Project 1

Because reality is the dependent nature and existence of everything knowable whether it is knowable by logical inference,
empirical observation or some other form of experience. Reality and nature are independent because reality does not depend
on our minds apprehension of it to continue to exist or to maintain its character. Looking outwards from your own day-to-day
immediate reality is important for many reasons. It helps you better understand the context you are operating in. It enables
better relationships and improves trust.

Project 2

We all know deceiving a person is a bad habit and based on what I have read about deception is that it is very hard to avoid
specially if you need to do so. But personally I feel sorry and guilty to the person whom I have deceived and I am afraid also
because there are always consequences in everything we have done.

The bad effects if one lies are so many. Lying has consequences. When someone finds out you have lied, it affects how that
person deals with you forever. It can destroy your relationship with your friends or you will lose them all because of lying. It can
be hard for you to maintain your relationship with your friends and it's hard to make it up for them. It can create problems and
it can generally erode trust in society.

The eight white lies that I have uttered are the following:

a) Telling my friend that I like her new clothes, but actually it wasn't suitable for her. b) When I told my mom that the food she
made for me was delicious but it's the opposite. c) I laugh at my Father's corny jokes even though it wasn't funny at all. d) When
I receive messages from my friends I claimed that I never saw their text even though I already red all of it. e) when I told my
friend that her crush was really handsome even though I didn't find him attractive. f) when I told my friend that I am happy that
she got the highest grades but actually I am hoping that I will be the one to have that highest grades. g) when I told my aunt
that her daughter was too beautiful even though it wasn't for her just to be happy and that's what matters. h) when I told my
classmates that I accidentally forgot my lunch just because I want to ate those delicious food that they have brought.

The eight black lies that I have uttered are the following:

a) When I broke my mom's favorite sunglasses I told her that my little sister is the one who bdroke it for my sake.b) When I told
my father that my phone was not working properly then he bought me a new phone immediately even though it was in
condition. c) when I told my sister that my allowance was stolen even it's not just for my own benefit that I could get more
money. d) when I told my mom that we have many projects and I need money even though it's not just for me to buy my
favorite clothes. e) When I prenteded that I didn't receive any allowance from my brother. f) when I pretended that I didn't
borrow my friends shirt just for me to have it.

The most deceiving type of lie is malicious lie because it is harmful lies of all and it is accompanied with evil desire that is use to
mislead Justice.

Project 3

1. 2. In this test, the subject will be interviewed, wherein a group of words, objects or person's will be presented to the
subject.This test is also no reliable as deception-detection methods because of the following reasons like a person likes the
recidivist and really guilty may defeat the test by telling lies.3. The subject is asked questions while under hypnosis, the subject
is under control and influenced by hypnotist and therefore the information gathered is devoid of the subjects one free will to
speak is not admissable as evidence in court. 4. This method is using narcotic or anesthetic drug in order to get information
from the suspect and the use of this method is not advisable because of the following reasons such as administration of these
drugs is dangerous, unreliable result, it deprived the subject of his own free will to speak freely and etc. 5. The subject is made
to drink the liquor undivided amount up to the point of loss of control of the mind and thus released of inhibitions. But the
information taken from the subject under the influence of alcohol is also inadmissible in court as evidence because of the
involuntary condition of the subject, however, it maybe admissible if the subject can recall his statement when he was under
the influence of alcohol when confronted again.6. Brain fingerprinting is an objective, scientific method to detect concealed
information stored in the brain by measuring electroencephalographic (EEG) brain responses, or brainwaves, non-invasively by
sensors placed on the scalp.Ruled Admissible as Scientific Evidence in Court. In a hearing in the Terry Harrington murder case,
Pottawattamie County, Iowa District Court Judge Tim O'Grady ruled that Brain Fingerprinting testing is admissible in court. 7.
This method measures human stress by analyzing the voice. 8. As a person is questioned about a certain event or incident, the
examiner looks to see how the person's heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate and electro-dermal activity (sweatiness, in
this case of the fingers) change in comparison to normal levels.The use of autonomic physiological measures to make
assessments about a person's credibility. Nevertheless, for purposes of court procedures, absent a stipulation of the parties, the
results of a lie detector test are likely never admissible.

The above methos of deceptions

Project 4

Physiology is the study of normal function within living creatures. It is a sub-section of biology, covering a range of topics that
include organs, anatomy, cells biological compounds, and how they all interact to make life possible. It is also the science of life
and is a branch of biology that aims to understand the mechanisms of living things, from the basis of cell function at the ionic
and molecular level to the integrated behavior of the whole body and the influence of the external environment.

Project 5

Both of these systems control the same group of body functions, but they have opposite effects on the functions that they
regulate. The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for intense physical activity and is often referred to as the fight-
or-flight response. The parasympathetic nervous system has almost the exact opposite effect and relaxes the body and inhibits
or slows many high energy functions. The effects of the parasympathetic nervous system can be summarized by the phrase 'rest
and digest'.

1) Sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for the fight or flight response during any potential danger.

Parasympathetic nervous system inhibits the body from over working and restores the body to a calm and composed state.

Physical stimulation may occur with laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation, vascular access placement and the placement
and the of urinary catheters, and tumor manipulation that may occur during tumor resection may also elicit a brisk release of
vasoactive mediators

Project 6

1. One half of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions and also controls speech, thought, emotions,
reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls the muscles on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere
controls the muscles on the right side of the body.

2. The thalamus is a mostly gray matter structure of the diencephalon that has many essential roles in human physiology. The
thalamus is composed of different nuclei that each serve a unique role, ranging from relaying sensory and motor signals, as well
as regulation of consciousness and alertness.

3.The hypothalamus is a gland in your brain that controls your hormone system. It releases hormones to another part of your
brain called the pituitary gland, which sends hormones out to your different organs.The hypothalamus helps to process sensory
impulses of smell, taste, and vision. It manages emotions such as pain and pleasure, aggression and amusement.

4.It connects your brain to your lower back. Your spinal cord carries nerve signals from your brain to your body and vice versa.
These nerve signals help you feel sensations and move your body. Any damage to your spinal cord can affect your movement or
function. Your spinal cord’s main purpose is to carry nerve signals throughout your body.
5.The pituitary gland is referred to as the “master gland” because it monitors and regulates many bodily functions through the
hormones that it produces, including: Growth and sexual/reproductive development and function. Glands (thyroid gland,
adrenal glands, and gonads).

6. The pons, while involved in the regulation of functions carried out by the cranial nerves it houses, works together with the
medulla oblongata to serve an especially critical role in generating the respiratory rhythm of breathing. Active functioning of
the pons may also be fundamental to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Nerves that carry information about sensations of
touch, pain, and temperature from the face and head synapse in a nucleus in the pons.

7.The medulla oblongata plays a critical role in transmitting signals between the spinal cord and the higher parts of the brain
and in controlling autonomic activities, such as heartbeat and respiration.Responsible for several reflexive actions, including
vomiting, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing. Several cranial nerves also exit the brainstem at the level of the medulla.

8.The midbrain serves important functions in motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual
processing.

9.This part of the brain helps a person drive, throw a ball, or walk across the room. The cerebellum also assists people with eye
movement and vision. The cerebellum is important for making postural adjustments in order to maintain balance.

Project 7

Cerebrum

∆with its cerebral cortex, gives us conscious control of our actions.

∆initiates and coordinates movement and regulates temperature.

∆ initiates and coordinates movement and regulates temperature.

∆So although the cerebrum as a whole controls numerous functions in the body, this is mainly due to the function of each
individual lobe and the interplay between them.

∆the cerebrum controls all voluntary actions.

Diencephalon

∆ sensations, manages emotions, and commands whole internal systems.

∆coordinating with the endocrine system to release hormones, relaying sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, and
regulating circadian rhythms (the sleep wake cycle).

Cerebellum

∆ body movements, speech coordination, and balance,

∆sends signals to the cerebrum

∆ indicating muscle movements that will adjust our position to keep us steady.

∆it modulates commands to motor neurons to compensate for shifts in body position or changes in load upon muscles.

∆The cerebellum also assists people with eye movement and vision.

Brainstem
∆relays signals from the spinal cord and directs basic internal functions and reflexes.

∆brainstem sends signals from your brain to the rest of your body.

∆ It controls many subconscious body functions, like breathing and maintaining your heart rate.

∆Serves as a conduit for the ascending tracts and descending tracts connecting the spinal cord to the different parts of the
higher centres in the forebrain.

∆Contains important reflex centres associated with the control of:respiration e.g breathing

cardiovascular system e.g BP,consciousness,autonomic functions such as digestion, salivation, perspiration, dilation or
contraction of the pupils, urination, etc.

The brain can generate new neurons through neurogenesis. The motor cortex controls voluntary movements. Body parts
requiring the most control and dexterity take up the most space in the motor cortex. The sensory cortex receives and processes
bodily sensations.The brain receives information and internal and external influences that enable the most appropriate
behaviors to be triggered at any time. In addition, our behavior has environmental consequences, which can be experienced as
positive or negative for us. These consequences make us learn and reduce the likelihood that that behavior will occur again in
the future. Such learning out come send up producing brain changes, in particular in brain synaptic connections.

Project 8

Psychophysiology is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the relationship between mental (psyche) and physical
(physiological) processes; it is the scientific study of the interaction between mind and body. The field of psychophysiology
draws upon the work of physicians, psychologists, biochemists, neurologists, engineers, and other scientists. It is also the study
of the relationship between physiological signals recorded from the body and brain to mental processes and disorders. These
biological signals may be generated by activity of organs in the body or by muscle activity. Psychophysiology is concerned with
understanding the interrelations between the mind, body, and behavior. It has been suggested that because psychophysiology
is positioned at the crossroads of multiple disciplines (e.g. cognitive science, affective neuroscience and physiology), it may
constitute a “vital cog” in the measurement of brain-behavior relationships, especially at the intersection of cognition and
emotion.

The relationship between lie detection and psychophysiological is that they were both a way to know the truth or the process
of identifying the truth. The goal of lie detection is the discovery of a truth that is known to one person and concealed from
others. Psychophysiological lie detection, or polygraphy, is based on the theory that lying produces particular emotions, which
produce corresponding measurable physiological responses.

Project 9

Malicious Lies Black Lies White Lies Red Lies Black Lies White Lies Malicious Lies Red Lies Black Lies Black Lies Malicious Lies
Black Lies White Lies Black Lies White Lies Malicious Lies

Project 10

Trial by ordeal was an ancient judicial practice by which the guilt or innocence of the accused was determined by subjecting
them to a painful, or at least an unpleasant, usually dangerous experience.Persons accused of cheating in contracts or lying
might be asked to prove their innocence by ordeal of fire as an ultimate test. Two examples of such an ordeal include the
accused having to pass through fire, or having molten metal poured on his chest. There were about 30 of these kinds of fiery
tests in all. The Boiling water ordeal

I have Chosen the Boiling water ordeal as stated in the definition it is a test for deception in a form that the accused would
reach into a pot of boiling water and retrieve an object. If the accused was innocent, the water would not burn their skin, but if
they were guilty, then the burns would reveal their guilt.
Project 11

∆They are used in investigations of specific events, for instance, in criminal cases. Although there are many restrictions on the
use of polygraph results in courts, they are often used to help direct and focus criminal investigations.

∆The primary purpose of the polygraph test in security screening is to identify individuals who present serious threats to
national security.They are used for screening current employees, especially in security-sensitive occupations.

∆A polygraph test measures the subjects blood pressure; pulse, respiration and skin conductivity as the individual is asked a
series of questions.

∆They are used in investigations of specific events, for instance, in criminal cases. Although there are many restrictions on the
use of polygraph results in courts, they are often used to help direct and focus criminal investigations..

*A polygraph is a device that collects and enables the analysis of human physiological responses through sensors physically
connected to the individuals examined by this system. Polygraphs are employed to detect deception while the examinee
answers a set of questions.

Project 12

 Challenging to use  Lot of Buttons  Monitoring only  More on Manipulating

 Exciting to use  Costly nowadays  There are commands Software
 4 components  Unwanted noise in that will help the  Only the attachment
 Easy processing recording examiner records
 Density is much higher  Markings are done  Easy to Handle  Data can be corrupted
manually by the  3 components  Sound quality is easily
examiner  Cheaper lost
 Easy to edit  Poor multi-user
 Copies can be made interfaces
 Easy to transmit
Data over networks

* The more accurate is the digital polygraph because it is is easy to Handle and Computerized systems have the potential to
perform such tasks as polygraph scoring better and more consistently than human scorers. This appendix summarizes the
committee’s review of existing approaches to such scoring systems. It can help in numerous situations to help uncover the
truth. They are incredibly useful and accurate, with an average success rate of 90% or higher. There is no pain associated with
the test and they are both affordable and accessible.

Project 13

 An instrument used to record the mechanical movements of the heart

 It can measure the blood pressure and heart rate.
 It functions by monitoring and recording movements of the heart.
 It records the action of the heart.

Project 14

Records the changes of breathing and respiration of the subject. Records the changes in inhalation ratio during indications of
detecting deception. One tube is placed around the subject's chest and a second is placed around his or her abdomen. These
tubes are filled with air. When the subject breaths, changes in the air pressure in the tubes are recorded on the polygraph.

Project 15

Measures skin conductivity, and is perhaps most well-known as an element of the polygraph (lie-detector) test.Even if you can't
feel yourself sweating, nearly imperceptible changes in skin conductivity can tell scientists a lot about what you're experiencing.
Project 16

Irrelevant Question Is your name Jona?

Irrelevant Question Is your family name Reyes?

Irrelevant Question Are you married?

Relevant Question Did you enter the office?

Relevant Question Did you steal money from the office?

Irrelevant Question Are you 25 years old?

Control Question Between the ages of 15-20 did you ever did something dishonest or
illegal?

Relevant Question Regarding the money that was reported stolen , did you take it?

Irrelevant Question Are you left-handed?

Relevant Question Do you have that stolen money on you right now?

Irrelevant Question Have you ever been called by the name Analisa?

Sacrifice relevant Question Regarding whether you stabbed that child today, do you intend to answer
any questions truthfully?

Irrelevant Question Do you live at Brgy. Sampaguita zone 05?

Irrelevant Question Are you right-handed?

Control Question Have you ever enter the house of your neighbor?

Relevant Question Did you hurt someone before?

Irrelevant Question Are you 40 years old?

Relevant Question Did you stabbed the child of your neighbor?

Control Question Have you ever taken care of a child?

Relevant Question Have you deliberately lied to any of these questions?

The more appropriate technique in question formations are the questions that are simple and direct and must be short as possible and must be
answerable by yes or no. There should be enough facts in the question to avoid outside issues. There should be no more facts in the question than
necessary. The facts in the question should not only be correct, but would be recognized as correct by the perpetrator. The question must not imply or
assume guilt.

Project 17(picture)

An ideal polygraph room affects the results of the test in a way that it helps the examiner to focus on what he/she is doing and in order to have a better
result the polygraph room must be spacious for two persons with furnishing polygraph desk. The ideal polygraph room can make the subject and the
examiner comfortable and relaxed. So that , the both of them are congenial while testing specially the subject.

Project 18

Initial interview with the investigator handling the case or person  Obtaining and Evaluation of facts
requesting the Examination
  Determining areas the subject need to be asked
 the investigator on case should personally inform the examiner
of such facts as:
 Background information
 specific articles/exact amount of money stolen
 Exact type of firearm, weapons or tool used
 peculiar aspects of the offense
 known facts about suspect's actions/movements
 facts indicating a connection between suspects, victimimsand
witnesses
 results of laboratory test conducted
 unpublicized facts of these offense known only by the victim,
the investigator and the offender

The Conduct of the Pre-test interview with the Person to be Examined  The appraisal of the subject's Constitutional Rights
 obtain subject's consent to undergo polygraph test
 taking of the subject's personal data
 informing subject's involvement with the case
 evaluating the psychological preparations
 determine his/her suitability as a subject

The Conduct of the Instrumental Test with the asking of a prepared list of  The examiner should proceed to place the attachment of
Questions previously reviewed with the Subject. polygraph and galvanograph components to the subject; such
as: the pneumograph, cardiosphymograph and galvanograph
components
 Review all the questions being prepared with the subject and
determine his answer for every question asked
 The examiner should discourage lengthy comments or
statements by the subject respecting the incident under
investigation
 Test instruction should be given to the subject
 Any bodily movement of the subject during the test will affect
the tracing results of the chart paper.
 The answer of the subject of all questions is limited by Yes or
No only in order to avoid distortion on the tracing charts

Post Test Interview/Interrogation with the person to be Examined  Conduct of Polygraph Examination
 Between-Chart-Probing- the examiner shows the recorded
results to the subject with a brief explanation as to significance
of any recorded reaction.
 Post Test Interrogation-He employs an interrogation technique
to secure an admission or confession

* The importance in using signs and symbols in the corresponding answer and movements by the subject is it enables the
examiner to determine the exact time and test commenced and terminated. By using signs and symbols the examiner will be
guided in interpreting the chart effectively . Through the proper use of test graph marking will be able to evaluate the result of
polygraph chart and without marking it is impossible to evaluate the chart or to arrive at any conclusion.

Project 20

Project 21
Project 22

Ethics are actually the very foundation of the criminal justice system. They're what helped us, as a society, develop the moral
reasoning we use, define criminal activity, and deem acceptable as punishment.

Project 19

- YES -button YES

+ NO +button NO

MV MOVEMENT M MOVEMENT

T TALKING V TALKING

DB DEEP BREATH D DEEP BREATH

C COUGH C COUGH

CT CLEAR THROAT T CLEAR THROAT

SW SWALLOW W SWALLOW

SNF SNIFF F SNIFF

Y YAWN Y YAWN

SZ SNEEZE S SNEEZE

LGH LAUGH L LAUGH

SLP SLEEP Z SLEEP

B BELCH B BELCH

OSN OUTSIDE NOISE F2 OUTSIDE NOISE

ISN INSIDE NOISE F3 INSIDE NOISE

EE EXAMINER ERROR F4 EXAMINER ERROR

PW POORLY WORDED QUESTION F5 POORLY WORDED QUESTION

WRQ WILL REPEAT QUESTIONS F6 WILL REPEAT QUESTIONS

MI MOVEMENT INSTRUCTION F7 MOVEMENT INSTRUCTION

TI TALKING INSTRUCTION F8 TALKING INSTRUCTION

AI ANSWERING INSTRUCTION F9 ANSWERING INSTRUCTION

BI BREATHING INSTRUCTION F10 BREATHING INSTRUCTION

WU WAKE UP F11 WAKE UP

TDB TAKE A DEEP BREATH F12 TAKE A DEEP BREATH