Air University Islamabad

Operating System Lab - 05

Lab Manual

Contents
Content .............................................................................................
Introduction to Kernel ..................................................................................................................2
Configuring New Kernel ..............................................................................................................2
Downloading Dependencies ....................................................................................................2
Curses Development Kit (CDK) ............................................................................................2
OpenSSH/OpenSSL ............................................................................................................2
Downloading Kernel from www.kernel.org ...............................................................................3
Configuring Kernel in Linux System .........................................................................................4
Copy Old Config File to Our New Kernel Folder ...................................................................5
Naming the New Kernel .......................................................................................................5
Setting Configuration Parameter ..........................................................................................6
Building Kernel .....................................................................................................................6
Make the New Kernel Bootable ............................................................................................7
Verification ...........................................................................................................................7
Introduction to Kernel
The kernel is a computer program that is the core of a computer's operating system, with
complete control over everything in the system. On most systems, it is one of the first programs
loaded on start-up (after the bootloader). It handles the rest of start-up as well as input/output
requests from software, translating them into data-processing instructions for the central
processing unit. It handles memory and peripherals like keyboards, monitors, printers, and
speakers.

Configuring New Kernel

Downloading Dependencies
Curses Development Kit (CDK)
CDK is a library written in C that provides a collection of widgets for text user interfaces (TUI)
development. The widgets wrap n-curses functionality to make writing full screen curses
programs faster. Perl and Python bindings are also available.

There are two versions of the library. It was originally written by Mike Glover, introduced as
version 4.6 in computer sources UNIX. The other version was extended beginning in May 1999
by Thomas Dickey.

To download CDK, use the following commands

$ sudo add-apt-repository "deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu $(lsb_release -sc) main universe"

$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install libncurses5-dev

OpenSSH/OpenSSL
OpenSSL is a robust, commercial-grade, and full-featured toolkit for the Transport Layer
Security (TLS) and Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocols. It is also a general-purpose
cryptography library.
To download this, write this command in your terminal as a superuser.

$ sudo apt-get install libssl-dev

Downloading Kernel from www.kernel.org

The website provides three ways to download a kernel copy from their website.

1. GIT Clone
2. Rsync
3. Wget
We will use ‘wget’ as this is the simplest and easiest ways to download a file from a link from the
terminal. To get a downloadable link of kernel you wish to download simply log on to their
website which is kernel.org, copy the tarball link of the version you want to download and then
on the terminal type:

$ wget <link of kernel archive>

Example of how to download kernel version 4.13.1 is given below, Now we wish to download
this kernel in our root (/) directory under a directory named ‘kernels’ hence we will execute the
following commands

~/$ sudo -i
$ mkdir /kernels
$ cd /kernels
/kernels$ wget https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v4.x/linux-4.13.1.tar.xz

Now that our kernel is downloaded, we will extract the tar file to do this use the command below:

/kernels$ tar xf linux-4.13.1.tar.xz

/kernels$ cd linux-4.13.1
/kernel/linux-4.13.1$

Once the extraction is completed, we can now look inside of what we have downloaded.
Following is the description of the directories inside the kernel package which we have
downloaded.

Directory Description
arch architecture specific source
Documentation Linux kernel documentation about each any everything that is a part of
Linux kernel from hardware to software.
Init this directory contains source code that is essential to create initial
RAM file system ofthe Kernel
lib this directory contains library files important for Kernel development
README this file contains information on Kernel source
Sound this directory contains sound drivers for popular architectures
block this directory contains files that are important for memory blocks
management
drivers this directory contains device drivers for Linux
ipc this directory contains source code that implements locks and
semaphores along with multithreading support and inter-process
communication means such as shared memory and pipes.
MAINTAINERS this file contains contact information on the people around the world
that are contributing to the maintenance of Linux kernel source.
REPORTING-BUG this file contains the links where you can report bugs in the source
Tools this directory contains source files for tools that come in package with
Linux distributions, to help users customize Linux.
COPYING this file contains copyright information for the kernel source
firmware this directory contains source that helps you customizing Linux for
embedded devices
Kbuild this filehelps in building kernel
Makefile this file contains important configuration settings and the directory
paths to important files that are required to compile Linux Kernel
Samples this directory containssome sample Kernel programming codes
Usr saves configuration files for users
CREDITS this file contains the list of people who contributed to the development
of this version of Linux Kernel
fs source files related to Linux supported file systems
Kconfig kernel configuration details
mm memory management scripts
scripts miscellaneous scripts to run various files at once –usually used for
maintenance purposes
virt virtualization support –virtual memory support
crypto encryption and file security related sources
include general development header files
kernel kernel core functionality source file
net network support files
security general security related source file

Now that we have downloaded the kernel, it is time to configure this kernel into the system.

Configuring Kernel in Linux System

Before we actually get down to configure the kernel let us take a snapshot of our VM machine.
This will allow us to revert back if anything is broke and we have to start all over again from
installing the operating system. To take the snapshot click to VM -> take snapshot, A pop up
will appear asking for the name of the snapshot and optional description of the snapshot. Type
the appropriate information and click ‘Create’ to create a snapshot. The screenshot below will
demonstrate how to take snapshot in VMWare Workstation.
Copy Old Config File to Our New Kernel Folder
We copy the configuration file of the running kernel to our new kernel; the configuration files are
in /boot directory. We can see these files using the following command.

/kernels/linux-4.13.1$ ls /boot | grep config

The above command would generate the following output

Hence the listed file needed to be copied in our new kernel directory. To do this use the
following command. The below command downloads and copies the configuration of the
running kernel to the hidden configurations of our downloaded kernel.

/kernels/linux-4.13.1$ cp /boot/config-4.10.0-28-generic .config

Naming the New Kernel

We change the new kernel’s name to another, in order to make it distinguishable. To do the we
can edit ‘Makefile’ which is present in our new kernel directory. To do that the below command
would show the Makefile content and the screenshot below will make it clear.

/kernels/linux-4.13.1$ gedit Makefile

Setting Configuration Parameter
Now we will set the configuration parameters to the new kernel of our running kernel we need to
issue the following command.

/kernels/linux-4.13.1$ make oldconfig -j4

OR

/kernels/linux-4.13.1$ yes ‘’ | make oldconfig -j4

Building Kernel
We need to create a bootable image (bzImage) of the downloaded kernel, first we need to clean
up before building. To do that run the following command. This command will clean intermediate
temporary files before building kernel.

/kernels/linux-4.13.1$ make clean -j4

Question: what is -j4?

Now we will build the kernel into an installable image file, to do this run the command on your
terminal

/kernel/linux-4.13.1$ make bzImage -j4

If you have done correctly so far now, you should have the same terminal output as below
screenshot.

Make the New Kernel Bootable

Now you take the result of the image we just created and make it bootable so that GRUB can
find it at the boot time. To make it bootable we need to follow the three steps

Step 1) Install Compress Kernel Image into the Boot Directory

To install the kernel image into the /boot directory, we need to execute the following three
commands

/kernel/linux-4.13.1$ make modules -j4

/kernel/linux-4.13.1$ make modules_install -j4
/kernel/linux-4.13.1$ make install -j4

Step 2) Install Compress Kernel Image into the /boot Directory

/kernel/linux-4.13.1$ sudo initramfs -c -k 4.13.1-Ali+

Step 3) Update GRUB

/kernel/linux-4.13.1$ sudo update-grub

Verification
To verify that the new kernel is configured and is ready, we need to answer the following
questions positively:

 Your ‘/boot’ directory contain new kernel, initrd image and configuration files?
 Is there a new module directory?
 Has your GRUB been updated to include your new kernel.
If all the above questions’ answer is yes, then we are ready to boot into our new kernel, to do
this reboot your system and press ‘shift’ key and hold it when VMWare logo appears to get into
our GRUB Menu.
After the reboot process is completed and you are logged back into your desktop, run the
following command to see which kernel you are currently running.

$ uname -r