the same?
Just what it takes to be a man or a woman? Are you a man? Woman?
Woman trapped in a man’s body, or a man trapped in a woman’s body? Still a
closet king? Or queen? Which one are you? Are you comfortable with your
choice? Or not yet sure?
These are just some interesting questions that we will try to be clarified
with in this topic. So, let us swim together and journey to your sexual self.
Activate
Activity 5.1:Take a look at this
https://recuperarlaluz.blogspot.com/2014/01/school-bathroom-door.html?m=0
If you are about to pee or there is a need to go to the rest room, which door will
you get in? Why?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
57
Acquire
Often, we use the term “sex” and “gender” interchangeably. Technically,
these terms are different in so many ways. In general terms, “sex” refers to the
biological differences between males and females, such as the genitalia and
genetic differences. However, World Health Organization (WHO) defines
gender as “socially constructed characteristics of women and men, such as
norms, roles, and relationships of and between groups of women and men.
It varies from society to society and can be changed.”
So, if you are asked to fill in the information on the sex part, your answer
should either be “male” or a “female” depending on your biological construct.
How is this possible?
At birth, each individual is classified by biological sex. In this two-sex

system, a male is characterized by having a penis and XY chromosomes
whereas female is defined by having a vagina and XX chromosomes. Inherent in
this commonly accepted definition of sex are the assumptions that there are only
two sexes, that sex is fixed and unchanging, and that each person can be
classified under one and only one of these categories (Macapagal, et.al., 2013).
Sex is fixed and unchanging and a more objective way of classifying
people, gender is perceived more as subjective and psychological. Although
gender is assumed to match one’s biological sex, some human experiences
shows proof that it may not always match the psychological gender. A boy may
feel that he is a female or a “woman trapped in a man’s body”, and a girl may
think that she is a male or a “man trapped in a woman’s body” (Macapagal, et.al.,
2013).
In this dichotomy, the terms male and female relate only to biological
forms (sex), while the terms feminine/femininity, woman/girl,
masculine/masculinity, and man/boy relate only to psychological and
sociocultural traits (gender) (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sex).
Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics:

There are two basic sex characteristics that we have. Earlier we discussed
that at birth, each individual is classified by biological sex, depending on
assigned sex at birth, and this is the primary sex characteristics.
But during adolescence, boys and girls develop their secondary sex
characteristics along with other physical changes experience in this stage. As
you reach the puberty stage, you are becoming physically mature hence you
experience physical changes brought about by the release of the sex hormones
from your testes (for males), and ovaries (for females). Testosterone is the sex
hormones for males, and the estrogen and progesterone are for females. Usually
this takes at ages 10 to about 13 or 14 (Corpuz, et.al. 2019).
58
Table below shows comparison of primary and secondary sex
characteristics between male and female.
Males Common to both Sexes Females

Primary Sex Characteristics Primary Sex
 Growth of Scrotum  Pubic hair and Characteristics
and Testes axillary hair  Increase in size of
 Release of hormones  Oily skin vagina and uterus
related to sperm  Voice deepens  Ovaries produce
production  Acne hormones to start the
 Increase size of penis  Increase in height menstrual cycle
 Increase in body odor
Secondary Sex Secondary Sex
Characteristics Characteristics
 Body and facial hair  Hips widen
 More muscle mass  Increase size of
 Greater height than breasts
females  Distribution of fats to
 Broadening shoulders hips
 Body takes shape
Sex: A Different Thought
Now that we are able to clarify concepts of sex and gender, let us move
now to another concept related to sex. It may not be safe to assume, but
definitely some if not most of you may have a different concept of the word sex…
hhmmm… admit it.
Sex is also related to coitus, a sexual intercourse especially between a

man and a woman (https://www.dictionary.com/). Human being’s need for sex is
not of the same level as the need for oxygen, water, and food. But without it,
humankind will expire. Sex is not only for procreation, it is also a source of
pleasure which is an important part of sexual health. According to Freud, all
human behavior is motivated by the desire to feel pleasure. This is a part of
man’s Id. But human has the ability to control this urges. Your mind plays an
important role in your sexuality and sexual behaviors. Like when you are sexually
attracted to someone, you do not act on it immediately; hence you will be
accused of sexual harassment. In most instances, humans engage in sexual
activities because of feelings of love and admiration (Corpuz, et.al. 2019).
The completion of coitus though requires sexual arousal to a specific part

of the body which is receptive when touched in a sexual manner called
erogenous zone. Some of these commonly known parts are the mouth, breasts,
genitals, and anus. These may vary from person to person. Some people may
enjoy being touched in a certain area more than the other areas. Other common
59
parts of the body that can be aroused easily may include the neck, thighs,
abdomen and feet (Alata, et.al. 2018).
In 1966, William Masters and Virginia Johnson published a book

explaining the results of their study on the physiological responses during sexual
behavior. Based on their observations, they cited four phases in the sexual
responses. Similar in men and women: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and
resolution
1. Excitement phase – happens when body gets ready for sexual

activity. Males experience an increase heart rate, muscle tension,
increase in breathing, erection of penis and nipples, tightening of
scrotum, and release of pre-ejaculation fluid. Females on the other
hand experience swelling of the clitoris and release of lubricating fluid.
2. Plateau - women experience further swelling of the vagina and

increased blood flow to the labia minora, and men experience full
erection and often exhibit pre-ejaculatory fluid. Both men and women
experience increases in muscle tone during this time.
3. Orgasm - is the climax of the cycle. Women experience rhythmic

contractions of the pelvis and uterus along with increased muscle
tension. In men, pelvic contractions are accompanied by a buildup of
seminal fluid near the urethra that is ultimately forced out by
contractions of genital muscles, (i.e., ejaculation).
4. Resolution – body here gradually returns to its normal functioning and

some part go back to their original size and color. It is also during this
phase that fatigue begins to be felt but the overall sexual activity is also
expected to bring a sense of biological fulfillment. Human sexual
behavior is a broad spectrum of behaviors in which human
demonstrates their sexuality. It contains both biological elements and
cultural influences and involves sexual arousal. Sexual behavior
ranges from solitary to partnered sex and may also involve behavior
that is intended at arousing the potential partners or for enhancing
sexual experiences (https://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.
php?term=Sexual+Behavior)
The following are sexual behavior activities cited by Corpus, et.al. (2019).
1. Masturbation – sexual act of stimulating one’s own genitals done alone

by an individual.
2. Premarital sex – sexual activities done by people outside the marriage.
3. Marital sex – sexual activities happens within the bounds of marriage.
4. Extramarital sex – sexual activities married people do with the ones
they are married to.
60
5. Heterosexuality – sexual behavior between persons of the opposite
sex.
6. Homosexuality – sexual attraction and activities happens between two
persons with the same sex.
7. Bisexuality – sexual behavior of one who engages in sexual acts with
someone from the opposite sex or same sex.
In the event, some people may acquire disease as a result of engaging in

reckless sexual activities. According to the study of Grant & Demetriou, the
consequences of adolescent sexual behavior are a huge burden to both
adolescent and society. The problem is not that young people are sexually
active, but that they have little preparation and guidance in strengthening
responsible sexual behavior. This is so, because most of their information comes
from their peer group and most often experience and reinforce the same
behaviors. Their family, which is the main influence of other behaviors, does not
take on the major force in shaping responsible sexual behavior because of
parental discomfort with sex education and sexual discussions.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
According to the healthline.com sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is

used to refer to a conditions that are passed from one person to another through
sexual contact. This is contacted through having an unprotected vaginal, anal, or
oral sex with somebody who also has STD. This is also called sexually
transmitted infection (STI) or venereal disease (VD). In some cases though, this
could also be transmitted through sharing needles and breastfeeding.
In many instances, STDs do not show symptoms, depending on the type

there are however common symptoms in both sexes. Table below shows these
symptoms.
Common Symptoms of STD in Men Common Symptoms of STD in Women
 pain or discomfort during sex or  pain or discomfort during sex or

urination urination
 sores, bumps, or rashes on or  sores, bumps, or rashes on or
around the penis, testicles, around the vagina, anus, buttocks,
anus, buttocks, thighs, or mouth thighs, or mouth
 unusual discharge or bleeding  unusual discharge or bleeding
from the penis from the vagina
 painful or swollen testicles  itchiness in or around the vagina
61
Family Planning
According to WHO, as of January 2020 approximately 12 million girls aged
15–19 years and at least 777,000 girls under 15 years give birth each year in
developing regions. It further noted complications during pregnancy and
childbirth as the leading causes of death for 15–19-year-old girls globally. Facts
shows an estimated 5.6 million abortions that occur each year among adolescent
girls aged 15–19 years, 3.9 million are unsafe, contributing to maternal mortality,
morbidity and lasting health problems. And at least 10 million unintended
pregnancies occur each year among adolescent girls aged 15–19 years in the
developing world.
Moreover, the Worldometer of the latest UN data recorded Philippines

current population that has reach 109,714,749 as of August 5, 2020 ranking it 13
in the list of countries by population. Apparently, with the increase in population
also increases the needs for food and other basic needs. Hence, our government
through the Department of Health suggested the use of contraceptives to
manage if not limit the increase of the population.
According to the DOH, the following are the benefits of using family
planning method.
Mother
 Enables her to regain her health after delivery.
 Gives enough time and opportunity to love and provide attention to her
husband and children.
 Gives more time for her family and own personal advancement.
 When suffering from an illness, gives enough time for treatment and
recovery.
Children
 Healthy mothers produce healthy children.
 Will get all the attention, security, love, and care they deserve.
Father
 Lightens the burden and responsibility in supporting his family.
 Enables him to give his children their basic needs (food, shelter,
education, and better future).
 Gives him time for his family and own personal advancement.
 When suffering from an illness, gives enough time for treatment and
recovery.
Though there are benefits, there are still those who believe that using
contraceptives as part of family planning method is dangerous to one’s body
especially among women. Hence, careful decision has to be considered before
using it. In the process of decision, it is not just free will to be looked upon but it
should be coupled with accountability both for the mother and the child.
62
Apply
Activity 5.2
Close your eyes and try to imagine your self when you were about 7 yrs
old. Identify three sexual characteristics you have. Give a phrase to describe it.
(ex. Very fine hairs in my armpit)
1.
2.
3.
Now, look at yourself in the mirror… nude… identify three sexual

characteristics you have. Give a phrase to describe it. (ex. I have longer and
thicker hairs in my armpit)
1.
2.
3.
Are there some changes in the way you look now? ____________________________
When did this changes happen? ___________________________________________
What could have brought these changes? __________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
When I asked you to look at yourself nude, are you comfortable with your
sexual characteristics? What makes you say so? (answer in not more than 5
sentences)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
63
Assessment task
Name: Date: _____________


I. You are to match the term with its concept. Write your answer on the space
provided before the number. Write your answer in capital letter.
I II
___ 1. Bisexual A. female’s chromosomes
___ 2. Erogenous zone B. male’s chromosomes
___ 3. Id C. male’s hormone
___ 4. Heterosexual D. female’s hormone
___ 5. Masturbation E. basic developmental principle for sex
___ 6. Orgasm F. structure of the mind where one’s
___ 7. Sexual behavior desire for sex is found.
___ 8. Sex is fixed and unchanging G. women’s nipple
___ 9. Testosterone H. caressing and kissing lip to lip
___ 10. XX I. being interested with the opposite sex
J. male to male relationship
K. sexual preference to either opposite
or same sex
L. solo sex
M. ejaculation
II. Is your sex and gender aligned? Justify your answer (Your points will be
based on your inclusion of the topics discussed. It should be not more than 5
sentences)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
64
Module Outcomes

1. explored the different aspects of self
and identity;
2. demonstrated critical, reflective thought
in integrating the various aspects of self
and identity;
3. identified the different forces and
institutions that impact the development
of various aspects of self and identity;
and
4. examined one's self against the different
aspects of self.
Rationale
Everyone has their wants and needs in this world.

Each of us value some material possessions based on
our personality and upbringing in our family. Some may
value their wealth but for some being with their family
and love ones are enough as long as they are together
even in the midst of the pandemic. Thus, this module
will explore the concepts of consumer culture and
materialism and its impact of the self and identity.
65
Lesson 1 I SHOP, THEREFORE I AM: I HAVE, THEREFORE I AM?
Learning Outcomes:
1. identified the role of consumer culture to self and identity;
2. explained the association of self and possessions; and
3. appraised the self-based on the description of material
self.
Introduction
The world is full of people who wants to purchase their wants and needs in
stores or through online, be it a new a gadget needed for online learning of the
children, a new set of wardrobe for the family, or the food stuff good for the next
two weeks due to the numerous lockdowns and community quarantines we are
having at this time of the pandemic. You could see a lot of sales promotion in
different stores that suggests that you can have a big discount in buying such
items. Product advertisements in television, radio, print media, and on the
Internet give an idea on what to buy for your personal satisfaction.
You know, deep in your heart, that you want to purchase and possess
those products because you only not need them but they are also very important
to you. This behavior indicates your personality and also connected with you as
an individual. Whatever you want to purchase and giving importance to what you
already possess is related to yourself.
Activate
When you hear the word, “Shopping”, what comes to your mind? Why?
Please think of items you want to purchase at this time of the pandemic, list down
10 important items that you want to purchase while doing your shopping. Please
kindly write your answers in the following table.
Activity 6.1: Shopping List

I want to buy…
1 6
2 7
3 8
4 9
5 10
66
Processing Questions:
1. How did you feel about the Shopping List activity?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. Which among items you listed above you like the most? Why?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. If you were given the chance to have one among the list at this time,
Which would you choose? Why?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. What affects my purchase behavior? Why?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. What makes an ad effective or ineffective that influences my purchase

behavior?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Acquire
MATERIAL SELF
A. Understanding the Self

In 1890, the American philosopher and Harvard psychologist, William
James (1842 – 1910), emphasized in his book entitled, The Principles of
Psychology that understanding the self can be explained through the three (3)
various components such as:
1. the constituents of the self;
2. the feelings and emotions they arouse, like self-feelings; and
3. the actions to which they prompt, like self-seeking and self-
preservation
67
According to James (1890, in Alata, et. al.,
2018), the constituents of the self are comprised of
the:
1. Material self 3. Spiritual self
2. Social self 4. Pure ego
James (1890 in Alata, et. al., 2018; Corpuz, et.

al., 2019), the material self is composed of the
following components:
1. body 3. Immediate family
William James 2. clothes 4. Home
www.biography.com/scholar
/william-james
You are significantly affected by these components because you have invested
a lot of effort, time, and money to them. James (1890 in Corpuz, et.al., 2019) people
invest themselves in their material possessions, thus feeling deeply connected to
them. The more people invest themselves in their possessions, the more attached
they become. The Material Self Investment Diagram (Alata, et.al., 2018) is shown
below for you to better understand this concept of the material self.
Components: SELF
1. Body
2. Clothes
3. Immediate Family
4. Home
Figure
Material Self Investment Diagram
(Alata, et.al., 2018)
B. Components of the Material Self

1. Body - This is the innermost part of your material self (James, 1890).
 You are purchasing things that gives personal
satisfaction so you are investing in your body.
You really try to make sure that your body
functions well. If you get sick because of any
illness, this greatly affects you since you really
care for your body. You also have a favorite
part of your body that you consider as your
Body Project, 2018
most important asset because of its https://www.youtube.co
significance to yourself. m/watch?v=gm7inZnhp
As)
68
2. Clothes - This is an essential part of the material self
(James, 1890 in Alata, et. al., 2018)
 Cecelia A. Watson (2004) published an

article, The Sartorial Self: William James’s
Philosophy of Dress, in the History of
Psychology and emphasized that William
James placed great importance on
clothing as reflected in his writings, in his
letters, and in his own fashion style.
Watson, C. A., 2019
www.ceceliawatson.com/bio-
 James was influenced by the views of the
German philosopher, physician, and
psychologist, (Rudolf) Hermann Lotze
(1817– 1881) who wrote an article
entitled, Microcosmus: An Essay
Concerning Man and His Relation to the
World and was translated from German to
English by Hamilton & Jones (1885). This
essay pointed out that whatever clothing
you put on your body becomes a part of Lotze, R. H.
your self and the “look” created by the https://careersinpsycholog
apparel blends into the person’s personality. y.org/the-emergence-of-
fashion-psychology/-
 Clothing is a form of self-expression so you choose what you

want to wear that reflect your self (Watson, 2014 in Alata et.al.,
2018).
https://www.inc.com/ lly- https://www.zapposclothing.com

reynolds/research-shows-that-
the-clothes-you-wear.html
69
3. Immediate Family - This includes your parents and siblings as well
as your future husband, wife, or your children.
 Whatever they have done or
achieved, affects you. When
one member of your
immediate family dies, a part
of your self is gone, too.
When they are successful,
you celebrate with them.
But when they fail and feel
ashamed, you also feel
down and you console them
in their sorrows. When they www.cicnews.com/2014/01/story-filipino-
immigration.canada013193.html#gs.bnxdu
get offended, you readily
9
stood in their place to fight with
them. You invest a lot in your
immediate family for you see
them as the nearest imitation
of your self.
4. Home - It is known to be the earliest nest of your selfhood (Alata, et. al.,
2018).
 Your home serves as a
witness of all your
experiences for every part
of your home reminds you
of the warmest feelings of
affection. If you have visitors
who criticize your home
negatively, like the
arrangements of your
things, you tend to assert
your preference for it is your
home in the first place and www.pinterest.ph/pin/39568351723750231
not theirs to judge. Thus,
your home is like an extension
of your self since you are
attached to all the memories it
represents. Filipino Home, 2020
William James (1890), referred to the self as “a man’s self is the sum total
of all what he CAN call his.” Your possessions then, become part or the
extension of yourself (Alata, et. al., 2018). Thus, investing of yourself to certain
valuable things usually makes you attached to these things. The more
investment you give to a particular item, the more you tend to identify yourself to
70
it. There is also a tendency for you to want to possess some properties or collect
memorabilia. These properties and collections in various degree of investment,
eventually becomes a part of yourself.
C. We Are What We Have and Possess

Russell W. Belk (1988) defined possessions as
the things we call ours and James (1890) was saying
that we are the sum of our possessions (in Belk,
1988). He also stated that we regard our possessions
as parts of our selves. He also emphasized that
possessions are central to our sense of self (Belk,
2010).
Yi Fu Tuan (1980), an American-Chinese Rusell W. Belk, 2015
geographer, claimed that “our fragile sense of self needs https://thescienceofowners
hip.org/facesvoices/feature
support, and this we get by having and possessing d/russell-w-belk/)
things because, to a large degree, we are what we have
and possess." (in Belk, 1988). This is probably true
because when people get older, they tend to give so
much importance to their material possessions, hold
onto them, until they are ready to pass them to the next
generation. In turn, the younger generation would
remember their elders because of the material
possessions they have inherited from them. These
possessions were valuable during their lifetime and
closely identified with them especially if they are gone
from this world. Thus, these things are associated with Yi-Fu Tuan, 2013
them especially during important events being https://geography.wisc.edu
celebrated in their honor like their birthdays and death /madgeognews/2013/05/03
/ belonging-to-this-place-a-
anniversaries.
conversation-with-yi-fu-
tuan/
D. Examples of Material Possessions are the:
1. expensive heirlooms that are passed to the eldest daughters of the
immediate family;
2. favorite chairs in the living room where the elders spent a lot of their
time waiting for the grandchildren to go home from school;
3. well-kept library full of books and expensive paintings preserved
through decades of maintaining order and cleanliness;
4. priceless silverware in the kitchen that no one seemed to touch after
the owner died; or
5. beloved old-fashioned valuable gadget kept in the attic.
If this is the case, then, maybe Belk was right in agreeing with some
distinguished researchers that the most basic and powerful fact of consumer
behaviour suggests that we are what we have (Van Esterick, 1986; Feirstein, 1986;
Rosenbaum, 1972; in Belk, 1988).
71
Apply
Activity 2: My Bag/Wallet and Me
A. At this point, please look inside your bag and get the
most important item that you think you need to bring
with you wherever you go. What is that particular
item? Why is it the most important item in your bag?
Please kindly draw that item, label it, and place your
answers in the matrix below.
www.scmp.com/lifestyle/fam
ily-education/article/
1319219/
Most Important Item Reason
B. Some students may choose their WALLET as the

most important item in their bags. How about you?
Was it also the same for you? Why or Why not?
Please kindly write your answers to the questions
below.
__________________________________________
__________________________________________ https://pngtree.com/freepng/
__________________________________________ square-wallet-leather-wallet-
cartoon-wallethtml
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
72
Assessment task
Name: Date:
Program, Year and Section: Score:
Direction: Perform the following.
A. Please answer the following questions in 3 – 5 sentences. Kindly write your

answers below after each item. (5 points for each item)
1. What is your most prized possession? Why?

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
2. How do you take care of your prized possession?

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
3. In case of emergency, what would you save first? Why?

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
B. Write an essay about the topic on, “Me and My Favorite Things”. Please
think of your favorite things and what these things say about you.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
73
Lesson 2 THE NATURE OF MATERIALISM
Learning Outcomes:
1. described the materialist concepts;
2. determined the causes of materialism;
3. identified the impact of materialism and consumerism on
the “self”; and
4. appreciated unique ways to attain happiness.
Introduction
At this point of time of the
pandemic, people seem to be thinking of
material things that can be useful to their
way of living, especially nowadays that
many people lost their jobs due to the
stoppage of the operations of some
industries. This means that resources
became scarce for those people who just
manage to buy their needs with their
meager income or minimum wages
received from their companies. This leads https://philippines.fnst.org/content/econo
to poverty for some people and loss of mic-fallout-covid-19-philippines
income for those who used to have stable
jobs in the private sector. Thus, you may know of some people who started to
sell, barter, or pawn some of their material possessions from clothes, shoes,
furniture, appliances, jewelry, and even their precious plants in the garden in
order to buy their primary needs at home like food for the family. You may know
a family member, a relative, a neighbor, or a friend who is currently experiencing
this situation, or even your own family is in this situation.
People tried their best to meet the ends meet in their time of need
especially during this crucial time. However, if this is the case, how can people
become successful, happy, and contented if their source of income is already
gone? How can they attain happiness in the midst of this pandemic if almost all
their material possessions are gone?
In order to better understand this situation more, we will tackle the nature
of materialism, determine its causes, identify its impact on the self, and discuss
on how you can attain happiness even in the midst of the pandemic. Are you
ready to learn new things? Of course, you are! So here goes! But please make
sure that you read all the information written in this lecture for you to answer the
activities. Good luck!
74
Activate
“What makes you happy?”

This is a very famous question that is sometimes very hard to answer by
many people, including me, how about you? When you read the question above,
were you able to answer immediately, even just in your thoughts? May be you
stopped for a while and really thought hard what makes you happy.
Let us have a simple recall and feeling activity, think what makes you
happy, the reason why it gives you happiness, and write your answers below in
the matrix. Kindly give three (3) answers in the Happiness Inventory and write the
first thing that comes to mind at the top of the list. Good luck!!!
Activity 1: Happiness Inventory
What makes me happy? The reason for this is…

1
1. How did you feel while answering the Happiness Inventory activity?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. Were you able to write immediately the things that make you happy? Why?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. If you were given the chance to have one among the list at this time. Which
would you choose? Why?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
75
Acquire
THE NATURE OF MATERIALISM

A. Materialism and Consumerism
As you immersed yourself in learning the

materialist concepts in this lesson, you should
first know the definitions of materialism and
consumerism. of these two important concepts.
We will be using these two important concepts as
we discuss the nature of materialism. Various
philosophers, psychologists, and researchers
gave their own versions but the following
definitions are easily understandable.
https://www.123rf.com/photo_17198374_
abstract-word-cloud-for-materialism-with-
1. Materialism related-tags-and-terms.html
 In philosophy, materialism is a philosophical system which

regards matter as the only reality in the world, which undertakes
to explain every event in the universe as resulting from the
conditions and activity of matter, and which thus denies the
existence of God and the soul (Gutberlet, 1911).
 In psychology, materialism is referred as the belief that nothing

exists apart from the material world that is the physical matter
like the brain (McLeod, 2018). Materialist psychologists
generally agree that consciousness (or most people referred
this as “the mind”) is the function of the brain.
2. Consumerism
 Chappelow (2019) described

consumerism as the idea that
increasing consumption of
goods and services purchased
in the market is always a
desirable goal and that a
person's wellbeing and
happiness depends
fundamentally on obtaining
consumer goods and material
possessions. https://www.thefashionenterprise.com/mag
azine/why-consumerism-in-fashion-is-the-
death-of-creativity-and-sustainability/
 In common use, Chappelow
(2019) added that
76
consumerism refers to a tendency of people living in a
capitalist economy to engage in a lifestyle of excessive
materialism that revolves around reflexive, wasteful, or
conspicuous overconsumption.
 In this sense, consumerism is widely understood to contribute

to the destruction of traditional values and ways of life,
exploitation of consumers by big business, environmental
degradation, and negative psychological effects.
What do you think of the definitions above? Which of them made you think
of your material self? Why? Why not?
Materialism implies that everything found in the universe is matter which is

the substance of nature. This proposes that material possession is the most
important for a person in this world. The essence of your existence, your
happiness and success are marked by material wealth which you may achieve in
your lifetime (Magalona, et. al., 2018). Material possessions refer to objects of
instinctive preferences that may or may not be related with a person’s most
practical interests in life (Corpuz, Estoque, & Tabotabo, 2019).
As of this time of the pandemic, most people place high regard for their
material wealth and think that their material possessions are very valuable.
These possessions may help them if their cash on hand will be not be enough to
sustain the family’s needs. Now, as students, if you don’t have savings or
allowance given by your parents, it would be difficult for you to survive in this
cruel world. The quest of happiness is usually connected with what you can
purchase, how fast you can adapt to the changes in technology, as well as how
well you can keep up with the existing state of affairs in the community.
As I pointed out before, when resources become scarce, experts in the

field of economy and environment would continue to remind the need to focus on
your needs and not on your wants and desires. However, as human nature
dictates, you are blinded by the growing consumerism and commercialism in our
surroundings (Magalona, et. al., 2018).
Your self-esteem and self-worth have been largely determined by the way
you accumulate your wealth. This behavior is even reinforced by the social media
as you post your daily activities on your outfit for the day, to purchase new pairs
of shoes, and having a great time while travelling.
77
B. Causes of Materialism
Material possessions usually have some

consequences on you, as a person, either it is in
the emotional, personal, or mental aspects of
your life. You are driven to obtain more and
accumulate more gadgets, jewelry, money,
vehicles, and the like even though you have more
than enough (Magalona, et. al., 2018).
Now as you want for more material https://study.com/academy/lesson/

possessions, consumerism tends to happen materialism-material-culture-
definitions-examples.html
because of the following reasons:
1. It is asserted that your wealth gives you a sense of contentment as you

say that this material possessions provides you with pleasure;
2. It is asserted that material possessions boost your self-esteem and
self-confidence as you believe that you possess those assets that not
all everybody possess;
3. It is asserted that material possessions can provide you with feelings of
security as your affluence provide you with tangible assets; and
4. It is asserted that your valued assets give you more friends and
relationships by means of more interaction with people.
C. Impact of Materialism
Gregoire (2017 in Magalona, et. al., 2018) stressed

that materialism makes you unhappy because of the
following reasons:
1. Consumer culture may be harming the

person’s well-being.
https://www.njlifehacks.com/
 The young adults who are born in this materialism-happiness/
period of wealth are less happy and are
exposed to various threat of depression and mental disorder as
their welfare is negatively influenced by consumerism. It was
assumed that those who want more affluence and greater
material possessions are less satisfied as they experience less
positive emotions.
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2. Materialistic values are connected to Type-A behavior.
 People who are highly ambitious are highly competitive and
materialistic and these traits are known to be of that of a person
with a Type-A personality.
 In a study done in 2008 and published in the Journal of Pacific
Rim Psychology, the results supported the revelations that
Type-A qualities include the inspiration to obtain much wealth
and material possessions are and highly aggressive as well.
3. Money really can’t buy you happiness.

 The results of some studies showed
that rich people are highly
susceptible to depression. There is
no direct correlation between overall
well-being, happiness, and wealth.
But what matters is that basic needs
are satisfied. In other researches, it
was also shown that money does
not really bring about dissatisfaction https://wildezine.com/2715/opin
and unhappiness but the extreme ion/the-problem-with-
materialism/
want to earn more money.
4. Materialism can damage your relationships.

 The results in a study done with 1,700 couples published in the
Journal of Couple & Marriage Therapy showed that those
partners who are materialistic showed lower marital quality
compared to those who are less materialistic. It was revealed
that materialistic values results to low quality relationships and
disconnectedness. And since this kind of people are less pro-
social and emphatic about others, they are less happy and
contented with life as well as with their relationships. Indeed,
money cannot buy us happiness.
5. Consumer cultures may breed narcissistic personalities.

 Consumer culture highly contributes to the development of
Narcissistic behaviour and personalities. Narcissists are highly
arrogant as they are deeply concerned with inadequacy. They
work a lot for power and prestige to cover up their perceived
emptiness and low self-worth. All these sentiments demand
validation from others through praises, compliments, and
approval.
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6. Consumerism is powered by insecurity.
 People who are extremely doubtful of their self-worth are highly
insecure and have the tendency to be more materialistic
according to the results of a research study published in the
Psychology and Marketing journal in 2002.
 Consumerism capitalizes on this insecurity so their products and
services will sold and be highly demanded. This could be
represented by advertisements emphasizing that “white is
beautiful’ and spread the through social networking sites. In
effect, those who are insecure about their complexion would
seek for products and services that will alter their natural skin
color.
 Consumerism has created and offered every product that will
address every dissatisfaction and insecurity. It promoted to self-
and social improvement, according to Stephanie Kaza of the
University of Vermont.
D. The Search for Happiness
Magalona, et. al. (2018) emphasized that

materialism affects both the wealthy and poor it is
something that has to be remedied before it
damages the individual. You and I, and every
person nowadays have a tendency to focus more on
our “social image.” How well people look up to you
and follow you in your social media accounts
becomes a very important part of your daily lives on
social media.
https://www.preda.org/2017/the
It seems that people wanted so much -search-for-
affirmation and appreciation which encourages them happiness/materialism/
to post online all the things they have been doing, objects that they have
obtained, or goals that they have achieved.
Now, the question is, how can you be happy for what and who the way you
are?
My answer to that is very simple, “Think positively and never mind

negativities.” That’s my mantra for the longest time to counter negative thoughts
and emotions that attacks me every time I feel bad, lonely, or worthless.
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The following are possible ways I can suggest you can do to appreciate
your own individuality, be happy, and contented with it.
1. Concentrate on your strengths and not on your weaknesses.

2. Enhance your self-esteem and by engaging in meaningful activities.
3. Be thankful to those who appreciates and compliments you.
4. Communicate and interact with people around you.
5. Appreciate the beauty of life and the nature around you.
6. Let go of things that are not significantly needed.
7. Share your blessings to others no matter how simple it is, it’s the thought
that counts.
8. Stop showing on social media about what you have and others do not.
9. Develop a mantra to counter the negativities entering your thoughts.
10. Focus at the present and what you can do to help others.
Apply
Activity 6.2: Film Analysis
A. Get a copy of the movie entitled, “The Pursuit of

Happyness” (2006) played by the actors Will
Smith and Jaden Smith. You can download and
watch this movie from this link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OUgWltfjPkk
or from this link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2wtqjQ1X2wU
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B. Write a 200 to 300-word reflection paper about the message conveyed by the
movie. Make your own title and please give emphasis on the things you have
learned from our lesson.
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Assessment Tasks
Name: Date: _____________

Direction: Perform the following
A. Define the following concepts below in your own words. (5 points each / 20
points)
1. Materialism
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2. Consumerism
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3. Happiness
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4. Consumer
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C. Write an essay in 300 - 500 words about the topic on, “How I Attain the
Ultimate Happiness”. Please think of what makes you happy back in
Activity 1 and put all your thoughts and feelings in this essay about attaining
happiness.
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Module Outcomes
At the end of the module, the learners must have:

1. explored the spiritual side of self;
that impact the development of self and
identity considering the spiritual aspects of
self; and
3. examined one’s self against the spiritual self.
Rationale
In these Module you will learn the Spiritual and

religious experience is of fundamental importance in many
people’s lives and, it seems, is becoming more so. Over
the past twenty years in particular, there has been an
upsurge of interest in spirituality. More and more of us are
hungry for a greater spiritual reality in our lives and are
searching for a deeper meaning and purpose, for an inner
peace that often eludes us and for new ways of nurturing
ourselves spiritually. Many of us find our spiritual home and
live out our spirituality within the context of one of the
world’s major religious or wisdom traditions such as
Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Judaism, Islam or
Taoism. But at the same time, some of us struggle with
organized religion and cannot feel at home within its walls.
An increasing number of us now describe ourselves as
‘spiritual but not religious’ and are searching for or
following alternative spiritual paths. This can be an
isolating experience.
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Lesson 1 RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND CEREMONIES
Learning Outcomes:
1. identified various religious practices and belief; and
2. understand the self in relation with religious beliefs
Introduction
Spiritual self is one of the four constituents of the “self” according to
William James in his book, The Principles of Psychology in 1980. The spiritual
self is the most intimate version of the self because of the satisfaction
experienced when thinking of one’s ability to argue and discriminate, one’s moral
sensibility and conscience, and of our unconquerable will (James 1890) is purer
than all other sentiments of satisfaction. (Green 1997).
The ability to use moral sensibility and conscience may be seen through
the expressions of religion, its beliefs and practices. In the same manner, cultural
rituals and ceremonies are some manifestations what people believe in.
moreover, seeking the meaning of life is a journey that the spiritual self is on.
Activate
Sharing Time!!
Explain such experience and describe how you felt.
What do you think was God telling you in that particular experience?
Acquire
RELIGION
 A set of cultural beliefs and practices that usually include:
 A belief in anthromorphic supernatural being; such as spirit/gods
 A focus on sacred supernatural, with a feeling of reverence and awe
 Presence of supernatural energy that is found on supernatural as well
as physical beings and objects - performance of ritual activities.
 Articulation of worldview and moral codes through narratives/’stories -
provide creation of social bonds and social control within a community.
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The CHOICE of religious belief lies within the spiritual self, although the
choice maybe influenced by the society and its culture.
https://www.scribd.com/document/398753467/8-Spiritual-Self
RITUAL
The performance of ceremonial acts prescribed by tradition or sacred law.

A specific, observable mode of behavior exhibited by societies. It is possible to
view it as a way of defining/describing humans.
3 FUNDAMENTALCHARACTERISTICS OF RITUALS
1. A feeling of respect, awe, admiration, in relation to the sacred
2. Dependence upon a belief system expressed through myth
3. Symbolic in relation to its reference
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SOME WORLD RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND PRACTICES
Animism
Animism is the belief that nature has soul
CRITERIA ANIMISM ANIMATISM

Definition the belief that belief that there is
spirits exist in power in all forces
natural objects around us
Characteristics speaks of does not speak of

individual individual spiritual
spiritual beings beings
Supernatural does not speak speaks of a

Force of a singular supernatural force that
supernatural exists everywhere in
force but various both inanimate and
spiritual beings animated
Personality Supernatural Supernatural force

forces have does not have a https://www.learnreligions.c
personalities particular personality om/what-is-animism-
4588366
Buddhism Beliefs
Buddhism believes that life is not a bed of

roses. There is suffering, pain, frustrations.
When people suffer, they want to experience the
goodness of life and avoid disappointments.
This can be resolved by practice of meditation,
acquiring wisdom, and deeper understanding
and acceptance of things as they are. Buddhists
also believe in the non-violence principle. And
the acquiring of wisdom through the reflection of
I Am Your Target Demographic Dharma.
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Customs & Practices
Two types of meditation practices:
1. Samantha: mindfulness of breathing and development of loving-
kindness
2. Vipassana: aims at developing insight into reality.
Christianity Beliefs
Christians believe in the holy

trinity: God the Father, God the Son,
God the Holy Spirit. Eternal life after
death will be achieved through faith in
Jesus Christ, God the Son, who came
into flesh to spread the Good News. He
died on the Cross for the sins of
humanity.
https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-reformation-for-
islam-1426859626
Customs and Practices

Sacrament of Baptism and
Communion are practiced by Christian
churches. Baptism symbolizes birth in
Christian World, while Communion is
an act of remembrance of Christ’s love.
Christmas and Resurrection are two
major celebrations in Christianity. https://www.history.com/topics/religion/history
-of-christianity
Hinduism Beliefs
Hinduism covers a wide range

of traditional beliefs and religious
groups, so there is no single founder
or leader. Hindus believe that
existence is a cycle of birth, death
and rebirth, governed by Karma. It is
a concept where the reincarnated life
will depend on how the past life was
spent. Vedas are sacred scriptures
https:// history.com/topics/religion/hinduism of Hindus.
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Diwali is the festival of lights while Navrati is the festival of nine
nights, which celebrate the triumph of good over evil.
Islam Beliefs
Muslims believe in Allah, their “One God”. They believe in the unity and
universality of God. Muslims have a strong sense of community. Islam means
“willing submission to God” The Holy Book of Islam is called the Quran.

Muslims believe in the 5 pillars of Islam:
1. Shahadah – “There is no God but the one true God and

Mohammed is his messenger.
2. Salat – the prayer that is practiced 5 times a day,
3. Zakat – monetary offering for the poor. 2.5% of Muslim’s assets.
4. Hajj – y early pilgrimage to Mecca.
5. Sawm– fasting during Ramadan
Judaism Beliefs
The Jews believe in the God of

Abraham, the God that liberated slaves
from Egypt to Canaan, the promised
Land. Jews believe in the coming of
Messiah, the Savior. Their sacred
scripture is called Torah.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Judaism

Five major festivals observed by Jews:
1. Rosh Hashanah : the New Year
2. Yom Kippur : Day of Atonement
3. Pesach : Passover
4. Shavuot : Pentecost
5. Sukkot : Tabernacles.
The Jewish Sabbath begins on Friday evening at sunset and is an

important time when families gather for the Sabbath meal.
CONCLUSION: Religions, rituals, etc. are all part of expressing the

spiritual self. How to manifest the belief is dependent on the person.
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Apply
Make a poster about the instance or situation that made you believe in the
existence of higher being
Explore More
The students will watch the video link and learn more about the self-
perspective of different philosophers
Link: https://youtu.be/CHm0twGjKaY
Assessment task
Name: Date: _____________

Direction: Make a video clip with reflection on any of the following topics:
1. Filipino rituals and ceremonies covering all regions of the Philippines

2. Filipino indigenous religious practices featuring five tribes from Luzon,
Visayas, and Mindano
3. Modern day expression of spiritual being
Make sure to showcase the origin, meaning of each ritual and ceremony,
and your personal reflection.
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Lesson 2 FINDING AND CREATING MEANING OF LIFE
Learning Outcomes:
1. explained ways of finding the meaning of life; and
2. understand the meaning of life now a days
Introduction
The question of the meaning of life is perhaps one that we would rather
not ask, for fear of the answer or lack thereof.
Still today, many people believe that we, humankind, are the creation of
a supernatural entity called God, that God had an intelligent purpose in creating
us, and that this intelligent purpose is "the meaning of life".
I do not propose to rehearse the various arguments for and against the
existence of God, and still less to take a side. But even if God exists, and even if
He had an intelligent purpose in creating us, no one really knows what this
purpose might be, or that it is especially meaningful.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the entropy of a closed

system such as the universe increases up to the point at which equilibrium is
reached, and God’s purpose in creating us, and, indeed, all of nature, might have
been no more lofty or uplifting than to catalyse this process in the same manner
that soil organisms catalyse the decomposition of organic matter.
If our God-given purpose is to act as super-efficient heat dissipators, then

having no purpose at all is better than having this sort of purpose—because it
frees us to be the authors of our purpose or purposes and so to lead truly
dignified and meaningful lives.
In fact, having no purpose at all is better than having any kind of pre-
determined purpose, even more traditional, uplifting ones such as serving God or
improving our karma.
In short, even if God exists, and even if He had an intelligent purpose in

creating us (and why should He have had?), we do not know what this purpose
might be, and, whatever it might be, we would rather be able to do without it, or
at least to ignore or discount it. For unless we can be free to become the authors
of our own purpose or purposes, our lives may have, at worst, no purpose at all,
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and, at best, only some unfathomable and potentially trivial purpose that is not of
our own choosing.
You might object that not to have a pre-determined purpose is, really, not
to have any purpose at all. But this is to believe that for something to have a
purpose, it must have been created with a particular purpose in mind, and,
moreover, must still be serving that original purpose.
Some years ago, I visited the vineyards of Châteauneuf-du-Pape in the

South of France. One evening, I picked up a rounded stone called a galet which I
took back to Oxford and put to good use as a book-end.
Activate
Art Recall
When was the first time you realized that there is a higher being than
yourself? How old were you then? What made you believe that there is a higher
being?
Acquire
Another extensive study of self can be found in

the works of Dr. Viktor E. Frankl. The Victor Frankl
Institute in Vienna was created in 1992. The Institute
has a website where there is synopsis of his life and
works and present programs.
The Psychiatrist
Dr. Victor E. Frankl was born on March 26,

1905 in Vienna, Autria, where famous psychiatrist
Sigmund Freud and Alfred Ader lived. At a young age, goodreads.com/author/show/27
he wrote a short paper to Freud which was published 82.Viktor_E_Frankl
after three years. Dr. Frankl graduated with a medical
degree from the University of Vienna in 1930. He was assigned in Vienna
Hospital suicide ward and headed the Rothschild Hospital, eight years later.
A survivor of the Holocaust, Dr. Frankl published a book about

logotheraphy. In 1956, the book was translated to English and was revised in
1963 as The Doctor and the Soul: An introduction to Logotheraphy. His book,
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Man’s Search for Meaning, has been used as a textbook in high school and
college courses. Dr. Frankl died in 1997.
Logotheraphy
Logotheraphy is a psychotheraphy introduces by Dr. Vistor Frankl, who is

considered the father of Logotheraphy. The main belief of logotheraphy is that
“man’s primary motivational force is search for meaning.” Logotheraphy aids
individuals to find personal meaning of life, whatever life situation they may be.
In Logotheraphy, meaning can be discovered by creating a work or doing

a deed, experiencing something or encountering someone and the attitude
toward unavoidable suffering. According to the Victor Frankl institute of
Logotheraphy (n.d.), it uses the philosophy of optimism in the face of tragedy,
where people are capable of “turning suffering into human achievement and
accomplishment; driving from guilt and opportunity to change oneself for the
better; and deriving from life’s transitoriness an incentive to take responsible
action.”
Three Ways of Discovering Meaning in Life

1. Experiential Values
family, relatives, friends,workmates
2. Creative Values
by becoming involved in one’s projects, or better, in the project of
one’s own life
3. Attitudinal Values
practicing virtues such as compassion, bravery, and the like.
Logotheraphy Assumptions
1. The human being is an entity consisting of body, mind, and spirit

2. Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the most miserable
3. People have a will to meaning
4. People have freedom under all circumstances to activate the will to find
meaning
5. Life has a demand quality to which people must respond if decisions
are to be meaningful
6. The individual is unique
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Frankl’s Sources of Meaning
Popova (2017) discussed Viktor Frankl’s work. There are three possible
sources of the meaning of life: purposeful work, courage in the face of difficulty
and love.
1. Purposeful Work
To find the meaning of life starts with holding a future goal. Each
individual has each own future goal to achieve or a task is perform.
2. Courage in the Face of Difficulty
A meaningful life is a life with suffering. Suffering is investable
part of life. To find meaning of life is to recognized suffering, pain, and
death as part of life and to have the courage to face these life
difficulties.
3. Love
Is the only way to grasp another human being in the innermost
core of his personality? No one can become fully aware of the very
essence of another human being unless he loves him. By his love, he
is enabled to see the essential traits and features in the beloved
person; and even more, he sees that which is potential in him...
Furthermore, by his love, the loving person enables the beloved
person to actualize these potentials. By making him aware of what he
can be and of what he should become, he makes these potentialities
come true."
Apply
1. What was the most trying/challenging situation in your life?
2. How were you able to cope?
3. What was the greatest lesson you learned from the experience?
4. What do you think is your life's purpose?
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Assessment Tasks
Name: Date: _____________


I. Make a documentary about a World War II Filipino survivor. Feature the
following:
1. Life story during the war

2. How he/she survived the war
3. Description of his/her meaning of life
4. Compare to Viktor Frankl’s sources of meaning
5. Test logotherapy assumptions
II. Reflection Paper
Reflect on Viktor Frankl’s sources of the meaning of life.
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Module Outcomes

identity;
identity, including holistic understanding of
gender, peace and violence;
aspects of self and identity; and
4. examined one’s self against the different
aspects of selves discussed in class.
Rationale
Filipino are known as the happiest person in the world

which reflects on ways of expressing themselves in varied
situations. It brought goodness and helps to cope and solve
everything. Filipino culture is rich in superstitions, myths and
legends. The most famous superstitions in Panay is the belief in
‘aswang’. Filipino’s are also known as one most intelligent and
talented person who knows and understand varied languages
across the globe. Some Filipino’s are also known for their talents,
the most recent was Irish Magno known in the field of woman
boxing. Filipino Front Liners especially in the field of Medicine in
our country and anywhere in the world are considered as heroes
during this time of Novel Corona Virus Disease 2019 pandemic.
Filipino possess not only positive but also negative attitudes. An
attitude of pulling down another co-worker instead of improving
his own self genuinely is one of the toxic Filipino attitude that
should be eliminated for the progress of a collective whole.
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DEVELOPING A FILIPINO IDENTITY VALUES, TRAITS,
Lesson 1
COMMUNITY AND INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS
Learning Outcomes:
1. enhanced Filipino Identity; and
2. identified the different Filipino values and traits,
community and institutional factors.
Introduction
Filipino’s are known as globally competitive individual like Manny Pacquiao
whom made Filipino proud in relation to their field of expertise. Philippine National
Celebrations like National Heroes Day, Buwan ng Wika, Philippine Independence
Day triggers our enthusiast to ask the question: “Who are Filipino’s?” Filipino are
unique through culture, history, personalities and identities they have.
Activate
Activity 8.1
Let’s have a picture analysis. You have to analyze the picture and answer
the questions that follows. Be properly guided by the following rubric of scoring in
writing your answer.
Relevance of answer to the question--------------------------------------------3

Thoroughness of answer-----------------------------------------------------------3
Organization and logic of answer-------------------------------------------------2
(spelling, punctuation, grammar, clarity of prose)-----------------------------2
Highest Possible Score-------------------------------------------------------------10
Questions:
1. What do the picture portrays us about a Filipino?
2. Why are you proud of being a Filipino?
3. What character/traits does this picture tells us of being
a Filipino?
pinterest.com
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Acquire
We can attain peace through a positive outlook in life. A sense of positivity

brings happiness that results to goodness in different aspects of life. Viewing
things positively gives us a peaceful life which creates a good relationship among
people in the community and to the country as a collective whole. We will nourish
our mind with the Filipino values and traits, community and institutional
factors, enhance those positive and eliminate those negative. The following
are some of the Filipino Values and Traits that we have to know.
The Filipino Hospitality. An attitude of accommodating visitors like
brothers and sisters to feel at home by offering food and place to stay .In almost
all Philippine restaurants, from security guard to crew and staff welcome the
costumers like saying ‘good morning’ and ‘thank you come again’. In celebration
of barangay fiesta, they offer the warm accommodation and even give ‘pabaon’
to their visitor especially in remote areas.
Respect for Elders. Greeting our elders by saying ‘Mano Po’ while
kissing their hands and using ‘po’ and ‘opo’ in conversation is a positive attitude
of a Filipino. Forgetting this to do will be regarded as not well oriented, impolite
and rude. There are wide collection of respect to elders such as ‘lolo’ and ‘lola’ ,
‘tito’ and ‘tita’, ‘manong’ and ‘manang’ and ‘ate’ and ‘kuya’.
Close Family Ties. Filipinos are known to have a strong family ties that
despite of having a family of their own chooses to stay with their families and to
live together rather than living in a different house. Many foreigners chooses
Filipina to be their wife knowing the fact that when they get older, they will be
taking care of their wives instead of putting them into a nursing home.
Cheerful Personality. Filipino’s are known having a habit of smiling and
laughing a lot. They can smile and laugh even having problems or even in grave
because for them these are coping strategy especially during this time of
pandemic brought by Novel Corona Virus 2019 pandemic. With the positive
outlook in life, it makes Filipinos more flexible and can manage everything
especially during this trying times.
Self-Sacrifice can be observe in the lives of Filipino OFW’s who find
ways to have comfortable lives for their families that decides to work abroad and
save money for the future. There are also instances where in the eldest sibling of
the family carry the responsibility of her parents after he get a degree and have a
permanent job obliged for the education of his younger siblings to also become
as stable as him and to help their family as well.
‘Bahala na Attitude’ is believe to be originated from the Filipino word
‘Bathala na’ which means of living everything to God’s hand. This is opposite to
worrying and cramming. This is a Filipino version of the famous line “Hakuna
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Matata”( a Swahili language phrase from East Africa, meaning "no trouble" or "no
worries. The phrase was used in the 1994 Disney animated film ‘The Lion King’
and on its 2019 remake, in which it is translated as "no worries".
Bayanihan refers to offering help without expecting something for
exchange. A Filipino attitude that is always ready to extend help to their family,
friends and loved one’s in times of need. A help that is countless and must be
treasured through life. This is also called as ‘communal unity’ and cooperation
among group of people in a certain community.
Colonial Mentality lacks the sense of patriotism, wherein Filipino favor
foreign product rather than our own locally made products. A trait of Filipino that
chooses to buy internationally made chocolates like ‘Tobleron’ chocolates
instead of buying ‘tablea’ as our local chocolate products.
“Maŉana” Habit is an attitude of putting off intentionally and habitually
the doing of something that should be done. It is derived from the Filipino
phrase “Mamaya Na” which means to hang things that can be done at an
earlier time.
“Ningas Kugon” refers to the attitude of enthusiastically starting things
but quickly loosing enthusiast after experiencing hardships, somewhat like how
cogon grass burns out after being inflame.‘Ningas’ is a Filipino term for flame and
‘Kugon’ refer to grass that is easily burn when put into flame.
Pride is the common cause of conflicts among couples that leads to
misunderstanding and separation. An attitude treating our own self as precious
and hard to apologize to keep good friendship, families and loved one. This can
be observe in times when we cannot say the word ‘sorry’ to bring back the good
relationships you have with them.
Crab Mentality is toxic Filipino trait that one envy the achievement of
another rather than focusing on their own capabilities to improve themselves and
being happy for the achievement of others. This is a mentality of pulling each
other down and ruin each other’s reputation rather than bringing them up, which
results to no progress at all.
Filipino Time is an attitude of arriving late on committed time especially
on agreed time like meetings rather than being on time or ahead of time to arrive.
This attitude is unhealthy in a good relationship and sometimes led to a slow
progress especially in some companies. We can eliminate this kind of
attitude through self-discipline which can starts within ourselves.
100
Apply
Activity 8.2: Comic Strip (Individual Activity)
Select from varied Filipino values and traits and make a comic strip guided
by the following rubric of scoring:
Content/ Knowledge---------------------------------------------------- 2
Work Quality/Effort------------------------------------------------------ 2
Creativity------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
Format/Presentation---------------------------------------------------- 2
Expectations/Potential------------------------------------------------- 2
Highest Possible Score----------------------------------------------- 10
Assessment task
Name: Date: _____________

Direction: Select one (1) negative Filipino attitudes given inside the box that you
had already encounter and explain the action you did, solution you
have made and realization you came up. Be properly guided by the
following rubric of scoring.
Relevance of answer to the question---------------------------------------3
Thoroughness of answer-------------------------------------------------------3
Organization and logic of answer--------------------------------------------2
(spelling, punctuation, grammar, clarity of prose-------------------------2
Highest Possible Score--------------------------------------------------------10
● Pride ● Maṅana Habit ● Bahala Na Attitude

● Filipino Time ● Ningas Cogon ● Crab Mentality ● Colonial Mentality
101
Lesson 2 FILIPINO MARKERS
Learning Outcomes:
1. endorsed democratic culture; and
2. internalized your selfhood in relation to your national
identity.
Introduction
Do you believe in the existence of ‘aswang’? Some people consider the
myth about ‘aswang’ as the most popular. The belief is explained as a hereditary
illness that is being transferred through genes from ancestors to the young ones
across generation. Filipinos are talented and have many Icons in there of
expertise, the most recent was Irish Magno in the field of woman boxing. Even
you can be an Icon soon, just continue doing good and explore your talent by
doing things you wanted to do. Who knows, you will be the next icon.
Activate
Activity 8.3: My Unique Community
Draw one superstitious belief that you still experience or practice in

your community and explain in three sentences only.
Acquire
Filipino has manner than can be easily identify even in other countries
around the world. Did you know that Filipino are the only race that use their
mouth or lips in pointing someone, a thing or a place? That is a distinct feature of
a Filipino that can be easily recognize in anywhere in the world. On this lesson
you will nourish your mind with the knowledge about different Filipino markers.
Hero is a person who is admired for courage, outstanding achievements,
or noble qualities. Well known Philippine heroes are Jose Rizal, OFW, and
Filipino Front-Liners like medical practitioners during this time of Pandemic due
to an outbreak of 2019 Novel Corona Virus Disease.
Icons are dignified, respected, person because of their talent. Ruffa
Gutierez, Lea Salonga, Manny Pacquiao and Fernando Poe Jr. are icons in their
field of expertise.
102
Superstitions is a belief or way of behaving based on fear of the
unknown and faith in magic or luck and that events or thing could possible bring
luck (good or bad). One of the example is the belief of singing on the kitchen
while cooking that results to marrying a widow.
 Myths are usual tradition theory told in an ancient culture explaining a

practice, belief or natural occurrence but usually untrue. One of the
example is the belief in the so called ‘Tiktik’ which is very popular in
Panay regions of the Philippines which refers to man transforms into
duck that went out during night to find blood to drink and flesh like
fetus to eat.
 Legends is a remarkable story from the past of some famous person
but still remain unproven. One of the example is the legend of your
own barangay.
Proverbs or Salawikain is a short saying that is widely used to express

an obvious truth. Proverbs is a book of the Bible that contains truths or words of
wisdom from King Solomon and other wise Israelis, or general sayings which are
considered wise. Proverbs can be classified as follows:
 Proverbs expressing a general attitude towards life and laws that
govern life. Example: "You can't make an omelette without breaking a
few eggs means someone will always be mad at you, or will try to bring
you down, but you just have to keep going.
 Ethical proverbs are short, simple sayings that offer advice on how a
person should behave ethically or according to honourable-codes of
conduct. Proverbs offer general truths and ethical proverbs make
listeners/readers think about right versus wrong. Example: ‘You should
practice what you preach.’
 Proverbs expressing a system of values; Example: It takes only a
moment to squander what took a year to save.’ This tells us to save
our money wisely.
 Proverbs expressing general truths and observations about life
and human nature; Example: ‘A bad deed will always have bad
consequence.’
 Humorous proverbs are humorous words mean causing laughter.
Hence humorous proverbs are the proverbs that make us laugh when
we read them. Example: ‘Men marry women with the hope they will
never change. Women marry men with the hope that they will change.
Invariably they are both disappointed.’
 Miscellaneous Proverbs are proverbs that do not fall strictly into any
specific category (such as humorous or ethical). Example: ‘Do not
answer a fool according to his folly, or you will be like him yourself.’
103
How can I be considered as a Filipino citizen? Following the simple tips
given below could help you to be a good Filipino citizen. First is to stay updated
with the current events of the country and participate in government programs
that supports Filipino citizen especially during this time of pandemic brought to us
by 2019 Novel Corona Virus. Wearing facemask, sanitizing hands at all times,
avoiding crowded places and staying at home are the simple yet very helpful way
we can contribute. Second is studying Philippine history to be well oriented with
the important events that had happened in the past and well prepared for the
possible things that might occur or happened at present and future. Third is
through supporting local products through eliminating our “colonial mentality” and
patronizing our locally made products. Fourth is of speaking Filipino language
while learning different languages of the different countries in the world. Fifth and
the last one is to avoid spreading of fake news and be democratic in engaging
with those people who publicly disagree with their decision, beliefs and opinion.
Spreading of fake news is a toxic character that must be directly addressed by
the authority. Hence, Anti-Terror Bill is now implemented in our country. We must
all be responsible of our own action.
Apply
Activity 8.4: Creating a Graphic Organizer
Make a Graphic Organizer from the choices in the box below. Be properly
guided by the given rubric of scoring in making your work.
Content/ Knowledge---------------------------------------------------------------- 2
Work Quality/Effort------------------------------------------------------------------ 2
Creativity------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
Format/Presentation---------------------------------------------------------------- 2
Expectations/Potential-------------------------------------------------------------- 2
Highest Possible Score----------------------------------------------------------- 10
▪ proverbs ▪ superstitions ▪ myths ▪ legends ▪heroes ▪Icons
104
Activity 8.5: Acrostic Making
In the box provided below, make your own personalize acrostic which
describes you, in relation to you as a Filipino. Be properly guided by the following
rubric of scoring in making your acrostic.
Content/ Knowledge-------------------------------------------------------- 2
Creativity------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2
Highest Possible Score---------------------------------------------------- 10
105
Assessment Tasks
Name: Date: _____________


I. Collage Making
Make a Collage from the choices on the box. Be properly guided by the
rubric of scoring in making your work.
Content/ Knowledge-------------------------------------------------------- 2
Creativity------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2
Highest Possible Score---------------------------------------------------- 10
▪ proverbs ▪ superstitions ▪ myths ▪ legends ▪heroes ▪Icons
II. Essay
Answer the given question using the following rubric of scoring in
making your essay.
Relevance of answer to the question------------------------------------------ 3
Thoroughness of answer---------------------------------------------------------- 3
Organization and logic of answer------------------------------------------------2
(spelling, punctuation, grammar, clarity of prose---------------------------- 2
Highest Possible Score------------------------------------------------------------10
Question: Being a Filipino, how do you perceive yourself on this of pandemic

brought by 2019 Novel Corona Virus Disease?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
106
Lesson 3 THE SELF IN THE CONTEXT OF PEACE AND VIOLENCE
Learning Outcomes:
1. instilled the context of peace and violence in your daily lives; and
2. developed the nonviolent relations and a holistic
approach that involves the integrated training of body,
mind and spirit.
Introduction
How can we achieve a peaceful and violence free life? We can all achieve
peace but a violence free life remains a question. We can train our mind, body
and soul to achieve peacefulness. Teachings from Mahatma Gandhi, Mother
Teresa and Victoria Diez Bustos de Molina could help us achieve peace in
different aspects of our life. We can start it within ourselves and right now.
Activate
Activity 8.6
How do you differentiate peace from violence? Answer in 3 sentences
using the following rubric of scoring.
Relevance of answer to the question------------------------------------------ 3
Thoroughness of answer---------------------------------------------------------- 3
Organization and logic of answer----------------------------------------------- 2
(spelling, punctuation, grammar, clarity of prose---------------------------- 2
Highest Possible Score------------------------------------------------------------ 10
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
107
Acquire
Understanding peace and violence helps us in building awareness of

ourselves that will eventually give us a peaceful and violence free lives. This
topic will connect you to your inner and outer self for you to realize your real life
purpose.
Violence as the use of brute force to cause harm to a person or property

has categories. The following are some categories of violence. First, direct /
physical or behavioural violence like war, bullying, domestic violence, exclusion
or torture. Second, structural violence includes poverty and deprivation of basic
resources and access to rights; oppressive systems that enslave, intimidate, and
abuse dissenters as well as the poor, powerless and marginalised. Third, cultural
violence covers the devaluing and destruction of particular human identities and
ways of life, the violence of sexism, ethnocentrism, racism and colonial
ideologies, and other forms of moral exclusion that rationalise aggression,
domination, inequity, and oppression. We also have types of violence such as
economic, political and institutional, sexual or gender-based violence, cultural
violence, religious violence, cyber-bullying and information violence.
In contrast, we can describe peace as freedom from oppressive thoughts

or emotions. We can categorize peace into three such as follows: first is the
peace within or innate peace covers our mind and soul, second is the peace
between or relational peace covers our relation with another person and third is
the peace among or structural or Environmental Peace covers a peace from a
collective whole. We can classify peace into two such as simple silence of fire
arms or absence of war and absence of war accompanied by particular
requirements for the mutual settlement of relations, which are characterized by
terms such as justice, mutual respect, respect for law and goodwill. Some
popular icons or promoters of peace are Mahatma Gandhi, Mother Teresa and
Victoria Diez Bustos de Molina.
Mahatma Gandhi have important principles that you can follow without
the feeling of being restricted and these are the following. First is to apply the
principle of truth. Being honest with yourself about who you are and what you
want. If you think that there is something to fix, then fix it. Second is to practice
nonviolence. Control your temper and also your thoughts. The best way to be
nonviolent is to think positively and believe that whatever happen is for a good
reason. Third, is to resist from eating meat. Not everyone can resist meat, but
you can control your consumption. For health reasons, avoiding eating a lot of
red meat is a good idea. Fourth is to avoid premarital sex and wait to be intimate
with someone until after marriage. This is also one of the best way to avoid STI’s.
Fifth is to avoid consuming more than you need. Simplicity means being happy
with what you are given and have. Sixth, is to have faith. It is about knowing your
values, ethics, and morals. Faith is not following others blindly especially when
108
someone else is doing something that your heart says is not right. The closest
verifiable remark we have from Gandhi states that: “If we
could change ourselves, the tendencies in the world would also change. As a
man changes his own nature, so does the attitude of the world change towards
him, we need not wait to see what others do.” ~ Mahatma Gandhi
Mother Teresa as a promoter of peace believed that serving and nursing

the poor is a way of serving God. She also believes in the three vows of poverty,
chastity and obedience, and also took an extra one that she would give
wholehearted and free service to the poor. The following are selected life
changing lessons we need to learn from Mother Teresa.First is believing that, there
is no greater hunger than the hunger of the heart. We can cure physical diseases
with medicine, but the only cure for loneliness, despair, and hopelessness is
love. Many died not only from hunger but also from love. Second is believing in the
saying that says ‘No man is an island’ which means that if you have no peace, it is
because you have forgotten that we belong to each other. Third states that
judgment prevents us from seeing the goodness from others which means that if
you judge people, you have no time to love them. Fourth says that, if you love
until it hurts, there can be no more hurt, only more love. Fifth is the belief that you
are never given more than you can handle and is also like saying: “I know God
won’t give me anything I can’t handle. I just wish he didn’t trust me so much.”
Sixth states that the greatest science in the world is love. The greatest science in
the world is in heaven and on earth is love.
According to Mother Teresa, through abortion, the mother does not learn
to love and the father is told that he does not have to take any responsibility at all
for the child he has brought into the world and likely to put other women into the
same trouble, so abortion just leads to more abortion. In this connection,
countries that accepts abortion is not teaching the people to love, but to use
violence to get what they want. That is why the greatest destroyer of love and
peace is abortion.
Mother Teresa once said, “If you are kind, people may accuse you of
selfish, ulterior motives: Be kind anyway. If you are successful you will win some
false friends and true enemies: Succeed anyway. If you are honest and frank,
people will try to cheat you: Be honest anyway. What you spend years building,
someone could destroy overnight: Build anyway. If you find serenity and
happiness, they may be jealous of you: Be happy anyway. The good you do
today will often be forgotten by tomorrow: Do good anyway. Give the world the
best you have, and it may never be enough: Give your best anyway.” ~ Mother
Teresa
To learn more about the teachings of Mother Teresa, read the Article on
this website: https://web.facebook.com/notes/india-community-digest/the-
teachings-of-mother-teresa/149690591721161/?_rdc=1&_rdr
109
Victoria Diez was a lay woman of the diocese of Cordova Spain. She
taught school in rural Spain where she worked at night to educate adults and
working women. She became well loved by her students for her deep faith,
passion and commitment to the education of children. She once said, “Praying
before the Blessed Sacrament I find strength, courage, light and all the love I
need to help those entrusted to me on the way of salvation. She was extremely
active in her parish and organized a Catholic Action Group. She was arrested on
August 11, 1936 by anti-Catholic forces in Spanish Civil War, and murdered the
next day after she was arrested together with others. Witnesses recount her
words of encouragement to everyone: “Come on! Your reward is waiting for us!”
During the homily for the beautification of Blessed Victoria Diez, Pope John Paul
II reiterated that the joy that she transmitted to all was a reflection of that
unconditional surrender to Jesus, which led her to the supreme witness of
offering her life for the salvation of many. She was an example of openness to
the spirit and of apostolic fruitfulness. She know how to become sanctified in her
work as an educator in a rural community, collaborating at the same time in the
parish activities, particularly in catechesis.
Apply
Activity 8.7: Reflect
Answer the question in 5 sentences using the following rubric of scoring.
Relevance of answer to the question-------------------------------------------- 3

Thoroughness of answer------------------------------------------------------------ 3
Organization and logic of answer------------------------------------------------- 2
(spelling, punctuation, grammar, clarity of prose)----------------------------- 2
Highest Possible Score-------------------------------------------------------------- 10
Question: Are direct, structural or cultural violence present in your

community? How?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
110
Assessment Tasks
Name: Date: _____________

Direction: Be an advocate of peace through making a poster with the concept of

peace. Be properly guided by the following rubric of scoring in making
your poster. Use the space below.
Content/ Knowledge---------------------------------------------------------------- 2
Work Quality/Effort-------------------------------------------------------------------2
Creativity--------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
Format/Presentation-----------------------------------------------------------------2
Expectations/Potential---------------------------------------------------------------2
Highest Possible Score------------------------------------------------------------10
111
Module Outcomes

identity;
integrate in the various aspects of self and
identity;
aspects of self and identity; and
4. examined one's self against the different
aspects of self.
Rationale
The progress of great technology in the field
of digital communications has significantly
influenced the lifestyle, work, attitudes, and
behaviour, and experiences of people across the
world. The constant increase in the use of the
Internet and the World Wide Web such as the
social media has unquestionably defined the
formation of a digital self among people. The
impact of technological advances in every aspect
of humanity has obviously extended the concept
of “self” among individuals.
112
Lesson 1 I, ME, MYSELF AND MY USER ID ONLINE IDENTITY
Learning Outcomes:
1. assess your digital self and online identity;
2. explain what types of information can be shared or not on
social media;
3. identified the boundaries and rules to follow in sharing
information about oneself in social media; and
4. written an essay about how one can become being a
responsible netizen.
Introduction
If you want to use a certain social networking site
like Facebook, you need to create an account. This
account will comprise some data about your personal life
as a new user. The information being declared that is seen
on your Facebook profile or the profile picture that you post
may either be true or not, or may even be a combination of
the two. https://pngtree.com/freepn
g/facebook-logo-
Your family, relatives, and close friends and relatives
may easily determine if your profile contains true information or not. But for those
who do not know you, they have no chance to validate the information. As they
say, on the Internet, no one knows who you actually are. All the personal data,
activities, ideas, and thoughts that you uploaded on Facebook or any other social
networking site show how you want to be perceived virtually.
Activate
When did you last change your profile name

(pn) and profile picture (pp) in Facebook (FB)? Was
it last month? Last week? Yesterday? Last night? Or
was it just today? You know, while I was studying
the Social Learning feature of FB, I found that I can
only change my profile name every 60 days or two
(2) months but I can change my “pp” anytime.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_
However, I was advised to create a new HBeYEBJvE8&app=desktop
Facebook account to be used in Social Learning and

for educational purposes in order to safeguard my personal account. How about
you? Did you make a new one or did your retain your old account?
113
Activity 9.1: My Profile in Facebook
Now, let’s have an activity about your accounts in Facebook. Kindly follow
the instruction below.
4. Take a screen shot of your profile name and profile picture of your
Social Learning account. Kindly send this to the group chat (gc) of
your section if you are using your personal account in the group chat.
5. Next, take a screen shot of your profile name and profile picture of your
personal account. Kindly send this to the group chat (gc) of your
section if you are using your Social learning account in the group chat.
6. Then, kindly send a screen shot of your profile name and profile picture
of your personal account to your teacher’s Social Learning account.
7. Now, let’s compare your two (2) profiles in your Facebook accounts
and answer the following questions.
1. How did you feel about the previous activity regarding your profiles in
Facebook?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
2. Look at both your personal and Social Learning profiles in Facebook.

Compare these two accounts by describing each of them, give the
reason for creating them, and why you posted that particular picture in
your profile.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
3. If you are to choose, which of your accounts or profiles do you like

more? Why?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
4. Look at one of your classmate’s profile name and profile picture in their
personal account. Choose one (1) classmate and describe his or her
profile picture. Write your analysis why he or she chose that particular
profile picture for his or her account.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
114
Acquire
I, Me, Myself and My user ID Online Identity
A. My Online Identity
While looking at your classmates’ Facebook
profiles in your group chat or Social Learning class
especially their profile pictures, you may notice that
these images are only projected images – these
are how your classmates want themselves to be
seen. You will see various kinds of individual with
profile pictures like:
 taken in a well-known place https://www.dreamstime.com/pr-managers-
team-working-personal-development-
 taken with or of loved ones, family, or online-identity-
relatives
 with famous personalities with pets or other important things
 not of the profile owner himself or herself
 a particular character, image, or icon
This can be done because Facebook and
other social networking sites permit users to
choose what picture to upload to their profile. To
be precise, any image can be used as your
profile picture.
But why do your classmates and you, in
particular, are posting these kinds of profile
pictures? Here are some of the possible reasons
https://pixabay.com/vectors/facebook-social-
according to Corpuz, et. al. (2019): media-profile-3479846/
 Those with profile pictures taken from

very well-known places, they might be projecting their daring and
adventurous personality to the public or just simply proud about having
seen to these famous places.
 Those with profile pictures with their families, loved ones, or relatives
they may be showing a happy family or that they are a responsible and
caring grandparents, parents, son, daughter, or grandchildren.
 Those with profile pictures with popular personalities in showbiz,
politics, or sports, they could be showing off that they have met their
idols.
 Those with profile pictures with or of pets, they maybe projecting that
they just love animals.
 Those with profile pictures with religious images, they may be showing
that they religious individuals.
115
 Those with profile pictures of cartoon heroes or characters, they might
want to be recognized with the qualities and traits of these cartoon
characters and heroes.
People’s profile pictures symbolize or represent many things about them.

Whatever reasons you may have in using these profile pictures are certainly
influenced by how you want to be perceived by your friends and other people on
social media. These profile pictures on Facebook or any other social networking
sites reveal the online identities people want to create.
B. Selective Self-presentation and Extended Self

According to Goffman (1959) and Leary (1995) as cited by Alata, et. al.
(2018), self-presentation is the process of controlling how one is perceived by
other people and it is the key to relationship foundation and development. To
build positive images, you selectively give information about yourself and
carefully supply this information in response to other’s response.
https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/132855.ph
p
Anything that you post online must be considered “public” no matter what
your “privacy” settings are. For example, a classmate wrote online about how
much he hated another classmate in school, and started bullying her online.
Does it matter if the student said, “Well, this is my personal account”? Even if
your classmate wrote it in a “private” account, it can become public with a fast
screen shot and shared with everyone on social media.
Now, please take note of these two (2) important terms that Alata, et. al.
(2018) emphasized and what its significance to you as a person.
 Personal identity is the interpersonal level of the self that
distinguishes the person as unique from other people.
 Social identity is the level of the self in which the person is identified
by his or her group memberships.
116
The “self” that is presented online can be viewed as one’s “extended
self.” Belk (1998) as cited by Corpuz, et. al. (2019) suggested the concept of the
extended self 26 years ago, when the Internet was still being conceptualized and
developed. Nowadays, along with the development of many technologies, the
possibilities of self-extension have never been so extensive.
Belk (2013) in Alata, et. al. (2018) pointed out that sharing ourselves is
nothing new and has been done since then when human beings were formed.
Digital devices help us share various data to the whole world, more than ever
before. It is now possible that your friends on social media are more updated
about your daily activities, connections, and thoughts than your immediate
families, loved ones, and relatives.
C. Digital Self
Questions like these may arise as we
discuss the topic on digital self. So, brace
your self and answer what comes immediately
to mind. Here goes!
1. What exactly is your age?
2. Real vital statistics?
3. Eye color?
4. How about your skin complexion? https://www.thinglink.com/scene/535
521036481855489
5. Do you present in social media your
actual physical characteristics?
Today, through the use of digital technologies, it is very easy for you to
redefine or recreate your self digitally, or the images that you want to manipulate
through your skills in Photography or Photoshop.
By using photo manipulation, you can be taller, shorter, thinner, fairer, and
can even have different eye color. It seems that everything is possible, anything
can be modified. While technology can change your physical appearances, what
it does to produce is definitely not the genuine self. Manipulated images simply
serve as representations of your ideal self and what you desire to be.
In this period of high technology, your self adapts to the surroundings that
is controlled by digital technology. In order to gratify your goals and ambitions
outside of your inner self, things, products, or services allow you to consider that
you can change, enhance or improve your physical characteristics. One’s digital
self consists of how one expresses himself for himself in various online platforms.
Like for example:
 If you want to be a famous showbiz personality, it is easy to get a
picture of a celebrity and use it in your profile picture.
 If you want to be in your most wanted place, it is easy to photoshop the
picture to show that you are in a certain place even if you have not
been there before.
117
But the question is…
Is it right to use the picture of a famous celebrity as your profile picture
on social media?
The possible answers…
 People will look at it as your way of fulfilling your dreams.
 Others might considerate this action as a lack of acceptance and
gratefulness for your God-given physical characteristics because you
are not contented with how you look like.
Does it really have a psychological and moral implication if you will not
reveal your real self on social media? It depends upon your view but as one popular
song in the year 2000 states “Will the real Slim Shady, please come up?” as
Corpuz, et.al. (2019) asked.
Now…I’ve got the same question and I will add another one:
Will the “real you” come up? Are you ready to show your “real self” to
the world?”
D. What Should Not Be Posted Online

Listed below are some of the things,
information, activities, thoughts, opinions, and
feelings that should not be posted online according
to Corpuz, et. al. (2019). Each of this will be
explained in order to clarify why these things should
not be posted online.
https://wfpdnow.com/2014/06/25/wf
1. Sexy or revealing Pictures pd-summer-safety-tip-3-be-careful-
2. Pictures or videos showing private moments what-you-post-online/
with loved ones
3. Pictures or videos showing bad habits
4. Negative comments on another person’s attitudes
5. Posts announcing conflicts with other people
6. Posts of the results of a particular competition with the names of the
defeated participants
7. Comments showing strong opposition to certain issues
8. Comments with foul, vulgar, indecent, and offensive words
9. Pictures or videos revealing one’s financial status
10. Pictures or videos showing family trips
11. Pictures or videos displaying one doing good deeds
12. Pictures or videos in hospitals
13. Posts of every single thing you do
118
1. Sexy or revealing Pictures
 If you have these photos, these should be kept in private for security
reasons. Some people may take advantage of these and spread them
without your knowledge. So it’s advisable that you should not take
these kind of photos or videos for your security.
2. Pictures or videos showing private moments with loved ones
 Even if you are too showy of your feelings towards your loved ones,
kissing, necking, and other intimate moments and activities must be
kept in private as well and should not be posted on social media.
3. Pictures or videos showing bad habits
 Pictures showing while you are drinking intoxicated drinks or being
drunk, smoking cigarettes, and gambling must not be posted online. It
is indecent to be proud and tell the public about your vices, it only
shows that you are too proud about your bad habits and it certainly
sets a bad example to others on social media.
4. Negative comments on another person’s attitudes
 This is considered a crime of slander. It

is impolite to post negative comments
and publicize to the world what you think
of another individual’s attitudes. It is
unfair and injurious to another person’s
character. In other words, it is wrong to
criticize the person online for it is open
for everybody to see and can be posted
without the person knowing it. https://www.independent.co.uk/life-
style/love-sex/group-pictures-dating-app-
5. Post announcing conflicts with other people profile-worst-choice-images.html
 The conflicts with other people cannot be

solved by posting about them online. The best way of resolving these
conflicts is to face and talk to them personally. Posting conflicts online
only intensifies the conflict. As the saying goes, “Do not wash dirty
linen in public.” Please do take note of that.
6. Post of the results of a particular competition with the defeated
participants
 You have the right to be proud about your accomplishments of your
success but it is not correct to show and tell the world the failure of
others. It can be destructive to people’s dignity and it can also affect their
psychological well-being.
119
7. Comments showing strong oppositions to certain issues
 You are free to express your ideas and
opinion on a particular or issue but
sometimes it may upset others or worst,
it can even lead to having an enemy.
Yes, the social media is a way to
express your personal views on certain
issues, but you cannot be assured that
everyone on social media are open-
minded. Some people are involved in
bashing, name-calling, and other forms
https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2018
of incorrect behaviors because they feel
at ease because they cannot be seen in
cyberspace.
8. Comments with foul, vulgar, indecent, and offensive words

 Let us say somebody attacked you by throwing the first negative
comment, but it does not mean that is okay to counter attack by using
cruel words. You should think that you are student with a good
reputation and soon you will be a professional after your finish your
tertiary education. Your response reflects who and what you are and it
has nothing to do with the one you are relying to.
9. Pictures or videos revealing one’s financial status

 You should be careful in revealing about your own and your family’s
finances because it may place you at security risk.
10. Pictures or videos showing family trips
 Posts showing too much data about your family get-togethers may also
pose security risks because it may draw unwelcome attention from
criminals.
11. Pictures or videos displaying one doing good deeds
 Doing good deeds are very good to see and that’s a lot to be proud of,
but it is deceptive to take photos of such deeds because it tends to focus
more on you as the doer of the good deed instead of the deed itself.
12. Pictures or videos in hospitals
 It is both wrong and illegal to take photos in hospitals. Whether it is just
a photo of a part of hospital or of a patient that is your family member,
relative, or love ones, taking of photos in hospital is against the law.
120
13. Posts of every single thing you do
 Social media is a not a journal where you can write down every single
thing that happens to you every moment of the day. If you announce
on social media every detail of your day-to-day activities, this may
show or tell the world that you lack self-esteem. People who post on
social media everything they do seem to be looking for public
affirmation or recognition and this is a sign of low self-esteem.
E. Setting Boundaries to your Online Self: Smart Sharing

Alata, et. al. (2018) pointed out
that these guidelines will help you
share information online in a smart way
that will protect yourself and not harm
others. Before posting or sharing
anything online, consider the following
questions and think carefully before
sharing data on social media.
1. Is this post/story necessary?

2. Is there a real benefit to this
post? Is it funny, warm- https://www.pcpd.org.hk/minisite1/en/ tv_video.html
hearted, teachable-or am I
just making noise online without purpose?
3. Have we (as a family or parent/child) resolved this issue? An issue that
is still being worked out at home, or one that is either vulnerable or
highly emotional, should not be made public.
4. Is it appropriate/ Does it stay within the boundaries of our family
values?
5. Will this seem funny in 5, 10, or 15 years? Or is this post better suited
for sharing with a small group of family members? Or maybe not at all?
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F. Rules to Follow
The following additional guidelines are
needed for proper sharing of information and
ethical use of the Internet according to New
(2014) as cited by Alata, et. al. (2018). I hope
these can help you because it did really help
me.
 Stick to safer sites when surfing.
 Guard your passwords at all costs.
https://usa.kaspersky.com/resource-
 Limit what you share on social center/preemptive-safety/top-10-internet-
media. safety-rules-and-what-not-to-do-online
 Remember that anything you put
online or post on a site is there forever, even if you try to delete it.
 Do not be nasty or shame other people online.
 Always inform if you see any strange or bad behavior online.
 Be selective about your online contacts.
 Be patient.
G. “Think Before You Click” Campaign

I will add another safety tip for you and
this line which is very familiar to you. This is the
famous line, “THINK BEFORE YOU CLICK”
campaign of GMA Network in 2011 and which
also won the Globe Tatt Awards in 2012. Surely,
you would think before you press the ‘Enter” key
on your keyboard of your computers, laptops,
tablets, or on your smartphones. This campaign
has been very successful since the social media https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/cbb/co
ntent/264261/gma-news-think-before-you-
users are reminded of their responsibility to the click-wins-in-the-2012-globe-tatt-
world of thinking first before they post anything awards/story/
online to avoid the consequences of their actions.
In this famous campaign, GMA Vice President for Multi-Media Journalism

and GMA News Online Editor-in-Chief, Howie Severino, reminded viewers of
the great influence of the Internet and its possible implications. He explained that,
“If we are aware that we have the power to build, create, or destroy and ruin
people’s reputation and even lives, then we’re going to be much more
responsible on how we use it (Internet)” (GMA 7, 2012).
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Apply
Activity 9.2: Online Identity Checklist

Direction: Answer your Online (Facebook)
Identity Checklist (Corpus, et. al., 2019).
Check (/) the box that corresponds to
your answer and add up all your “Yes”
and “No” answers.
https://techcrunch.com/2017/0
6/21/facebook-is-testing-a-
feature-to-prevent-profile-
Item Yes No
1 Is your profile picture your picture?
2 Do you include your place of residence in your profile?
3 Do you include your educational background in your profile?
4 Do you include your relationship status in your profile?
5 Do you include the name of your hometown in your profile/
6 Do you express your stand on particular political issues by writing
posts?
7 Do you share prayers and religious stories?
8 Do you share information about health and wellness?
9 Do you use the social media for business purposes?
10 Do you post the movies that you have just watched or plan to
watch?
11 Do you post the picture of the book or novel that you have just
read or plan to buy?
12 Do you post pictures of your pet?
13 Do you upload pictures of you newly purchased gadgets or toys?
14 Do you upload pictures of the places that you have been to?
15 Do you upload pictures of the food you eat?
16 Do you upload pictures of you with respectable people including
celebrities?
17 Do you upload pictures because you are bored?
Total
1. How did you feel while answering the Online (Facebook) Identity Checklist?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. What have you realized after seeing your scores?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
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Assessment task
Name: Date: _____________


D. What pieces of information, activities, thoughts, opinions, or feelings should
not be posted online? Please write 10 answers in the following matrix. (3
points for each item/30 points)
Information, Activities,
Thoughts, Opinions, Explanation
or Feelings
10
124
E. Write an essay of 300 - 500 words about the topic on, “I am a Responsible
Netizen.” Please think of the ways and means how you can become
responsible in posting information online.
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Lesson 2 IMPACT OF ONLINE INTERACTIONS ON THE SELF
Learning Outcomes:
1. identified the impact of digital advancements to identity;
2. explained the reasons for engaging in the digital publicity;
3. written an essay how can we fight social media addiction;
Introduction
Nowadays, I could
say that almost all people
in the world have a digital
self which is what we use
to be a part of the
technological world. This
digital self is a part of our
personality that we use to
hide our true selves in the
social media. As we share
bits and pieces of
ourselves to the world we
try to cover up the issues https://twitter.com/forbesoste/status/885906134707646465
of our lives and show to
everybody we are very well and have a perfect life. As we do this, we expect
affirmation and acceptance but we do not want rejection as the same time.
However, the digital world can help us in many ways if we think of its
advantages. This includes finding friends and partners through its dating sites.
We can also customize a certain character we like and join various gaming sites
worldwide. At the same time, we can filter or edit our image depending on the
physical features we like. And I think the most important advantage is that we
can store and transfer loads of documents file using different gadgets. But surely,
there are also disadvantages in having a digital self. Thus, we will tackle all these
in this lesson. So prepare for a marvelous journey across the digital world!
126
Activate
When you hear the “Facebook”,

“Instagram”, “Twitter”, what comes to your mind?
Why? Did it excite you in a way every time you hear
these words or should say Social Networking sites?
I guess so…Because I feel excited to check on my
Facebook account during my free time. How about
you?!
https://makeawebsitehub.co
Now, please think of all social networking m/social-media-sites/
sites that you are using and the reasons why you
are using them. List them down in the following matrix.
Activity 9.3: My Social Networking Sites
Social Media The reason for this is…
10
127
1. How did you feel about the previous activity in social networking sites?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
2. Which of the social networking sites above you like the most? Why?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
3. Why do you think people like to visit the social media on the Internet?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Acquire
IMPACT OF ONLINE INTERACTION ON THE SELF

A. Digital Advancements
This decade has presented extraordinary

technological or digital advancements that made a
great impact the lives of people and several of them
are the following according to Magalona, et. al.,
(2018):
1. Internet
2. Social Networking Sites (Facebook, http://www.thedigitalbridges.com/t
Twitter, My Space, Instagram, etc.) echnological-advancements-
3. Text Messages or Short Message Service digital-businesses/
(SMS)
4. Smart Phones
5. Applications (Apps)
6. Youtube
7. Blogs/Vlogs
8. Search engines like Google, Yahoo, Bing
9. World Wide Web
10. Email
11. Chat Rooms
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12. Online Shopping
13. Dating Sites
14. GPS (Global Positioning System)
15. Wifi or wireless Network
16. Game Consoles (Paly Stations, Wii etc.)
Some research has found how online decision and preferences reflect bits
and piece about an individual’s personality and identity. Choices such as:
 what songs to play on Spotify;

 movies or shows to view on Netflix; or
 what to buy from Shopee, Lazada, Alibaba, and Amazon
These online stores offer information about our likes, interests, and
preferences. Even William James, the Father of American Psychology, has
restated that each person possesses personalities according to his or her
present situation which in turn discloses his or her digital identity (Magalona, et.
al., 2018).
A. The Impact of Digital Advancements to Identity
Now, let us go directly to the point. What

exactly are the impacts of these digital
advancements to your identity? Why these have
become an issue in the whole world? You may not
notice the changes in your personality but look
into the list below and see if these impacts of
digital advancements are happening to you.
Magalona. et. al., (2018) provided a list of https://www.gbim.com/the-impact-of-

impacts of digital advancements and each of them digital-technologies-on-society/
will be elaborated afterwards. These are the

following:
1. Disconnectedness
2. Developing and nurturing Virtual Relationship
3. Online Recklessness
4. Distorted Identity Formation
5. A Significant Portion of our lives is being Broadcasted
6. “Digital Self-Harm”
7. Contribute to a Declining Mental Health
8. Self-Obsession
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1. Disconnectedness
The growing use of gadgets and existence in the social media led to being
disconnected from others around us. Let us say, you rush to check and connect
to the social media, you disregard to interact face to face (F2F) with those who
want attention from you. Oftentimes, you prefer to stay fixed on the social media
creating the latest posts or stalking on somebody’s account for so many hours
and being mentally insensitive to the events happening around you.
Certainly, spending a lot of time on social

media is what disconnects you from your
relationships. Magalona, et. al. (2018) cited
some studies done in United Kingdom (UK) and
the results showed how adults are absorbed for
more than 20 hours each week surfing on the
Internet and this exposure is rising in number of
hours. Similar results were found in cases in the
United States (U. S.) with 30% of adults http://www.travelbagel.com/articles/t
engaging on social media for many hours. This he-discontent-of-disconnectedness/
shows the critical reality in many countries across

the world as people choose to spend more of their time online than interacting
face to face with their family members, friends, co-workers, and the like.
2. Developing and Nurturing Virtual Relationship

The advanced development in
the features of social networking sites
lets you to have hundreds of friends
and even thousands of followers. In
the long run, this resulted to creating
virtual relationships which gratifies the
need for relationships and intimacy.
Yes, this can provide positive impact
on you but it can also cause failure to
continue having face to face
https://www.slideshare.net/manishdv8/virtual-
relationships which needs more relationship-vs-real-relationship
personal adjustments and
understanding of individual differences.
Hence, it can be established that relationships have become shallow as we tend
to nurture the relationships only within the boundaries of the digital environment
which demands simple responsibilities like as “liking”’ or “sharing” a friend’s
recent online post.
130
3. Online Recklessness
The world of social media has given you the
chance to express your self by communicating your
thoughts and responses whether in the form of an
emoticon, emoji, animated gift, meme or
through traditional words. These are ways to
express positive or negative reaction on a latest
post seen on a newsfeed in a social networking
site.
https://www.freepik.com/fre
e-photos-vectors/emoticon
The digital world provides you with the opportunity of expressing your
thoughts and views from the confines and comforts of your room but do you
really use this freedom with a sense of responsibility? If you say an unusual
response that can cause public scandal or shared response from all of those who
can see your rare reactions, are you willing to stand for the consequences?
We are all accountable for our acts but many have revealed the tendency
is to be reckless and irresponsible. They cannot control or monitor on their
expression of emotions. After the injury has been done through the posting of
opinions or personal reactions online, the next step is to delete the same. Well,
this is certainly a display of extreme recklessness which does not in any way
help the development of maturity among people.
4. Distorted Identity Formation

The social media world provides the
chance to create some several online
identities depending to your heart’s desire.
You can change your status, citizenship,
gender, physical appearance and even your
character in the online world.
The desire to be somebody or to create
an ideal “self” in the cyberspace can be
attained immediately by using the advance https://www.playbuzz.com/thirsttoimme
rse10/what-is-your-social-media-
features offered in social networking sites as
identity
improved by the various applications (Apps) provided to you. The identity that
you desire to show online may either reflect your true self or your ideal self.
Though, as you aim for recognition and approval from your online friends
and acquaintances, you tend not to be real to yourself. Of course, you do not
want to be rejected, you wanted to be loved, and accepted but as the online
world provides various means to improve your image then that becomes your
tool to create a “new identity” that will assure affirmation by the significant online
friends, followers, and acquaintances even though you are deviating from what is
real.
131
5. A Significant Portion of Your Life is Being Broadcasted
The digital world offers you the opportunity to have this “celebrity feel” or
becoming famous. Like for example, you are possibly doing the following:
 You pose the image of a new gadget online as a way of expressing
your amazement.
 You want to share the joy of consuming a well-plated meal then you
pose it on line.
 In order to show how you feel about a latest breakup then you pose it
online.
 You post it online to express your emotions about an intense
disagreement with your parents.
https://www.impactbnd.com/blog https://andypost.com/PORTFOLIO
/new-research-whats-the-best- /Personal/35
https://lovesagame.com/10-positive- https://mustsharenews.com/a-level-
break-up-quotes-and-what-we-can paper-parents-quarreling/
I wonder what else do you post online…
This is how you might spend each minute in your day-to-day activities.
You pose everything from food, travel, relationships status, to minor or major
events in your life. If you analyzed this, it indicates that every detail of what you
post online is for public to see. You must have not considered the dangers and
the risks; the digital world has obviously become a channel for you to express
yourself.
132
6. “Digital Self-Harm”
We could see that harming your self

tends to be of a similar degree by showing how
problematic you are through online space. You
tend to degrade yourself on public as you tend to
confirm your lack of self-confidence and
weaknesses among your online friends and
followers.
https://www.psycom.net/digital-
Results in a research as cited by self-harm
Magalona, et. al. (2018) found that around 6% of
adolescents between the ages of 12 to 17 years are practicing this so-called
“digital self-harm” and they are doing this by using smartphones. “The
loneliness, emptiness, and anxiety the digital technology led to the declining
mental health and the rising rate of adolescent suicide.”
As the digital world has delivered the means for you to express yourself, it
also permits you to post bad self-impressions about your looks and character
which later confirms insecurities and low self-concept. Involvement in this online
behavior also permits “cyberbullying” as the information about the individual’s
weaknesses are being presented in public.
7. Contribute to a Declining Mental Health
Extreme loneliness and anxiety especially

among teenagers like you can be the effect of
severe exposure and involvement in the digital
world. The failure to get attention from the
significant people in your life leads to sadness and
frustrations. This contributes to a lot a declining
mental health as you are incapable to overcome
stress. Crimes happen because of this reality as
you develop anxiety and heighten emotional issues
which you cannot resolve in a more mature https://theconversation.com/were
manner. -measuring-online-conversation-
to-track-the-social- 135417
So I hope this would not happen to you for I am concerned about your
mental health. Never think that you are alone. Many counselors online can help
you out and offers their free services, especially in the time of the pandemic.
133
8. Self-Obsession
Continuous exposure to the digital world has
obviously increased the incidence of “narcissism”.
Many people have become self-obsessed and self-
absorbed as facilitated and endorsed by the social
media. As social networking sites permits you to
escape from the miseries of your everyday life,
expectations therefore arise.
Digital users like you expect that you will https://narcissistabusesupport.co

followed and responses to your posts whether it is m/social-media-help-narcissist-
an image, a quote, an emotional post are marked abused-narcissism-todays-world/
by gaining “likes”, “shares”, and “tweets.”
When you submit yourself to the mentality spread by these social

networking sites you may become:
 engrossed by trying to produce their best

photos and images;
 preoccupied in posting the detailed
account of your latest activities; and
 immersed by posting the best image of
the cup of coffee you have bought from
that famous café with a location posted
on your Facebook, Instagram, or Twitter
https://www.tasteofhome.com/coll
accounts. ection/healthy-starbucks-drinks/
All of these accounts have to do with yourself, what you are doing now,
who you are with, and what you feel now. You have become so engrossed with
yourself. The digital world has inspired you to be so amazed about the “me,
myself, and I” trend.
Therefore, the development of the social media has introduced vague

elements which become an extension of yourself. Those are what you post
online and what you keep offline which become part of your digital possessions.
Photos, emails, SMS, videos, and the like have become important reflections of
your digital self.
134
B. Reasons for Engaging in the Digital Publicity
Since we are interested in

creating an identity which may be
very different from your real life
personality then the digital world
offers the best opportunity to
attain that new change anytime
we want to engage and sooner or
later disengage. This quite
stimulating endeavor in the
enormous digital world created
much publicity among teenagers
and grown-ups alike. It provides
a unique experience which https://digital-publicity.ueniweb.com/#header
makes great impact on the way how we
express ourselves as mainly the same
feeling is motivated by the following
simple reasons:
1. You desire to meet the expectation of your significant others in your

life. You would not readily post your photos online but will edit or filter
the same to ensure that you look a lot better in your digital images. The
use of several applications (Apps) facilitates this desire.
2. You expect to receive responses and reactions from your followers by

posting of objects online as well as your current statuses in the form of
“likes” and “shares”. These are actions that boost your ego and self-
esteem.
3. You desire to “blend in.” As Abraham Maslow had stated in the

“Hierarchy of Needs” (1943), each has the need to “belong.” And so
when you post photos of your food on social media then all others
follow the trend. Uploading of these images create a feeling of being a
part of a publicity.
4. You are provided with much more freedom by the digital web to
express yourself in various means. Whether you do this verbally or
non-verbally these digital platforms create an opportunity for you to
communicate and express your views and ideas about everything.
5. You are allowed to achieve your “ideal self” in the digital world,
whether it is the physical or the emotional aspects. Like those given by
online applications to enhance your images physically or it could also
be emotionally as you can express yourself by “Vlogging” or even
“Blogging.” Whichever manner leads to in an emotional experience
that makes you feel “good” about yourself.
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C. How To Fight Social Media Addiction
For a moment, please think how many hours

you are spending on social media. How about the
number of hours holding your smartphones? Can
you readily answer this question? Or are you
surprised that you just realized that you have been
spending more than five (5) hours on social media
or holding your smartphones for more than 10 hours
every day?!
https://runswithblisters.wordpres
Corpuz, et. al. (2019) emphasized that if you s.com/2014/11/03/fighting-
are spending more than three (3) hours of your time social-media-addiction/
every day on social media, then you can be considered as a social media addict.
Indeed, social media has many advantages but too much time spent on it can be
destructive.
You may see some people, let us say, your classmates use Facebook as
their diaries, posting their daily or minute-to-minute activities on it. You should
know that you are not required to post on social media every move you make. All
addictions are harmful.
Now, what are the negative effects of social media to the users? Usually,
the negative effects of too much social media on health consist of eye problems,
headache, nausea, and many more. As a college instructor, I for one
experienced all these. Thus, I limit my engagement on social media nowadays.
How about you? Now, read the following negative effects of social media in
different kinds of people.
Students
 This affects their academic performance.
As a student you should know better how
much time you are going to spend on social
media to avoid the consequences of having
low or failing grades.
Employees: https://www.theweek.in/news/heal
th/ 2020/01/09/Posting-about-
 This is a negligence of duty and a form of
dishonesty when official work time is used
on social media. This can be grounds for
disciplinary action or even termination.
https://www.hracuity.com/blog/ when-
you-dont-like-what-your-employees-
are-posting-on-social-media
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Various Users:
 Online scams, cyberbullying, hate messages, and even destroyed
friendships are possible because of online gossiping. So you should be
aware of these situations in order to avoid such things to happen to
you.
Now, to avoid social media addiction, you need to limit the time you use
for social media. The maximum should be less than three hours, the lesser the
better. According to Corpuz, et. al., (2019), you are encouraged to do the
following things:
1. You should tell your people to keep in touch with you in other platforms
other than social media so as to be able to further control your time
which may be spent on unnecessary scrolling on social media.
2. You are encouraged not to participate in the discussion of political
issues for it is time-consuming and never-ending. Do not post
comments supporting or opposing certain issues. You might be drawn
to spend more time arguing and persuading others to agree with your
stand.
3. You must not post on social media just for the sake of posting. Posting
daily activities just for the sake of getting many “likes” or affirmative
comments and praises can be a sign of low self-esteem. Individual
with low self-esteem always search for recognition and affirmation from
other people.
At this time, you already know what you should not do on social media.
Now, the following are suggestions for you to do in order to use your time very
well as students, especially during this time of the pandemic.
1. You read books instead of spending time reading news, articles, and
issues on social media. Books are reliable sources of genuine and
accurate information.
2. You study the modules that

your teachers made for online,
blended, or distance learning
since these are very important
sources of learning at this time of
the pandemic. You are advised to
give more time to these modules
to study.
https://study.com/teach/blended-learning.html
137
3. You spend time to communicate personally with your family at
home even to your neighbors and your officemates. Real life
conversations will reinforce your family and work relations and at the
same time limit your time on social media. But you just have to be
careful since we also need to limit our face to face contact with them
due to the danger of the pandemic.
4. You consider the friends you have on social media. How many
virtual friends do you have? Do you really communicate with them?
Now, please make sure that they are people worth keeping in touch. If
these social media friends show no care and concern for you or if you
do not interact with them all, maybe it is better to “unfriend” or
“unfollow” them. If some pages are against your political beliefs and
stand on certain issues, it would be more comforting to remove them
from your newsfeed.
Apply
Direction: Give three (3) impacts of digital advancements on your identity in

2 - 3 sentences and kindly write your answers on the space provided
below.
1. ______________________________________________________________
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2. ______________________________________________________________
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3. ______________________________________________________________
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Assessment Tasks
Name: Date: _____________


A. Identify five (5) reasons why people engage in digital publicity and explain
each of them in 2 - 3 sentences. Please write your answers on the space
provided below. (5 points for each item/25 points)
1. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________
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4. ______________________________________________________________
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5. ______________________________________________________________
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B. Write an essay of 300 - 500 words about the topic on, “I Can Fight Social
Media Addiction!” Please think of the ways and means how you can fight
social media addiction.
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Module Outcomes

1. discussed the theoretical underpinnings for
how to manage and care for different
aspects of the self;
2. acquired and honed new skills and
learnings for better managing of one's self
and behaviors;
3. applied these new skills to one’s self and
functioning for a better quality of life; and
4. achieved an overall sense of personal well-
being.
Rationale
“Take Care of Yourself” is a statement that expresses love

& concern for other people’s well-being. It is not intended only to
remind the person to stay healthy but also to keep himself or
herself safe against any harm or danger.
Self-care can help a person stay healthy, happy and
resilient and it is a key towards a balance life. It includes activities
and practices that we can engage in on a regular basis to reduce
stress and maintain as well as enhance our short- and longer-
term health and well-being. It is a multidimensional concept in
which the interdependency of mental and physical well-being
creates an enhanced quality of life and sense of personal
fulfilment.
This Module will help students to practice the seven
functional domain: emotional, spiritual, physical, intellectual, and
social relational to develop and strengthen their relationship with
themselves and to others.
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Lesson 1 LEARNING TO BE A BETTER STUDENT
Learning Outcomes:
1. defined learning and explained the characteristics of
learning;
2. identified the changes that occur during learning; and
3. developed approaches to become an effective learner
Introduction
Sometimes, studying is not enough to become excellent in school. Attitude
towards what you are doing affects your performance as well. Every student can
do better or even the best, if only they practice a helpful and healthy routine that
would lead them towards success.
To be a successful student, you must establish good study habits to learn
effectively and to abide interest in ideas, learning, thinking, and creativity to
expand knowledge and stimulate the mind. Learning is not just inside the four
corners of the classroom but also occur outside in order to produce well-rounded
graduates who were not only hone intellectually but also socially, physically,
emotionally and spiritually.
This lesson will present several techniques that you can adapt in order to
make you a better learner. There is no harm in doing something that would direct
you to be good, or better, or even the best student. Leave the bad habits and
start being a responsible student and person you can be because whatever you
do at school can be a reflection of what you are as a worker someday.
142
Activate
Activity 10.1: Read the Poem and explain it’s meaning in your own understanding.
LEARNING Your own analysis of the poem.

By: Cheryl Capozzoli _______________________________
The more I search, the more I find, _______________________________
The more I find, the more I read, _______________________________
The more I read, the more I think, _______________________________
The more I think, the more I learn, _______________________________
The more I learn, the more I do, _______________________________
The more I do, the more I create, _______________________________
The more I create, the more I share, _______________________________
The more I share, the more I _______________________________
collaborate, _______________________________
The more I collaborate, the more I _______________________________
communicate, _______________________________
The more I communicate, the more I _______________________________
connect, _______________________________
The more I connect, the more I learn, _______________________________
the more I know, _______________________________
And the more intelligent, _______________________________
I grow. _______________________________
Acquire
Learning involves changes in one’s behaviour mostly occur through

experience. It involves obtaining changes in the current knowledge, skills, habits,
behaviors, or tendencies through experience, practice, or formal education.
Characteristics of Learning
1. Learning is Purposeful
Learning arises because it is planned, desired, or even compulsory.
There is always a purpose why a person seeks more knowledge.
Research shows that students who set goals tend to be more
determined and more likely to realize their goals.
2. Learning is a Result of Experience
Learning comes with one’s interaction with the environment since it
changes one’s behaviour as an outcome of experience.
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3. Learning is Multifaceted
Having a sound mind in a sound body. The learning outcomes are not
purely limited to the development of the Cognitive domain but also
developed the other domains such as Affective and Psychomotor.
4. Learning is an Active Process
Students are the centred of the learning development in which their
active involvement in class activities are solicited in order for them to
grasp certain perceptions.
Study Habits refers to the attitudes and behaviours of students when

preparing for tests or any learning assessment.
22 Ways to be a BETTER STUDENT

1. Love what you’re doing.
In whatever you do, always enjoy yourself. Studying can be boring, but
when you love what you are reading or doing, it would not matter.
2. Be positive.
Always be optimistic, you may encounter circumstances that would test
your patience and capabilities. When you come across problems, be
courageous to face and solve them. Do not just stay at your bed
thinking of your problem – make a move to resolve it. Consider it as a
challenge and opportunity to make you a better student.
3. Have self-esteem.
Do not be shy to stand up and speak in front of a large class. Be
confident with yourself, this will not only be needed at school but all
throughout your life time. Do not hesitate to share your thoughts and
strive to be the best version of yourself.
4. Pick good friends in school.
Choose your friends at school, be with a group who can help you be
more responsible in your studies. Making friends with the right people
is another way to love your study.
5. Don’t mind time, focus on the discussion.
Avoid looking at your watch during classes, this is not only an insult to
your professor, but it could also distract you. Give your full attention to
the teacher talking in front and listen attentively. To be a good student,
you must acquire and enhance your listening skills.
6. Set your goals.
Be certain of what you aspire in school. Give out the best in you and
reach for it. Your goals will keep you going and keep you motivated
144
7. Do advance reading.
Read the topic that you think will be discussed in the following days, so
whenever it is discussed, you’re already well-versed about it. You can
also use it to engage more actively in class on the next meeting.
8. Be punctual and always show up.
Arriving early in school shows that you are interested to learn. Also,
never miss a lesson, because it would create a gap between the
concepts you learn yesterday from today.
9. Participate in activities.
Do not just stay inside your classroom; be involved in some
extracurricular activities. Being at school does not mean it’s all about
reading. If you excel in your academics, try to do the same with the
non-academic activities in school. This will also help you increase your
social capability.
10. Visit a library and read.
Reading is the best way to educate yourself, and do not just read, try
to digest the things you are reading. Spend your vacant time at the
library to study and make a research. You could also borrow books
from the librarian and bring it home.
11. Be inspired.
Inspire yourself in whatever you do, so it would be easier for you to
achieve things that you want.
12. Sit in front.
The perk of being in front is that you can clearly hear every single word
the teacher says and it would be easy to comprehend the lesson.
Practice yourself sitting in the front row. It would be nerve-racking at
first, but its reward is worth the risk.
13. Study your previous lessons.
Before sleeping, scan your notes and read it again. This will help you
be prepared with the surprise quizzes on the next days. It will also
serve as an early preparation for the upcoming examination.
14. Make a To-Do-List.
Be organized, that is one way to attain success. List down the activities
that you need to do at home or even the other days to come. Your to-
do list will serve as your reminder and help you keep track of your
progress.
15. Raise questions.
When there is an unclear statement, do not be shy to raise your hand
and ask. There is no harm in asking. Clarify things so you can
comprehend well the topic. Asking questions only shows that you are
listening and paying attention.
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16. Have self-discipline.
Submitting your requirements on time is another form of self-discipline.
So get rid of all the distractions, and do as much as you can to submit
your requirements before deadlines. Do not just meet deadlines, beat
them!
17. Take good care of your health.
Health is wealth, and it’s true. So prioritize your health, because if you
are healthy, you can study well. Going to school requires a lot of
energy. Hence, be physically, emotionally, and mentally fit.
18. Know how to manage your time.
You are not only a student, you are also a sister, brother, a friend, or a
parent. You will not only be doing school stuff, but you also have other
responsibilities. Thus, you h8ave to practice time management. Know
how to balance your time and use it wisely.
19. Listen attentively and take down notes.
Take down notes while you are listening to your professor. Write down
the important points, so you can review some of them in case you
forget the lecture.
20. Never procrastinate.
Everything that we rush fails most of the time. Hence, give enough
time for your assignments and projects. Study a week before your
major examinations, so you could have the chance to get a higher
score.
21. Think of your parents’ sacrifices.
You are at school because of your parents’ efforts. Repay them by
giving them good grades at the end of the semesters. Excellent
students are good children of their parents.
22. Do your best and God will do the rest.
Your capability as a man is not enough; you will always need someone
higher than you to help you achieve your aspirations in life. His
guidance would serve as your weapon in the battle of your life. Do not
forget to thank and praise Him with every opportunity He gives you.
Explore More:
The students will watch the following link:
 Tips to manage time better - https:/GBM2k2zp_MQ
146
Apply
Activity 10.2
Create a 5 unique HUGOT LINE about Studying or Being a Better Student

and place it inside the box.
Example: “Okay lang kung bagsak ka sa kanya, ang mahalaga, sa school

pasado ka”.
1. ________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________
5. ________________________________________________________
147
Assessment task
Name: Date: _____________

Direction: Place the pictures (5-10 pictures) of your activities that serve as a
proof that you become a Better Student. Place it inside the box and
label each pictures.
148
Lesson 2 SETTING GOALS FOR SUCCESS
Learning Outcomes:
1. discussed various theories on goal setting and self-efficacy;
2. explained the relationship between goal setting and self-
efficacy; and
3. strategized and designed Plan of the Future Self.
Introduction
Goals help to motivate and inspire a person to complete a task, go to
places, land a good job, buy material possessions, and do just about anything
that satisfies him or her. With a set of goals in whatever you do, there is a reason
and value to work for it.
Our individual goals keep us on track with our day-to-day activities and
give us a sense of determination to attain what we think is important and valuable
for us. With a definite set of goals, you know where to concentrate your actions.
Distractions are easily spotted since you have a clear path of where you are
going and you are motivated enough to reach the end of the road without getting
side-tracked by unnecessary disturbances.
This lesson will present numerous suggestions to attain one’s goals based
on its skills and abilities. It will also talk about failure that we should not avoid,
instead learn to embrace it and look at it as a learning experience. This particular
goals that we pursue with determination in life provides us the positive feelings of
fulfilment and happiness.
149
Activate
Activity 10.3
Cut a picture of a person you considered successful in his/her life. Explain

your reason why?
State your reason why?

___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Place the picture inside the circle ___________________________________
www.pinterest.com _
Acquire
Success is defined as the state of accomplishment or achievement

resulting from an endeavour. To King (2004), success is relative, for some it
means having material possession like a car or house, having a good family life,
a happy home, a feeling of contentment or always being in love.
Goal is an idea of the future/desired result that a person or a group of

people envision, plan and commit to achieve.
Types of Goal
 Short Term Goal is something you want to accomplish soon.
 Long Term Goal takes a long time to achieve.
Goal Setting is a powerful process for thinking what your ideal future and
for motivating yourself to turn your vision of this future into reality.
Guidelines in setting specific goals (King, 2004):

 Know the timeframe of your goals
 Set expressive goals
 Prioritize your goals
 Base goals on performance
150
 Set specific goals
 Make you goals realistic
 Think beyond your goals
Failure is the inability to realize one’s goals. It makes one stronger if he

knows how to apply the lessons learned from that episode.
Guidelines on How to Deal with Failure Gracefully (King, 2004):

 Find out where you exactly went wrong
 Change your attitude or mind-set towards failure
 Come up with a failure strategy
 Look for good alternatives to what you are doing
 Make an effective decisions to avoid repeating the same mistakes
 Visualize the effects of your decision
Spirituality refers to an individual practice related to a sense of peace

and purpose. It is associated with the process of developing beliefs around the
meaning of life.
Faith is a firm belief or conviction not based on external evidence of proof

and the confidence on what you do not see, but rather feel.
Guidelines for Spiritual Success (King, 20014 & Gracian, 2005):

 Minimize materialistic thoughts
 Generate peaceful, serene thoughts
 Create a spiritual image
 Face reality with faith
 Live for a higher purpose
 Find a spiritual role model
 Think of your world as a battle between good and evil
 Realize that your presence will outlast your life
 Emphasize rejoicing in life
 Read inspiring literature
Explore More:
A Letter from God: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZsBhvSMQUk4
12 Shocking Habits of Successful People:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ulhxX_tnqY
151
Apply
Activity 10.4
Make a Collage of the picture of your FUTURE SELF. Who would you be
10 years from now? Place it inside the box provided.
152
Assessment Tasks
Name: Date: _____________

Direction: Picture Analysis: Explain the meaning of the pictures/quotes below in

your own understanding. Space is provided for your answer.
A. ________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
____________________________
Innovationmanagement.com
B. ________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
____________________________
http://www.google.com/search?q=
Sucess+quotes&prmd=insv&sxsrf
C. ________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
http://www.shutterstock.com
____________________________
153
Lesson 3 TAKING CHARGE OF ONE’S HEALTH
Learning Outcomes:
1. explained how taking responsibility for personal health
promotes well-being;
2. identified ways to eliminate different types of stressors; and
3. created a vlog/video which shows your activities that show
how you take good care of yourself or any wellness activities.
Introduction
Health is the greatest gift you can give to yourself. Taking control of your
health is essential to a life lived well. The overall health is the state of physical,
mental, and social well-being. It’s the key to live a productive and satisfying life.
According to the World Health organization, 2014 Mental Health is a state

of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope
with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to
make a contribution to her or his community. It includes our emotional,
psychological, and social well-being. It affects how we think, feel, and act. It also
helps determine how we handle stress, relate to others, and make choices.
Mental health is important at every stage of life, from childhood and adolescence
through adulthood.
This lesson will help the participants to learn how to manage stressors and
be good to oneself since stress begin and ends within the self. It will also
enhance their creativity in dealing with challenges in life. They will learn to
practice meditation and relaxation exercises and be reminded of how to take
good care of oneself and practice healthy lifestyle.
This lesson will also help each student to achieve RESILIENCY, to

overcome challenges of all kinds–trauma, tragedy, personal crises, plain ‘ole’ life
problems–and bounce back stronger, wiser, and more personally powerful. It’s
important because this is what we need to do when faced with life’s inevitable
difficulties.
154
Activate
Activity 10.5
1. Label each picture according to your own perception.
Istock.com Psychologytoday.com shuttershock.com
________________ _______________ _________________
thrivegal.com
Coursepedia.ng Thrivegal.com
____________________ ____________________
2. A. What is your worst experience in your life?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
B. How did you cope up with or lesson learned during the Pandemic?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
155
Acquire
Stress is the reaction of our physiological and psychological self to any
kind of demand or threat.
Eustress is a beneficial stress that can be in the form of physical,
psychological, and biological stimuli. Comes from the Greek prefix “Eu” means
good.
Distress or Bad Stress occurs when there is a tension build-up which
becomes unbearable and difficult to cope with.
Stressor is any event that compels a person to adjust or change.
Common Stressors (Unpleasant and Life Threatening)
 Catastrophic events and life-threatening experiences – natural
calamities, military combats, terrorist attacks, accidents, and
physical and sexual abuses.
 Life changes and strains – separation of parents, illness in the
family, change of workplace, and transfer of domicile.
 Chronic problems – serious illness, irresponsible neighbours
and failure to acquire high-income job.
 Everyday hassles – traffic congestion, long line waiting, and bad
day.
Stress Tolerance is the ability of an individual to endure stress and
it is dependent on his or her psychological and physiological constitution.
Signs and Symptoms of Stress
 PHYSICAL
o Poor Appetite/Overeating
o Feeling Tired and Fatigued
o Various Aches and Pains – headaches, body ache,
muscle pain
o Nausea and Abdominal Pain
o Sleep Problems
o Feeling sick very often (because of lowering of immunity
due to stress)
 MENTAL
o Feeling low
o Nervousness and Anxiety
o Excessive Anger or
o Depression
o Being Easily Upset
o Poor Self-Confidence
o Low Self-esteem
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o Lack of Concentration
o Poor Performance in studies
Common Problems
 Relationship Problems
 Depression
 Anxiety
 Eating Disorder
 Substance Abuse
 Sleep Problems
Stress Management Tips

 Take a Break, have a cold drink, get some fresh air/close your
eyes for a minute to refocus….
 Stay Positive to help friends and family cope with stress.
 Be Prepared for unexpected problems such as traffic, loss of pet
or family emergency.
 Write down Feelings of sadness, frustrations or anger to get a
clearer perspective of your emotion.
 Enjoy Life & Simple Pleasures like colourful flowers, dancing,
music and social outing, etc.
 Prioritize. Take control of your “to do” lists by deciding what’s
really most important on your list.
Self-care refers to all activities that a person does to maintain and
improve his or her physical, psychological, emotional, social, and spiritual well-
being.
5 Dimensions of Self-care
 Physical Self-care includes all activities that one does to
maintain and improve his or her physical well-being like
consistently sleeping for at least 8 hours, drinking 8 glasses of
water, eating healthy and nutritious foods, taking vitamins, and
exercising.
 Psychological Self-care includes all activities one does to deal
or resolve mental health issues.
 Emotional Self-care includes all activities one does to cope with
stress and address both positive and negative emotions.
 Social Self-care includes all activities one does to connect with
people valuable to him or her.
 Spiritual Self-care includes all the activities one does to
strengthen one’s relationship with his or her beliefs like
meditation and contemplation.
157
Steps for Self-care (Nancy Apperson, 2008)
 Stop, breathe, and tell yourself “This is hard and I will get
through this1 step at a time.
 Acknowledge to yourself, what you are feeling. All feelings are
normal so accept whatever you are feeling.
 Find someone who listens and is accepting. You do not need
advice. You need to be heard.
 Maintain your normal routine as much as possible.
 Allow a plenty of time for a task and be gentle and accepting of
yourself and what you can do.
 Take good care of yourself. Remember to:
o Get enough rest and sleep. Sleep at least 8 hours and
not more than 9 hours.
o Eat regularly and make healthy choices.
o Know your limits and when you need to let go.
o Identify or create a nurturing place in your home.
o Practice relaxation or meditation.
o Escape for a while through a book, a movie, or taking a
short trip.
Self-compassion is defined as showing compassion to oneself that
involves being and kindness towards oneself, taking an understanding and non-
judgemental attitude towards inadequacies and failures, and recognizing that
one’s own experience is part of the common human experience (Neff, 2018)
3 Components
 Self-kindness means not being physically and verbally harsh to
oneself.
 Common Humanity means acceptance that one is an imperfect
being, one makes mistakes along with everyone else, and one
does not always get what he or she wants.
 Mindfulness is the practice of being fully present in the moment
and turning toward his or her painful thoughts and emotions in
order to embrace himself or herself with compassion.
Explore More:
Benefits of Yoga: https://youtu.be/u6uu57jNAAw
Healthy Tips: https://youtu.be/yvxX0XfgJtw
Mindfulness Exercise: https://youtu.be/pvZCy99pGA0
Yoga Exercise: https://youtu.be/d4S4twjeWTs
Care Plan: https://youtu.be/w0iVTQS8ftg
158
Apply
Activity 10.6
Make a Vlog to show your daily activities that fall under the 5 dimension of
Self-care (Physical, Psychological, Emotional, Social and Spiritual) or any
Wellness Activities.
Assessment Tasks
Name: Date: _____________

I. Kindly select the correct answer. Encircle the letter of your choice.
1. A Goal is a statement that specifies

a. How much you will accomplish in life
b. What you will be successful at
c. What you want to achieve or do within a certain amount of time
d. How will you achieve something
2. The most satisfied people are those who actively set and reach
_________ goals throughout their lives.
a. New c. Demanding
b. Easy d. Diverse
3. Jenny is a high school student and have the desire to get accepted to a
top-rated university. What type of goal is she wants to achieve?
a. Short-term Goal c. Long-term Goal
b. Mid-term Goal d. Lifetime Goal
4. Garry’s parents got separated after ten long years of being married
because of a lot of misunderstandings and they can’t hold on. Gab is
experiencing what type of stressor?
a. Everyday Hassle c. Life Changes and Strains
b. Chronic Problem d. Catastrophic Events
5. Self-care will give the following benefits to everyone except:

a. Improved Vitality
b. Mindfulness and Compassion
c. Rigidity
d. Enhance Self-esteem
159
6. Ruby is a Doctor and every year she spend her quality time for hiking or
going to the beach and listen to any guided relaxation tapes to slow her
down and let go of her stressful life in the hospital. Ruby is practicing
_________________.
a. Meditation c. Mindfulness
b. Relaxation d. All of the above
7. Which statement is not true in Goal setting?

a. Goal setting is most effective when there is feedback sharing
b. Goals serve as standards of self-satisfaction
c. The more difficult the goal, the greater the achievement
d. When people strive for goals in complex tasks, they are most
effective in discovering suitable strategies if there is a high
pressure to perform well.
8. A positive way to counter stress in self-care therapy includes the

following, except:
a. Allow plenty of time for a task
b. Stop, breath, and tell yourself “You can do it, Aja”
c. Find someone who talks and give advice
d. Eat regularly and make healthy choices
9. Tom experienced a motorcycle accident and become amputated

because of unsafety driving. He felt regretful and keep on telling himself
“Only If”. Tom’s learning is called?
a. Purposeful
b. Result of Experience
c. Multifaceted
d. Active Process
10. Pink loves to read inspiring literature and always rejoice her life
despite of all the trials she encountered in life. She has a
____________ success in life.
a. Emotional c. Physiological
b. Psychological d. Spiritual
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II. Answer the Following and Place the result of your test on the space provided.
Quiz for the Essential Health Care (https://www.tryinteract.com)
________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Take a Stress Test (https://www.webmd.com)
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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C

SUSIE HOPE R. TOMOL

Photo Courtesy: Google Images (https://www.amazon.in/understanding-Self-Seema-Sharma/dp)

SUSIE HOPE R. TOMOL

First Semester, A. Y. 2020-2021

Module 1. The Self from Various Perspectives…………….…………..1

Module 2. The Self from Theoretical Perspectives……………………17

Module 3. The Self in the Western and Eastern Thoughts ……….36

Module 4. Unpacking the Self: The Physical Self……………….…....45

Module 5. Unpacking the Self: The Sexual Self ………………………56

Module 7. Unpacking the Self: The Spiritual Self ……………………85

Module 8. Unpacking the Self: The Political Self ………………….…97

Module 9. Unpacking the Self: Digital Self ……………………………112

Module 10. Self-Care Management………………………………………..140

Understanding oneself is an integral process one needs to

Understanding the Self present varied range of topics related to

1. To provide a nurturing environment where academic freedom is

INSTITUTIONAL OUTCOMES/GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES

At the end of the unit, the learners must have:

The perdurable question, "Who am I?" points to a

Activity 1.1: DO YOU TRULY KNOW YOURSELF?

PHILOSOPHY is called the mother of all disciplines because all fields of

He uses the “Socratic Method” (the dialogue between the

https://freedomandcitizenship. Introspection is examining or observation of one’s own

2. PLATO believed that PLATO believed that the self is

 “TWO WORLD THEORY

 The nature of man lies in the dichotomy of

3 Parts of the Soul:

5. RENE DESCARTES coined the phrase “Cogito

 SELF is a THINKING THING.

6. JOHN LOCKE believed in “Tabula rasa”- man is

 CONSCIOUSNESS is what defines one’s

8. IMMANUEL KANT stated that humans have inner and

10. PATRICIA and PAUL CHURCHLAND said that the

 Reflect on and make a narrative essay on the different philosophical

Philosopher Philosophical Similarities Differences

Activity 1.3 My Self through the Years

My Elementary Self My Elementary Self My Elementary Self

1. Similarities in all stages of my “self”

SELF is a relatively stable set of perceptions of who we are in relation to

SOCIALIZATION is a means by which human infants begin to acquire the

3 Processes involved in developing the Self-concept or self-image

PARTS OF THE SELF

Activity 1.4: At the heart of the sociological perspective is understanding how

Name: Date: _____________

Direction: Answer the following

Saan nagmula ang ganitong kaisipan nating mga Pilipino?

Study of Humanity and How I feel About Life

 The study of human societies and cultures and their development

Culture Filters “On Automatic”

Three Ways we can Relate to Culture

The challenge of becoming culturally competent

Name: Date: _____________

Direction: Write an essay about what it means to be Filipino.

At the end of the unit, the learners must have:

As discussed in the previous lessons, every field of study,

http://lpc1.clpccd.cc.ca.us/lpc/rosensimon/Prenatal fall 2010/Activities.doc

Erikson maintained that personality develops

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt