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    Atoms:: Particle Electron Proton Neutron Discovery Nature of Charge Negative Amount of Charge Mass

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    Nasser Ssennoga
    1. The document summarizes the structure of the atom, including the discovery of its subatomic particles like electrons, protons, and neutrons through experiments. 2. It describes the cathode ray experiment that led to the discovery of electrons and various atomic models proposed over time including the Thomson model and Rutherford model. 3. The Rutherford model explained that the atom consists of a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons in orbits, resolving issues with earlier models. However, it too had limitations that were later addressed.

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    Atoms:: Particle Electron Proton Neutron Discovery Nature of Charge Negative Amount of Charge Mass

    Uploaded by

    Nasser Ssennoga
    42 views6 pages
    1. The document summarizes the structure of the atom, including the discovery of its subatomic particles like electrons, protons, and neutrons through experiments. 2. It describes the cathode ray experiment that led to the discovery of electrons and various atomic models proposed over time including the Thomson model and Rutherford model. 3. The Rutherford model explained that the atom consists of a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons in orbits, resolving issues with earlier models. However, it too had limitations that were later addressed.

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    Original Title

    XI-CHEM

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    1. The document summarizes the structure of the atom, including the discovery of its subatomic particles like electrons, protons, and neutrons through experiments. 2. It describes the cathode ray experiment that led to the discovery of electrons and various atomic models proposed over time including the Thomson model and Rutherford model. 3. The Rutherford model explained that the atom consists of a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons in orbits, resolving issues with earlier models. However, it too had limitations that were later addressed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    42 views6 pages

    Atoms:: Particle Electron Proton Neutron Discovery Nature of Charge Negative Amount of Charge Mass

    Uploaded by

    Nasser Ssennoga
    1. The document summarizes the structure of the atom, including the discovery of its subatomic particles like electrons, protons, and neutrons through experiments. 2. It describes the cathode ray experiment that led to the discovery of electrons and various atomic models proposed over time including the Thomson model and Rutherford model. 3. The Rutherford model explained that the atom consists of a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons in orbits, resolving issues with earlier models. However, it too had limitations that were later addressed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 6

    Class: XI

    Topic: Structure of Atom


    Subject: Chemistry

    Atoms:

    Atom is the smallest indivisible particle of the matter. Atom is made of electron, proton
    and neutrons.
    PARTICLE ELECTRON PROTON NEUTRON
    Discovery Sir. J. J. Thomson Goldstein (1886) Chadwick (1932)
    (1869)
    Nature of charge Negative Positive Neutral
    Amount of 1.6 x 10-19Coloumb 1.6 x 10-19Coloumb 0
    charge
    Mass 9.11 x 10-31kg 1.67261 x 10-27kg 1.67492 x10-27kg
    Electrons were discovered using cathode ray discharge tube experiment.
    Nucleus was discovered by Rutherford in 1911.

    Cathode ray discharge tube experiment: A cathode ray discharge tube made of glass is
    taken with two electrodes. At very low pressure and high voltage, current starts flowing
    through a stream of particles moving in the tube from cathode to anode. These rays were
    called cathode rays. When a perforated anode was taken, the cathode rays struck the
    other end of the glass tube with fluorescent coating and a bright spot on the coating was
    developed.

    Results of cathode ray experiments:

    a. Cathode rays consist of negatively charged electrons.


    b. Cathode rays themselves are not visible but their behaviour can be observed with help
    of fluorescent or phosphorescent materials.
    c. In absence of electrical or magnetic field cathode rays travel in straight lines. In
    presence of electrical or magnetic field, behaviour of cathode rays is similar to that
    shown by electrons.
    d. The characteristics of the cathode rays do not depend upon the material of the
    electrodes and the nature of the gas present in the cathode ray tube.

    Charge to mass ratio(e/m) of an electron was determined by Thomson. The charge to


    mass ratio of an electron as 1.758820 x 1011. C kg-1
    Charge on an electron was determined by R A Millikan by using an oil drop experiment.
    The value of the charge on an electron is -1.6 x 10-19C.
    The mass on an electron was determined by combining the results of Thomson’s
    experiment and Millikan’s oil drop experiment. The mass of an electron was determined
    to be 9.1094 x 10-31kg.

    Discovery of protons and canal rays:

    Modified cathode ray tube experiment was carried out which led to the discovery of
    protons.

    Characteristics of positively charged particles:

    a. Charge to mass ratio of particles depends on gas from which these originated. The
    positively charged particles depend upon the nature of gas present in the cathode ray
    discharge tube
    c. Some of the positively charged particles carry a multiple of fundamental of electrical
    charge.
    d. Behaviour of positively charged particles in electrical or magnetic field is opposite to
    that observed for cathode rays

    Neutrons were discovered by James Chadwick by bombarding a thin sheet of


    beryllium by α- particles. They are electrically neutral particles having a mass slightly
    greater than that of the protons.
    Atomic number (Z) : the number of protons present in the
    nucleus(Moseley1913).

    Mass Number (A) : It is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons present in the
    nucleus.
    A= n+p

    Atomic Models

    Thomson model of an atom:

    This model proposed that atom is considered as a uniform positively charged sphere and
    electrons are embedded in it. An important feature of Thomson model of an atom was
    that mass of atom is considered to be evenly spread over the atom. Thomson model of
    atom is also called as Plum pudding, raisin pudding or watermelon model Thomson model
    of atom was is discarded because it could not explain certain experimental results like the
    scattering of α- particles by thin metal foils.

    Rutherford’s Model

    Observations from α- particles scattering experiment by Rutherford:


    a. Most of the α- particles passed through gold foil un deflected
    b. A small fraction of α- particles got deflected through small angles
    c. Very few α- particles did not pass through foil but suffered large deflection nearly180o
    Conclusions Rutherford drew from α- particles scattering experiment:

    a. Since most of the α-particles passed through foil undeflected, it means most of
    the space in atom is empty
    b. Since some of the α-particles are deflected to certain angles, it means that there is
    positively mass present in atom
    c. Since only some of the α-particles suffered large deflections, the positively charged
    mass must be occupying very small space
    d. Strong deflections or even bouncing back of α-particles from metal foil were due
    to direct collision with positively charged mass in atom

    Rutherford’s model of atom :

    This model explained that atom consists of nucleus which is concentrated in a very small
    volume. The nucleus comprises of protons and neutrons. The electrons revolve around
    the nucleus in fixed orbits. Electrons and nucleus are held together by electrostatic forces
    of attraction.

    Drawbacks of Rutherford’s model of atom :

    a. According to Rutherford’s model of atom, electrons which are negatively


    charged particles revolve around the nucleus in fixed orbits.
    Thus,
    b. The electrons undergo acceleration. According to electromagnetic theory of
    Maxwell, a charged particle undergoing acceleration should emit electromagnetic
    radiation. Thus, an electron in an orbit should emit radiation. Thus, the orbit should
    shrink. But this does not happen.
    c. The model does not give any information about how electrons are distributed around
    nucleus and what are energies of these electrons

    Isotopes: These are the atoms of the same element having the same atomicnumber
    but different mass number.e g 1H1,1H2,1H3
    Isobars: Isobars are the atoms of different elements having the same mass number
    but different atomic number. e g 18Ar40 , 20Ca40
    Isoelectronic species: These are those species may be atoms or ions which have the
    same number of electrons. Ne,Na+,Mg2+,Al3+. All of them have 10 electrons in totality
    hence are isoelectonic species.

    Electromagnetic radiations:

    The radiations which are associated with electrical and magnetic fields are called
    electromagnetic radiations. When an electrically charged particle moves under
    acceleration, alternating electrical and magnetic fields are produced and transmitted.
    These fields are transmitted in the form of waves. These waves are called
    electromagnetic waves or electromagnetic radiations.

    Properties of electromagnetic radiations:

    a. Oscillating electric and magnetic field are produced by oscillating charged particles.
    These fields are perpendicular to each other and both are perpendicular to the
    direction of propagation of the wave.

    b. They do not need a medium to travel. That means they can even travel in
    vacuum.

    Characteristics of electromagnetic radiations:

    a. Wavelength: It may be defined as the distance between two neighbouring crests or


    troughs of wave as shown. It is denoted by λ.
    b. Frequency (ν): It may be defined as the number of waves which pass through a
    particular point in one second.
    c. Velocity (v): It is defined as the distance travelled by a wave in one second. In
    vacuum all types of electromagnetic radiations travel with the same velocity. Its value is 3
    ×10 8m sec-1. It is denoted by v
    d. Wave number: Wave number is defined as the number of wavelengths per unit
    length.
    Velocity = frequency ×wavelength c = νλ

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