Electronics & Communication Engineering

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
SEMESTER V
CATEGORY L T P CREDITS
ECT301 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
PCC 3 1 0 4
Preamble: This course aims to develop the skill to design circuits using operational amplifiers and
other linear ICs for various applications.
Prerequisite: EC202 Analog Circuits
Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to
CO 1 Understand Op Amp fundamentals and differential amplifier configurations
CO 2 Design operational amplifier circuits for various applications

CO 3 Design Oscillators and active filters using opamps
CO4 Explain the working and applications of timer, VCO and PLL ICs
CO5 Outline the working of Voltage regulator IC’s and Data converters
Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes
PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO PO PO
10 11 12
CO 1 3 3 1 2 1
CO 2 3 3 2 2 2 1
CO 3 3 3 2 2 2 1
CO 4 3 3 1 2 2 1
CO 5 3 3 2 2 2 1
Assessment Pattern
Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment End Semester Examination

Tests
1 2
Remember K1 10 10 10
Understand K2 30 30 60
Apply K3 10 10 30
Analyse K4
Evaluate
Create
Mark distribution
Total CIE ESE ESE Duration

Marks
150 50 100 3 hours
Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:
Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks
End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A
contain 10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question.
Students should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of
which student should answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions
and carry 14 marks.
Course Level Assessment Questions
Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Analyze differential amplifier configurations.
1. Explain the working of BJT differential amplifiers.

2. Calculate the input resistance, output resistance, voltage gain and CMRR of
differential amplifiers.
3. Explain the non-ideal parameters of differential amplifiers.
4. Derive CMRR, input resistance and output resistance of a dual input
balanced output differential amplifier configuration.
Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Design operational amplifier circuits for various applications.
1. Design an opamp circuit to obtain an output voltage V0=-(2V1+4V2 + 3V3)

2. A 741C op-amp is used as an inverting amplifier with a gain of 50. The voltage gain vs
frequency curve of 741C is flat upto 20kHz.What maximum peak to peak input signal can be
applied without distorting the output?
3. With the help of a neat circuit diagram, derive the equation for the output voltage of an
Instrumentation amplifier.
4. With the help of circuit diagrams and graphs, explain the working of a Full wave Precision
rectifier.
Course Outcome 3 (CO3): Design active filters using opamps
1. Derive the design equations for a second order Butterworth active low pass filter.
2. Design a Notch filter to eliminate power supply hum (50 Hz).
3. Design a first order low pass filter at a cut-off frequency of 2kHz with a pass band gain of 3
Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Explain the working and applications of specialized ICs
1. With the help of internal diagram explain the monostable operation of timer IC 555.
Draw the input and different output waveforms. Derive the equation for pulse width.
2. Explain the operation of Phase Locked Loop. What is lock range and capture range?
Realize a summing amplifier to obtain a given output voltage.
3. Design a circuit to multiply the incoming frequency by a factor of 5 using 565 PLL.
Course Outcome 5 (CO5): Outline the working of Voltage regulator IC’s and Data
converters
1. What is the principle of operation of Dual slope ADC. Deduce the relationship between
analogue input and digital output of the ADC.
2. Explain how current boosting is achieved using I.C 723
3. Explain the working of successive approximation ADC
SYLLABUS
Module 1:
Operational amplifiers(Op Amps): The 741 Op Amp, Block diagram, Ideal op-amp parameters,
typical parameter values for 741, Equivalent circuit, Open loop configurations, Voltage transfer
curve, Frequency response curve.
Differential Amplifiers: Differential amplifier configurations using BJT, DC Analysis- transfer

characteristics; AC analysis- differential and common mode gains, CMRR, input and output
resistance, Voltage gain. Constant current bias, constant current source; Concept of current
mirror-the two transistor current mirror, Wilson and Widlar current mirrors.
Module 2:
Op-amp with negative feedback: General concept of Voltage Series, Voltage Shunt, current
series and current shunt negative feedback, Op Amp circuits with voltage series and voltage shunt
feedback, Virtual ground Concept; analysis of practical inverting and non-inverting amplifiers for
closed loop gain, Input Resistance and Output Resistance.
Op-amp applications: Summer, Voltage Follower-loading effects, Differential and
Instrumentation Amplifiers, Voltage to current and Current to voltage converters, Integrator,
Differentiator, Precision rectifiers, Comparators, Schmitt Triggers, Log and antilog amplifiers.
Module 3:
Op-amp Oscillators and Multivibrators: Phase Shift and Wien-bridge Oscillators, Triangular and
Sawtooth waveform generators, Astable and monostable multivibrators.
Active filters: Comparison with passive filters, First and second order low pass, High pass, Band
pass and band reject active filters, state variable filters.
Module 4 :
Timer and VCO: Timer IC 555- Functional diagram, Astable and monostable operations;. Basic
concepts of Voltage Controlled Oscillator and application of VCO IC LM566,
Phase Locked Loop – Operation, Closed loop analysis, Lock and capture range, Basic building
blocks, PLL IC 565, Applications of PLL.
Module 5:
Voltage Regulators: Fixed and Adjustable voltage regulators, IC 723 – Low voltage and high
voltage configurations, Current boosting, Current limiting, Short circuit and Fold-back protection.
Data Converters: Digital to Analog converters, Specifications, Weighted resistor type and R-2R
Ladder type.
Analog to Digital Converters: Specifications, Flash type and Successive approximation type.
Text Books
1. Roy D. C. and S. B. Jain, Linear Integrated Circuits, New Age International, 3/e, 2010
Reference Books
1. DFranco S., Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated Circuits, 3/e,
Tata McGraw Hill, 2008
2. Gayakwad R. A., Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits, Prentice Hall, 4/e, 2010
3. Salivahanan S. and V. S. K. Bhaaskaran, Linear Integrated Circuits, Tata McGraw
Hill, 2008.
4. Botkar K. R., Integrated Circuits, 10/e, Khanna Publishers, 2010
5. C.G. Clayton, Operational Amplifiers, Butterworth & Company Publ. Ltd. Elsevier,
1971
6. David A. Bell, Operational Amplifiers & Linear ICs, Oxford University Press,
2nd edition,2010
7. R.F. Coughlin & Fredrick Driscoll, Operational Amplifiers & Linear Integrated
Circuits,6th Edition, PHI,2001
8. Sedra A. S. and K. C. Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, 6/e, Oxford University Press,
2013.
Course Contents and Lecture Schedule
No. of
No Topic
Lectures
1 Operational amplifiers (9)
1.1 The 741 Op Amp, Block diagram, Ideal op-amp parameters, typical 1
parameter values for 741
1.2 Equivalent circuit, Open loop configurations, Voltage transfer curve, 1
Frequency response curve.
1.3 Differential amplifier configurations using BJT, DC Analysis- transfer 2
characteristics
1.4 AC analysis- differential and common mode gains, CMRR, input and 2
output resistance, Voltage gain
1.5 Constant current bias and constant current source 1
1.6 Concept of current mirror, the two transistor current mirror Wilson and 2
Widlar current mirrors.
2 Op-amp with negative feedback and Op-amp applications (11)

2.1 General concept of Voltage Series, Voltage Shunt, current series and 1
current shunt negative feedback
2.2 Op Amp circuits with voltage series and voltage shunt feedback, Virtual 1
ground Concept
2.3 Analysis of practical inverting and non-inverting amplifier 2
2.4 Summer, Voltage Follower-loading effect 1
2.5 Differential and Instrumentation Amplifiers 1
2.6 Voltage to current and Current to voltage converters 1
2.7 Integrator, Differentiator 1

2.8 Precision rectifiers-half wave and full wave 1
2.9 Comparators, Schmitt Triggers 1
2.10 Log and antilog amplifier 1
3 Op-amp Oscillators and Multivibrators (10)
3.1 Phase Shift and Wien-bridge Oscillators, 2
3.2 Triangular and Sawtooth waveform generators, Astable and monostable 2

multivibrators
3.3 Comparison, design of First and second order low pass and High pass 2
active filters
3.4 Design of Second Order Band pass and band reject filters 2
3.5 State variable filters 2
4 Timer, VCO and PLL ( 9)
4.1 Timer IC 555- Functional diagram, Astable and monostable operations. 2
4.2 Basic concepts of Voltage Controlled Oscillator 1
4.3 Application of VCO IC LM566 2
4.4 PLL Operation, Closed loop analysis Lock and capture range. 2
4.5 Basic building blocks, PLL IC 565, Applications of PLL 2
5 Voltage regulators and Data converters (9)
5.1 Fixed and Adjustable voltage regulators 1
5.2 IC 723 – Low voltage and high voltage configurations, 2
5.3 Current boosting, Current limiting, Short circuit and Fold-back protection. 2
5.4 Digital to Analog converters, Specifications, Weighted resistor type and 2

R-2R Ladder type.
5.5 Analog to Digital Converters: Specifications, Flash type and Successive 2
approximation type.
Assignment:
Assignment may be given on related innovative topics on linear IC, like Analog multiplier- Gilbert
multiplier cell, variable trans-conductance technique, application of analog multiplier IC AD633.,
sigma delta or other types of ADC etc. At least one assignment should be simulation of opamp
circuits on any circuit simulation software. The following simulations can be done in QUCS, KiCad
or PSPICE.(The course instructor is free to add or modify the list)
1. Design and simulate a BJT differential amplifier. Observe the input and output signals. Plot
the AC frequency response
2. Design and simulate Wien bridge oscillator for a frequency of 10 kHz. Run a transient
simulation and observe the output waveform.
3. Design and implement differential amplifier and measure its CMRR. Plot its transfer
characteristics.
4. Design and simulate non-inverting amplifier for gain 5. Observe the input and output signals.
Run the ac simulation and observe the frequency response and 3− db bandwidth.
5. Design and simulate a 3 bit flash type ADC. Observe the output bit patterns and transfer
characteristics
6. Design and simulate R − 2R DAC circuit.
7. Design and implement Schmitt trigger circuit for upper triggering point of +8 V and a lower
triggering point of −4 V using op-amps.
Model Question
APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

FIFTH SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, (Model Question Paper)
Course Code: ECT301

Program: Electronics and Communication Engineering
Course Name: Linear Integrated Circuits
Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours
PART A
Answer ALL Questions. Each Carries 3 mark.
1. Draw and list the functions of 741 IC pins K1

2. Define slew rate with its unit. What is its effect at the output signal? K2
3. How the virtual ground is different from actual ground? K2
4. A differential amplifier has a common mode gain of 0.05 and difference mode gain of
1000.Calculate the output voltage for two signals V1 = 1mV and V2 = 0.9Mv K3
5. Design a non-inverting amplifier for a gain of 11 K3
6. Design a second order Butterworth Low Pass Filter with fH= 2KHz K3
7. Draw the circuit of monostable multivibrator using opamp. K1
8. What is the principle of VCO?. K1
9. Mention 3 applications of PLL. K2
10. Define the following terms with respect to DAC (i)Resolution (ii)Linearity
(iii) Full scale output voltage K2
Differentiate between line and load regulations. K3
PART – B
Answer one question from each module; each question carries 14 marks.
Module I
11. a) Derive CMRR, input resistance and output resistance of a dual 7 CO1 K3
input balanced output differential amplifier configuration.
11. b) What is the principle of operation of Wilson current mirror 7 CO1 K2
and its advantages? Deduce the expression for its current
gain.
OR
12.a) Draw the equivalent circuit of an operational amplifier. Explain 6 CO1 K3
voltage transfer characteristics of an operational amplifier.
12.b) Explain the following properties of a practical opamp (i) 8 CO1 K2
Bandwidth (ii) Slew rate (iii) Input offset voltage (iv) Input offset
current
Module II
13. a) Design a fullwave rectifier to rectify an ac signal of 0.2V peak- 7 CO2 K3

to-peak. Explain its principle of operation.
13. b) Draw the circuit diagram of a differential instrumentation amplifier 7 CO2 K2
with a transducer bridge and show that the output voltage is
proportional to the change in resistance.
OR
14.a) Derive the following characteristics of voltage shunt amplifier: 7 CO2 K3
i) Closed loop voltage gain ii)Input resistance
iii) Output resistance iv)Bandwidth
14.b) Explain the working of an inverting Schmitt trigger and draw its 7 CO2 K2
transfer characteristics.
Moduel III
15 a) Derive the equation for frequency of oscillation (f0) of a Wein 7 CO3 K3
Bridge oscillator. Design a Wein Bridge oscillator for f0 = 1KHz.
15 b) Derive the equation for the transfer function of a first order wide 7 CO3 K3
Band Pass filter.
OR
16a Derive the design equations for a second order Butterworth active 7 CO3 K3
low pass filter.
16b Design a circuit to generate 1KHz triangular wave with 5V peak. 7 CO3 K3
Module IV
17 a) Design a circuit to multiply the incoming frequency by a factor of 5 8 CO4 K3
using 565 PLL.
17 b) With the help of internal diagram explain the monostable 6 CO4 K2
operation of timer IC 555. Draw the input and output waveforms.
Derive the equation for pulse width.
OR
18 a) Design a monostable multi-vibrator for a pulse duration of 1ms 7 CO4 K3
using IC555.
18 b) Explain the operation of Phase Locked Loop. What is lock range 7 CO4 K2
and capture range?
Module V
19 a) Explain the working of R-2R ladder type DAC. In a 10 bit DAC, 7 CO5 K2
reference voltage is given as 15V. Find analog output for digital
input of 1011011001.
19 b) Explain how short circuit, fold back protection and current 7 CO5 K2
boosting are done using IC723 voltage regulator.
OR
20 a) With a functional diagram, explain the principle of operation of 7 CO5 K2
Successive approximation type ADC.
20 b) With a neat circuit diagram, explain the operation of a 3-bit flash 7 CO5 K2
converter.
DIGITAL SIGNAL CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

ECT303 PROCESSING PCC 3 1 0 4
Preamble: This course aims to provide an understanding of the principles, algorithms and
applications of DSP.
Prerequisite: ECT 204 Signals and systems
State and prove the fundamental properties and relations relevant to DFT and
CO 1
solve basic problems involving DFT based filtering methods
CO 2 Compute DFT and IDFT using DIT and DIF radix-2 FFT algorithms
CO 3 Design linear phase FIR filters and IIR filters for a given specification
Illustrate the various FIR and IIR filter structures for the realization of the
CO 4
given system function
Explain the basic multi-rate DSP operations decimation and interpolation in
CO5
both time and frequency domains using supported mathematical equations
Explain the architecture of DSP processor (TMS320C67xx) and the finite word
CO6 length effects
PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CO 1 3 3 2 2 2
CO 2 3 3 3 3 2
CO 3 3 3 3 3 2
CO 4 3 3 2 3 2
CO5 2 2 2 2 2
CO6 2 2 - - 2
Assessment Pattern
Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment End Semester

Tests Examination
1 2
Apply K3 20 20 60
Analyse K4
Evaluate
Create
Mark distribution
Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration

150 50 100 3 hours
Students should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which
student should answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry
14 marks.
CO1: State and prove the fundamental properties and relations relevant to DFT and
solve basic problems involving DFT based filtering methods
1. Determine the N-point DFT X(k) of the N point sequences given by (i) x1(n)=sin(2πn/N) n/N)
(ii) x2(n)=cos2(2πn/N) n/N)
2. Show that if x(n) is a real valued sequence, then its DFT X(k) is also real and even
CO2: Compute DFT and IDFT using DIT and DIF radix-2 FFT algorithms
1. Find the 8 point DFT of a real sequence x(n)={1,2,2,2,1,0,0,0,0} using Decimation in

frequency algorithm?
2. Find out the number of complex multiplications require to perform an 1024 point DFT
using(i)direct computation and (ii) using radix 2 FFT algorithm?
CO3: Design linear phase FIR filters and IIR filters for a given specification
1. Design a linear phase FIR filter with order M=15 and cut-off frequency πn/N) /6 .Use a
Hanning Window.
2. Design a low pass digital butter-worth filter using bilinear transformation for the given
specifications. Passband ripple ≤1dB, Passband edge:4kHz, Stopband Attenuation:≥40
dB, Stopband edge:6kHz, Sampling requency:24 kHz
CO4: Illustrate the various FIR and IIR filter structures for the realization of the given
system function
1. Obtain the direct form II and transpose structure of the filter whose transfer function is
given below.
2
0 .44 z + 0.362 z+ 0.02
H ( z )= 3
z +.4 z 2+.18 z −0.2
2. Realize an FIR system with the given difference equation y(n)=x(n)-0.5x(n-1)+0.25x(n-

2)+0.5x(n-3)-0.4x(n-4)+0.2x(n-5)
CO5: Explain the basic multi-rate DSP operations decimation and interpolation in both
time and frequency domains using supported mathematical equations
1. Derive the frequency domain expression of the factor of 2 up-sampler whose input is
given by x(n) and transform by X(k)?
2. Bring out the role of an anti-imaging filter in a sampling rate converter?
CO6: Explain the architecture of DSP processor TMS320C67xx and the finite word
length effects
1. Derive the variance of quantization noise in an ADC with step size Δ, assuming
uniformly distributed quantization noise with zero mean ?
2. Bring out the architectural features of TMS320C67xx digital signal processor?
SYLLABUS
Module 1
Basic Elements of a DSP system, Typical DSP applications, Finite-length discrete transforms,
Orthogonal transforms – The Discrete Fourier Transform: DFT as a linear transformation (Matrix
relations), Relationship of the DFT to other transforms, IDFT, Properties of DFT and examples.
Circular convolution, Linear Filtering methods based on the DFT, linear convolution using
circular convolution, Filtering of long data sequences, overlap save and overlap add methods,
Frequency Analysis of Signals using the DFT (concept only required)
Module 2
Efficient Computation of DFT: Fast Fourier Transform Algorithms-Radix-2 Decimation in Time
and Decimation in Frequency FFT Algorithms, IDFT computation using Radix-2 FFT
Algorithms, Application of FFT Algorithms, Efficient computation of DFT of Two Real
Sequences and a 2N-Point Real Sequence
Module 3
Design of FIR Filters - Symmetric and Anti-symmetric FIR Filters, Design of linear phase FIR
filters using Window methods, (rectangular, Hamming and Hanning) and frequency sampling
method, Comparison of design methods for Linear Phase FIR Filters. Design of IIRDigital
Filters from Analog Filters (Butterworth), IIR Filter Design by Impulse Invariance, and
Bilinear Transformation, Frequency Transformations in the Analog and Digital Domain.
Module 4
Structures for the realization of Discrete Time Systems - Block diagram and signal flow graph
representations of filters, FIR Filter Structures: Linear structures, Direct Form, CascadeForm,
IIR Filter Structures: Direct Form, Transposed Form, Cascade Form and Parallel Form,
Computational Complexity of Digital filter structures. Multi-rate Digital Signal Processing:
Decimation and Interpolation (Time domain and Frequency Domain Interpretation ),
Anti- aliasing and anti-imaging filter.
Module 5
Computer architecture for signal processing: Harvard Architecture, pipelining, MAC,
Introduction to TMS320C67xx digital signal processor, Functional Block Diagram.
Finite word length effects in DSP systems: Introduction (analysis not required), fixed-point
and floating-point DSP arithmetic, ADC quantization noise, Finite word length effects in
IIRdigital filters: coefficient quantization errors. Finite word length effects in FFT
algorithms: Round off errors
Text Books
1. Proakis J. G. and Manolakis D. G., Digital Signal Processing, 4/e, Pearson Education,
2007
2. Alan V Oppenheim, Ronald W. Schafer ,Discrete-Time Signal Processing, 3rd Edition ,
Pearson ,2010
3. Mitra S. K., Digital Signal Processing: A Computer Based Approach, 4/e McGraw Hill
(India) 2014
Reference Books
4. Ifeachor E.C. and Jervis B. W., Digital Signal Processing: A Practical Approach, 2/e
Pearson Education, 2009.
5. Lyons, Richard G., Understanding Digital Signal Processing, 3/e. Pearson Education
India, 2004.
6. Salivahanan S, Digital Signal Processing,4e, Mc Graw –Hill Education New Delhi, 2019
7. Chassaing, Rulph., DSP applications using C and the TMS320C6x DSK. Vol. 13. John
Wiley & Sons, 2003.
8. Vinay.K.Ingle, John.G.Proakis, Digital Signal Processing: Bookware Companion
Series,Thomson,2004
9. Chen, C.T., “Digital Signal Processing: Spectral Computation & Filter Design”, Oxford
Univ. Press, 2001.
10. Monson H Hayes, “Schaums outline: Digital Signal Processing”, McGraw HillProfessional,
1999
No. Topic No. of

Lectures
1 Module 1
1.1 Basic Elements of a DSP system, Typical DSP
applications, Finite length Discrete transforms, Orthogonal 1
transforms
1.2 The Discrete Fourier Transform: DFT as a linear
1
transformation(Matrix relations),
1.3 Relationship of the DFT to other transforms, IDFT 1
1.4 Properties of DFT and examples ,Circular convolution 2
1.5 Linear Filtering methods based on the DFT- linear
convolution using circular convolution, Filtering of long data 3
sequences, overlap save and overlap add methods,
1.6 Frequency Analysis of Signals using the DFT(concept only
1
required)
2 Module 2
2.1 Efficient Computation of DFT: Fast Fourier Transform 1
Algorithms
2.2 Radix-2 Decimation in Time and Decimation in Frequency 4
FFT Algorithms
2.3 IDFT computation using Radix-2 FFT Algorithms 2
2.4 Application of FFT Algorithms-Efficient computation of DFT of 1
Two Real Sequences and a 2N-Point Real Sequence
3 Module 3
3.1 Design of FIR Filters- Symmetric and Anti-symmetric FIR Filters, 4

Design of linear phase FIR filters using Window methods,
(rectangular, Hamming and Hanning)
3.2 Design of linear phase FIR filters using frequency sampling 2
Method, Comparison of Design Methods for Linear Phase FIR
Filters
3.3 Design of IIR Digital Filters from Analog Filters, 3
(Butterworth), IIR Filter Design by Impulse Invariance
3.4 IIR Filter Design by Bilinear Transformation 2
3.5 Frequency Transformations in the Analog and Digital Domain. 1
4 Module 4
4.1 Structures for the realization of Discrete Time Systems- Block 2
diagram and signal flow graph representations of
filters
4.2 FIR Filter Structures: (Linear structures), Direct Form ,2
Cascade Form
4.3 IIR Filter Structures: Direct Form, Cascade Form and 3
Parallel Form
4.3 Computational Complexity of Digital filter structures. 1
4.4 Multi-rate Digital Signal Processing: Decimation and Interpolation 3
(Time domain and Frequency Domain Interpretation ), Anti-aliasing
and anti-imaging filter.
5 Module 5
5.1 Computer architecture for signal processing : Harvard Architecture, 3
pipelining, MAC, Introduction to
TMS320C67xx digital signal processor ,Functional Block Diagram
5.2 Finite word length effects in DSP systems: Introduction 3
(analysis not required), fixed-point and floating-point DSP
arithmetic, ADC quantization noise,
5.3 Finite word length effects in IIR digital filters: coefficient 2
quantization errors.
5.4 Finite word length effects in FFT algorithms: Round off 1
errors
ELECTRONICS
Simulation & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Assignments
The following simulations to be done in Scilab/ Matlab/ LabView/GNU Octave:

1. Consider a signal given by x(n)=[1,1,1,1].
1. Compute the DTFT of the given sequence and plot its magnitude and phase
2. Compute the 4 point DFT of the above signal and plot its magnitude and phase
3. Compare the above plots and obtain the relationship?
2. Zero pad the sequence x(n) by 4 and compute the 8 point DFT and find the
corresponding magnitude and phase plots. Compare the spectra with that in (b) and
comment on it.
3. The first five values of the 8 point DFT of a real valued sequence x(n) are given by
{0.25, 0.125-j0.3, 0, 0.125-j0.06, 0.5}. Determine the DFT of each of the following
sequences using properties. Hint :IDFT may not be computed.
1. x1(n)=x((2-n))8
2. x3(n)=x2(n)
3. x4(n)=x(n)ejπn/N) in/4
4. a) Develop a function to implement the over-lap add method using circular
convolution operation. The format should be function [y]=overlappadd(x,h,N), where
y is the output sequence, x is the input sequence and N is the block -
length>=2*Length(h)-1.
1. Incorporate the radix-2 FFT implementation in the above function to obtain a

high speed overlap add block convolution routine. Choose N=8. Hint :choose
N=2k
5. Design a low pass digital filter to be used in the given structure
xa(t) A/D H(z) D/A

ya(t)
to satisfy the following requirements. Sampling rate of 8000samples/second, Pass

band edge of 1500Hz with a ripple of 3dB, Stopband edge of 2000Hz with attenuation of
40 dB, Equiripple passband but monotonic stopband. (Use impulse invariance
technique)
1. Choose T=1 s for impulse invariance and determine the system function H(z) in
parallel form.Plot the log-magnitude response in dB and impulse response h(n)
2. Choose T=1/8000 s and repeat the same procedure. Compare this design with that in
(a) and comment on the effect of T on the impulse invariant design?
6. A filter is described by the following difference equation:
16y(n)+12y(n-1)+2y(n-2)-4y(n-3)-y(n-4)=x(n)-3x(n-1)+11x(n-2)-27x(n-3)+18x(n-4)
1. Determine the Direct form filter structure
2. Using the Direct form structure, obtain the cascade form filter structure
7. Consider a signal given by x(n)=(0.5)nu(n). Decimate the signal by a factor 4 and plot
the output in time domain and frequency domain?
1. Interpolate the signal by a factor of 4 and plot the output in time domain and
frequency domain?
2. Compare the spectra and obtain the inference?
Model Question Paper
A P J Abdul Kalam Technological University
Fifth Semester B Tech Degree Examination

Branch: Electronics and Communication Engg.
Course: ECT 303 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
Time: 3 Hrs Max. Marks: 100

PART A
Answer All Questions. Each question carry 3 marks
1 .Derive the relationship of DFT to Z-transform? (3)K3

2.Find the circular convolution of two sequences x1(n)={1, 2,-2,1,3},x2(n)={2,-1,3,1,1} (3)K3
3 Illustrate the basic butterfly computation used in decimation in time radix-2 FFT algorithm?(3)K1
4 Bring out the computational advantage of performing an N-point DFT using radix-2 FFT
compared to direct method?
5. Determine the frequency response of a linear phase FIR filter given by the difference
equation y(n)=0.15x(n)+0.25x(n-1)+x(n-3). Also find the phase delay (3) K3
6 .An all pole analog filter is given by the transfer function H(s)=1 /(s 2+5s+6). Find out the
transfer function H(z) of the equivalent digital filter using impulse invariance method. Use
T=1s (3) K3
7.Obtain the cascade form realization of the third order IIR filter transfer function given by
0 .44 z 2+ 0.362 z +0.02
H ( z ) =
( z 2+ 0 .8 z ❑+.0 .5 ) ( z − 0.4 ) (3) K3
8. Prove that a factor of L upsampler is a linear-time varying system. (3) K3

9. Differentiate between Harvard architecture and Von-Nuemann Architecture used in
processors? (3) K1
10. Express the fraction 7/8 and -7/8 in sign-magnitude, two’s compliment and one’s
compliment format? (3) K3
Part B & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ELECTRONICS
Answer any one Question from each module. Each question carries 14 Marks
11. a) How will you perform linear convolution using circular convolution? Find the linear
convolution of the given sequences x(n) = {2, 9,7, 4} and h(n) = {1, 3, 1, 2} using
circular convolution? (8) K3
b) Explain the following properties of DFT a) Linearity b) Complex conjugate property c)

Circular Convolution d) Time Reversal (6) K2
OR
12.a.) The first eight points of 14-point DFT of a real valued sequence are
{12, -1+j3, 3+j4, 1-j5, -2+j2, 6+j3, -2-j3, 10}
i) Determine the remaining points
ii) Evaluate x[0] without computing the IDFT of X(k)?
iii) Evaluate IDFT to obtain the real sequence ? (8)K3
b) Explain with appropriate diagrams, the overlap-add method for filtering of long data
sequences using DFT? (6) K2
13.a) Compute the 8 point DFT of x(n) = {2,1,-1,3,5,2,4,1} using radix-2 decimation in time
FFT algorithm. (9) K3
b)Bring out how a 2N point DFT of a 2N point sequence can be found using the
computation of a single N point DFT. (5) K3
OR
14 a.) Find the 8 point DFT of a real sequence x(n)={1,2,2,2,1,0,0,0,0} using radix-2
decimation in frequency algorithm (9)K3
b) Bring out how N-point DFT of two real valued sequences can be found by computing
a single N-point DFT. (5) K3
15.a. Design a linear phase FIR low pass filter having length M = 15 and cut-off frequency ωc
= πn/N) /6. Use Hamming window. (10) K3
b.Prove that if z1 is a zero of an FIR filter, then 1/z1 is also a zero? (4) K2
OR
16. a. Design a digital Butterworth low pass filter with ω p = πn/N) /6, ωs = πn/N) /4, minimum pass band
gain = -2 dB and minimum stop band attenuation = 8 dB. Use bilinear transformation.(Take T
= 1s) (10) K3
b. What is warping effect in bilinear transformation and how it can be eliminated? (4) K2
17.a) Derive and draw the direct form-I, direct form-II and cascade form realization of the
given filter, whose difference equation is given as
y ( n )=0.1 y ( n −1 ) +0.2 y ( n− 2 ) +3 x ( n ) +3.6 x ( n− 1 ) +0.6 x ( n − 2 ) (9) K3
b) Differentiate between anti-aliasing and anti-imaging

filters. (5) K2
OR
18.a) Obtain the expression of output y(n) as a function of x(n) for the multi-rate structure
given below? (9) K3
b) Draw the transposed direct form II Structure of the system given by the difference
equation y(n)=05.y(n-1)-0.25y(n-2)+x(n)+x(n-1) . (5)K2
19.a.With the help of a functional block diagram, explain the architecture of TMS320C67xx
DSP processor? (10) K2
b.What are the prominent features of TMS320C67xx compared to its predecessors ?
(4) K2
OR
20.a)Explain how to minimize the effect of finite word length in IIR digital filters? (7) K2
b)Explain the roundoff error models used in FFT algorithms? (7) K2
ANALOG AND DIGITAL CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

ECT305
COMMUNICATION PCC 3 1 0 4
Preamble: This course aims to develop analog and digital communication systems.
Prerequisite: ECT 204 Signals and Systems, MAT 204 Probability, Random Process and
Numerical Methods
CO 1 Explain the existent analog communication systems.
CO 2 Apply the concepts of random processes to LTI systems.
CO 3 Apply waveform coding techniques in digital transmission.
CO 4 Apply GS procedure to develop digital receivers.
CO 5 Apply equalizer design to counteract ISI.
CO 6 Apply digital modulation techniques in signal transmission.

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO 1 3 3
CO 2 3 3 2 3 3
CO 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 2
CO 4 3 3 2 3 3 2 2
CO 5 3 3 2 3 3 2 2
CO 6 3 3 2 3 3 2 2
Assessment Pattern
Tests
1 2
Remember 10 10 20
Understand 30 30 60
Apply 10 10 20
Analyse
Evaluate
Create
Mark distribution
Total CIE ESE ESE
Marks Duration
150 50 100 3 hours

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain 10
questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question. Students should
answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which student should answer
any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry 14 marks.
Course Outcome 1 (CO1): The existent analog communication system

1. What are the needs for analog modulation
2. Give the mathematical model of FM signal and explain its spectrum.
Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Application of random processes

1. Compute the entropy of a Gaussian random variable.
2. A six faced die is thrown by a player. He gets Rs. 100 if face 6 turns up, loses Rs. 20
if face 3 or 4 turn up, gets Rs. 50 if face 5 turns up and loses Rs 10 if face 1 or 2 turn up. Draw the
pdf and CDF for the random variable. Check if it is profitable based on statistical expectation.
Course Outcome 3 (CO3): Waveform coding

1. Compute the A and mu law quantized values of a signal that is normalized to 0.8 with A=32 and
mu=255.
2. Design a 3-tap linear predictor for speech signals with the autocorrelation vector
[0.95,0.85,0.7,0.6] , based on Wiener-Hopf equation. Compute the minimum mean square error.
Course Outcome 4 (CO4): G-S Procedure and effects in the channel

1. Apply G-S procedure on the following signals and plot their signal space.
2. Derive the Nyquist criterion for zero ISI.
Course Outcome 5 (CO5): Digital modulation

1. Give the mathematical model of a BPSK signal and plot its signal constellation.
2. Draw the BER-SNR plot for the BPSK system
SYLLABUS
Module 1 Analog Communication

Block diagram of a communication system. Need for analog modulation. Amplitude modulation.
Equation and spectrum of AM signal. DSB-SC and SSB systems. Block diagram of SSB transmitter
and receiver. Frequency and phase modulation. Narrow and wide band FM and their spectra. FM
transmitter and receiver.
Module 2 Review of Random Variables and Random Processes

Review of random variables – both discrete and continuous. CDF and PDF, statistical averages.
(Only definitions, computations and significance) Entropy, differential entropy. Differential entropy
of a Gaussian RV. Conditional entropy, mutual information.
Stochastic processes, Stationarity. Conditions for WSS and SSS. Autocorrelation and power
spectral density. LTI systems with WSS as input.
Module 3 Source Coding

Source coding theorems I and II (Statements only). Waveform coding. Sampling and Quantization.
Pulse code modulation, Transmitter and receiver. Companding. Practical 15 level A and mu-law
companders. DPCM transmitter and receiver. Design of linear predictor. Wiener-Hopf equation.
Delta modulation. Slope overload.
Module 4 G-S Procedure and Effects in the Channel

Gram-Schmitt procedure. Signal space.
Baseband transmission through AWGN channel. Mathematical model of ISI. Nyquit criterion for
zero ISI. Signal modeling for ISI, Raised cosine and Square-root raised cosine spectrum, Partial
response signalling and duobinary coding. Equalization. Design of zero forcing equalizer.
Vector model of AWGN channel. Matched filter and correlation receivers. MAP receiver,
Maximum likelihood receiver and probability of error.
Capacity of an AWGN channel (Expression only) -- significance in the design of communication
schemes.
Module 5 Digital Modulation Schemes

Digital modulation schemes. Baseband BPSK system and the signal constellation. BPSK
transmitter and receiver. Base band QPSK system and Signal constellations. Plots of BER Vs SNR
with analysis. QPSK transmitter and receiver. Quadrature amplitude modulation and signal
constellation.
Text Books
1. “Communication Systems”, Simon Haykin, Wiley.

2. “Digital Communications: Fundamentals and Applications”, Sklar, Pearson.
3. “Digital Telephony”, John C. Bellamy, Wiley
References
1. “Principles of Digital Communication,” R. Gallager, Oxford University Press
2. “Digital Communication”, John G Proakis, Wiley.
No Topic No. of
Lectures
1 Analog Communication
1.1 Block diagram of communication system, analog and digital systems , need 2
for modulation
Amplitude modulation, model and spectrum and index of modulation

1.2 2
1.3 DSB-SC and SSB modulation. SSB transmitter and receiver 2
1.4 Frequency and phase modulation. Model of FM, spectrum of FM signal 2
2 Review of Random Variables

2.1 Review of random variables, CDF and PDF, examples 2
2.2 Entropy of RV, Differential entropy of Gaussian RV, Expectation, 4
conditional expectation, mutual information
Stochastic processes, Stationarity, WSS and SSS. Autocorrelation and
2.3 power spectral density. Response of LTI systems to WSS 3
3 Source Coding
3.1 Source coding theorems I and II 1
PCM,Transmitter and receiver, companding Practical A and mu law 4

3.2
companders
3.3 DPCM, Linear predictor, Wiener Hopf equation 3
3.4 Delta modulator 1

4 GS Procedure and Channel Effects
4.1 G-S procedure 3
4.2 ISI, Nyquist criterion, RS and SRC, PR signalling and duobinary coding 3
4.3 Equalization, design of zero forcing equalizer 3
4.4 Vector model of AWGN channel, Correlation receiver, matched filter 4
4.5 MAP receiver, ML receiver, probability of error 1
Channel capacity, capacity of Gaussian channel, Its significance in design 2

4.6
of digital communication schemes
5 Digital Modulation
5.1 Need of digital modulation in modern communication. 1
Baseband QPSK system, signal constellation. Effect of AWGN, 4

5.2 probability of error (with derivation). BER-SNR curve, QPSK transmitter
and receiver.
5.3 QAM system 1
Fifth Semester B Tech Degree Examination Branch:
Electronics and Communication
COURSE: ECT 305 ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
PART A
Answer All Questions
1 Explain the need for modulation (3)K2

2 Plot the spectrum of an FM signal (3)K2
3 In a game a six faced die is thrown. If 1 or 2 comes the player (3) K3
gets Rs 30, if 3 or 4 the player gets Rs 10, if 5 comes he loses
Rs. 30 and in the event of 6 he loses Rs. 100. Plot the CDF and
PDF of gain or loss
4 Give the conditions for WSS (3)K2
5 Compute the step size for a delta modulator without slope over- (3)K3
load if the input is Acos 2π120t
6 State source coding theorems I and II (3)K1
7 Give the Nyquist criterion for zero ISI. (3)K1
8 Give the mathematical model of ISI (3)K2
9 Plot BER against SNR for a BPSK system (3)K2
10 Draw the signal constellation of a QPSK system with and with- (3)K3
out AWGN.
PART B
Answer one question from each module. Each question carries 14 mark.
Module I
11(A) Give the model of AM signal and plot its spectrum (10)K2
11(B) If a sinusoidal is amplitude modulated by the carrier (4)K3
5 cos2π300t to a depth of 30 %, compute the power in the
resultant AM signal.
OR
12(A) Explain how SSB is transmitted and received. (10)K2

12(B) Compute the bandwidth of the narrow band FM signal with (4) K3
modulating signal frequency of 1kHz and index of
modulation 0.3
Module II
13(A) Compute the entropy of Gaussian random variable. (10)K3

13(B) Give the relation between autocorrelation and power (4)K2
spectral density of a WSS.
OR
14(A) Test whether the random process X(t) =Acos 2πft+θ is (10)K3
WSS if θ is uniformly distributed in the interval [−π,π]
14(B) Explain mutual information. Give its relation with self in- (4)K2
formation.
Module III
15(A) A WSS process with autocorrelation RX(τ) = e−α|τ | is (10)K3

ap-plied to an LTI system with impulse response h(t)
= e−βt with |α| > 0 and |β| > 0. Find the output power
spectral density
15(B) Give the conditions for stationarity in the strict sense. (4)K2
OR
16(A) Find an orthonormal basis set fot the set of signals (7)K3
s1(t) =Asin(2πf 0t); 0≤ t ≤T

and
s2(t) =Acos(2πf 0t); 0≤ t ≤T
m
where f 0 = T
where m is an integer.
16(B) Plot the above signal constellation and draw the decision (7)K3
region on it. Compute the probability of error.
Module IV
17(A) Compute the probability of error for maximum likely hood (8)K3
detection of binary transmission.
17(B) Explain the term matched filter. Plot the BER-SNR curve for (6)K2
a matched filter receiver
OR
18(A) Design a zero forcing equalizer for the channel that is characterized (8)K3
by the filter taps {1,0.7,0.3}
18(B) Explain partial rsponse signaling (6)K2
Module V
19 For a shift keying system defined by s(t) =Ac ksin(2πfct) ± (14)K3

Ackcos(2πfct) plot the signal constellation. Compute the
probability of error.
OR
20(A) Derive the probability of error for a QPSK system with Gray (10)K3
coding.
20(B) Draw the BER-SNR plot for a QPSK system (4)K3

ECT 305 Analog and Digital Communication Simulation Assignments
The following simulation assignments can be done with Python/MATLAB/

SCILAB/LabVIEW The following simulations can be done in MATLAB, Python,R
or LabVIEW.
1 A-Law and µ-Law Characteristics
• Create a vector with say 1000 points that spans from −1 to 1.
• Apply A-Law companding on this vector get another vector. Plot it against
the first vector for different A values and appreciate the transfer
characteristics.
• Repeat the above steps for µ-law as well.
2 Practical A-Law compander
• Implement the 8-bit practical A-law coder and decoder in Appendix B 2

(pp 583–585) in Digital Telephony by Bellamy
• Test it with random numbers and speech signals. Observe the 15 levels of
quantization.
3 Practical µ-Law compander
• Implement the 8-bit practical µ-law coder and decoder in Appendix B 1

(pp 579–581) in Digital Telephony by Bellamy
• Test it with random numbers and speech signals. Observe the 15 levels of
quantization.
4 BPSK Transmitter and Receiver
• Cretae a random binary sequence of 5000 bit. Convert it into a bipolar

NRZ code.
• Create a BPSK mapper that maps bit 0 to zero phase and bit 1 to π
phase.
• Plot the real part of the mapped signal against the imaginary part to
observe the signal constellation
• Add AWGN of difference variances to the base band BPSK signal and
observe the changes in constellation.
• Realize the BPSK transmitter and receiver in Fig. 6.4 in pager 352 in
Communication Systems by Simon Haykin .
• Add AWGN of different variances and compute the bit error rate (BER)
for different SNR values.
• Plot the BER Vs. SNR.
• Plot the theoretical BER-SNR curve, using Eq. 6.19 in pager 351 in
5 QPSK Transmitter and Receiver
• Create a random binary sequence of 5000 bit. Convert it into a bipolar

NRZ code.
• Create a QPSK mapper that maps bit patterns 00, 10, 11 and 01 to
suitable phase values that are odd multiples of π .4
• Plot the real part of the mapped signal against the imaginary part to
observe the signal constellation
• Add AWGN of difference variances to the base band QPSK signal and
observe the changes in constellation.
• Realize the QPSK transmitter and receiver in Fig. 6.8 in page 359 in
• Add AWGN of different variances and compute the bit error rate (BER)
for different SNR values.
• Plot the BER Vs. SNR.
• Plot the theoretical BER-SNR curve, using Eq. 6.33 in page 358 in
6 Matched Filter Receiver
The task is to develop a matched filter receiver, with zero ISI, as shown in
the figure below.
• Generate 5000 random bits and up sample the stream by 4.
• For zero ISI, the impulse reponse of the transmitter and receiver filters
are the RRC pulse with α = 0.2.
4α cos(1 + α) πt
T
T
+ 4αt sin(1 − α) πt
T
p(t) = g(t) = ( √ )[ ] (1)
π T 1 − ( 4αt
T
) 2
• Plot p(t) and its approximate spectrum and apprecciate.
w[n]
Random y[n]
binary 4 p[n] +
stream
Sample @ g[n]
Received
Decision symbol ratee
stream
• Add AWGN (w[n]) of different variances and compute the BER-SNR

curve for the bit patterns received.
CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
ECT307 CONTROL SYSTEMS
PCC 3 1 0 4
Preamble: This course aims to develop the skills for mathematical modelling of various
control systems and stability analysis using time domain and frequency domain approaches.
Prerequisite: EC202 Signals & Systems
Analyse electromechanical systems by mathematical modelling and derive their

CO 1
transfer functions
Determine Transient and Steady State behaviour of systems using standard test
CO 2
signals
CO 3 Determine absolute stability and relative stability of a system
Apply frequency domain techniques to assess the system performance and to
CO 4 design a control system with suitable compensation techniques
Analyse system Controllability and Observability using state space representation

CO 5
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO PO PO

10 11 12
CO 3 3 2 1 2
1
CO 3 3 2 1 2
2
CO 3 3 3 1 2
3
CO 3 3 3 1 2
4
CO 3 3 3 1 2
5
Assessment Pattern

Tests
1 2
Apply K3 20 20 70
Analyse K4
Evaluate
Create
Mark distribution
Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration
150 50 100 3 hours
14 marks.
Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Analyse electromechanical systems by mathematical

modelling and derive their transfer functions
1. For the given electrical/ mechanical systems determine transfer function.
2. Using block diagram reduction techniques find the transfer function of the given
system.
3. Find the overall gain for the given signal flow graph using Mason’s gain equation.
Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Determine Transient and Steady State behaviour of systems
using standard test signals
1. Derive an expression for time response of a given first/ second order system to step/
ramp input.
2. Determine step, ramp and parabolic error constants for the given unity feedback
control system.
3. Obtain the steady state error of a given system when subjected to an input.
Course Outcome 3 (CO3): Determine absolute stability and relative stability of a system
1. Using Ruth Hurwitz criterion, for the given control system determine the location of
roots on S- plane and comment on the stability of the system.
2. Sketch the Root Locus for the given control system.
3. Compare P, PI and PID controllers.
Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Apply frequency domain techniques to assess the

system performance and to design a control system with suitable compensation
techniques
1. Explain frequency domain specifications.
2. Draw the Nyquist plot for the given control system and determine the range of K for
which the system is stable.
3. Plot the bode plot for the given transfer function and find the gain margin and phase
margin.
4. Describe the design procedure of a lag/ lead compensator.
Course Outcome 5 (CO5): Analyse system Controllability and Observability using state
space representation
1. Obtain the state space representation of the given electrical/ mechanical system.
2. For the given control system, obtain the state equations and output equations:-
3. Plot the bode plot for the given transfer function and find the gain margin and phase
margin.
4. Determine the controllability and observability of the given system.
SYLLABUS
Module 1:
Introduction: Basic Components of a Control System, Open-Loop Control Systems and
Closed-Loop Control Systems, Examples of control system
Feedback and its effects: Types of Feedback Control Systems, Linear versus Nonlinear
Control Systems, Time-Invariant versus Time-Varying Systems.
Mathematical modelling of control systems: Electrical Systems and Mechanical systems.
Transfer Function from Block Diagrams and Signal Flow Graphs: impulse response and
its relation with transfer function of linear systems. Block diagram representation and
reduction methods, Signal flow graph and Mason’s gain formula.
Module 2:
Time Domain Analysis of Control Systems: Introduction- Standard Test signals, Time
response specifications.
Time response of first and second order systems to unit step input and ramp inputs, time
domain specifications.
Steady state error and static error coefficients.

Frequency domain analysis: Frequency domain specifications, correlation between time and
frequency responses.
Module 3:
Stability of linear control systems: Concept of BIBO stability, absolute stability, Routh
Hurwitz Criterion, Effect of P, PI & PID controllers.
Root Locus Techniques: Introduction, properties and its construction, Application to system
stability studies. Illustration of the effect of addition of a zero and a pole.
Module 4:
Nyquist stability criterion: Fundamentals and analysis
Relative stability: gain margin and phase margin. Stability analysis with Bode plot.
Design of Compensators: Need of compensators, design of lag and lead compensators using
Bode plots.
Module 5:
State Variable Analysis of Linear Dynamic Systems: State variables, state equations, state
variable representation of electrical and mechanical systems, dynamic equations, merits for
higher order differential equations and solution.
Transfer function from State Variable Representation, Solutions of the state equations, state
transition matrix
Concept of controllability and observability and techniques to test them - Kalman’s Test.
Text Books
1. Farid Golnaraghi, Benjamin C. Kuo, Automatic Control Systems, 9/e, Wiley India.
2. I.J. Nagarath, M.Gopal: Control Systems Engineering (5th-Edition) ––New Age
International Pub. Co., 2007.
3. Ogata K., Discrete-time Control Systems, 2/e, Pearson Education.
Reference Books
1. I.J. Nagarath, M.Gopal: Scilab Text Companion for Control Systems Engineering
(3rd-Edition) ––New Age International Pub. Co., 2007.
2. Norman S. Nise, Control System Engineering, 5/e, Wiley India.
3. M. Gopal, Digital Control and State Variable Method, 4/e, McGraw Hill Education
India, 2012.
4. Ogata K., Modern Control Engineering, Prentice Hall of India, 4/e, Pearson
Education,2002.
5. Richard C Dorf and Robert H. Bishop, Modern Control Systems, 9/e, Pearson
Education,2001.
No. Topic No. of Lectures

1 Introduction
1.1 Basic Components of a Control System, Open-Loop 1
Control Systems and Closed-Loop Control Systems,
Examples of control system
1.2 Feedback and its effects: Types of Feedback Control 2
Systems, Linear versus Nonlinear Control Systems, Time-
Invariant versus Time-Varying Systems
1.3 Mathematical modelling of control systems: Electrical 3
Systems and Mechanical systems
Transfer Function from Block Diagrams and Signal
Flow Graphs
1.4 Impulse response and its relation with transfer function of 2
linear systems. Block diagram representation and reduction
methods
Signal flow graph and Mason’s gain formula 2
2 Time Domain Analysis of Control Systems
2.1 Introduction- Standard Test signals, Time response 2
specifications
2.2 Time response of first and second order systems to unit 3
step input and ramp inputs, time domain specifications
2.3 Steady state error and static error coefficients 2
2.4 Frequency domain analysis: Frequency domain 2
specifications, correlation between time and frequency
responses.
3 Stability of linear control systems
3.1 Stability of linear control systems: concept of BIBO 3
stability, absolute stability, Routh‘s Hurwitz Criterion
3.2 Effect of P, PI & PID controllers 3
Root Locus Techniques
3.3 Introduction, properties and its construction, Application 3
to system stability studies. Illustration of the effect of
addition of a zero and a pole
4 Nyquist stability criterion
4.1 Fundamentals and analysis 2
4.2 Relative stability: gain margin and phase margin. 3
Stability analysis with Bode plot
4.3 Design of Compensators: Need of compensators, design 4
of lag and lead compensators using Bode plots
5 State Variable Analysis of Linear Dynamic Systems

5.1 State variables, state equations 3
5.2 State variable representation of electrical and mechanical 2
systems
5.3 Dynamic equations, merits for higher order differential 2
equations and solution
5.4 Transfer function from State Variable Representation, 2
Solutions of the state equations, state transition matrix
5.5 Concept of controllability and observability and techniques 4
to test them - Kalman’s Test
Simulation Assignments
The following simulations can be done in Python/ Scilab/ Matlab/ LabView:
1. Plot the pole-zero configuration in s-plane for the given transfer function.
2. Determine the transfer function for given closed loop system in block diagram
representation.
3. Plot unit step response of given transfer function and find delay time, rise time, peak
time and peak overshoot.
4. Determine the time response of the given system subjected to any arbitrary input.
5. Plot root locus of given transfer function, locate closed loop poles for different values
of k.
6. Plot bode plot of given transfer function and determine the relative stability by
measuring gain and phase margins.
7. Determine the steady state errors of a given transfer function.
8. Plot Nyquist plot for given transfer function and determine the relative stability.
9. Create the state space model of a linear continuous system.
10. Determine the state space representation of the given transfer function.
Model Question paper

FIFTH SEMESTER B. TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, (Model Question Paper)
Course Code: ECT307
Course Name: CONTROL SYSTEMS
PART A
1 Draw the signal flow graph for the following set of algebraic equations: K2
x1=ax0+bx1+cx2, x2=dx1+ex3
2 Using block diagram reduction techniques find C(s) / R(s) for the given system: K2
3 Derive the expression for peak time of a second order system K2
4 Determine the parabolic error constant for the unity feedback control system G(s) K3
= 10 (S+2)/ (s+1) s2
5 Using Routh Hurvitz criterion, determine the number of roots in the right half of S- K3
plane for the system S4+2S3+10S2+20S+5=0.
6 Compare PI, PD and PID controllers. K1
7 State and explain Nyquist Stability criteria. K1
8 Briefly describe the design procedure of a lead compensator. K1
9 A dynamic system is represented by the state equation: K3
Check whether the system is completely controllable.

10 Obtain the state space representation of the given electrical system: K3
PART – B
Module - I
11a. Find the overall gain C(s)/ R(s) for the signal flow graph shown using Mason’s 7
gain equation
CO1
K3
11b.
Determine the transfer function X1(s)/ F(s) for the system shown below: 7
CO1
K3
OR
12a. Find the transfer function X2(s)/ F(s). Also draw the force voltage analogy of the 8
given system: CO1
K3
12b.
Determine the overall transfer function of the block diagram shown in below 6
figure: CO1
K3
Module - II
13a. The open loop transfer function of a servo system with unity feedback is G(s) = 7
10/s(0.1s+1). Evaluate the static error constants of the system. Obtain the steady CO2
state error of the system when subjected to an input given by r(t)= a0+a1t+a2t2/2 K2
13b. A unity feedback control system is characterized by an open loop transfer function 7
G(s) = K/ s(s+10). Determine the gain K so that the system will have a damping CO2
ratio of 0.5 for this value of K. Determine the settling time, peak overshoot, rise K2
time and peak time for a unit step input.
OR
14a. Find kp, kv, ka and steady state error for a system with open loop transfer function 7
G(s)H(s) = 15 (s+4) (s+9)/ s(s+3) (s+6) (s+8) CO2
14b. K2
Derive the expression for time response of a second order under damped system to 7
step input. CO2
K2
Module - III
15a. Sketch the root locus for G(s)H(s) = K/ s(s+6) (s2+4s+13) 7

CO3
K3
15b. 7
CO3
The characteristic equation of a system is s7+9s6+24s5+24s4+24s3+24s2+23s+15. K3
Determine the location of roots on S- plane and hence comment on the stability of
the system using Ruth Hurwitz criterion.
OR
16a. Prove that the breakaway points of the root locus are the solutions of dK/ds = 0. 7
where K is the open loop gain of the system whose open loop transfer function is CO3
16b. G(s). K2
For a system with, F(s) = s4 + 22s3 + 10 s2 + s + K = 0. obtain the marginal value 7

17a. of K, and the frequency of oscillations of that value of K. CO3
K3
Module - IV
Plot the bode diagram for the transfer function G(S) = 10/ S(1+0.4S) (1+0.1S) and 7
17b.
find the gain margin and phase margin. CO4
K3
7
The open loop transfer function of a feedback system is given by G(s) = K / s CO4
(T1s+1) (T2s+1) Draw the Nyquist plot. Derive an expression for gain K in terms K3
of T1, T2 and specific gain margin Gm.
OR
18a. A servomechanism has an open loop transfer function of G(s) = 10 / s (1+0.5s) 8

(1+0.1s) Draw the Bode plot and determine the phase and gain margin. A network CO4
having the transfer function (1+0.23s)/(1+0.023s) is now introduced in tandem. K3
Determine the new gain and phase margins. Comment upon the improvement in
system response caused by the network.
Draw the Nyquist plot for the system whose open loop transfer function is 6
18b. G(s)H(s) = K/ S(S+2) (S+10). Determine the range of K for which the closed loop CO4
system is stable. K3
Module - V
19a. Obtain the state model for the given transfer function Y(s)/ U(s) = 1/ (S2+S+1).
7
CO5
K3
19b. What is transfer matrix of a control system? Derive the equation for transfer 7
matrix. CO5
K2
OR
20a. A system is described by the transfer function Y(s)/ U(s) = 10 (s+4)/ s (s+2) (s+3). 7
Find state and output equations of the system. CO5
K3
20b. Determine the state transition matrix of 7

CO5
K3
ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUITS CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

ECL331
AND SIMULATION LAB PCC 0 0 3 2
Preamble: This course aims to (i) familiarize students with the Analog Integrated Circuits and
Design and implementation of application circuits using basic Analog Integrated Circuits (ii)
familiarize students with simulation of basic Analog Integrated Circuits.
Prerequisite: ECL202 Analog Circuits and Simulation Lab
CO 1 Use data sheets of basic Analog Integrated Circuits and design and implement
application circuits using Analog ICs.
CO 2 Design and simulate the application circuits with Analog Integrated Circuits using
simulation tools.
CO 3 Function effectively as an individual and in a team to accomplish the given task.
PO1 PO 2 PO3 PO 4 PO5 PO 6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO PO PO

10 11 12
CO1 3 3 3 2 2
CO2 3 3 3 2 3 2 2
CO3 2 2 2 2 3 2 3
Assessment
Mark distribution

Marks
150 75 75 3 hours
Continuous Evaluation Pattern

Continuous Assessment : 30 marks
Internal Test (Immediately before the second series test) : 30 marks
End Semester Examination Pattern: The following guidelines should be followed regarding
award of marks
(a) Preliminary work : 15 Marks
(b) Implementing the work/Conducting the experiment : 10 Marks
(c) Performance, result and inference (usage of equipments and trouble shooting): 25 Marks
(d) Viva voce : 20 marks
(e) Record : 5 Marks
General instructions: End-semester practical examination is to be conducted immediately

after the second series test covering entire syllabus given below. Evaluation is to be conducted
under the equal responsibility of both the internal and external examiners. The number of
candidates evaluated per day should not exceed 20. Students shall be allowed for the
examination only on submitting the duly certified record. The external examiner shall endorse
the record.
Course Level Assessment Questions (Examples only)
Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Use data sheets of basic Analog Integrated Circuits and design and
implement application circuits using Analog ICs.
1. Measure important opamp parameters of µA 741 and compare them with the data provided
in the data sheet
2. Design and implement a variable timer circuit using opamp
3. Design and implement a filter circuit to eliminate 50 Hz power line noise.
Course Outcome 2 and 3 (CO2 and CO3): Design and simulate the application circuits with
Analog Integrated Circuits using simulation tools.
1. Design a precission rectifier circuit using opamps and simulste it using SPICE
2. Design and simulate a counter ramp ADC
List of Experiments
I. Fundamentals of operational amplifiers and basic circuits [Minimum seven experiments

are to be done]
1. Familiarization of Operational amplifiers - Inverting and Non inverting amplifiers,
frequency response, Adder, Integrator, Comparators.
2. Measurement of Op-Amp parameters.
3. Difference Amplifier and Instrumentation amplifier.
4. Schmitt trigger circuit using Op–Amps.
5. Astable and Monostable multivibrator using Op-Amps.
6. Waveform generators using Op-Amps - Triangular and saw tooth
7. Wien bridge oscillator using Op-Amp - without & with amplitude stabilization.
8. RC Phase shift Oscillator.
9. Active second order filters using Op-Amp (LPF, HPF, BPF and BSF).
10. Notch filters to eliminate the 50Hz power line frequency.
11. Precision rectifiers using Op-Amp.
II. Application circuits of 555 Timer/565 PLL/ Regulator(IC 723) ICs [ Minimum three
experiments are to be done]
1. Astable and Monostable multivibrator using Timer IC NE555
2. DC power supply using IC 723: Low voltage and high voltage configurations,
Short circuit and Fold-back protection.
3. A/D converters- counter ramp and flash type.
4. D/A Converters - R-2R ladder circuit
5. Study of PLL IC: free running frequency lock range capture range
III. Simulation experiments [The experiments shall be conducted using SPICE]

1. Simulation of any three circuits from Experiments 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 of
section I
2. Simulation of Experiments 3 or 4 from section II
Textbooks
1. D. Roy Choudhary, Shail B Jain, “Linear Integrated Circuits,”
2. M. H. Rashid, “Introduction to Pspice Using Orcad for Circuits and Electronics”, Prentice Hall
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

ECL333
LABORATORY PCC 0 0 3 2
Preamble:
The following experiments are designed to make the student do real time DSP
• computing.
Dedicated DSP hardware (such as TI or Analog Devices development/evaluation

•
boards) will be used for realization.
Prerequisites:
• ECT 303 Digital Signal Processing
• EST 102 Programming in C
Course Outcomes: The student will be able to

CO 1 Simulate digital signals.
CO 2 verify the properties of DFT computationally
CO 3 Familiarize the DSP hardware and interface with computer.
CO 4 Implement LTI systems with linear convolution.
CO 5 Implement FFT and IFFT and use it on real time signals.
CO 6 Implement FIR low pass filter.
CO 7 Implement real time LTI systems with block convolution and FFT.
Mapping of Course Outcomes with Program Outcomes

PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO1 PO1 PO1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2
CO1 3 3 1 2 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 1
CO2 3 3 1 2 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 1
CO3 3 3 3 2 3 0 0 0 3 1 0 1
CO4 3 3 1 2 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 1
CO5 3 3 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
CO6 3 3 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
CO7 3 3 1 3 3 0 0 0 3 3 0 0
Assessment Pattern
Mark Distribution:
Total Mark CIE ESE

150 50 100

Each experiment will be evaluated out of 50 credits continuously as
Attribute Mark
Attendance 15
Continuous assessment 30
Internal Test (Immediately before 30
the second series test)
End Semester Examination Pattern: The following guidelines should be followed

regarding award of marks
Attribute Mark
Preliminary work 15
Implementing the work/ 10
Conducting the experiment
Performance, result and inference 25
(usage of equipments and trouble
shooting)
Viva voce 20
Record 5
CO1-Simulation of Signals
1. Write a Python/MATLAB/SCILAB function to generate a rectangular

pulse.
2. Write a Python/MATLAB/SCILAB function to generate a triangular
pulse.
CO2-Verfication of the Properties of DFT
1. Write a Python/MATLAB/SCILAB function to compute the N -point DFT

matrix and plot its real and imaginary parts.
2. Write a Python/MATLAB/SCILAB function to verify Parseval’s theorem

for N = 1024.
CO3-Familarization of DSP Hardware
1. Write a C function to control the output LEDs with input switches.
2. Write a C function to connect the analog input port to the output port and test with
a microphone.
CO4-LTI System with Linear Convolution
1. Write a function to compute the linear convolution and download to the hardware
target and test with some signals.
CO5-FFT Computation
1. Write and download a function to compute N point FFT to the DSP hardware
target and test it on real time signal.
2. Write a C function to compute IFFT with FFT function and test in on DSP
hardware.
CO6-Implementation of FIR Filter
1. Design and implement an FIR low pass filter for a cut off frequency of 0.1π and
test it with an AF signal generator.
CO7-LTI Systems by Block Convolution
1. Implement an overlap add block convolution for speech signals on DSP

target.
List of Experiments
(All experiments are mandatory.)
Experiment 1. Simulation of Signals Simulate the following signals using Python/

Scilab/MATLAB.
1. Unit impulse signal
2. Unit pulse signal
3. Unit ramp signal
4. Bipolar pulse
5. Triangular signal
Experiment 2. Verification of the Properties of DFT
• Generate and appreciate a DFT matrix.
1. Write a function that returns the N point DFT matrix VN for a given
N.
2. Plot its real and imaginary parts of VN as images using matshow or
imshow commands (in Python) for N = 16, N = 64 and N = 1024
3. Compute the DFTs of 16 point, 64 point and 1024 point random
sequences using the above matrices.
4. Observe the time of computations for N = 2γ for 2 γ 18≤(You
≤ may use
the time module in Python).
5. Use some iterations to plot the times of computation against γ. Plot
and understand this curve. Plot the times of computation for the fft
function over this curve and appreciate the computational saving
with FFT.
• Circular Convolution.
1. Write a python function circcon.py that returns the circular con-
voluton of an N1 point sequence and an N2 point sequence given at
the input. The easiest way is to convert a linear convolution into
circular convolution with N = max(N1, N2).
• Parseval’s Theorem
For the complex random sequences x1[n] and x2[n],
N −1 N −1
X 1 X
x1 [n]x∗2 [n] = X1 [k]X2∗ [k]
n=0
N k=0
1. Generate two random complex sequences of say 5000 values.

2. Prove the theorem for these signals.
Experiment 3. Familarization of DSP Hardware
1. Familiarization of the code composer studio (in the case of TI hardware)
or Visual DSP (in the case of Analog Devices hardware) or any equivalent
cross compiler for DSP programming.
2. Familiarization of the analog and digital input and output ports of the DSP
board.
3. Generation and cross compilation and execution of the C code to connect
the input digital switches to the output LEDs.
4. Generation and cross compilation and execution of the C code to connect
the input analog port to the output. Connect a microphone, speak into it
and observe the output electrical signal on a DSO and store it.
5. Document the work.
Experiment 4. Linear convolution
1. Write a C function for the linear convolution of two arrays.
2. The arrays may be kept in different files and downloaded to the DSP
hardware.
3. Store the result as a file and observe the output.
Experiment 5. FFT of signals
1. Write a C function for N - point FFT.
2. Connect a precision signal generator and apply 1 mV , 1 kHz sinusoid at

the analog port.
3. Apply the FFT on the input signal with appropriate window size and
observe the result.
4. Connect microphone to the analog port and read in real time speech.
5. Observe and store the FFT values.

Experiment 6. IFFT with FFT
1. Use the FFT function in the previous experiment to compute the IFFT of
the input signal.
2. Apply IFFT on the stored FFT values from the previous experiments and
observe the reconstruction.
Experiment 7. FIR low pass filter

1. sin(ω
Use Python/scilab to implement the FIR filter response h[n] = cn)
πn
for a filter size N = 50, ωc = 0.1π and ωc = 0.3π .
2. Realize the hamming(wH [n]) and kaiser (wK[n]) windows.
3. Compute h[n]w[n] in both cases and store as file.
4. Observe the low pass response in the simulator.
5. Download the filter on to the DSP target board and test with 1 mV
sinusoid from a signal generator connected to the analog port.
6. Test the operation of the filters with speech signals.
Experiment 8. Overlap Save Block Convolution
1. Use the file of filter coefficients From the previos experiment.
2. Realize the system shown below for the input speech signal x[n].
3. Segment the signal values into blocks of length N = 2000. Pad the last
block with zeros, if necessary.
4. Implement the overlap save block convolution method
Experiment 9. Overlap Add Block Convolution
1. Use the file of filter coefficients from the previous experiment.
2. Realize the system shown in the previous experiment for the input speech
signal x[n].
3. Segment the signal values into blocks of length N = 2000. Pad the last
block with zeros, if necessary.
4. Implement the overlap add block convolution method
Schedule of Experiments: Every experiment should be completed in three hours.
Textbooks
1. Vinay K. Ingle, John G. Proakis, “Digital Signal Processing Using

MATLAB.”
2. Allen B. Downey, “Think DSP: Digital Signal Processing using Python.”
3. Rulph Chassaing, “DSP Applications Using C and the TMS320C6x DSK

(Topics in Digital Signal Processing)”
SEMESTER V
MINOR
CATEGORY L T P CREDI T
ECT381 EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN
PCC 3 1 0 4
Preamble: This course aims to design an embedded electronic circuit and implement the same.
Prerequisite: ECT203 Logic Circuit Design, ECT206 Computer Architecture and

Microcontrollers
CO 1 Understand and gain the basic idea about the embedded system.
K2
CO 2 Able to gain architectural level knowledge about the system and hence to program
K3 an embedded system.
CO 3 Apply the knowledge for solving the real life problems with the help of an
K3 embedded system.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CO 3 3 2 1 2 2
1
CO 3 3 3 3 2 2
2
CO 3 3 3 3 2 3 2
3
Assessment Pattern
Tests
1 2
Apply K3 20 20 70
Analyse
Evaluate
Create
Mark distribution
Total CIE ESE ESE
Marks Duration
150 50 100 3 hours

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain
10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question. Students
should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which student
should answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry 14 marks.
Course Outcome 1 (CO1) : Understand the embedded system fundamentals and system
design (K1).
1. Give the challenges of embedded computing..

2. Give the structural description of embedded system.
3. What are the phases of EDLC?
Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Understand the peripheral devices and their interfacing with the
processor. (K2)
1. Compare and contrast the PCI bus and PCI-X bus.

2. How the ROM memories are classified? Explain.
3. How the peripheral devices are connected with processors?
Course Outcome 3 (CO3): To write programs using high level languages for embedded
systems. (K3)
1. Write an embedded C program for sorting 64 numbers stored in memory locations and
find the smallest and largest number.
2. How the functions are called by using pointers in embedded ‘C’ ? Discuss with the help
of examples.
3. Give the features of Object Oriented Programming.
Course Outcome 4 (CO4): To understand the ARM processor architecture and pipeline
processor organization. (K2)
1. Give the architecture of the ARM processor and explain the registres.
2. Explain the pipelined architecture of ARM processor.
3. Write an ARM assembly language program to print the sum of two numbers.
Course Outcome 5 (CO5): To write programs in assembly and high level languages for
ARM processor. (K3)
1. Write a note on Thumb single register in ARM processor.

2. Briefly discuss about the Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA).
3. What are the data types supported by ARM programming high level languages.
SYLLABUS
Module 1 : Introduction to Embedded Systems( 08 Hours )
1.1 Complex Systems and Microprocessors

Embedding Computers, Characteristics of Embedded Computing Applications, Application
of Microprocessors, The Physics of Software, Challenges in Embedded Computing System,
Characteristics and quality attributes of an embedded system, Performance in Embedded
Computing
1.2 The Embedded System Design Process
Requirements, Specification , Architecture Design, Designing Hardware and Software
Components and System Integration.
1.3 Formalisms for System Design
Structural Description, Behavioral Description, An embedded system design example.
1.4 Embedded product development cycle (EDLC)
Different phases of EDLC and EDLC models
Module 2 : Embedded system interfacing and peripherals (09Hours)
2.1 Communication devices

Serial Communication Standards and Devices - UART, HDLC and SPI. Serial Bus Protocols -
I2C Bus, CAN Bus and USB Bus, Parallel communication standards-ISA, PCI and PCI-X Bus.
2.2 Memory
Memory devices and systems :– ROM-Flash, EEPROM: RAM-SRAM, DRAM, Cache memory,
memory mapping and addresses, memory management unit– DMA .
2.3 I/O Device
Interrupts:-Interrupt sources, recognizing an interrupt, ISR – Device drivers for handling ISR,
Shared data problem, Interrupt latency.
Module 3 : Embedded Programming( 11 Hours)
3.1 Programming languages:- Assembly Languages, High level languages, Embedded C,

Object oriented programming, C++, JAVA.
3.2 Embedded C programming:- Keywords and Identifiers, Data Types, Storage Class,
operators, branching, looping, arrays, pointers, characters, strings, functions, function pointers,
structures, unions, pre-processors and macros, constant declaration, volatile type qualifier, delay
generation, infinite loops, bit manipulation, ISR, direct memory allocation
Module 4 : ARM Processor fundamentals (07 Hours )
4.1 ARM Processor architecture:-The Acorn RISC Machine- Architectural inheritance, The
ARM programmer's model, ARM development tools.
4.2 ARM Assembly Language Programming:-Data processing instructions, Data transfer
instructions, Control flow instructions, writing simple assembly language programs.
4.3 ARM Organization and Implementation:-3 stage pipeline ARM organization, 5-stage
pipeline ARM organization, ARM instruction execution, ARM implementation, The ARM
coprocessor interface
Module 5: ARM Programming (10 Hours)
5.1 Architectural Support for High Level Languages :-Abstraction in software design, Data
types, Floating-point data types, The ARM floating-point architecture, Expressions, Conditional
statements, Loops, Functions and procedures, Use of memory, Run-time environment.
5.2 The Thumb Instruction Set :-The Thumb bit in the CPSR, The Thumb programmer's
model, Thumb branch instructions, Thumb software interrupt instruction, Thumb data processing
instructions, Thumb single register data transfer instructions, Thumb multiple register data
transfer instructions, Thumb breakpoint instruction, Thumb implementation, Thumb
applications.
5.3 Architectural Support for System Development:- The ARM memory interface, The
Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA).
Text Books
1. Raj kamal, Embedded Systems Architecture, Programming and Design, TMH, 2003
2. K.V. Shibu, Introduction to Embedded Systems, 2e, McGraw Hill Education India, 2016.
3. Wayne Wolf, Computers as Components: Principles of Embedded Computing System Design,

Morgan Kaufman Publishers - Elsevier 3ed, 2008
4. Steve Furber, ARM system-on-chip architecture, Addison Wesley, Second Edition, 2000
Reference Books
1. David E. Simon, An Embedded Software Primer, Pearson Education Asia, First Indian
Reprint 2000.
2. Steve Heath, Embedded Systems Design, Newnes – Elsevier 2ed, 2002
3. Andrew N. Sloss, Dominic Symes, Chris Wright, ARM System Developer’s Guide De-
signing and Optimizing System Software, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 2004
4. Frank Vahid and Tony Givargis, Embedded Systems Design – A Unified Hardware /
Software Introduction, John Wiley, 2002.
5. Tammy Noergaard, Embedded Systems Architecture, A Comprehensive Guide for
Engineers and Programmers, Newnes – Elsevier 2ed, 2012
6. Iyer - Embedded Real time Systems, 1e, McGraw Hill Education New Delhi, 2003
7. Lyla B. Das, Embedded Systems: An Integrated Approach, 1/e , Lyla B. Das, Embedded
Systems, 2012

No Topic No. of Lectures
1 Introduction to Embedded Systems
1.1 Complex Systems and Microprocessors 3
1.2 The Embedded System Design Process 1
1.3 Formalisms for System Design 2
1.4 Embedded product development cycle (EDLC) 2
2 Embedded system interfacing and peripherals
2.1 Communication devices 3
2.2 Memory 3
2.3 I/O Device 3
3 Embedded Programming
3.1 Programming languages 1
3.2 Embedded C programming 10
4 ARM Processor
4.1 ARM Processor architecture 2
4.2 ARM Assembly Language Programming 3
4.3 ARM Organization and Implementation 2
5 ARM Programming
5.1 Architectural Support for High-Level Languages 4
l The Thumb Instruction Set 4
5.3 Architectural Support for System Development 2
Simulation Assignments:
1. At least one assignment should be of programming (Both assembly and C languages) of

embedded processor with simulation tools like Keil, Eclipse.
2. Another assignment should be an embedded system design mini project like,
Programming assignments can be the following
a) Print “HELLO WORLD” or any text, b)Data transfer, copy operations c)Arithmetic
operations d)Sorting operations, e)Input/output control, f)Programs using functions,
g) Interrupts and ISR h) controller design
3. Mini project can be done in the following areas.
a) Elevator controller design (b) Chocolate vending machine design (c)
Industrial controller using sensors (d) IOT applications using sensors,
communication devices and actuators

Course Code: ECT381
Course Name: EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN
PART A
(Answer for all questions. Each Question Carries 3 marks)
1. Define an embedded system

2. Write any three challenges of embedded system design
3. Explain how an RS232 device is interfaced to a processor
4. What is interrupt latency?
5. What are the differences between assembly level language and high level language?
6. What is the difference between macros and functions?
7. Write the contents of CPSR register of ARM processor and their use.
8. Draw the five stage pipeline architecture of ARM processor
9. What is the use of thumb instruction set in ARM processor?
10. Write a note on ARM memory interface. [ 10 X 3 = 30 Marks]
PART – B
(Answer one question from each module; each question carries 14 Marks)
Module – I
11. a). What are the characteristics of an embedded system? Explain. [07 Marks]
b). Explain the different phases of EDLC. [07 Marks]
OR
(a) Write different steps involved in the embedded system design process. [07 Marks]
(b) Explain the structural description of embedded system design. [07 Marks]
Module – II
12. (a) What is serial and parallel port communication? Explain with the help of necessary
diagrams. [07 Marks]
(b) What is interrupt? How interrupts are handled in a processor? Explain ISR.[07 Marks]
OR
13. (a) With the help of a diagram show how ROM and RAM are interfaced to a processor.
Explain the read/write processes. [07 Marks]
(b) Explain how a memory management unit is used in a processor. What are its uses?
What is DMA ? [07 Marks]
Module – III
14. (a) What are the advantages and disadvantage of object oriented programming like C++
and Java. [07 Marks]
(b) Write an embedded C program for adding 64 numbers stored in memory locations and
find the average of the same. [07 Marks]
OR
15. (a) What is pre-processor directive? How is a pre-processor directive instruction

differentiated from normal program code? What are the different types of pre-processor
directives available in ‘Embedded C’? [07 Marks]
(b) Write an embedded C program to perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division operations of 2 numbers stored in specific memory locations using a mode
control . [07 Marks]
Module – IV
16. (a) Write a note on ARM processor architecture and its registers. [07 Marks]
(b) Write a note on data processing and data transfer instructions with the help of
examples. [07 Marks]
OR
17. (a) What is pipelined architecture? Explain how an ARM instruction is executed in a five
stage pipeline processor with the help of an example. [08 Marks]
(b) Write an ARM assembly language program to print text string “Hello World”
.[06Marks]
Module – V
18. (a) Explain ARM floating point architecture and discuss how floating point numbers are
handled. [07 Marks]
(b) Write a note on Thumb single register and multiple register data transfer instructions
with the help of examples. [07 Marks]
OR
19. (a) What is Thumb instruction set? Why it is used? Explain Thumb programmers model.
[07 Marks]
(b) Draw the block diagram of AMBA architecture. What are the different types of buses
used in this architecture? [07 Marks]
COMMUNICATION CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

ECT383
SYSTEMS VAC 3 1 0 4
Preamble: The objective of this course to get awareness about various communication systems
using in practice.
Prerequisite: NIL
CO1 Explain the components required for an Optical Communication Systems

CO2 Discuss the principle involved in RADAR and Navigation
CO3 Explain the concept and subsystems for Cellular Communication networks
CO4 Outline the requirement for Satellite communication systems
CO5 Discuss the role of different layers in TCP/IP protocol stack in communication
networks
CO1 3 3
CO2 3 3
CO3 3 3
CO4 3 3
CO5 3 3
CO6 3 3
Assessment Pattern
Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment Test End Semester Examination
1 2
Remember, K1 10 10 10
Understand, K2 20 20 40
Apply, K3 20 20 50
Analyze
Evaluate
Create
Mark Distribution

150 50 100 3 hours

Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Explain the components required for an Optical Communication
Systems
1. Explain the block diagram for Optical Communication Systems
2. Distinguish between step index and graded index fiber
3. Explain various attenuations occurring in optical fiber
Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Discuss the principle involved in RADAR and Navigation
1. Explain Radar range equation and how the range of a radar system is increased?
2. Explain the block diagram for pulsed radar system
3. Explain Instrument landing system
Course Outcome 3 (CO3): Explain the concept and subsystems for Cellular Communication
networks
1. What is frequency reuse?
2. Explain the principle of multicarrier communication
3. Explain GSM architecture
Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Outline the requirement for Satellite communication systems
1. Explain the block diagram for satellite uplink
2. What are geostationary satellites?
3. Explain various satellite orbits
Course Outcome 5 (CO5): Discuss the issues, challenges and architecture for various wireless
ad hoc networks
1. Explain the issues and challenges of Wireless Ad Hoc Networks
2. What is 6LoWPAN?
3. Explain the function of each layer of TCP/IP protocol stack
Syllabus
Module 1 (Optical Communication)
Optical Communication System – Block Diagram – Advantages Of Optical Fiber

Communication Systems – Principles Of Light Transmission In A Fiber Using Ray Theory –
Single Mode Fibers, Multimode Fibers – Step Index Fibers, Graded Index Fibers (Basic
Concepts Only) – Attenuation In Optical Fibers – Absorption Losses, Scattering Losses, Bending
Losses, Core And Cladding Losses. Optical transmitters: LED and semiconductor LASER,
characteristics, transmitter design. Optical receivers: Common photo detectors. Receiver design
Module 2 (Radar and Navigation)
Basic Radar System– Applications – Radar Range Equation (Qualitative Treatment Only) –
Factors Influencing Maximum Range – Basic Pulsed Radar System – Block Diagram – Display
Methods- A - Scope, PPI Display - Instrument Landing System – Ground Controlled Approach
System.
Module 3 (Cellular Communication)
Cellular Communication, Hand off, Frequency Reuse, Principles of Multicarrier communication,

Multiple Access techniques, CDMA Systems: General aspects of CDMA cellular systems, IS-95
standard, Downlink and uplink, GSM standard and service aspects – GSM architecture,
Evolution to Third Generation systems, WCDMA and CDMA-2000 standards,4G, 5G
Module 4 (Satellite Communication)
Basic concept of satellite communication, Keppler’s law, Satellite orbits, Geosynchronous

satellites, Active and Passive satellite, Block diagram for Satellite uplink, Transponder and earth
station receiver
Module 5 (Data Communication and Networks)
Study of OSI and TCP/IP protocol suit: The Model, Functions of each layer, TCP/IP Protocol
Suites. Wireless Ad Hoc Networks: Issues and Challenges, Wireless Sensor Networks:
Architecture, Data dissemination, Data gathering, MAC Protocols, Location discovery, Quality
of a sensor network 6LoWPAN
Textbooks
1. Electronic communication system fundamentals Wayne Tomasi, Pearson Education.

2. Data Communication and Networking by Behrouz A. Forouzan (Fourth Edition), Tata
McGraw Hill
References
1. Wireless communication principles and practice T S Rappaport, Pearson Education.

2. G. E. Keiser – Optical Fibre Communication – Mc Graw Hill Publication.
3. D. C. Agarwal – Satellite Communication – Khanna Publications
4. Jochen Schiller - Mobile Communications- Pearson Education
5. Siva ram Murthy, B S Manoj- Ad Hoc Wireless Networks – Printice Hall
Sl Topic No.of Lecture

No hours
1.1 Module 1 4
Optical Communication System – Block Diagram – Advantages Of
Optical Fiber Communication Systems – Principles Of Light
Transmission In A Fiber Using Ray Theory – Single Mode Fibers,
Multimode Fibers – Step Index Fibers, Graded Index Fibers (Basic
Concepts Only) – Attenuation In Optical Fibers – Absorption Losses,
Scattering Losses, Bending Losses, Core And Cladding Losses.
1.2 Optical transmitters: LED and semiconductor LASER, 4
characteristics, transmitter design. Optical receivers: Common
photo detectors. Receiver design
2.1 Module 2 4
Basic Radar System– Applications – Radar Range Equation
(Qualitative Treatment Only) – Factors Influencing Maximum Range
– Basic Pulsed Radar System – Block Diagram – Display Methods-
A - Scope, PPI Display
2.2 Instrument Landing System – Ground Controlled Approach System. 3
3.1 Module 3 5
Cellular Communication, Hand off, Frequency Reuse, Principles of
Multicarrier communication, Multiple Access techniques, CDMA
Systems: General aspects of CDMA cellular systems, IS-95 standard,
Downlink and uplink
3.2 GSM standard and service aspects – GSM architecture, Evolution to 5
Third Generation systems, WCDMA and CDMA-2000 standards,4G,
5G
4.1 Module 4 3
Basic concept of satellite communication, Keppler’s law, Satellite
orbits, Geosynchronous satellites
4.2 Active and Passive satellite, Block diagram for Satellite uplink, 4
Transponder and earth station receiver
5.1 Module 5 4
Study of OSI and TCP/IP protocol suit: The Model, Functions of
each layer, TCP/IP Protocol Suites.
5.2 Issues and challenges in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks, Vehicular Ad 2
Hoc Networks
5.3 Wireless Sensor Networks: Architecture, Data dissemination, Data 5
gathering, MAC Protocols, Location discovery, Quality of a sensor
network, 6LoWPAN
Sample Assignments
1. Explain the block diagram for optical communication systems
2. Write Radar range equation
3. Distinguish between A scope display and PPP display
4. Distinguish between step index and graded index fiber
5. Write Kepler’s law for planetary motion

FIFTH SEMESTER B.TECH. DEGREE EXAMINATION
ECT 383: Communication Systems
Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3hours
PART A
(Answer all questions. Each question carries 3 marks each.)
1. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of fiber-optic cables and metallic cables
2. Define Numerical Aperture
3. Write the RADAR range equation
4. Explain the principle of A-scope display
5. Why a honeycomb pattern was is selected for cell area?
6. Distinguish between soft handoff and hard handoff
7. Define Apogee and Perigee
8. Define look angles, angle of elevation and azimuth
9. List the challenges of wireless ad hoc networks
10. Explain 3-way handshaking
PART B
(Answer any one question from each module. Each question carries 14 marks.)
Module 1
11. (a) Explain different losses in Optical Fiber cable
(b) Explain the operation of LED
12. (a)Explain the block diagram for Optical Fiber Communication
(b) Explain the function of photodiode
Module 2
13. Explain the block diagram for pulsed RADAR
14. Explain the principle of PPI display
Module 3
15. Explain the architecture for GSM
16. Explain block diagram for CDMA system
Module 4
17. Explain Kepler’s law of planetary motion
18. Explain the block diagram for satellite transponder
Module 5
19. Explain the role of each layer in TCP/IP protocol stack
20. Explain various data dissemination protocols used in wireless sensor networks
ECT385
TOPICS IN DIGITAL IMAGE
ELECTRONICS & CATEGORY L TENGINEERING
COMMUNICATION P CREDIT
PROCESSING VAC 3 1 0 4
Preamble: This course aims to develop the skills for methods of various transformation and
analysis of image enhancement, image reconstruction, image compression, image segmentation
and image representation.
Prerequisite: ECT286 Introduction to Digital Signal Processing
CO 1 Analyze the various concepts and restoration techniques for image processing
CO 2 Differentiate and interpret the various image enhancement techniques
CO 3 Illustrate image segmentation algorithm
CO 4 Analyse basic image compression techniques
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CO 1 3 3 2 1 2
CO 2 3 3 2 1 2
CO 3 3 3 3 1 2
CO 4 3 3 3 1 2
Assessment Pattern

Tests
1 2
Apply K3 20 20 70
Analyse K4
Evaluate
Create
Mark distribution
Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration
150 50 100 3 hours
Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Analyze the various concepts and restoration techniques for image
processing
1. For the given image check whether pixel P and Q have 8 connectivity .
2. Find filtered image using median filter.
3. Explain Weiner filtering.
Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Differentiate and interpret the various image enhancement techniques
1. Classify different image enhancement process. Differentiate between spatial domain and
frequency domain techniques of image enhancement.
2. What is histogram equalisation? Briefly discuss the underlying logic behind histogram
equalisation.
3. Apply mean and median filters over a given image.
Course Outcome 3 (CO3): Illustrate image segmentation algorithm
1. Name two basic approaches of image segmentation and mention their differences.
2. How can you decide optimal thresholds when the image contains a background and several
foreground objects? Write down a corresponding algorithm.
3. Write down the region growing algorithm. What are its advantages and disadvantages.
Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Analyze basic image compression techniques
1. What do you mean by compression ratio? Do you consider that lower compression ratio
ensures better images upon reproduction?
2. How can achievable compression ratio to be determined from image histogram?
3. Mention the steps of lossy and lossless JPEG compression
SYLLABUS& COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ELECTRONICS
Module 1
Digital Image Fundamentals-Elements of visual perception, image sensing and acquisition, image
sampling and quantization, basic relationships between pixels – neighborhood, adjacency,
connectivity, distance measures.
Brightness, contrast, hue, saturation, mach band effect, Colour image fundamentals-RGB, CMY,
HIS models, 2D sampling, quantization.
Module 2
Image Enhancement: Spatial domain methods: point processing-intensity transformations,
histogram processing, image subtraction, image averaging, geometric transformation
Sharpening filters – first and second derivative, two-dimensional DFT and its inverse, frequency
domain filters – low-pass and high-pass.
Module 3
Image segmentation: Classification of Image segmentation techniques, region approach, clustering

techniques
Classification of edges, edge detection, Hough transform, active contour
Thresholding – global and adaptive
Module 4
Image restoration: Restoration Models, Linear Filtering Techniques: Inverse and Wiener, Non
linear filtering: Mean, Median, Max and Min filters
Noise Models: Gaussian, Uniform, Additive, Impulse
Image restoration applications
Module 5
Image Compression- Need for compression, redundancy, classification of image compression

schemes, Huffman coding, arithmetic coding
Redundancy–inter-pixel and psycho-visual; Lossless compression – predictive, entropy; Lossy
compression- predictive and transform coding – DST, DCT, wavelet transform (basics only); Still
image compression standards – JPEG and JPEG-2000
Text Books
1. Farid Gonzalez Rafel C, Digital Image Processing, Pearson Education, 2009
2. S Jayaraman, S Esakkirajan, T Veerakumar, Digital image processing ,Tata Mc Graw Hill,
2015
Reference Books
1. Jain Anil K, Fundamentals of digital image processing, PHI 1988

2. Kenneth R Castleman, Digital image processing, Pearson Education, 2/e, 2003
3. Pratt William K, Digital Image Processing, John Wiley,4/e, 2007.

1 Introduction
1.1 Digital Image Fundamentals-Elements of visual 1
perception, image sensing and acquisition
1.2 Image sampling and quantization, basic relationships 2
between pixels – neighbourhood, adjacency,
connectivity, distance measures
1.3 Brightness, contrast, hue, saturation, mach band effect 3
1.4 Impulse response and its relation with transfer function 3
of linear systems. Block diagram representation and
reduction methods
1.5 2D sampling, quantization 1
2 Image Enhancement
2.1 Spatial domain methods: point processing- 1
intensity transformations
2.2 Histogram processing, image subtraction, image 3

averaging, geometric transformations
2.3 Sharpening filters 2

2.4 First and second derivative, two-dimensional DFT and 1
its inverse, frequency domain filters – low-pass and
high-pass
3 Image segmentation:
3.1 Spatial domain methods: point processing- 3
intensity transformations
3.2 Classification of Image segmentation techniques, region 2

approach, clustering techniques
3.3 Classification of edges, edge detection, Hough 2

transform, active contour
3.4 Thresholding – global and adaptive 3
4 Image Restoration:
4.1 Restoration Models -Noise Models : Gaussian , 2
Uniform, Additive, Impulse and Erlang
4.2 Linear Filtering Techniques : Inverse and Wiener 3
4.3 Non linear filtering: Mean, Median, Max and Min 2

filters
4.3 Applications of Image restoration 1
5 Image Compression-
5.1 Need for compression, redundancy, 1
5.2 classification of image compression schemes, Huffman 2
coding, arithmetic coding ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
5.3 Redundancy–inter-pixel and psycho-visual; 1

5.4 Lossless compression – predictive, entropy; 2
5.5 Lossy compression- predictive and transform coding 2
DST, wavelet
5.6 Still image compression standards – JPEG and JPEG- 1
2000
Simulation Assignments& COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ELECTRONICS
SCILAB/LabVIEW
1 Simple Image Processing Operations

• Read a gray scale image like Lena or ascent, available in the platform.
• Print the pixel values in [O, 255] and appreciate them.
• Show the image.
• Observe the histogram of this image and appreciate it.
• Apply a nonlinear transformation such as logarithm of pixels and ob

serve the changes in intensity due to compression/ expansion of pixel
values.
• Plot the histogram of the transformed image over the previous histgram
and appreciate the changes.
• Apply cropping to the image and observe the cropped values.
• transform the gray scale image to a b inary image by setting all values
ab ove 127 to 255 and those below to O and observe the b inary image.
• Read in a color image and separate the RGB channels and observe
them in color separately.
• Apply the logarithmic transfomation to all channels separately and

combined the transformed images to form a new color image and
compare with the original color image.
2 Image Compression with Singular Value Decomposition
• Read in a gray scale and read the pixel values (I) into an array.
• Apply singular value decomposition of this array as
• Plot the eiegn values and appreciate their fading in magnitude.

• Take the first Q = 10 eigen values and make the rest zero.
• Now reconstruct a compressed image for Q = 10, Q = 100 and appre
ciate the compression ratios.
• Take a picture of your face and crop it ito suitable dimensions and
apply the previous steps and observe the compression by SVD.
3 Filters for Noise Removal
• Read in a gray scale image and observe it.
• Add AWGN to it of known variance.
• Construct mean and median filters and apply on the noisy images and
observe the removal of noise.
• Quantify the noise removal by computing the SNR and PSNR values
as
The peak value of the SNR is expressed as
where r denotes the reference image and t denotes the test image.
• Plot these values against different noise variances for mean and median
filters and appreciate.
4 Gaussian Filter for Smoothing
• Read in a gray scale image and observe it.

• Realize a Gaussian kernel with impulse response
1 4 7 4 1
4 16 26 16 4
h= _l_ 7 26 41 26 7
273 4 16 26 16 4
1 4 7 4 1
• Perfom the two dimensional convolution and observe the smoothinng,

Also observe the blurring.
• Make the image noisy and repeat the procedure.
• Assess the visual quality of the image after Gaussian smoothing by

computing teh structural similarity index as
The parameters µx and µy are the means and CT; and CT; are the vari
ances of x and y respectively. O";Y is the covariance between x and y.
C1 and C2 are non-zero constants included to avoid unstable results
when CT;+ CT; orµ;+µ; is very close to zero.
• One may take x as the input image and y as the filtered image and
appreciate the performance of the filter.
5 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Edge Detection Filters
• Read in a grayscale image.
• Construct a Laplacian filter with kernel
• Apply Laplacian filter to the image and observe the edges.
• Test the invulnerability of edge detection to noise. Add noise to the

signal of known variance and extract edges.
• Compute the cripness of the edges (1t,) with
where the reference image is the output of filter without noise and the
test image is the one with noise.
• Plot K, for different noise variances.
• Use the Gaussian kernel in Sec. 4 to perfom two dimnsion convolution

an the image.
• Perform Laplacian filtering on the resultant image to perform Laplacian

of Gaussian (LoG) filtering. Observe the edges detected.
• Compute K, for different noise variances and compare the plots with
those of Laplacian and understand the noise invulnerability of LoG
filter.
6 Image Compression with DCT
• Read in a gray scale image.
• Apply type-II DCT and observe the coefficient.
• Make DCT coefficients that are less than 20% of the maximum equal
to zero.
• Take inverse DCT and observe the image. Compute the compression
ratio.
• Repeat for 30%, 40% and 50% values and observe the compressed image
and the compression ratios.
SEMESTER V
HONOURS
ECT393 FPGA BASED SYSTEM DESIGN VAC 3 1 0 4
Preamble: This course aims to develop the skill of FPGA based system design.
Prerequisite: ECT203 Logic Circuit Design
CO 1 Design simple digital systems with programmable logic devices

CO 2 Analyze the architecture of FPGA
CO 3 Analyze the design considerations of FPGA
CO4 Design simple combinational and sequential circuits using FPGA
PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO PO PO
10 11 12
CO 1 3 3 2 2
CO 2 3 3 2 2
CO 3 3 3 2 2
CO 4 3 3 2 2
Assessment Pattern

Tests
1 2
Apply K3 10 10 30
Analyze K4
Evaluate
Create
Mark distribution

Marks
150 50 100 3 hours
Attendance : 10marks
Continuous Assessment Test(2numbers) : 25marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15marks
Students should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of
which student should answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and
carry 14 marks.
Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Design simple digital systems with programmable logic devices.
1. Design a decade counter using Verilog.
2. Implement a full adder using ROM
Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Analyze the architecture of FPGA

1. Compare coarse and fine grained FPGA.
2. Explain the architecture of logic block of FPGA
Course Outcome 3 (CO3): Analyze the design considerations of FPGA

1. What are the vendor specific issues in FPGA design.
2. Analyze Timing and Power dissipation in a typical FPGA.
Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Design simple combinational and sequential circuits using FPGA.
1. Implement a counter in Xilinx Virtex.
2. Explain how sequential circuit can be mapped into Xilinx Virtex LUT.
SYLLABUS
Module 1:
Introduction: Digital system design options and tradeoffs, Design methodology and technology
overview, High Level System Architecture and Specification: Behavioral modelling and
simulation, Hardware description languages (emphasis on Verilog), combinational and sequential
design, state machine design, synthesis issues, test benches.
Module 2:
Programmable logic Devices: ROM, PLA, PAL, CPLD, FPGA Features, Limitations,
Architectures and Programming. Implementation of MSI circuits using Programmable logic
Devices.
Module 3:
FPGA architecture: FPGA Architectural options, granularity of function and wiring resources,
coarse V/s fine grained, vendor specific issues (emphasis on Xilinx and Altera), Logic block
architecture: FPGA logic cells, timing models, power dissipation I/O block architecture: Input and
Output cell characteristics, clock input, Timing, Power dissipation.
Module 4:
Placement and Routing: Programmable interconnect - Partitioning and Placement, Routing
resources, delays; Applications -Embedded system design using FPGAs, DSP using FPGAs.
Module 5:
Commercial FPGAs: Xilinx, Altera, Actel (Different series description only), Case study Xilinx
Virtex: implementation of simple combinational and sequential circuits.
Text Books
1. FPGA-Based System Design Wayne Wolf, Verlag: Prentice Hall
2. Modern VLSI Design: System-on-Chip Design (3rd Edition) Wayne Wolf, Verlag
Reference Books
1. Field Programmable Gate Array Technology - S. Trimberger, Edr, 1994, Kluwer Academic
2. Digital Design Using Field Programmable Gate Array, P.K. Chan & S. Mourad, 1994,
Prentice Hall
3. Field programmable gate array, S. Brown, R.J. Francis, J. Rose, Z.G. Vranesic, 2007, BS
No Topic No. of
Lectures
1 Introduction
1.1 Digital system design options and tradeoffs 1
1.2 Design methodology and technology overview 2
1.3 High Level System Architecture and Specification: Behavioral 2
modelling and simulation
1.4 Hardware description languages, combinational and sequential design 2
1.5 State machine design, synthesis issues, test benches. 2
2 Programmable logic Devices

2.1 ROM, PLA, PAL, CPLD 3
2.2 FPGA Features, Limitations, Architectures and Programming. 2
2.3 Implementation of MSI circuits using Programmable logic Devices. 3
3 FPGA architecture
3.1 FPGA Architectural options 1
3.2 Granularity of function and wiring resources, coarse V/s fine grained, 3
vendor specific issues (emphasis on Xilinx and Altera)
3.3 Logic block architecture: FPGA logic cells, timing models, power 3
dissipation
3.4 I/O block architecture: Input and Output cell characteristics, clock 3
input, Timing, Power dissipation.
4 Placement and Routing

4.1 Programmable interconnect - Partitioning and Placement 3
4.2 Routing resources, delays 3
4.3 Applications -Embedded system design using FPGAs, DSP using 3
FPGAs
5 Commercial FPGAs
5.1 Xilinx, Altera, Actel (Different series description only) 2
5.2 Case study Xilinx Virtex 4
5.3 Implementation of simple combinational and sequential circuits 3

Course Code: ECT393
Course Name: FPGA Based System Design
Max.Marks: 100 Duration: 3Hours
PART A
1. What are the synthesis issues in FPGA design.

K2
2 Describe FPGA design methodology. K2
3 Differentiate PLA with PAL K2
4 What are the limitations of FPGA. K2
5 Compare coarse and fine grained FPGA architecture. K2
6 What are the timing models in logic block architecture. K2
7 List the applications of FPGA. K2
8 Describe routing resources in FPGA routing. K2
9 Describe how a combnational circuit can be mapped into K2
Xilinx Virtex LUT.
10 List different commercially available FPGAs. K2
PART – B
Module – I
11. Design a full adder using Verilog. 7 CO1 K3

a)
11. Explain behavioral modeling and simulation with an example. 7 CO1 K2
b)
OR
12.a) What is FSM? How it is used for FPGA. 7 CO1 K2
12.b) Explain the purpose of test bench and how it is written in a HDL. 7 CO1 K2
Module – II
13 a) Design the function F=XYZ’+Y’ Z+X Y’ using PLA 8 CO2 K3

13 b) Compare CPLD with FPGA 6 CO2 K2
OR
14 a) Implement the following Boolean function using PAL: 8 CO2 K3
F(w, x, y, z) = Σm (0, 2, 4, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15)m (0, 2,
4, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15)
14 b) Draw the structure of PAL and explain it. 6 CO2 K2
Module – III
15 a) Draw and explain I/O block architecture of FPGA. 7 CO2 K2

15 b) Draw and explain coarse grained FPGA architecture. 7 CO2 K2
OR
16 a) Explain timing and power dissipation in Logic block and I/O block. 7 CO2 K2
16 b) Draw and explain fine grained FPGA architecture. 7 CO2 K2
Module – IV
17 a) Explain partitioning and placement processes in FPGA 8 CO4 K2

17 b) Explain embedded system design using FPGAs 6 CO4 K2
OR
18 a) Explain the delays associated with placement and routing 7 CO4 K2
18 b) Explain DSP design using FPGAs 7 CO4 K2
Module – V
19 a) With neat diagram explain the architecture of Xilinx Virtex IOB. 7 CO3 K2
19 b) Design a four bit up counter with parallel load feature using Xilinx 7 CO3 K3
Virtex.
OR
20 a) Explain the mapping of combinational and sequential circuits using 5 CO3 K3
LUTs.
20 b) Explain the architecture of Xilinx Virtex CLB 9 CO3 K2
DETECTION AND ESTIMATION CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

ECT395
THEORY VAC 3 1 0 4
Preamble: This course aims to impart the fundamentals of detection and estimation theory in
engineering applications
Prerequisite: MAT 101 Linear Algebra and Calculus

MAT 204 Probability, Random Process, and Numerical Methods
ECT 204 Signals and Systems
CO1 K2 Understand the fundamentals of statistical detection and estimation principles used
in various engineering problems.
CO2 K3 Apply various types of statistical decision rules in engineering applications.
CO3 K3 Apply different types of estimation algorithms in engineering applications.

PO1 PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO1 PO11 PO12
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
CO 1 3 3 2
CO 2 3 3 2
CO 3 3 3 2
Assessment Pattern
Tests
1 2
Remember
Apply K3 20 20 40
Analyse
Evaluate
Create
Mark distribution
Marks
150 50 100 3 hours

14 marks.
Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Understand the fundamentals of statistical detection and

estimation principles used in various engineering problems. (K2)
1. Differentiate estimation and detection techniques.
2. Differentiate classical approach and bayesian approch in detection theory (or estimation).
3. Enumerate different applications which are using estimation and detection techniques.
4. Give the mathematical formulation of estimation and detection methods.
5. Draw receiver operating characteristics with all details
6. Give the significance of Bayes risk
7. How multiple hypothesis testing is done.
8. Give the significance of linear models in estimation and detection theory.
9. Significance of Cramer-Rao Lower Bound in estimation.
10. Differentiate MAP and ML methods in estimation (or detection).
Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Apply various types of statistical decision rules in

engineering applications. (K3)
1. Describe Neyman-Pearson theorem (or Bayes risk or minimization of probability of error)

and apply it to any binary hypothesis (eg. Signal in white Gaussian noise)
2. Derive/Obtain the matched filters for the detection of deterministic signals
3. Derive/Obtain the estimator-correlator for the detection of random signals

Course Outcome 3 (CO3): Apply different types of estimation algorithms in

1. Derive/Obtain the Minimum variance unbiased estimator (or best linear unbiased
estimator) for any simple examples (eg. DC Signal in white Gaussian noise)
2. Derive/Obtain the Maximum likelihood estimator (or least squares estimator or minimum
mean square error estimator) for any simple examples (eg. DC Signal in white Gaussian
noise)
3. Using Bayesian approach, obtain an estimator for any simple examples.
SYLLABUS
Module 1 : Introduction to Detection and Estimation Theory

Fundamentals of detection theory, the mathematical detection problem. Fundamentals of
estimation theory, the mathematical estimation problem. Review of Gaussian distribution.
Application examples.
Module 2 : Statistical Detection Theory I

Hypothesis testing, classical approach, Neyman-Pearson theorem, likelihood ratio test,
receiver operating characteristics, Bayesian approach, minimum probability of error, Bayes
risk, multiple hypothesis testing.
Module 3 : Statistical Detection Theory II

Detection of deterministic signals, matched filters, detection of random signals, estimator-
correlator, linear model, application examples.
Module 4 : Statistical Estimation Theory I

Minimum variance unbiased estimation, basics of Cramer-Rao Lower Bound, linear models,
best linear unbiased estimation, application examples.
Module 5 : Statistical Estimation Theory II

Maximum likelihood estimation, least squares, Bayesian philosophy, minimum mean square
error estimation, application examples.
Text Books
1. S.M. Kay, “Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing” Vol I: Estimation Theory,
Pearson, 3/e, 2010.
2. S.M. Kay, “Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing” Vol II: Detection Theory,
Pearson, 3/e, 2010.
Reference Books
1. H. L. Van Trees, “Detection, Estimation, and Modulation Theory”, Vol. I, John Wiley &
Sons, 1968
2. Monson H. Hayes ,“Statistical Digital Signal Processing and Modelling" by, John Wiley &
Sons, 2002.
No Topic No. of
Lectures
1 Introduction to Detection and Estimation Theory
1.1 Fundamentals of detection theory, review of probability and random 2
variable
1.2 The mathematical detection problem 2
1.3 Fundamentals of estimation theory 1
1.4 The mathematical estimation problem 2
1.5 Review of Gaussian distribution. Application examples. 2
2 Statistical Detection Theory I

2.1 Hypothesis testing 2
2.2 Classical approach, Neyman-Pearson theorem 2
2.3 Likelihood ratio test, Receiver operating characteristics 2
2.4 Bayesian approach, minimum probability of error, Bayes risk 2
2.5 Multiple hypothesis testing. 1
3 Statistical Detection Theory II

3.1 Detection of deterministic signals 1
3.2 Matched filters 2
3.3 Detection of random signals 2
3.4 Estimator-correlator 2
3.5 Linear model, application examples. 2
4 Statistical Estimation Theory I

4.1 Minimum variance unbiased estimation 2
4.2 Basics of Cramer-Rao Lower Bound 2
4.3 Linear models 2
4.4 Best linear unbiased estimation 2
4.5 Application examples 1
5 Statistical Estimation Theory II

5.1 Maximum likelihood estimation 2
5.2 Least squares solution 2
5.3 Bayesian philosophy 2
5.4 Minimum mean square error estimation 2
Simulation Assignments (using MATLAB or Python)
1. Generate and familiarize PDF and CDF of Normal distribution.
2. Generate DC level in White Gaussian Noise.
3. Simulate a Neyman-Pearson Detector.
4. Simulate a Maximum Likelihood Estimator.
5. Simulate a Best Linear Unbiased Estimator.

MODEL QUESTION PAPER

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY FIFTH SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE
EXAMINATION
ECT 395 - Detection and Estimation Theory
Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 hrs
PART A
(Answer all questions. Each question carries 3 marks
each).
1. Enumerate different applications which are using estimation and detection techniques. (3)
2. Differentiate estimation and detection techniques. (3)
3. Differentiate classical approach and bayesian approch in detection theory. (3)
4. Give the mathematical formulation of detection methods. (3)
5. Draw receiver operating characteristics with all details (3)
6. Give the significance of Bayes risk (3)
7. Give the significance of linear models in estimation theory. (3)
8. Significance of Cramer-Rao Lower Bound in estimation. (3)
9. What is Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimation? (3)
10. Differentiate MAP and ML methods in estimation. (3)
PART B
(Answer any one question from each module. Each question carries 14 marks
each.)
Note:
(1) Notation x ∼ N (µ, σ2) denotes x is normally distributed with mean µ and variance σ2.
(2)Also, bold small letters indicate vectors and bold capital letters indicate matrices.
11. Obtain the mathematical formulation of estimation method with an example. (14)
OR
12 Using radar system as an example, differentiate estimation and detection techniques. (14)
.
13 Design Neyman-Pearson detector for the unknown level A in White Gaussian Noise with (14)
. variance σ2.
OR
14 Describe the Bayesian approaches in the design of detectors. (14)

.
15 Obtain Matched Filter detector for N -sample deterministic signal in noise, w[n] ∼ N (0, σ2) (14)
n
.
where w[n]’s are uncorrelated.
OR
16 Describe estimator-correlator in the detection of random signals. (14)
.
17 Consider the multiple observations (14)

.
x[n] = A + w[n]; n = 0, 1, . . . , N − 1
where w[n] ∼ N (0, σ2). Determine CRLB for A?
OR
18 Derive the Best Linear Unbiased Estimator for the multiple observations (14)
.
x[n] = A + w[n]; n = 0, 1, . . . , N − 1
where A is an unknown level to be estimated and w[n] is White Noise with unspecified PDF
and variance σ2.
19 Derive the Maximum Likelihood Estimator for the multiple observations (14)
.
x[n] = A + w[n]; n = 0, 1, . . . , N − 1
where A is an unknown level to be estimated and w[n] is White Gaussian Noise with known
variance σ2.
OR
20.Prove that the optimal estimator which minimizes the Bayesian Mean Square Error is the mean of
the posterior PDF.
(14)
COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS FOR CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
ECT397
SIGNAL PROCESSING VAC 3 1 0 4
Preamble: This course aims to use the computational tools in signal processing to solve industry
problems.
Prerequisite: ECL201 Scientific Computing Lab, ECT204 Signals and Systems, ECT303 Digital
Signal Processing
CO 1 Compute posterior probability using pymc3 for practical applications
CO 2 Compute linear and logistic regression with pymc3
CO 3 Perform Bayesian analysis for practical applications.
CO 4 Implement Kalman filters
CO 5 Implement partcle fillters for practical applications

PO1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO PO PO
10 11 12
CO 1 3 3 3 2
CO 2 3 3 2 3 3 2
CO 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 2
CO 4 3 3 2 3 3 2 2
CO 5 3 3 2 3 3 2 2
Assessment Pattern
Tests
1 2
Remember 10 10 20
Understand 30 30 60
Apply 10 10 20
Analyse
Evaluate
Create
Mark distribution
Marks
150 50 100 3 hours

Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Computing posterior probability with pymc3

1. Write Python code to compute the posterior distribution of a 10X10 Gaussian random data set.
2. Write Python functio to compute the autocorrelation of a 5X5 unform random data.
Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Compute linear and logistic regression with pymc3
1. Write a python code to design a regression model by coding setosa =0, versicolor =1, and
virginica = 2 in IRIS data set.?
2. Write a python code usig pymc3 to estimate regression parameters using a simple linear model
y~ax+b, where y is Normally distributed with mean ax+b and variance σ2
Course Outcome 3 (CO3): Perform Bayesian analysis for practical applications.

1. Write a python code using pymc3 to compute the bayes factor for the coin toss using a uniform
prior beta(1,1) . Set p(heads)=0.5
2. Write a python code using pymc3 to implement a bauesian regression model with intercept1 and
slope 3.Use posterior predictive checks to validate the model
Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Implement Kalman filters.

1. Write a python code to predict a random walk using discrete Bayes filter
2. Write a python code to track the movement of an accelerating aircraft using Kalman filter
Course Outcome 5 (CO5): Implement partcle fillters for practical applications

1. Write a python code using pymc3 to create a model that specifies the posterior probability of
human sleeping pattern as a function of time using MCMC method.
2. Write a python code to track a robotic movement using Particle Filter
SYLLABUS
Module 1 Probabilistic Programming

Statistical Modelling using pymc3, Probability concepts, Bayes theorem, Bayesian Statistics and
modelling, Modelling Coin flipping as Bayesian, Choosing the likelihood and prior, Posterior
computation, Posterior predictive analysis, Posterior plots. Likelihood theory and Estimation
Module 2 Modelling Linear and Logistic Regression

Modelling Linear Regression, Polynomial Regression, Multiple Linear Regression,Logistic
Regression, Poisson Regression using pymc3
Module 3 Bayesian Modelling ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Bayesian analysis using pymc3, Posterior predictive checks, Model specifications using
pymc3,Examples of Bayesian Analytics. Bayes factor, Sequential Monte carlo to compute Bayes
factors, Recursive state estimation, Modeling functions using pymc3, Covariance functions and
kernels, Bayesian Regression Models
Module 4 GH and Kalman Filter

GH filter, Choosing G and H factors, Simple simulation models using GH filters, Discrete Bayes
Filter for predicting the random movement, Recursive estimation and prediction, Effect of noisy
environment. Kalman filter- updation using measurements and observations, Kalman Gain
calculation and Prediction, Process noise and Measurement noise. Kalman Filter Equations
implementation in python.
Module 5 Particle Filter

Multivariate Kalman Filter-Modelling and Designing, Effect of Nonlinearity, Nonlinear Filters,
Smoothing, Adaptive Filtering. Markov concepts, Monte carlo integration, Basics of Markov chain
Monte Carlo, Implementation using filterpy module.Particle Filter algorithm and Implementation.
Textbooks and References

1. “Bayesian Analysis with python”, Osvaldo Martin, PACKT Open Source Publishing
2. “Machine Learning: A Bayesian and Optimization Perspective”,Sergios Theodoridis,
Academic Press.
3. https://github.com/rlabbe/Kalman-and-Bayesian-Filters-in-Python
4. http://140.113.144.123/EnD108/Bayesian%20filtering-%20from%20Kalman%20filters
%20to%20Particle%20filters%20and%20beyond.pdf
5. “Ipython Interactive Computing and Visualization Cookbook”, Cyrille Rossant , PACKT
Open Source Publishing
6. “Bayesian Signal Processing: Classical, Modern, and Particle Filtering Methods”, James V.
Candy, Wiley-IEEE Press
No Topic No. of
Lectures
1 Probabilistic Programming
1.1 Statistical Modelling using pymc3, Probability concepts 2
1.2 Bayes theorem, Bayesian Statistics and modelling 2
1.3 Modelling Coin flipping as Bayesian, Choosing the likelihood and 2
prior, Posterior computation,
1.4 Posterior predictive analysis, Posterior plots. Likelihood theory and 3
Estimation
2 Modelling Linear and Logistic Regression
2.1 Modelling Linear Regression 2
2.2 Polynomial Regression, Multiple Linear Regression 2
2.3 Logistic Regression, Poisson Regression using pymc3 4
3 Bayesian Modelling
3.1 Bayesian analysis using pymc3, Posterior predictive checks, Model 3
specifications using pymc3,Examples of Bayesian Analytics.
3.1 Bayes factor, Sequential Monte carlo to compute Bayes factors, 3
Recursive state estimation, Modeling functions using pymc3,
Covariance functions and kernels.
3.3 Bayesian Regression Models. 2
4 GH and Kalman Filter
4.1 GH filter, Choosing G and H factors, Simple simulation models using 2
GH filters.
4.2 Discrete Bayes Filter for predicting the random movement, Recursive 2
estimation and prediction, Effect of noisy environment.
4.3 Kalman filter- updation using measurements and observations, Kalman 4
Gain calculation and Prediction, Process noise and Measurement noise.
Kalman Filter Equations implementation in python.
5 Particle Filter
5.1 Multivariate Kalman Filter - Modelling and Designing 2
5.2 Effect of Nonlinearity, Nonlinear Filters, Smoothing, Adaptive 2
Filtering.
5.3 Markov concepts, Monte carlo integration, Basics of Markov chain 2
Monte Carlo
5.4 Implementation using filterpy module. Particle Filter algorithm and 4
Implementation.
1. Create a noisy measurement system. Design a g-h filter to filter out the noise and plot it.
Write a code to filter 100 data points that starts at 5, has a derivative of 2, a noise
scaling factor of 10, and uses g=0.2 and h=0.02. Set your initial guess for x to be 100.
2. Design a filter to track the position of a train. Its position is expressed as its position on
the track in relation to some fixed point which we say is 0 km. I.e., a position of 1 means
that the train is 1 km away from the fixed point. Velocity is expressed as meters per
second. Measurement of position is doeonce per second, and the error is ± 500 meters.The
train is currently at 23 kilometer, moving at 15 m/s,accelerating at 0.2 m/secˆ2. Plot the
results.
3. Using Discrete Bayes Filter, predict the movemet of a dog. The current position of the
dog is 17 m. The epoch is 2 seconds long, and the dog is traveling at 15 m/s. Where will
the dog be in two seconds?
4. Compute the statistics of a Gaussian function using filterpy() module
5. Design a Kalman filter to track the movement of a dog(parameters same as previous one)
in a Noisy environment
6. Prove that the binomial and beta distributions are conjugate pairs with respect to the mean
value.
7. Show that the conjugate prior of the multivariate Gaussian with respect to the precision
matrix, Q, is a Wishart distribution.
8. Prove that if a probability distribution p satisfies the Markov condition, as implied by a

BN, hen p is given as the product of the conditional distributions given the values of the
parents.
9. Suppose that n balls are thrown independently and uniformly at random into n bins.
(a) Find the conditional probability that bin 1 has one ball given that exactly one ball
fell into the irst three bins.
(b) Find the conditional expectation of the number of balls in bin 1 under the condition
that bin 2 received no balls.
(c) Write an expression for the probability that bin 1 receives more balls than bin 2.

Fifth Semester B Tech Degree Examination
Course: ECT 397 Computational Tools for Signal Processing
PART A
1 State Bayes theorem and explain the significance of the terms (3) K2
prior, likelihood and posterior.
2 Write Python code with pymc3 to realize a Bernoulli trial (3) K3
with p(head) = 0.4
3 Compare logistic and linear regression (3) K2
4 Explain the concept of Poisson regression and (3) K2
logistic regression?
5 Write the significance of choosing conjugate priors in (3) K2
Bayesian analysis
6 Explain Schwarz Criterion. (3) K1
7 Compare process noise and measurement noise in Kalman Filter. (3) K2
8 Write the algorithm for GH filter design (3) K3
9 Write a python code to compute relative error in the true value (3) K3
of π
10 Compare Nonlinear and Linear filters (3) K2
PART B
Module I
11(A) Assume that you have a dataset with 100 data points of (8) K3
Gaussian distribution with a mean of 13 and standard deviation
of 1.5. Using PyMC3, write Python code to compute:
• The posterior distribution
• The prior distribution
• The posterior predictive distribution

.
11(B) Write a python code to find the Bayesian credible interval (6) K3
in the above question. How is it different from confidence
interval.
OR
12(A) Write a python code to evaluate the statistical correlation (8) K3

between variables in a 5 × 5 Gaussian random dataset.
12(B) Show that N (x| µ, Σ) for known Σ is of an exponential (6) K2
form and that its conjugate prior is also Gaussian.
Module II
13(A) Consider the linear model y ax ∼+ b sampled from a probability (8) K3

distribution y N (ax + b,∼σ2). Use pymc3, write a python code to
estimate the parameters a,b and σ.
13(B) Assume that xn, n = 1, 2, ..., N, are iid observations from a (6) K2
2
Gaussian distribution N (µ, σ ). Obtain the MAP estimate of µ,
if the prior follows the exponential distribution p(µ) = λ
exp(−λµ), λ > 0, µ >= 0,
OR
14(A) Write a python code to generate random dataset using a noisy (8) K3
linear process with intercept1 , slope 2 and noise variance of
0.5. Simulate 100 data points and write a code to fit a linear
regression to the data
14(B) Write the steps involved in multiple linear regression technique (6) K2
Module III
15(A) Write a python code to estimate the mean and standard (8) K3
deviation of a randomly generated gaussian data using SMC
method in pymc3
15(B) Explain how posterior predictive checks are used in (6) K2
validating a model using pymc3
OR
16(A) Consider the linear model y = α + β ∗ x sampled from a (8) K3

probability distribution y ∼ N (α + β ∗ x, ε). Use pymc3,
write a python code to estimate the best values of α, β using
Bayesian Linear Regression model. .
16(B) Explain the steps involved in calculating Bayes factor in (6) K2
pymc3
Module IV
17(A) Design an algorithm using Kalman filter to track a constant (8) K3

velocity aircraft in one dimension.
17(B) Give a brief idea about recursive estimation technique. (6) K2
OR
18(A) Design an algorithm using Kalman filter to track an (8) K3

accelerating aircraft in one dimension.
18(B) Explain the concept of Kalman filter gain factor. (6) K2
Module V
19(A) Describe the essential steps in the derivation of the Particle (8) K2
filter.
19(B) Explain Sequntial Importance sampling algorithm? (6) K2
OR
20(A) Explain Multivariate Kalman Filter algorithm. (8) K2

20(B) Explain different resampling algorithms used in designing particle filter
(6) K2
SEMESTER VI
ECT302 ELECTROMAGNETICS
PCC 3 1 0 4
Preamble: This course aims to impart knowledge on the basic concepts of electric and
magnetic fields and its applications.
Prerequisite:MAT102 Vector Calculus
Course Outcomes:After the completion of the course the student will be able to
CO 1 To summarize the basic mathematical concepts related to electromagnetic

K2 vector fields.
CO 2 Analyse Maxwell’s equation in different forms and apply them to diverse engineering
K3 problems.
CO3
To analyse electromagnetic wave propagation and wave polarization
K3
CO4 To analyse the characteristics of transmission lines and solve the transmission line
K3 problems using Smith chart.
CO5
To analyse and evaluate the propagation of EM waves in Wave guides.
K3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CO1 3 3 1 1 2
CO2 3 3 1 1 2
CO3 3 3 1 1 2
CO4 3 3 1 1 2
CO5 3 3 1 1 2
Assessment Pattern

Tests
1 2
Remember K1
Apply K3 30 30 60
Analyse
Evaluate
Create
Mark distribution

Marks
150 50 100 3 hours
14 marks.
Course Outcome 1 (CO1): To summarize the basic mathematical concepts related to

electromagnetic vector fields. (K2)
1. State and explain divergence theorem. Give a geometrical explanation.
2. Find the curl of the vector A =2rcosϕ aρ +r aϕ in cylindrical coordinates
3. Show that curl grad F and div curl F are identically zero.
1 Q
4.Show that V  4 r where r  ( x  y  z ) satisfies Laplace’s equation.
2 2 2 1/ 2
Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Analyse Maxwell’s equation in different forms and apply
them to diverse engineering problems. (K3)
1. State and explain Maxwell’s equations in the integral and differential forms.
2. Derive the solution of uniform plane wave in lossy dielectric medium.
Course Outcome 3 (CO3): To analyse electromagnetic wave propagation and wave

polarization (K3)
1. Derive an expression for reflection coefficient of a plane wave under oblique incidence
with parallel polarization at a dielectric interface.
2. Explain wave polarization and different polarisation with example.
3. Derive the expression for Brewster angle for parallel polarised wave.
Course Outcome 4 (CO4): To analyse the characteristics of transmission lines and solve
the transmission line problems using Smith chart. (K3)
1.A transmission line of length 0.2 λ and characteristic impedance 100Ω is terminated with a
load impedance of 50+200j . Find input impedance, reflection coefficient at load end,
reflection coefficient at the input end and VSWR.
2. A lossless transmission line has a characteristic impedance of 50Ω and phase constant of 3
Rad/ m at 100 MHz . Find Inductance per meter and Capacitance per meter of the
transmission line .
3. A 50 + j200 Ω load is connected to a 100Ω lossless transmission line . Using Smith chart ,
find i. Reflection coefficient at load ii. VSWR
Course Outcome 5 (CO5): To analyse and evaluate the propagation of EM waves in

Wave guides.(K3)
1.For TE10 mode of propagation in a rectangular wave guide, with length 8cm and
6 cm respectively , find the following when frequency of operation is 6 GHz .
i. Cut off frequency
ii. Cut off wavelength
iii. Guide wavelength
iv. Phase constant
v. Phase velocity
vi. Group velocity
vii. Wave impedance
2.A rectangular wave guide has a dimension of 3cm x 5cm , and is operating at a frequency
of 10 GHz . Calculate the cutoff wavelength, cutoff frequency , guide wavelength , phase
velocity and group velocity . and the wave impedance for TE10 mode.
3.Derive the expression for Electric and magnetic field intensities for TM mode of
propagation of rectangular waveguide.
SYLLABUS
MODULE 1 :
Introduction to Electromagnetic Theory. Review of vector calculus- curl, divergence
gradient. Rectangular, cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems. Expression of curl
divergence and Laplacian in cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinate system. Electric
field and magnetic field, Review of Coulomb’s law, Gauss law and Amperes current law.
Poisson and Laplace equations, Determination of E and V using Laplace equation.
MODULE 2 :
Derivation of capacitance and inductance of two wire transmission line and coaxial cable.
Energy stored in Electric and Magnetic field. Displacement current density, continuity
equation. Magnetic vector potential. Relation between scalar potential and vector potential.
Maxwell’s equation from fundamental laws. Boundary condition of electric field and
magnetic field from Maxwells equations.Solution of wave equation.
MODULE 3 :
Propagation of plane EM wave in perfect dielectric, lossy medium, good conductor, media-
attenuation, phase velocity, group velocity, skin depth. Reflection and refraction of plane
electromagnetic waves at boundaries for normal & oblique incidence (parallel and
perpendicular polarization), Snell’s law of refraction, Brewster angle.
MODULE 4 :
Power density of EM wave, Poynting vector theorem. Polarization of electromagnetic wave-
linear, circular and elliptical polarisation.
Uniform lossless transmission line - line parameters.Transmission line equations, Voltage and
Current distribution of a line terminated with load .Reflection coefficient and VSWR.
Derivation of input impedance of transmission line.
MODULE 5 :
Transmission line as circuit elements (L and C). Development of Smith chart - calculation of
line impedance and VSWR using smith chart.
The hollow rectangular wave guide –modes of propagation of wave-dominant mode, group
velocity and phase velocity -derivation and simple problems only
Text Books
1. John D. Kraus, Electromagnetics, 5/e, TMH, 2010.

2. Mathew N O Sadiku, Elements of Electromagnetics, Oxford University Press, 6/e, 2014.
3. William, H. Hayt, and John A. Buck. Engineering Electromagnetics. McGraw-Hill, 8/e
McGraw-Hill, 2014.
Reference Books
1. Edminister, “Schaum’s Outline of Elctromagnetics”, 4/e, McGraw-Hill, 2014.

2. Jordan and Balmain , Electromagnetic waves and Radiating Systems, PHI, 2/e,2013
3.Martin A Plonus , Applied Electromagnetics, McGraw Hill, 2/e,1978.
4. Nannapaneni Narayana Rao, Elements of Engineering Electromagnetics, Pearson, 6/e, 2006.
5. Umran S. Inan and Aziz S. Inan, Engineering Electromagnetics, Pearson, 2010.

1 Module 1
1.1 Introduction to Electromagnetic Theory. Review of vector 3
calculus- curl, divergence gradient.
1.2 Rectangular, cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems. 3
Expression of curl divergence and Laplacian in cartesian ,
cylindrical and spherical coordinate system.
1.3 Electric field and magnetic field.Review of Coulomb’s law , Gauss 2
law and Amperes current law.
1.4 Poisson and Laplace equations, Determination of E and V using 2
Laplace equation.
2 Module 2
2.1 Derivation of capacitance and inductance of two wire transmission 2
line and coaxial cable.
2.2 Energy stored in Electric and Magnetic field. 1
2.3 Displacement current density, continuity equation. Magnetic vector 3
potential. Relation between scalar potential and vector potential.
2.4 Maxwell’s equation from fundamental laws. 2
Boundary condition of electric field and magnetic field from 1
Maxwell’s equations.
2.5 Solution of wave equation 1
3 Module 3
3.1 Propagation of plane EM wave in perfect dielectric, lossy medium, 4
good conductor, media-attenuation, phase velocity, group velocity,
skin depth.
3.2 Reflection and refraction of plane electromagnetic waves at 4
boundaries for normal & oblique incidence (parallel and
perpendicular polarization), Snell’s law of refraction, Brewster
angle.
4 Module 4
4.1 Power density of EM wave, Poynting vector theorem. 2

4.2 Polarization of electromagnetic wave-linear, circular and elliptical 2
polarisation.
4.3 Uniform lossless transmission line - line parameters. Transmission line 3
equations
4.4 Voltage and Current distribution of a line terminated with load .Reflection 3
coefficient and VSWR.Derivation of input impedance of transmission line.
5 Module 5
5.1 Transmission line as circuit elements (L and C). 1
5.2 Development of Smith chart - calculation of line impedance and VSWR 3

using smith chart.
5.3 The hollow rectangular wave guide –modes of propagation of wave- 4
dominant mode, group velocity and phase velocity -derivation and simple
problems only
Assignments:

SIXTH SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, (Model Question Paper)
Course Code: ECT302
Course Name: ELECTROMAGNETICS
PART A
1 Define Curl of a vector field. Explain its physical significance. K2
2 Obtain Coulomb’s law from Gauss’ law K2
3 Write Poisson’s and Laplace’s Equation with applications K1
4 A Parallel plate capacitor with plate area of 5cm2 and a plate separation of 3mm K3
has a voltage 50sin103t Volt applied to its plates. Calculate the displacement
current assuming ε = 2ε0.
5 List all Maxwell’s equations in integral form K1

6 Explain the significance of skin depth. K2
7 What is Snell’s law? K1
8 What is wave polarisation? What are the different types of polarisation? K1
9 State the relation between standing wave ratio and reflection coefficient. K1
10 How a quarter wave dissipationless line can be used for impedance matching?. K2
PART – B
Module - I
11 7
a. Derive the equation for curl of a vector field in Cartesian co-ordinate system.
CO1
K2
b. A Spherical volume charge distribution is given by 7

r2
   0 (1  2 ); r  a CO1
a
  0; r  a K3
Find the electric field intensity E; i) inside and ii) outside the charge distribution
OR
12 Interpret the following 7

CO1
∇ × B= μ 0 J
i) ii) ∇ × E = 0 where B and J stands for magnetic flux K3
density and electric current density
b. Apply Ampere’s circuital law to the case of an infinitely long coaxial cable 7
carrying a uniformly distributed total current I. Compute the magnetic field CO1
intensity existing in different parts of the cable. K3
Module - II
13 Derive the expression of capacitance of two wire transmission line. 7

a.
CO2
K2
b. Show that the energy stored in a system of n point charges is given by 7

1 n CO2
WE   Q iV i where Vi is the potential of the point charge Qi.
2 i 1 K3
OR
14a Define vector magnetic potential and show that B    A , where B is the 7
magnetic flux density and A is the vector magnetic potential at any point.
CO2
K2
7
b State and prove boundary conditions for E and H in accordance with Maxwell’s
CO2
equations.
K2
Module - III
15 Derive the expression for reflection coefficient for a wave of perpendicular 7

a. CO3
polarization , travelling from one medium to another at oblique incidence .
K2
b. In a lossy dielectric medium,characteristic impedance of the medium is 173 +j100 7

Ω , Expression of Magnetic field of a plane wave is given by
CO3
-αx
10 e cos(ω t – 0.5x)az A/m . Find K3
i. Direction of propagation
ii. Loss tangent
iii. Attenuation constant
iv. Phase constant
v. Skin depth
OR
7
16 a Derive continuity equation from fundamental laws.
CO3
K2
b Find the skin depth, δ at a frequency of 1.6 MHz in aluminium, where
σ=38.2MS/m and µr= 1. Also find the propagation constant, γ and the wave
7
velocity v . CO3
K3
Module - IV
17a Derive the equation for transmission and reflection coefficients of an

7
electromagnetic wave incident normally on the boundary between two different
regions. CO4
K2
7
b Derive an expression for net outward power flow associated with an
CO4
electromagnetic wave, from a surface.
K2
OR
18 Derive standard Transmission line equations. 7

a. CO4
K2
b. Given two dielectric media,the first medium is free space and the second medium
7
has ε2 =4ε0 and µ=µ0. Find the reflection coefficient for oblique incidence at θ1= 30o
for i) perpendicular polarisation and ii) parallel polarisation CO4
K3
Module - V
19 A rectangular wave guide has a dimension of 3cm x 5cm , and is operating at a

7
a.
frequency of 10 GHz . Calculate the cutoff wavelength, cutoff frequency , guide CO5
wavelength , phase velocity and group velocity . and the wave impedance for K3
TE10 mode.
b. At a frequency of 80 MHz, a lossless transmission line has a characteristic 7
impedance of 300Ω and a wavelength of 2.5m. Find:
CO5
i) L ii) C iii) If the line is terminated with a parallel combination of 200Ω
and 5pF, determine the reflection co-efficient and the standing wave ratio. K3
OR
20 a A 50 + j200 Ω load is connected to a 100Ω lossless transmission line . Using smith 7

chart , find
CO5
i. Reflection coefficient at load ii. VSWR iii. Load admittance
K3
b Derive the expression for Electric and magnetic field intensities for TM mode of 7
propagation of rectangular waveguide. CO5
K2
ECT304 VLSI CIRCUIT DESIGN
PCC 3 1 0 4
Preamble: This course aims to impart the knowledge of VLSI design methodologies and Digital
VLSI circuit design.
Prerequisite:
1. ECT201 Solid State Devices
2. ECT202 Analog Circuits
3. ECT 203 Logic Circuit Design.
COURSE OUTCOMES.
After the completion of the course the student will be able to:
CO1 Explain the various methodologies in ASIC and FPGA design.
CO2 Design VLSI Logic circuits with various MOSFET logic families.
CO3 Compare different types of memory elements.
CO4 Design and analyse data path elements such as Adders and multipliers.
CO5 Explain MOSFET fabrication techniques and layout design rules.
Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes:

PO1 PO1 PO1
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9
0 1 2
CO1 3 3 2
CO2 3 2 3 2
CO3 3 2 3 2
CO4 3 2 3 2
CO5 3 2 2
Assessment Pattern:
End Semester
Continuous Assessment Tests
Bloom’s Category Examination
1 2
Remember
10 10 20
Understand
20 20 40
Apply
20 20 40
Analyze
Evaluate
Create
Mark distribution:
Total Marks CIE ESE Duration

150 50 100 3Hrs
Assignments : 15 marks.
End Semester Examination Pattern
Maximum Marks : 100 Time : 3 hours
Mark patterns are as per the syllabus with 75% for theory and 25% for logical/numerical
problems.
Course Level Assessment Questions.
CO1:
1. Differentiate between full custom and semi-custom ASIC.
2. With a neat flow chart, explain ASIC design flow.
3. Describe Gate array based ASIC with neat diagram.
4. What are the processes involved in Soc design.
CO2:
1. With a neat diagram explain static and transient analysis of CMOS inverter
2. Realize the given logic function using static CMOS logic and transmission gate logic.
3. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of static and dynamic circuits.
CO3:
1. Compare different ROM structures.
2. Compare static and dynamic RAM structures.
3.Compare the advantages of three transistor and one transistor DRAM cell.
CO4:
1. Design a full adder with static CMOS logic
2. Compare the delay of Carry-Bypass adder, Linear Carry- Select adder, Square- root carry-
select adder.
CO5:
1. Explain how electronic grade silicon (EGS) is developed .
2. Explain the necessity of single crystalline silicon in VLSI fabrication and how single crystal
silicon is made.
3. Explain diffusion and ion implantation techniques.
4. Explain the advantages of SiO2 and the oxidation techniques.
Syllabus
Module 1: VLSI Design Methodologies.

Introduction: Moore’s law .ASIC design, Full custom ASICs, Standard cell based ASICs, Gate
array based ASICs, SoCs, FPGA devices, ASIC and FPGA Design flows, Top-Down and
Bottom-Up design methodologies. Logical and Physical design. Speed power and area
considerations in VLSI design
Module 2: Static CMOS Logic Design

MOSFET Logic Design - NMOS Inverter (Static analysis only), basic logic gates,
CMOS logic, Static and transient analysis of CMOS inverter, Switching power dissipation and
delays. Realization of logic functions with static CMOS logic, Pass transistor logic, and
transmission gate logic
Module 3: Dynamic logic Design and Storage Cells

Dynamic Logic Design-Pre charge- Evaluate logic, Domino Logic, NP domino logic.
Read Only Memory-4x4 MOS ROM Cell Arrays(OR,NOR,NAND)
Random Access Memory –SRAM-Six transistor CMOS SRAM cell, DRAM –Three transistor
and One transistor Dynamic Memory Cell.
Module 4: Arithmetic circuits

Adders: Static adder, Carry-Bypass adder, Linear Carry- Select adder, Square- root carry- select
adder. Multipliers: Array multiplier.
Module 5: Fabrication techniques and MOSFET physical Design

Material Preparation
Purification and Crystal growth (CZ process), wafer preparation
Thermal Oxidation- Growth mechanisms, Dry and Wet oxidation.
Diffusion and ion implantation techniques.
Epitaxy : molecular beam epitaxy.
Lithography- Photo lithographic sequence, Electron Beam Lithography, Etching and metal
deposition techniques.
MOSFET Fabrication techniques
Twin-Tub fabrication sequence, Fabrication process flow.
Layout Design and Design rules, Stick Diagram and Design rules-micron rules and Lambda
rules. (definitions only).layout of CMOS Inverter, two input NAND and NOR gates.
Text Books:
1. Sung –Mo Kang & Yusuf Leblebici, CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits- Analysis & Design,
McGraw-Hill, Third Ed., 2003
2. S.M. SZE, VLSI Technology, 2/e, Indian Edition, McGraw-Hill,2003
3. Wayne Wolf ,Modern VLSI design, Third Edition, Pearson Education,2002.
References:
1. Michael John Sebastian Smith, Application Specific Integrated Circuits, Pearson
Education,2001.
2. Neil H.E. Weste, Kamran Eshraghian, Principles of CMOS VLSI Design- A Systems
Perspective, Second Edition. Pearson Publication, 2005.
3. Jan M. Rabaey, Digital Integrated Circuits- A Design Perspective, Prentice Hall, Second
Edition, 2005.
4. Razavi - Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits,1e, McGraw Hill Education India
Education, New Delhi, 2003.
5.
Course Contents and Lecture Schedule.
No. of.
No Topic
Lectures
Module 1: VLSI Design Methodologies. (11 Hrs)
Introduction: Moore slaw .ASIC design, Full custom ASICs,

1.1 3
Standard cell based ASICs, Gate array based ASICs,
SoCs, FPGA devices
1.2 2
ASIC and FPGA Design flows Top-Down and Bottom-Up design
1.3 3
methodologies.
Logical and Physical design. Speed power and area considerations
1.4 3
in VLSI design
Module 2:Static CMOS Logic Design (9 Hrs)
MOSFET Logic Design - NMOS logic (Static analysis of Basic

2.1 gates only) 3
CMOS logic, Static and transient analysis of CMOS inverter

2.2 3
Switching power dissipation and delays
Realization logic functions in static CMOS logic, Pass transistor
2.3 logic, and transmission gate logic (Static analysis only) 3
Module 3: Dynamic logic Design and Storage Cells (8 Hrs)
Dynamic Logic Design-Pre charge- Evaluate logic, Domino Logic,

3.1 NP domino logic. 3
Read Only Memory-4x4 MOS ROM Cell

3.2 Arrays(OR,NOR,NAND) 2
Random Access Memory –SRAM-Six transistor CMOS SRAM

3.3 cell, DRAM –Three transistor and One transistor Dynamic Memory 3
Cell.
Module 4: Arithmetic circuits (5 Hrs)
4.1 Adders- Static adder, Carry-Bypass adder, Linear Carry- Select 3

adder, Square- root carry- select adder.
4.2 Multipliers-Array multiplier. 2
Module 5: MOSFET physical Design and Fabrication techniques (13 Hrs)
5.1 Material Preparation (qualitative analysis only) 2

Purification and Crystal growth (CZ process), wafer preparation.
Thermal Oxidation- Growth mechanisms, Dry and Wet oxidation.
5.2 3
Diffusion and ion implantation techniques.
Epitaxy : Molecular beam epitaxy.
5.3 Lithography- Photo lithographic sequence, Electron Beam 3
Lithography, Etching and metal deposition techniques
MOSFET Fabrication techniques(qualitative analysis only)
5.4 2
Twin-Tub fabrication sequence, Fabrication process flow.
Layout Design and Design rules, Stick Diagram and Design rules-
5.5 micron rules and Lambda rules. Layout of CMOS Inverter, two 3
input NAND and NOR gates,

Sixth Semester B Tech Degree Examination
Branch: Electronics and Communication Course:
Time: 3 Hrs Max. ECT 304 VLSI CIRCUIT DESIGN
Marks: 100
PART A
(Answer All Questions)
1 What is Moore's law in VLSI design? (3)

2 Differentiate between ASIC and FPGA. (3)
3 Switching threshold voltage equation of CMOS inverter and explain each (3)
parameter
4 List the advantage of CMOS logic. (3)
5 List the advantages of dynamic logic over static logic circuits. (3)
6 Differentiate between volatile and non volatile memories. (3)
7 Explain propagate delete and generate signals. (3)
8 What are the different types of power dissipation in a CMOS inverter? (3)
9 List the advantages of SiO2 (3)
10 Define lambda rules and micron rules. (3)
PART B
(Answer one question from each module. Each question carries 14 mark.)
11(A) What is FPGA? What are its applications? With block diagram explain its (6)
internal architecture?
11(B) Explain ASIC design flow. (8)
OR
12(A) Compare different ASIC design methodologies. (8)
12(A) List the advantages of SOC (6)
13(A) Derive expression for the switching threshold of a CMOS inverter. (7)
13(B) What is meant by pass transistor logic? What are the differences in (7)
transmission characteristics of N MOS and P MOS transistors?
OR
14(A) What are the different types of power dissipation in a CMOS inverter? (8)
Derive expression for the total power dissipation.
14(B) Why PMOS transistor can pass only strong ones and NMOS can pass (6)
strong zeros.
15(A) Draw the circuit diagram and explain the principle of operation of a (7)
CMOS based static RAM cell. Explain the read and write operations.
What are the constraints on the sizes of transistors?
15(B) Draw the circuit diagram and explain the principle of operation of a one (7)
transistor dynamic RAM cell. Explain the read, write and refresh
operations
OR
16(A) Explain the read and write operation of a three-transistor DRAM cell (7)
16(B) Explain the read and write operation of a six transistor CMOS SRAM cell. (7)
OR
17(A) With diagram illustrate the principle of operation of an array multiplier. (8)
Show the critical path. Estimate the delay of the multiplier.
17(B) With block diagram illustrate the principle of operation of a square root (6)
carry select adder. Estimate the delay of an n bit adder
OR
18(A) Draw circuit diagram of a full adder with not more than 28 transistors in (8)
standard CMOS logic
18(B) Explain the working a 16-bit carry-by pass adder and write down the (6)
expression for worst-case delay.
19(A) Illustrate with diagram the principle of crystal growth by Czochralzki (7)
method.
19(B) What is photolithography? With diagram illustrate the steps involved in (7)
photolithography process.
OR
20(A) Explain the principle of molecular beam epitaxy, with schematic diagram (8)
of an MBE system. What are its advantages and disadvantages?
20(B) With schematic diagram and chemical reactions involved, illustrate wet (6)
and dry oxidation processes
MODEL ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
Module 1
1. How to choose between FPGA and ASIC ?
2. Describe ASIC in terms of Size, power and performance, IP protection and competitive
Edge
3. Compare Gate-array design and Full-custom design?
4. What are the differences between CPLDs and CLBs
5 List some of the commonly used FPGA development board ?
6. Discuss the architecture of any one of the leading FPGA in industry ?
Module 2
1. Power and interconnect delay analysis of CMOS inverter?
2. Implement XOR function using pass transistor logic?
3. Derive V IL, V IH,V OH , and V OL of depletion load inverter?
4. Design 8:1 MUX using transmission gate logic?
5. What are the advantages of NMOS over CMOS ?
Module 3
1. Explain the working of sense amplifiers in memory structures?
2. Design a voltage comparator in precharge-evaluate logic .
3. Discuss the cascading problem of P-E logic
4. Discuss the architecture of FLASH EPROM
5. Explain the working of FGMOS
Module 4
1. With diagram illustrate the principle of operation of an array multiplier. Show the critical
path. Estimate the delay of the multiplier
2. Implement a 3x3 array multiplier?
Module 5
1. What is photolithography? With diagram illustrate the steps involved in photolithography
process?
2. What is Deal Grove model of oxidation? What are linear and parabolic rate coefficients
with reference to oxidation process?
3. Illustrate with diagram the principle of crystal growth by Czochralzki method
4. Explain DEAL-GROVE model of oxidation?
5. What are the requirements of a "clean-room" in VLSI fabrication
INFORMATION THEORY AND CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

ECT306
CODING PCC 3 1 0 4
Preamble: This course aims to lay down the foundation of information theory introducing both
source coding and channel coding. It also aims to expose students to algebraic and probabilistic
error-control codes that are used for reliable transmission.
Prerequisite: MAT 201 Linear Algebra and Calculus, MAT 204 Probability, Random Process and
Numerical Methods, ECT 204 Signals and Systems.
CO 1 Explain measures of information – entropy, conditional entropy, mutual information

CO 2 Apply Shannon’s source coding theorem for data compression.
CO 3 Apply the concept of channel capacity for characterize limits of error-free
transmission.
CO 4 Apply linear block codes for error detection and correction
CO 5 Apply algebraic codes with reduced structural complexity for error correction
CO 6 Understand encoding and decoding of covolutional and LDPC codes

PO PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO PO PO 12
1 10 11
CO 1 3 3
CO 2 3 3 2 3 3
CO 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 2
CO 4 3 3 2 3 3 2 2
CO 5 3 3 2 3 3 2 2
CO 6 3 3 2 3 3 2 2
Assessment Pattern
Tests
1 2
Remember 10 10 20
Understand 30 30 60
Apply 10 10 20
Analyse
Evaluate
Create
Mark distribution
Total CIE ESE ESE
Marks Duration
150 50 100 3 hours

Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Entropy, Mutual Information

1. Prove that entropy of a discrete random variable is upper bounded by logarithm of alphabet size.
2. Prove that I(X:Y|Z) is always greater than or equal to 0.
Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Source Coding

1. State and prove Kraft’s inequality for uniquely decodable codes.
2. Describe operational meaning of entropy in the light of Shannons’s source coding theorem.
Course Outcome 3 (CO2): Channel Capacity

1. Derive the expression for capacity of binary symmetric channel.
2. Define differential entropy and derive its expression for a Gaussian distributed random variable
with zero mean value and variance σ2.
3. Explain the inferences from Shannon Hartley theorem with the help of spectral efficiency versus
SNR per bit graph.
Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Linear Block Codes

1. Construct a table for GF(23) based on the primitive polynomial, p(x) = 1 + x + x3.
2. Find generator and parity check matrix in systematic format of the (6,3) linear block code for the
given parity matrix.
]
P= 1 1 0
[ 0 1 1
1 1 1
1 0 1
3. Explain standard array decoding of linear block codes.
Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Algebraic codes

1. Draw and explain the decoder circuit of (n, k) cyclic codes.
2. Give the properties of BCH codes.
Course Outcome 5 (CO5): Convlutional and LDPC Codes

1. Obtain the output codeword corresponding to the information sequence (1 1 0 1 1) for a convolu-
tional encoder with rate ½ and constraint length 4, for generator sequences, g(1) = (1011) and
g(2)
= (1111).
2. Explain the message-passing decoding algorithm for LDPC codes with respect to binary erasure
channel.
SYLLABUS
Module 1 – Entropy, Sources and Source Coding

Entropy, Properties of Entropy, Joint and Conditional Entropy, Mutual Information, Properties of
Mutual Information.
Discrete memoryless sources, Source code, Average length of source code, Bounds on average
length, Uniquely decodable and prefix-free source codes. Kraft Inequality (with proof), Huffman
code. Shannon’s source coding theorem (both achievability and converse) and operational meaning
of entropy.
Module 2 – Channels and Channel Coding

Discrete memoryless channels. Capacity of discrete memoryless channels. Binary symmetric
channels (BSC), Binary Erasure channels (BEC). Capacity of BSC and BEC. Channel code. Rate
of channel code. Shannon’s channel coding theorem (both achievability and converse without
proof) and operational meaning of channel capacity.
Modeling of Additive White Gaussian channels. Continuous-input channels with average power
constraint. Differential entropy. Differential Entropy of Gaussian random variable. Relation
between differential entropy and entropy. Shannon-Hartley theorem (with proof – mathematical
subtlities regarding power constraint may be overlooked).
Inferences from Shannon Hartley theorem – spectral efficiency versus SNR per bit, power-limited
and bandwidth-limited regions, Shannon limit, Ultimate Shannon limit.
Module 3 – Introduction to Linear Block Codes

Overview of Groups, Rings, Finite Fields, Construction of Finite Fields from Polynomial rings,
Vector spaces.
Block codes and parameters. Error detecting and correcting capability. Linear block codes. Two
simple examples -- Repetition code and single parity-check code. Generator and parity-check
matrix. Systematic form.
Maximum likelihood decoding of linear block codes. Bounded distance decoding. Syndrome.
Standard array decoding.
Module 4 – A Few Important Classes of Algebraic codes

Cyclic codes. Polynomial and matrix description. Interrelation between polynomial and matrix view
point. Systematic encoding. Decoding of cyclic codes.
(Only description, no decoding algorithms) Hamming Codes, BCH codes, Reed-Solomon Codes.
Module 5 – Convolutional and LDPC Codes

Convolutional Codes. State diagram. Trellis diagram. Maximum likelihood decoding. Viterbi
algorithm.
Low-density parity check (LDPC) codes. Tanner graph representation. Message-passing decoding
for transmission over binary erasure channel.
Text Books and References
1. “Elements of Information Theory”, Joy A Thomas, Thomas M Cover, Wiley-Interscience.

2. “Information Theory, Inference and Learning Algorithms”, David JC McKay, Cambridge
University Press
3. “Principles of digital communication”, RG Gallager, Cambridge University Press
4. “Digital Communication Sysmtes”, Simon Haykin, Wiley.
5. “Introduction to Coding Theory”, Ron M Roth, Cambrdige University Press
6. Shu Lin & Daniel J. Costello. Jr., Error Control Coding : Fundamentals and Applications,
2nd Edition.
7. Modern Coding Theory, Rüdiger Urbanke and TJ Richardson, Cambdridge University
Press.
No Topic No. of
Lectures
1 Entropy, Sources and Source Coding
1.1 Entropy, Properties of Entropy, Joint and Conditional Entropy 2
1.2 Mutual Information, Properties of Mutual Information 2
1.3 Discrete memoryless sources, Source code, Average length of source 2
code, Bounds on average length
1.4 Uniquely decodable and prefix-free source codes. Kraft Inequality 2
(with proof)
1.5 Huffman code. Shannon’s source coding theorem and operational 2
meaning of entropy
2 Channels and Channel Coding

2.1 Discrete memoryless channels. Capacity of discrete memoryless 1
channels
2.2 Binary symmetric channels (BSC), Binary Erasure channels (BEC). 2
Capacity of BSC and BEC.
2.3 Channel code. Rate of channel code. Shannon’s channel coding 2

theorem (without proof) and operational meaning of channel capacity.
2.4 Modeling of Additive White Gaussian channels. Continuous-input 1
channels with average power constraint.
2.5 Differential entropy. Differential Entropy of Gaussian random variable. 2
Relation between differential entropy and entropy
2.6 Shannon-Hartley theorem and its proof 1
2.7 Inferences from Shannon Hartley theorem – spectral efficiency versus 2
SNR, power-limited and bandwidth-limited regions, Shannon limit,
Ultimate Shannon limit.
3 Introduction to Linear Block Codes

3.1 Overview of Groups, Rings, Finite Fields, Construction of Finite Fields 5
from Polynomial rings, Vector spaces.
3.2 Block codes and parameters. Error detecting and correcting capability 1
3.3 Linear block codes. Generator and parity-check matrix. Systematic 2
form. Two simple examples -- Repetition code and single parity-check
code. General examples.
3.5 Maximum likelihood decoding of linear block codes. Bounded distance 3
decoding. Syndrome. Standard array decoding.
4 A Few Important Classes of Algebraic codes

4.1 Cyclic codes. Polynomial and matrix description. Interrelation between 4
polynomial and matrix view point. Systematic encoding. Decoding of
cyclic codes.
4.2 Hamming Codes, 1
4.3 BCH codes, Reed-Solomon Codes. 2
5 Convolutional and LDPC Codes

5.1 Convolutional Codes. 1
5.2 State diagram. Trellis diagram. 2
5.3 Maximum likelihood decoding. Viterbi algorithm
5.4 Low-density parity check (LDPC) codes. Tanner graph representation
2
Message-passing decoding for transmission over binary erasure
channel.
.
ECT 306 Information Theory and Coding


SCILAB/LabVIEW
1. Source Coding - Huffman Code

1. Generate Huffman code for the source with symbol probabilities {1/2, 1/3, 1/6}.
2. Find the entropy, average codeword length and efficiency of the code.
3. Create the second order extended source by taking probabilities of 9 symbols in the
extended source as the product of every possible combinations of two symbols from
the original source.
4. Generate Huffman code for the extended source symbols and find the entropy,
average codeword length and efficiency of the code.
5. Compare the two efficiencies and appreciate the Shannon’s source coding theorem.
2. Binary Symmetric Channel
1. Create a 2 x 2 matrix, P(Y/X) for binary symmetric channel with channel transition
probability, p < 0.5.
2. Let the input symbol probabilities corresponding to symbol 0 and 1 be α and

(1 - α) respectively. For different values of α ranging from 0 to 1, find the joint prob-
ability matrix, P(X,Y) and output probability, P(Y)
3. Find mutual information, I(X; Y) = H(Y) – H(Y/X) for each value of α. Plot the
I(X; Y) versus α graph and observe the channel capacity.
3. Linear Block Code (LBC)

1. Create the k x n generator matrix, G of (n, k) LBC.
2. Generate all possible codewords by multiplying the message vector of length, k
with G.
3. Calculate the Hamming weight of all codewords and obtain the minimum distance,
dmin of the code.
4. Find its error correcting and detecting capability.
5. Cyclic Code – Encoder & Decoder
1. Realize the encoder circuit for (7, 4) cyclic code in Fig. 4.2 in page 96 in Error
Control Coding: Fundamentals and Applications by Shu Lin & Daniel J. Costello. Jr.
2. Create a random binary vector of length 4 as input message vector and generate the
codeword.
3. Create binary vector of length 7 with Hamming weight 1 as error vector and add it to
the encoder output to generate the receiver output.
4. Realize the decoder circuit for (7, 4) cyclic code in Fig. 4.9 in page 107 in Error
Control Coding: Fundamentals and Applications by Shu Lin & Daniel J. Costello. Jr.
5. Observe the encoder and decoder outputs for different message vectors and error
vectors and find the error correcting capability of the code.
6. Convolutional Code
1. Implement (2,1,3) convolutional encoder in Fig. 10.1 in page 288 in Error Control
Coding: Fundamentals and Applications by Shu Lin & Daniel J. Costello. Jr.
2. Give a message vector, u of arbitrary length as input to the encoder.
3. Generate the output code sequence.


ECT 306 INFORMATION THEORY AND CODING
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks:100
PART A
Answer all questions. Each question carries 3 marks.

1. A source emits one f four symbols, s0, s1, s2, s3 with probabilities 1/3, 1/6, 1/4 and 1/4
respectively. The successive symbols emitted by the source are statistically indepen-
dent. Calculate the entropy of the source.
2. Identify the instantaneous codes from the code sets listed below.
3. State Shannon’s channel coding theorem. What is its significance in digital communication
system?
4. An analog signal band limited to ‘B’ Hz is sampled at Nyquist rate. The samples are
quantized into 4 levels. The quantization levels are assumed to be independent and occur
with probabilities: p1= p4 = 1/8, p2 = p3 = 3/8. Find the information rate of the source
assuming B = 100Hz.
5. List the properties of group. Give an example.
6. Show that C = {0000, 1100, 0011, 1111} is a linear code. What is its minimum distance?
7. Explain generation of systematic cyclic code using polynomial description.
8. List the features of Reed Solomon code.
9. Draw a (3,2,1) convolutional encoder with generator sequences,
g(11 )=( 11 ) , g(12 )=( 01 ) , g (13 )=( 11 ) and g(21 )=( 01 ) , g (22 )=( 10 ) , g2(3)= (10 ).
10. Draw the tanner graph of rate 1/3 LDPC code for the given parity check matrix.
1 1 1 0 0 0
H=
[
1 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 1
]
PART B
Answer any one question from each module. Each question carries 14
marks.
MODULE I
11 (a) The joint probability of a pair of random variables is given below. Determine H(X,
Y), H(X/Y), H(Y/X) and I(X,Y). Verify the relationship between joint, conditional and
marginal entropies.
1/3 1/ 3
P(X, Y) = [ 0 1/ 3 ]
(10 marks)
11 (b) Explain uniquely decodable and prefix-free property of source code. (4 marks)
12 (a) Find the binary Huffman code for the source with probabilities {1/3, 1/5, 1/5,
2/15, 2/15}. Also find the efficiency of the code. (9 marks)
12 (b) Prove that H(Y) ≥ H(Y/X). (5 marks)
MODULE II
13 (a) A voice grade channel of the telephone network has a bandwidth of 3.4 KHz.
Calculate channel capacity of the telephone channel for signal to noise ratio of 30 dB. Also
determine the minimum SNR required to support information transmission through the
telephone channel at the rate of 4800 bits/sec.
(7 marks)
13 (b) Derive the expression for channel capacity for binary erasure channel. (7 marks)
14 (a) A binary channel has the following noise characteristic.

2/3 1/3
P(Y/X) = [1/3 2/3 ]
If the input symbols are transmitted with probabilities 3/4 and 1/4 respectively, find I(X;Y).
Also compute channel capacity and what are the input symbol probabilities that correspond
to the channel capacity. (9 marks)
14 (b) State Shannon Hartley theorem and explain the significance of Shannon limit. (6 marks)
MODULE III
15 (a) The parity check matrix of (7,4) linear block code is given as
1 00 1 01 1
[
H = 0 10 1 11 0 .
0 01 0 11 1 ]
Compute the minimum distance of the code and find its error detection and correcting capability.
Suppose that the received codeword, r = (1001111). Determine whether the received codeword is in
error? If so, form the decoding table and obtain the correct codeword. (9 marks)
16 (b) List the properties of vector space. Define subspace. (5 marks)
17 (a)The parity bits of a (8, 4) linear systematic block code are generated by
c5 = d1+d2+d4
c6 = d1+d2+d3
c7 = d1+d3+d4
c8 = d2+d3+d4
(+ sign denotes modulo-2 addition)
where d1, d2, d3 and d4 are message bits and c5, c6, c7 and c8 are parity bits. Find
generator matrix G and parity check matrix H for this code. Draw the encoder circuit (7 marks)
17 (b) Explain the construction of finite field from polynomial ring with the help of an ex-ample.
(7 marks)
MODULE IV
18 (a) Consider a (7, 4) cyclic code with generator polynomial, g(x) = 1 + x + x3. Express the
generator matrix and parity-check matrix in systematic and non-systematic form
(8 Marks)
18 (b) Find the generator polynomial for single, double and triple error correcting BCH code of block
length, n = 15. (6 marks)
19 (a) Draw syndrome circuit for a (7,4) cyclic code generated by g(x)=1+x+x3. If the re-ceived
vector r is [0010110] what is the syndrome of r? Explain the circuit with a table showing the
contents of the syndrome register. (8 Marks)
19 (b) What are the features of Hamming code? Find the parity check matrix for (15, 11) Hamming
code. (6 marks)
MODULE V
20 (a) Draw the state diagram of a convolution encoder with rate 1/3 and constraint length
3 for generator sequences g(1) = (1 0 0), g(2) = (1 0 1), g(3) = (1 1 1). (7 marks)
20 (b) Explain message passing decoding algorithm for LDPC codes with the help of an
example.
(7 marks)
21 For a (2,1,2) convolutional encoder with generator sequences g(1) = (1 1 1) and g(2)
= (1 0 1). Draw Trellis and perform Viterbi decoding on this trellis for the received
sequence {01, 10, 10, 11, 01, 01, 11} and obtain the estimate of the transmitted se-
quence. (14 marks)
COMPREHENSIVE COURSE CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

ECT308 WORK PCC 1 0 0 1
Preamble: The objective of this Course work is to ensure the comprehensive knowledge
of each student in the most fundamental Program core courses in the
curriculum. Five core courses credited from Semesters 3, 4 and 5 are chosen
for the detailed study in this course work. This course has an End Semester
Objective Test conducted by the University for 50 marks. One hour is
assigned per week for this course for conducting mock tests of objective
nature in all the listed five courses.
Prerequisite: 1. ECT202 Analog Circuits

2. ECT203 Logic Circuit Design
3. ECT301 Linear Integrated Circuits
4. ECT303 Digital Signal processing
5. ECT305 Analog and Digital communication
Apply the knowledge of circuit theorems and solid state physics to solve the
CO 1
problems in electronic Circuits
CO 2 Design a logic circuit for a specific application
CO 3 Design linear IC circuits for linear and non-linear circuit applications.
CO 4 Explain basic signal processing operations and Filter designs
CO 5 Explain existent analog and digital communication systems
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CO 1 3 3 1 2
CO 2 3 3 1 2
CO 3 3 3 1 2
CO 4 3 2 2
CO 5 3 2 1 2
Assessment Pattern
Bloom’s Category End Semester
Examination
Remember 10
Understand 20
Apply 20
Analyse
Evaluate
Create
Mark distribution
50 0 50 1 hour
End Semester Examination Pattern: Objective Questions with multiple choice (Four).
Question paper include Fifty Questions of One mark each covering the five identified
courses.
Syllabus
Full Syllabus of all five selected courses
.
1 Analog Circuits
1.1 Mock Test on Module 1 and Module 2 1
1.2 Mock Test on Module 3, Module 4 and Module 5 1
1.3 Feedback and Remedial 1
2 Logic Circuit design
3 Linear IC
4 Digital Signal Processing
5 Analog and Digital Communication
ECL332 COMMUNICATION LAB
PCC 0 0 3 2
Preamble:
• The experiments are categorized into three parts Part A, Part B and Part C.
• The experiments in Part A involves design and setting up of prototype

circuits on breadboard or trainer kits.
• The experiments in Part B are software simulations and can be done using
GNU Octave or Python. Other softwares such as MATLAB/ SCILAB/
LabVIEW can also be used.
• The experiments in Part C are emulations using SDR (software-designed-

radio) dongle connected to laptops. A control software has to be in- stalled
on the laptops. A combination of open-source GNU Radio software, RTL-
SDR (for reception) and HackRF / LimeSDR (for transmission) can be
used to conduct these experiments. Other platforms such as LabView with
NI-USRP or Simulink with RTL-SDR can also be used.
Prerequisites:
• ECT 305 Analog and Digital Communication

• ECT 303 Digital Signal Processing
Course Outcomes :The student will be able to

CO 1 Setup simple prototype circuits for waveform coding and digial
modulation techniques working in a team.
CO 2 Simulate the error performance of a digital communication system
using standard binary and M -ary modulation schemes.
CO 3 Develop hands-on skills to emulate a communication system with
software-designed-radio working in a team.
Mapping of Course Outcomes with Program Outcomes
CO1 3 3 3 2 3 0 0 0 3 2 0 1
CO2 3 3 3 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
CO3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 2 0 3
Assessment Pattern Mark
Distribution;
Total Mark CIE ESE

150 75 75
Attribute Mark
Attendance 15
Continuous assessment 30
Internal Test (Immediately before 30
the second series test)
End Semester Examination Pattern: The following guidelines should be followed

regarding award of marks.
Attribute Mark
Preliminary work 15
Implementing the work/Conducting the experiment 10
Performance, result and inference (usage of equipments 25
and trouble shooting)
Viva voce 20
Record 5
General instructions: End-semester practical examination is to be conducted

immediately after the second series test covering entire syllabus given below. Evaluation
is to be conducted under the equal responsibility of both the internal and external
examiners. The number of candidates evaluated per day should not exceed 20. Students
shall be allowed for the examination only on submitting the duly certified record. The
external examiner shall endorse the record.
Experiments
Part A
Any two experiments are mandatory. The students shall design and setup simple
prototype circuits with the help of available ICs. They can observe Waveforms
produced by these circuits for standard ideal inputs.
1. FM generation and demodulation using PLL
2. Generation and Detection of PCM signals

3. Generation and Detection of Delta modulated signals
4. Generation and Detection of BPSK
5. Generation and Detection of 16-QPSK
Part B
All experiments are mandatory. The students shall write scripts to simulate
components of communication systems. They shall plot various graphs that help
to appreciate and compare performance.
1. Performance of Waveform Coding Using PCM

1. Generate a sinusoidal waveform with a DC offset so that it takes only
positive amplitude value.
2. Sample and quantize the signal using an uniform quantizer with number of
representation levels L. Vary L. Represent each value using decimal to
binary encoder.
3. Compute the signal-to-noise ratio in dB.
4. Plot the SNR versus number of bits per symbol. Observe that the SNR
increases linearly.
2. Pulse Shaping and Matched Filtering

1. Generate a string of message bits.
2. Use root rasied cosine pulse p(t) as the shapig pulse, and generate the
corresponding baseband signal with a fixed bit duration Tb. You may use
roll-off factor as α = 0.4.
3. Simulate transmission of baseband signal via an AWGN channel
4. Apply matched filter with frequency response Pr(f ) = P ∗(f ) to the

received signal.
5. Sample the signal at mTb and compare it against the message sequence.
3. Eye Diagram

2. Use rasied cosine pulse p(t) as the shapig pulse, and generate the
corresponding baseband signal with a fixed bit duration Tb. You may use
roll-off factor as α = 0.4.
3. Use various roll off factors and plot the eye diagram in each case for the
received signal. Make a comparison study among them.
4. Error Performance of BPSK

2. Encode using BPSK with energy per bit Eb and represent it using points in
a signal-space.
3. Simulate transmission of the BPSK modulated signal via an AWGN

channel with variance N0/2.
4. Detect using an ML decoder and plot the probability of error as a function

of SNR per bit Eb/N0.
5. Error Performance of QPSK

2. Encode using QPSK with energy per symbol Es and represent it using
points in a signal-space.
3. Simulate transmission of the QPSK modulated signal via an AWGN

channel with variance N0/2 in both I-channel and Q-channel.
4. Detect using an ML decoder and plot the probability of error as a function

of SNR per bit Eb/N0 where Es = 2Eb.
Part C
Any two experiments are mandatory. The students shall emulate communication
systems with the help of software-defined-radio hardware and necessary control
software. Use available blocks in GNU Radio to implement all the signal
processing. These experiments will help students to appreciate better how
theoretical concepts are translated into practice.
1. Familiarization with Software Defined Radio (Hardware and Control

Software)
1. Familiarize with an SDR hardware for reception and transmission of RF
signal.
2. Familiarize how it can be interfaced with computer.
3. Familiarize with GNU Radio (or similar software’s like Simulink/ Lab-
View) that can be used to process the signals received through the SDR
hardware.
4. Familiarize available blocks in GNU Radio. Study how signals can be

generated and spectrum (or power spectral density) of signals can be
analyzed. Study how filtering can be performed.
2. FM Reception
1. Receive digitized FM signal (for the clearest channel in the lab) using the
SDR board.
2. Set up an LPF and FM receiver using GNU Radio.
3. Use appropriate sink in GNU Radio to display the spectrum of signal.
4. Resample the voice to make it suitable for playing on computer speaker.
3. FM Transmission
1. Use a wave file source.
2. Set up an FM transmitter using GNU Radio.
3. Resample the voice source and transmit using the SDR.
Schedule of Experiments Every experiment should be completed in three hours.
Text books and References
1. Carl Laufer, “The Hobbyist’s Guide to the RTL-SDR: Really Cheap

Software Defined Radio”
2. Neel Pandeya, “Implementation of a Simple FM Receiver in GNU Ra-

dio,” https://kb.ettus.com/
3. WH Tranter, KS Shanmugan, TS Rappaport, KL Kosbar, “Principles of

Communication Systems Simulation with Wireless Applications”,
Prentice Hall
4. Michael Ossmann, “Software Defined Radio with HackRF,” YouTube

Tutorial
5. Mathuranathan Viswanathan, “Digital Modulations using Python”

ECD334 MINIPROJECT
PWS 0 0 3 2
Preamble: The course aims

 To estimate the ability of the students in transforming the theoretical knowledge
studied in to a working model of an electronic system
 For enabling the students to gain experience in organisation and implementation of
small projects.
 Design and development of Small electronic project based on hardware or a
combination of hardware and software for electronics systems.
Course Plan
In this course, each group consisting of three/four members is expected to design

and develop a moderately complex electronic system with practical applications,
this should be a working model. The basic concept of product design may be taken
into consideration.
Students should identify a topic of interest in consultation with Faculty/Advisor.

Review the literature and gather information pertaining to the chosen topic. State the
objectives and develop a methodology to achieve the objectives. Carryout the
design/fabrication or develop codes/programs to achieve the objectives.
Demonstrate the novelty of the project through the results and outputs. The progress
of the mini project is evaluated based on a minimum of two reviews.
The review committee may be constituted by the Head of the Department. A project
report is required at the end of the semester. The product has to be demonstrated for
its full design specifications. Innovative design concepts, reliability considerations,
aesthetics/ergonomic aspects taken care of in the project shall be given due weight.
Course Outcomes
Be able to practice acquired knowledge within the selected area of
CO1 technology for project development.
Identify, discuss and justify the technical aspects and design aspects
CO2 of the project with a systematic approach.
Reproduce, improve and refine technical aspects for engineering
CO3 projects.
CO4 Work as a team in development of technical projects.
Communicate and report effectively project related activities and

CO5 findings.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CO 1 3 3 3 2 3 2
CO 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 2
CO 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2
CO 4 3 3 3 2
CO 5 3 3 3 2
Evaluation
The internal evaluation will be made based on the product, the report and a viva- voce
examination, conducted by a 3-member committee appointed by Head of the
Department comprising HoD or a senior faculty member, Academic coordinator for
that program, project guide/coordinator.
The Committee will be evaluating the level of completion and demonstration of

functionality/specifications, presentation, oral examination, work knowledge and
involvement.
Mark distribution

150 75 75 1 hour
Split-up of CIE
Component Marks
Attendance 10
Marks awarded based on guide’s evaluation 15
Project Report 10
Evaluation by Committee 40
Split-up of ESE
Component Marks
Level of completion 10
Demonstration of 25
functionality
Project Report 10
Viva-voce 20
Presentation 10
SEMESTER VI
PROGRAM ELECTIVE I
ECT312 DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN
PEC 2 1 0 3
Preamble: This course aims to design hazard free synchronous and asynchronous sequential
circuits and implement the same in the appropriate hardware device
Prerequisite: ECT203 Logic Circuit Design
CO 1
Analyze clocked synchronous sequential circuits
K4
CO 2
Analyze asynchronous sequential circuits
K4
CO 3
Design hazard free circuits
K3
CO 4
Diagnose faults in digital circuits
K3
CO 5
Summarize the architecture of FPGA and CPLDs
K2

PO PO PO
PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9
10 11 12
CO1 3 3 3 2 2 2 3
CO2 3 3 2 2 2 3
CO3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3
CO4 3 2 1 2 2 3
CO5 2 2 2 3
Assessment Pattern
Tests
1 2
Apply K3 20 20 35
Analyse K4 10 20
Evaluate
Create
Mark distribution
Total CIE ESE ESE
Marks Duration
150 50 100 3 hours

14 marks.
Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Analyze clocked synchronous sequential circuits (K4)

1. Construct an ASM chart for a sequence recognizer to recognize the input sequence of pairs
x1x2= 01, 01, 11, 00. The output variable, ‘z’ is asserted when x1x2= 00 if and only if
the three preceding pairs of inputs are x1x2= 01, 01 and 11, in that order.
2. Obtain a minimal state table for a clocked synchronous sequential network having a single
input line ‘x’ in which the symbols 0 and 1 are applied and a single output line ‘z’. An
outputof 1 is to be produced if and only if the 3 input symbols following two consecutive
input 0’s consist of at least one 1. An example of input/output sequences that satisfy the
conditions of the network specifications is:
x=0100010010010010000000011
z=0000001000000100000000001
3. Analyse the following clocked synchronous sequential network. Derive the next state and
output equations. Obtain the excitation table, transition table, state table and state
diagram.
Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Analyze asynchronous sequential circuits (K4)
1. A reduced flow table for a fundamental-mode asynchronous sequential network is given
below. Using the universal multiple-row state assignment, construct the corresponding
expanded flow table and transition table. Assign outputs where necessary such that there is at
most a single output change during the time the network is unstable. Assume that the inputs x1
and x2 never change simultaneously.
Next state Output (z)
Present state Input state (x1x2) Input state (x1x2)
00 01 10 11 00 01 10 11
A A B A D 1 - 0 -
B D B B C - 0 1 -
C A C C C - 1 1 0
D D C A D 0 - - 1
2. Analyze the asynchronous sequential network by forming the excitation/transition table, state
table, flow table and flow diagram. The network operates in the fundamental mode with the
restriction that only one input variable can change at a time.
3. Describe races in ASN with example.
Course Outcome 3 (CO3): Design hazard free circuits (K3)

1. Differentiate between static and dynamic hazard.
2. Examine the possibility of hazards in the (i) OR-AND logic circuit whose Boolean
function is given by (ii) AND-OR logic circuit whose Boolean function is
given by . Show how the hazard can be detected and eliminated in each circuit.
3. Investigate the problem of clock skew in practical sequential circuits and suggest solutions
with justification to minimize or eliminate it.
Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Diagnose faults in digital circuits (K3)

1. Illustrate the fault table method used for effective test set generation for the circuit whose
Boolean function is
2. Find the test vectors of all SA0 and SA1 faults of the circuit whose Boolean function is
by the Kohavi algorithm.
3. Write a note on BIST techniques.
Course Outcome 5 (CO5): Summarize the architecture of FPGA and CPLDs (K2)
1. Draw and explain the architecture of Xilinx XC4000 configurable logic block.
2. Draw and explain the architecture of Xilinx 9500 CPLD family.
3. Explain the internal structure of XC4000 input/output block.
SYLLABUS
Module 1: Clocked Synchronous Networks

Analysis of clocked Synchronous Sequential Networks (CSSN), Modelling of CSSN – State
assignment and reduction, Design of CSSN, ASM Chart and its realization
Module 2: Asynchronous Sequential Circuits

Analysis of Asynchronous Sequential Circuits (ASC), Flow table reduction- Races in ASC,
State assignment problem and the transition table- Design of AS, Design of ALU
Module 3: Hazards
Hazards – static and dynamic hazards – essential, Design of Hazard free circuits – Data
synchronizers, Mixed operating mode asynchronous circuits, Practical issues- clock skew and
jitter, Synchronous and asynchronous inputs – switch bouncing
Module 4: Faults
Fault table method – path sensitization method – Boolean difference method, Kohavi
algorithm, Automatic test pattern generation – Built in Self Test (BIST)
Module 5: CPLDs and FPGA

CPLDs and FPGAs - Xilinx XC 9500 CPLD family, functional block diagram– input output
block architecture - switch matrix, FPGAs – Xilinx XC 4000 FPGA family – configurable
logic block - input output block, Programmable interconnect
Text Books
1. Donald G Givone, Digital Principles & Design, Tata McGraw Hill, 2003
2. John F Wakerly, Digital Design, Pearson Education, Delhi 2002
3. John M Yarbrough, Digital Logic Applications and Design, Thomson Learning
Reference Books
1. Miron Abramovici, Melvin A. Breuer and Arthur D. Friedman, Digital Systems Testing
and Testable Design, John Wiley & Sons Inc.
2. Morris Mano, M.D.Ciletti, Digital Design, 5th Edition, PHI.
3. N. N. Biswas, Logic Design Theory, PHI
4. Richard E. Haskell, Darrin M. Hanna , Introduction to Digital Design Using Digilent
FPGA Boards, LBE Books- LLC
5. Samuel C. Lee, Digital Circuits and Logic Design, PHI
6. Z. Kohavi, Switching and Finite Automata Theory, 2nd ed., 2001, TMH

No. of
No Topic
Lectures
1 Clocked Synchronous Networks
1.1 Analysis of clocked Synchronous Sequential Networks(CSSN) 2
1.2 Modelling of CSSN – State assignment and reduction 2
1.3 Design of CSSN 2
1.4 ASM Chart and its realization 1
2 Asynchronous Sequential Circuits
2.1 Analysis of Asynchronous Sequential Circuits (ASC) 2
2.2 Flow table reduction- Races in ASC 2
2.3 State assignment problem and the transition table- Design of AS 2
2.4 Design of ALU 2

3 Hazards
3.1 Hazards – static and dynamic hazards – essential 1
3.2 Design of Hazard free circuits – Data synchronizers 1
3.3 Mixed operating mode asynchronous circuits 1
3.4 Practical issues- clock skew and jitter 1
3.5 Synchronous and asynchronous inputs – switch bouncing 2
4 Faults
4.1 Fault table method – path sensitization method – Boolean 2
difference method
4.2 Kohavi algorithm 2
4.3 Automatic test pattern generation – Built in Self Test(BIST) 3
5 CPLDs and FPGA
5.1 CPLDs and FPGAs - Xilinx XC 9500 CPLD family, functional 3
block diagram– input output block architecture - switch matrix
5.2 FPGAs – Xilinx XC 4000 FPGA family – configurable logic 3
block - input output block, Programmable interconnect
At least one assignment should be design of digital circuits that can be used in day today life.
This has to be done in a phased manner. The first phase involves the design in HDL (VHDL/
Verilog) and the second phase implementing the same in a hardware device. Some of the
assignments are as listed below:
1. Design of vending machine

2. Design of ALU
3. Architecture of different FPGAs
4. Architecture of different CPLDs
5. Fault detection methods other than those mentioned in the syllabus
6. Metastability condition and methods to avoid it

Course Code: ECT312
Course Name: DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN

PART A
Answer ALL Questions. Each carries 3 marks.
1 Differentiate Mealy and Moore models. K1

2 What are the elements in an ASM chart? K1
3 Describe one-hot assignment technique. K2

4 Define critical and non-critical races. K1
5 What is jitter? List the sources of clock jitter. K2
6 Differentiate positive skew and negative skew. K2
7 List the different types of faults in digital circuits. K1

8 Differentiate between fault and defect. K2
9 What are FPGA? What are the advantages of FPGA? K1
10 Differentiate between FPGA and CPLD K2
PART – B
Module - I
11 a Analyze the following sequential network. Derive the next state and output
equations. Obtain its transition table and state table.
8
CO1
K4
b. Construct an ASM chart for the following state diagram shown. Determine the
model of CSSN that this system conforms to with proper justification. 6
CO1
K3
OR
12 For the clocked synchronous sequential network, construct the excitation table, 8
transition table, state table and state diagram. CO1
K4
b. Obtain a minimal state table for a clocked synchronous sequential network having a
single input line ‘x’ in which the symbols 0 and 1 are applied and a single output
line ‘z’. An output of 1 is to be produced if and only if the 3 input symbols
following two consecutive input 0’s consist of at least one 1. An example of
6
input/output sequences that satisfy the conditions of the network specifications is:
x= 0100010010010010000000011
z= 0000001000000100000000001
CO1
K3
Module - II
13a Analyze the asynchronous sequential network by forming the excitation/transition 14

table, state table, flow table and flow diagram. The network operates in the
fundamental mode with the restriction that only one input variable can change at a
time.
CO2
K4
OR
14a A reduced flow table for a fundamental-mode asynchronous sequential network is

given below. Using the universal multiple-row state assignment, construct the corre-
sponding expanded flow table and transition table. Assign outputs where necessary 14
such that there is at most a single output change during the time the network is un-
stable. Assume that the inputs and never change simultaneously.
CO2
K4
Next state Output (z)
Present state Input state ( Input state (
00 01 10 11 00 01 10 11
A A B A D 1 - 0 -
B D B B C - 0 1 -
C A C C C - 1 1 0
D D C A D 0 - - 1
Module - III
15a. Examine the possibility of hazard in the OR-AND logic circuit whose Boolean 8
function is given by . Show how the hazard can be detected and
eliminated. CO3
b. Explain essential hazards in asynchronous sequential networks. What are the K3
constraints to be satisfied to avoid essential hazards? 6
OR
CO3
K3
16a Draw the logic diagram of the POS expression Y= (x1+x2’) (x2+x3). Show that
there is a static-0 hazard when x1 and x3 are equal to 0 and x2 goes from 0 to 1. 9
Find a way to remove the hazard by adding one or more gates. CO3
K3
5
b Discuss the concept of switch bouncing and suggest a suitable solution.
K3
Module - IV
17a Illustrate the fault table method used for effective test set generation for the circuit 8
whose Boolean function is CO 4

K3
b How can the timing problems in asynchronous sequential circuits be solved using 6
mixed operating mode circuits?
K3
OR
18 Find the test vectors of all SA0 and SA1 faults of the circuit whose Boolean 8
a.
function is by the Kohavi algorithm. CO4
K3
b.
Identify different test pattern generation for BIST 6
CO4
K3
Module - V
19 Explain the architecture of XC 4000 FPGA family. 14
CO5
K2
OR
20 Draw and explain the architecture of Xilinx 9500 CPLD family. Also explain the 14
function block architecture. CO5
K2
ECT322 POWER ELECTRONICS
PEC 2 1 0 3
Preamble: This course aims to develop the skill of the design of various power electronic circuits.
Prerequisite: ECT201 Solid State Devices, ECT202 Analog Circuits

CO 1
Understand the characteristics of important power semiconductor switches
K2
CO 2 Apply the principle of drive circuits and snubber circuits for power semiconductor
K3 switches
CO 3
Build diode bridge rectifiers and Controlled rectifiers
K3
CO 4
Develop DC – DC Switch-Mode Converter
K3
CO 5
Illustrate the principle of DC – AC Switch-Mode Inverter
K2
CO 6
Apply the principle of power electronics for various applications
K3
PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO 10 PO 11 PO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12
CO 1 2 2
CO 2 3 2
CO 3 3 2
CO 4 3 2
CO 5 2 2
CO 6 3 2
Assessment Pattern

Tests
1 2
Apply K3 10 10 30
Analyse
Evaluate
Create
Mark distribution

150 50 100 3 hours

Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Understand the characteristics of important power

semiconductor switches.
1. Illustrate the static and dynamic characteristics, Power BJT, Power MOSFET and IGBT.
2. Illustrate the construction and characteristics of SCR and GTO
3. Model and simulate power semiconductor switches.
Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Apply the principle of drive circuits and snubber circuits for
power semiconductor switches.
1. Design the base drive circuits for Power BJT.
2. Design the gate drive circuits for Power MOSFET.

3. Outline the principle of snubber circuits for power switches.
4. Model and simulate above circuits.
Course Outcome 3 (CO3): Build diode bridge rectifiers and Controlled Rectifiers.
1. Explain the operation of three phase diode rectifier and the effect of various loads on the
rectifier function
2. Explain the operation of controlled rectifiers and the effect of various loads on the rectifier
function
3. Model and simulate diode rectifiers and controlled rectifiers for various loads
Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Develop the principle of DC – DC Switch-Mode Con-

verter
1. Illustrate the principle of DC-DC converters under steady state conditions.
2. Design non-isolated and isolated DC-DC converters for given specifications.

3. Model and simulate non-isolated and isolated DC-DC Switch-Mode converters
Course Outcome 5 (CO5): Illustrate the principle of DC – AC Switch-Mode Inverter.

1. Understand the different types of inverters
2. Construct Driven Inverters for given specifications.
3. Model and simulate Driven Inverters
Course Outcome 6 (CO6): Apply the principle of power electronics for various applications.
1. Illustrate the principle of Adjustable-speed DC drive.
2. Explain the principle of Variable frequency PWM-VSI Induction Motor drives
3. Give at least two applications of power electronic circuits for residential applications.
4. Explain at least two applications of power electronic circuits for industrial applications
SYLLABUS
Module 1 : Power Semiconductor Switches

Power diodes, Power BJT, Power MOSFET and IGBT - static and dynamic characteristics, SCR
and GTO
Module 2 : Protection circuits and Rectifiers

BJT and MOSFET drive circuits, Snubber circuits, Three phase diode bridge rectifiers, Single
phase and three phase controlled rectifiers.
Module 3 : DC – DC Switch Mode Converters

Buck, Boost and Buck-boost DC-DC converters
Waveforms and expression of DC-DC converters for output voltage, voltage and current ripple
under continuous conduction mode. (No derivation required)
Isolated converters: Flyback, Forward, Push Pull, Half bridge and Full bridge converters –
Waveforms and governing equations (No derivation required)
Module 4 : DC-AC Switch Mode Inverters

Inverter topologies, Driven Inverters : Push-Pull, Half bridge and Full bridge configurations,
Three phase inverter, Pulse width modulation
Module 5 : Applications
DC Motor Drives, Induction Motor Drives, Residential and Industrial applications.
Text Books
1. Umanand L, “Power Electronics: Essentials & Applications”, Wiley India, 2015

2. Ned Mohan, Tore M Undeland, William P Robbins., “Power Electronics: Converters,
Applications, and Design”., Wiley India Pvt. Ltd, 3/e, 2015
Reference Books
1. Muhammad H. Rashid., “Power Electronics : Circuits, Devices, and Applications”, Pearson

Education India, 4/e, 2014.
2. Daniel W. Hart, Power Electronics, McGraw Hill, 2011.
No Topic No. of
Lectures
1 Power Semiconductor Switches
1.1 Power diodes and Bipolar power transistors – structure, static and
2
dynamic characteristics
1.2 Power MOSFET and IGBT – structure, static and dynamic
3
characteristics
1.3 SCR and GTO – construction and characteristics 2
2 Protection circuits and Rectifiers
2.1 BJT and MOSFET driver circuits (at least two circuits each) 2
2.2 Snubber circuits – ON and OFF snubbers 1
2.3 Three phase diode bridge rectifiers – basic principles only 1
2.4 Single phase and three phase Controlled rectifiers (with R, RL & RLE
3
loads) – basic principles only
3 DC – DC Switch Mode Converters
3.1 Buck, Boost and Buck-Boost DC-DC converters 2
3.2 Waveforms and expression of DC-DC converters for output voltage,
voltage and current ripple under continuous conduction mode 3
(No derivation required)
3.3 Isolated converters: Flyback, Forward, Push Pull, Half bridge and Full
bridge converters – Waveforms and governing equations 3
(No derivation required)
4 DC-AC Switch Mode Inverters
4.1 Inverter topologies 2
4.2 Driven Inverters: Push-Pull, Half bridge and Full bridge 2
configurations
4.3 Three phase inverter 1
4.4 Sinusoidal and Space vector modulation PWM in three phase 2
inverters
5 Applications
5.1 DC Motor Drives – Adjustable-speed DC drive 2
5.2 Induction Motor Drives – Variable frequency PWM-VSI drives 2
5.3 Residential and Industrial applications 2
Assignment:
At least one assignment should be simulation of power electronic circuits using any circuit
simulation software.
Simulation Assignments (ECT 322)

The following simulations can be done in LTspice or any other circuit simulation software.
1. Model and simulate BJT test circuit Fig. 1.50 of Umanand L., Power Electronics
Essentials and Applications, Wiley India, 2015, page no.48.
2. Model and simulate MOSFET test circuit Fig. 1.51 of Umanand L., Power Electronics
3. Model and simulate IGBT test circuit Fig. 1.52 of Umanand L., Power Electronics
4. Model and simulate BJT drive test circuit Fig. 2.33 of Umanand L., Power Electronics
5. Model and simulate MOSFET drive test circuit Fig. 2.36 of Umanand L., Power
Electronics Essentials and Applications, Wiley India, 2015, page no.88.
6. Model and simulate MOSFET shunt snubber test circuit Fig. 2.37of Umanand L., Power
7. Model and simulate MOSFET seriessnubber test circuit Fig. 2.39of Umanand L., Power
8. Model and simulate diode rectifiers and controlled rectifiers for various loads.
9. Model and simulate Buck converter circuit Fig. 5.68of Umanand L., Power Electronics
10. Model and simulate Boost converter circuit Fig. 5.70of Umanand L., Power Electronics
11. Model and simulate Buck-boost converter circuit Fig. 5.71of Umanand L., Power Elec-
tronics Essentials and Applications, Wiley India, 2015, page no.279.
12. Model and simulate Forward converter circuit Fig. 5.72of Umanand L., Power Electronics
13. Model and simulate Flyback converter circuit Fig. 5.73of Umanand L., Power Electronics
14. Model and simulate Driven Inverters
15. Model and simulate Pulse Width Modulator
Course Code: ECT 322

Course Name: Power Electronics
Max.Marks: 100 Duration: 3Hours
PART A
1 What is meant by reverse recovery time for a diode K2 CO1

2 What is the tail current in IGBT ? K2 CO1
3 What is the purpose of snubber circuits ? K2 CO2
Obtain the expression for average load voltage in three phase full wave
4 K3 CO3
bridge rectifier
5 What is volt-second balancing? K2 CO4
6 What is the flux walking problem in push-pull converter ? K2 CO4
7 What is the distinction between chopper, oscillators and inverters ? K3 CO5
8 Distinguish between driven and self-driven inverters. K2 CO5
9 How converters are used in induction heating ? K2 CO6
10 What is regenerative breaking in PWM-VSI drive? K2 CO6
PART – B
Module – I
Compare and contrast power BJT, MOSFET and IGBT for switching CO
11(a) applications 7 1 K2
A diode and a 10 Ω resistor are connected in series to a square wave

voltage source of 50V peak. The reverse recovery time for the diode is CO
11(b) 7 1 K3
200nsec. Find the switching loss of the diode when the input frequency is
100 KHz.
OR
With the two-transistor model of SCR, explain the working principle of CO

12(a) SCR 7 1 K2
CO
12(b) Illustrate the dynamic characteristics of GTO 7 1 K2
Module – II
CO
13(a) Illustrate the base current requirement of power BJT 7 2 K2
CO
13(b) Explain the operation of any one type of the power BJT base drive circuit 7 2 K2
OR
Illustrate the principle of operation of a single-phase, 2 pulse, fully

14(a) controlled rectifier for RL load with circuit diagram and waveforms. 10 CO K2
3
CO
14(b) Deduce the expression for average load voltage in the circuit. 4 3 K2
Module – III
Explain the operation of Buck-Boost converter and illustrate the CO K2

15(a) operation with the inductor current and switching waveforms. 8
4
A Buck-Boost converter that switching at 50 KHz is supplied with an

input voltage that varies between 5V to 10V. The output is required to be
15(b) regulated at 15V. A load resistor of 15Ω is connected across the output. If CO
the maximum allowable inductor current ripple is 10% of the average 6 4 K3
inductor current, estimate the value of the inductance to be used in the
Buck-Boost converter.
OR
Describe the principle of operation of the full-bridge converter with CO K2

16(a) circuit diagram and waveforms. 8
4
CO
16(b) How is the flux walking problem solved in full-bridge converter ? 6 4 K2
Module – IV
CO
17(a) Explain the operation of push-pull inverter 8 5 K2
CO
17(b) Illustrate the PWM switching scheme for sine wave output of the inverter 6 5 K2
OR
CO
18(a) Enumerate the principle of operation of three phase inverters 8 5 K2
CO
18(b) What is Space vector modulation in three phase inverters 6 5 K2
Module – V
Explain the principle of adjustable speed DC drive using switched mode CO K2

19(a) DC-DC converter. 8
6
Compare adjustable speed DC drives using switched mode DC-DC CO K2

19(b) converter and line frequency-controlled converter. 6
6
OR
Illustrate the principle of operation of Variable frequency PWM-VSI CO K2

20 (a) Induction Motor drive. 9
6
CO
20(b) Explain dissipative braking scheme in Induction Motor drive. 5 6 K2
ECT332 DATA ANALYSIS
PEC 2 1 0 3
Preamble: This course aims to set the foundation for students to develop new-age skills pertaining
to analysis of large-scale data using modern tools.
Prerequisite: None
CO 1 Read and write data to and fro spreadsheets and databases

CO 2 Work with large data as pandas data frames
CO 3 Perform PCA and cluster analysis on data frames
CO 4 Perform Bayesian analysis on data frames.
CO 5 Apply machine learning in data analysis problems
CO 6 Apply methods in high performance computing for data analysis

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10 PO 11 PO 12
CO 1 3 3 3 2
CO 2 3 3 2 3 3
CO 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 2
CO 4 3 3 2 3 3 2 2
CO 5 3 3 2 3 3 2 2
CO 6 3 3 2 3 3 2 2
Assessment Pattern
Continuous Assessment
End Semester Examination
Bloom’s Category Tests
1 2
Remember 10 10 20
Understand 30 30 60
Apply 10 10 20
Analyse
Evaluate
Create
Mark distribution
Total CIE ESE ESE
Marks Duration
150 50 100 3 hours


Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Read and write data to and fro spreadsheets and databases
1. Write Python code to read an .xls file using xlrd module. Sve it as a different .xlsx file using
openpyxl.
2. Write Python code to read mongodb data base.
Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Work with pandas dataframes

1. Write Python code read a table in a pdf file as a pandas dataframe.
2. Write Python code to create a pandas dataframe. Pickle this data and store it. Write another
Python code to retrive the data from the pickle.
Course Outcome 3 (CO3): PCA and Cluster Analysis

1. Write Python code to perform PCA on a pandas dataframe. Write code to create a scree plot.
2. Write Python code to do K-means clustering.
Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Bayesian Analysis on Dataframes

1. Write Python code to compute the posterior probability of a data set with Pymc3
2. Write a python code to evaluate the statistical correlation between variables in 5X5 random data
set.
Course Outcome 5 (CO5): Machine learning in Data Analysis

1. Write python code to use Keras for training a CNN
2.Write Python code to read an RGB image and convert to gray scale and write the grayscale image
in .jpg format.
Course Outcome 5 (CO6): High Performance Computing Methods in Data analysis

1. Write Python code to use numexpr for faster parallel computation
2. Write Python code with Ipython-parallel to perform parallel computing with 4 cores.
SYLLABUS
Module 1: Overview of Data Analysis and Python

Numpy and Scipy Python modules for data analysis. Reading and processing spreadsheets and csv
files with Python using xlrd, xlwt and openpyxl. Data visualization with Matplotlib. Two
dimensional charts and plots. Scatter plots with matplotlib. Three dimensional visualization using
Mayavi module. Reading data from sql and mongodb databases with Python.
Module 2: Big Data Arrays with Pandas

Familiarization of the python pandas. Reading and writing pandas dataframes. Reading rows and
columns from pandas dataframe. Handling NaN values. Reading and writing .txt, .csv, .pdf, .html
and json files with pandas. Merging, concatenating and grouping of data frames. Use of pivot
tables. Pickling of data frames in Python.
Module 3: PCA and Cluster Analysis

Singular value decomposition of a matrix/array. Eigen values and eigen vectors. Principal
component analysis of a data frame. Scree plot. Dimensioanality reduction with PCA. Loadings for
principal components. Case study with Python. Cluster analysis. Hierarchial and K-means
clustering. Interpretation of dendrograms.
Module 4: Statistical Data Analysis

Hypothesis testing. Bayesian analysis. Meaning of prior, posterior and likelyhood functions. Use of
pymc3 module to compute the posterior probability. MAP Estimation. Credible interval, conjugate
distributions. Contingency table and chi square test. Kernel density estimation.
Module 5: Machine Learning

Supervised and unsupervised learning. Use of scikit-learn. Regression using scikit-learn. Deep
learning with convolutional newural networks. Structure of CNN. Use of Keras and Tensorflow.
Machine learning with pytorch. Reading and writing images with openCV. Case study of character
recognition with MNIST dataset. High performance computing for machine learning. Use of
numba, jit and numexpr for faster Python code. Use of Ipython-parallel.
Text Books and References
1. “Python Data Analytics”, Fabio Nelli, Apress.

2. “Data Analysis from Scratch with Python”, Peters Morgan, AI Sciences.
3. “Python for Data Analysis”, Wes McKinny, O’Reilly.
4. “Ipython Interactive Computing and Visualization Cookbook”, Cyrille Rossant , PACKT
Open Source Publishing
5. “Deep Learning with Python”, Francois Chollet, Manning
No Topic No. of
Lectures
1 Overview of Data Analysis and Python
1.1 Numpy and Scipy Python modules for data analysis. 2
1.2 Reading and processing spreadsheets and csv files with Python using 2
xlrd, xlwt and openpyxl.
1.3 Data visualization with Matplotlib. Two dimensional charts and plots. 2
Scatter plots with matplotlib. Three dimensional visualization using
Mayavi module.
1.4 Reading data from sql and mongodb databases with Python 2
2 Big Data Arrays with Pandas
2.1 Intro. To Python pandas 1
2.2 Reading and writing of data as pandas dataframes. Separating header, 3
columns row etc and other manipulations
2.3 Reading data from different kind of files, Merging, concatenating and 3
grouping of data frames. Use of pivot tables. Pickilng
3 PCA and Cluster Analysis
3.1 Singular value decomposition of a matrix/array. Eigen values and eigen 1
vectors.
3.2 PCA,Scree plot. Dimensioanality reduction with PCA. Loadings for 3
principal components. Case study with Python. Cluster analysis.
3.3 Cluster analysis, dendrograms 2
4 Statistical Data Analysis
4.1 Hypothesis testing. Bayesian analysis. Meaning of prior, posterior and 3
likelyhood functions. Use of pymc3 module to compute the posterior
probability.
4.2 MAP Estimation. Credible interval, conjugate 3
distributions .Contingency table and chi square test. Kernel density
estimation.
4.3 Contingency table and chi square test. Kernel density estimation. 3
5 Machine Learning
5.1 Supervised and unsupervised learning. Use of scikit-learn. Regression 2
using scikit-learn.
5.2 Deep learning with convolutional newural networks. Structure of CNN. 2
5.3 Use of Keras and Tensorflow. Machine learning with pytorch. Case 3
study of character recognition with MNIST dataset.
5.4 High performance computing for machine learning. Use of numba, jit 2
and numexpr for faster Python code. Use of Ipython-parallel.
1. Download the iris data set and read into a pandas data frame. Extract the heaser and replace
with a new header. Extract colums and rows. Extract pivot tables. Filter the data based on
the labels. Store a pivot table as a pickle and retrieve it.
2. For the same data sert, perform principal component analysis. Observe the scree plot.
Identify the principal components. Obtain a low dimensional data, with only the principal
components and compute the mean square error between the original data and the
approximated one. Compute the loadings for the principal components.
3. For the same data, perform hierarchical and K-means clustering with Python codes. Obtain
dendrograms in each case and appreciate the clusters.
4. Download the MNIST letter data set. Construct a CNN network with appropriate layers
using Keras and Tensorflow. Train the CNN with the MNIST data set. Appreciate the
selection and use of training, test and cross-validation data sets. Save the model and weights
and use the model to identify letter images. You may use openCV for reading images.
5. Write a Python script to generate alphanumeric images (26 upper case, 26 lowercase and 10
numbers each 12 point in size) of say 16X16 dimension out of windows .ttf files. Create 62
folders each containg a data set of every alphanumeric character. Create a new CNN with
Keras and Tensorflow. Create a cross validation data set by taking 10 images out of every 62
folder. Use 80% of the total data for training and 20% for testing the CNN. Use an HPCC
like system to train the model and save the model and weight. Test this model to recognize
letter images. You may use openCV for reading images.
6. Repeat assignment 4 using pytorch instead of Keras
7. Repeat assignment 5 using pytorch instead of Keras

Course: ECT 332 Data Analysis
PART A
1 Create a two dimensional array of real numbers using numpy. (3) K3
Write Python code to pickle this data.
2 Write Python code to import mayavi module and perform 3-D (3) K3
2 2 2
visualization of x + y + z = 1
3 Write Python code to generate a 5 × 5 pandas data frame of random (3) K3
numbers. Add a header to this dataframe.
4 Write Python code to concatenate two dataframes of same number (3) K3
of columns.
5 Write the expression for the singular value decomposition of a (3) K3
matrix A
6 Explain how principal components are isolated using scree plot. (3) K1
7 State Bayes theorem and explain the significance of the terms prior, (3) K1
likelyhood and posterior.
8 Write Python code with pymc3 to realize a Bernoulli trial with (3) K3
p(head) = 0.2
9 Give the structure a convolutional neural network (3) K1
10 Compare supervised and unsupervised learning (3) K1
PART B
Module I
11(A) Write Python code to read a spreadsheet in .xls format a text (8) K3
file in .csv format and put these data into numpy arrays. in
both cases, plot the second column against the first column
using matplotlib
11(B) Write Python code to read tables from sql and mongodb (6) K3
databases.
OR
12(A) Write Python code to create a normally distributed 5 × 5 (8) K3

random array and convert it into a matrix. Write code to
compute its inverse and transpose.

12(B) Write code to read files in .xlsx format using openpyxl (6) K3
Module II
13(A) Write Python code to import a table in .xls format into a (6) K3
data frame. Remove all NaN values.
13(B) Write Python code to generate 10 data frames of size 5 × 5 (8) K3
of random numbers and use a for loop to concatenate them.
Pickle the concatenated dataframe and store it. Write another
code to retrieve the dataframe from the pickle.
OR
14(A) Write Python code to read in a table from a pdf file into (8) K3
a pandas dataframe. Write code to remove the first two
columns and write the rest of the dataframe as a json file.
14(B) Explain the term pivot table. Create a pivot table from the (6) K3
above dataframe
Module III
15 Write Python code to read in table in .xls format, perform (14) K3

PCA analysis on it and produce the scree plot and loadings
for the principal components.
OR
16. Write Python code to perform hierarchial cluster analysis on (14) K3

a pandas dataframe. Explain how dendrograms can be used
to classify data.
Module IV
17(A) Assume that you have a dataset with 57 data points of Gaus- (8) K3
sian distribution with a mean of 4 and standard deviation of
0.5. Using PyMC3, write Python code to compute:
• The posterior distribution
• The prior distribution
• The posterior predictive distribution

.
17(B) Write a python code to find the Bayesian credible interval (6) K3
in the above question. How is it different from confidence
interval.
OR
18(A) Write a python code to evaluate the statistical correlation (8) K3

between variables in 10 × 10 random data set.
18(B) Compute the conjugate of the logarithmic function (6) K3
f (x) = lnx, x > 0.
Module V
19(A) Explain the use of numba and numexpr in fatser Python execution with
examples (8) K3
19(B) Explain the use of Keras as a frontend for Tensorflow with (6) K3
Python codes
OR
20(A) Explain the use of Ipython-parallel in parallel execution of (8) K3

Python code with examples.
20(B) Explain with Python codes how openCV is used to read and (8) K3
writte images.
ECT342 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
PEC 2 1 0 3
Preamble: This course aims to design an embedded electronic circuit and implement the same.
Prerequisite: ECT 203 Logic Circuit Design, ECT 202 Analog Circuits ,ECT 206 Computer
Architecture and Microcontrollers
CO 1 Understand and gain the basic idea about the embedded system.
K2
CO 2 Able to gain architectural level knowledge about the system and hence to program an
K3 embedded system.
CO 3 Apply the knowledge for solving the real life problems with the help of an embedded
K3 system.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CO 3 3 2 1 2 2
1
CO 3 3 3 3 2 2
2
CO 3 3 3 3 2 3 2
3
Assessment Pattern

Tests
1 2
Apply K3 20 20 70
Analyse
Evaluate
Create
Mark distribution
Total CIE ESE ESE
Marks Duration
150 50 100 3 hours

Course Outcome 1 (CO1) : Understand the embedded system fundamentals and system
design (K1).
1. Give the challenges of embedded computing.

2. Give the structural description of embedded system.
3. What are the phases of EDLC ?.
Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Understand the peripheral devices and their interfacing with the
processor. (K2)
1. Compare and contrast the PCI bus and PCI-X bus.

2. How the ROM memories are classified? Explain.
3. How the peripheral devices are connected with processors?
Course Outcome 3 (CO3): To understand the ARM processor architecture and pipeline
processor organization. (K3)
1. Give the architecture of the ARM processor and explain the registers.
2. Explain the pipelined architecture of ARM processor.
3. Write an ARM assembly language program to print the sum of two numbers.
Course Outcome 4 (CO4): To write programs in assembly and high level languages for
ARM processor. (K3)
1. Write a note on Thumb single register in ARM processor.

2. Briefly discuss about the Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA).
3. What are the data types supported by ARM programming high level languages?
Course Outcome 5 (CO5): To understand the basics of real time operating systems and
their use in embedded systems. (K2)
1. What are the functions of a Kernel?

2. Describe the process ,” Deadlock”
3. Give the features of a real time operating system.
SYLLABUS
Module 1 : Introduction to Embedded Systems( 06 Hours )
1.1 Complex Systems and Microprocessors

Embedding Computers, Characteristics of Embedded Computing Applications, Application
of Microprocessors, The Physics of Software, Challenges in Embedded Computing System,
Characteristics and quality attributes of an embedded system, Performance in Embedded
Computing
1.2 The Embedded System Design Process
Requirements, Specification , Architecture Design, Designing Hardware and Software
Components ,System Integration.
1.3 Formalisms for System Design
Structural Description, Behavioral Description, An embedded system design example.
1.4 Embedded product development cycle (EDLC)
Different phases of EDLC, EDLC models
Module 2 : Embedded system interfacing and peripherals (06 Hours)
2.1 Communication devices

Serial Communication Standards and Devices - UART, HDLC and SPI. Serial Bus Protocols -
I2C Bus, CAN Bus and USB Bus. Parallel communication standards ISA, PCI and PCI-X Bus.
2.2 Memory
Memory devices and systems – ROM-Flash, EEPROM,RAM-SRAM, DRAM, Cache memory,
memory mapping and addresses, memory management unit– DMA .
2.3 I/O Device

Interrupts--Interrupt sources, recognizing an interrupt, ISR – Device drivers for handling ISR,
Shared data problem, Interrupt latency.
Module 3 : ARM Processor fundamentals (07 Hours )
3.1 ARM Processor architecture

The Acorn RISC Machine, Architectural inheritance, The ARM programmer's model, ARM
development tools.
3.2 ARM Assembly Language Programming
Data processing instructions, Data transfer instructions, Control flow instructions, writing simple
assembly language programs.
3.3 ARM Organization and Implementation
Three stage pipeline ARM organization, Five stage pipeline ARM organization, ARM
instruction execution, ARM implementation, The ARM coprocessor interface.
Module 4: ARM Programming (10 Hours)

4.1 Architectural Support for High-Level Languages
Abstraction in software design, Data types, Floating-point data types, The ARM floating-point
architecture, Expressions, Conditional statements, Loops, Functions and procedures, Use of
memory, Run-time environment.
4.2 The Thumb Instruction Set
The Thumb bit in the CPSR, The Thumb programmer's model, Thumb branch instructions,
Thumb software interrupt instruction, Thumb data processing instructions, Thumb single register
data transfer instructions, Thumb multiple register data transfer instructions, Thumb breakpoint
instruction, Thumb implementation, Thumb applications.
4.3 Architectural Support for System Development
The ARM memory interface, The Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA).
4.4 Programming
Assembly and C language programming applications of embedded systems.
Module 5: Real Time Operating Systems (07 Hours)

5.1 Operating system basics
Kernel, types of operating systems.
5.2 Real time operating systems
Tasks, process, threads, multiprocessing and multi-tasking, task scheduling, types, threads and
process scheduling, task communication, task synchronization, device drivers, choosing an
RTOS.
Text Books
1. 1. Raj kamal, Embedded Systems Architecture, Programming and Design, TMH, 2003
2. K.V. Shibu, Introduction to Embedded Systems, 2e, McGraw Hill Education India, 2016.
3. Wayne Wolf, Computers as Components: Principles of Embedded Computing System
Design, Morgan Kaufman Publishers - Elsevier 3ed, 2008
4. Steve Furber, ARM system-on-chip architecture, Addison Wesley, Second Edition, 2000
Reference Books
1. David E. Simon, An Embedded Software Primer, Pearson Education Asia, First

Indian Reprint 2000.
2. Steve Heath, Embedded Systems Design, Newnes – Elsevier 2ed, 2002
3. Andrew N. Sloss, Dominic Symes, Chris Wright, ARM System Developer’s Guide
Designing and Optimizing System Software, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 2004
4. Frank Vahid and Tony Givargis, Embedded Systems Design – A Unified Hardware
/ Software Introduction, John Wiley, 2002.
5. Tammy Noergaard, Embedded Systems Architecture, A Comprehensive Guide for
Engineers and Programmers, Newnes – Elsevier 2ed, 2012
6. Iyer - Embedded Real time Systems, 1e, McGraw Hill Education New Delhi, 2003
7. Lyla B. Das, Embedded Systems: An Integrated Approach, 1/e , Lyla B. Das,
Embedded Systems, 2012

1 Introduction to Embedded Systems
1.1 Complex Systems and Microprocessors 2

1.2 The Embedded System Design Process 1
1.3 Formalisms for System Design 2
1.4 Embedded product development cycle (EDLC) 1
2 Embedded system interfacing and peripherals

2.1 Communication devices 3
2.2 Memory 2
2.3 I/O Device 2
3 ARM Processor fundamentals

3.1 ARM Processor architecture 2
3.2 ARM Assembly Language Programming 3
3.3 ARM Organization and Implementation 2
4 ARM Programming
4.1 Architectural Support for High-Level Languages 2
4.2 The Thumb Instruction Set 3
4.3 Architectural Support for System Development 2
4.4 Programming 3
5 Real Time Operating Systems

5.1 Operating system basics 2
5.2 Real time operating systems 5
1. At least one assignment should be of programming (Both assembly and C languages) of

embedded processor with simulation tools like Keil, Eclipse.
2. Another assignment should be an embedded system design mini project.
Programming assignments can be the following
(a) Print “HELLO WORLD” or any text (b) Data transfer, copy operations (c)
Arithmetic operations (d) Sorting operations (e) input/output control (f) programs
using functions (g) Interrupts and ISR (h) controller design
Mini project can be done in the following areas.
(a) Elevator controller design (b) Chocolate vending machine design (c) Industrial controller
using sensors (d) IOT applications using sensors, communication devices and actuators

Course Code: ECT342

Course Name: EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN
PART A
(Answer ALL Questions. Each Question Carries 3 Marks.)
1. Define an embedded system

2. Write any 3 challenges of embedded system design
3. Explain how an RS232 device is interfaced to a processor
4. What is interrupt latency?
5. Write the contents of CPSR register of ARM processor and their use.
6. Draw the five stage pipeline architecture of ARM processor
7. What is the use of thumb instruction set in ARM processor?
8. What a note on ARM memory interface
9. What is a real time operating system?
10. What are tasks, processes and threads? [10 X 3= 30]
PART – B
(Answer one question from each module; each question carries 14 marks)
Module – I
11. (a) What are the characteristics of an embedded system? Explain. [07 Marks]
(b) Explain the different phases of EDLC. [07 Marks]
OR
12. (a) Write different steps involved in the embedded system design process. [07 Marks]
(b) Explain the structural description of embedded system design. [07 Marks]
Module – II
13. (a) What is serial and parallel port communication? Explain with the help of necessary
diagrams. [07 Marks]
(b) What is interrupt? How interrupts are handled in a processor? Explain ISR.[07 Marks]
OR
14. (a) With the help of a diagram show how ROM and RAM are interfaced to a
processor. Explain the read/write processes. [07 Marks]
(b) Explain how a memory management unit is used in a processor. What are its uses?
What is DMA ? [07 Marks]
Module – III
15. (a) Write a note on ARM processor architecture and its registers. [07 Marks]
(b) Write a note on data processing and data transfer instructions with the help of
examples [07 Marks]
OR
16. (a) What is pipeline architecture? Explain how an ARM instruction is executed in a 5
stage pipeline processor with the help of an example. [08 Marks]
(b) Write an ARM assembly language program to print text string “Hello World”.
[06 Marks]
Module – IV
17. (a) Explain ARM floating point architecture and discuss how floating point numbers are
handled [07 Marks]
(b) Write a note on Thumb single register and multiple register data transfer instructions
with the help of examples. [07 Marks]
OR
18. (a) What is Thumb instruction set? Why it is used? Explain Thumb progrmmers model.
[07 Marks]
(b) Draw the block diagram of AMBA architecture. What are the different types of buses
used in the architecture? [07 Marks]
Module V
19. (a) What are the different services of Kernel? Explain different types of Kernels.
[07Marks]
(b) Explain pre-emptive and non-pre-emptive scheduling algorithms with the help of an
example. [07 Marks]
OR
20. (a) What are the basic functions of real time Kernel? Explain. [07 Marks]
(b) Write a note on the following (a) shared memory (b) message passing (c) deadlock
[07 Marks]
ECT352 DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING
PEC 2 1 0 3
Preamble: This course aims to develop the skills for methods of various transformation and
analysis of image enhancement, image reconstruction, image compression, image segmentation
and image representation.
Prerequisite: ECT 303 Digital Signal Processing
Distinguish / Analyse the various concepts and mathematical transforms

CO 1
necessary for image processing
CO 2 Differentiate and interpret the various image enhancement techniques
CO 3 Illustrate image segmentation algorithm
CO 4 Understand the basic image compression techniques
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CO 1 3 3 2 1 2
CO 2 3 3 2 1 2
CO 3 3 3 3 1 2
CO 4 3 3 3 1 2
Assessment Pattern
Continuous Assessment
Bloom’s Category Tests End Semester Examination
1 2
Apply K3 20 20 70
Analyse K4
Evaluate
Create
Mark distribution
Total ESE
CIE ESE
Marks Duration
150 50 100 3 hours
Attendance: 10 marks
any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry 14 marks. The questions must
have 50% representation from theory, and 50% representation from logical/numerical/derivation/
proof.
Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Analyze the various concepts and restoration techniques for image
processing
1. For the given image check whether pixel P and Q have 8 connectivity.
2. Find filtered image using median filter.
3. Explain Weiner filtering.
Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Differentiate and interpret the various image enhancement techniques
1. Classify different image enhancement process. Differentiate between spatial domain and
frequency domain techniques of image enhancement.
2. What is histogram equalisation? Briefly discuss the underlying logic behind histogram
equalisation.
3. Apply mean and median filters over a given image.
Course Outcome 3 (CO3): Illustrate image segmentation algorithm

1. Name two basic approaches of image segmentation and mention their differences.
2. How can you decide optimal thresholds when the image contains a background and several
foreground objects? Write down a corresponding algorithm.
3. Write down the region growing algorithm. What are its advantages and disadvantages?
Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Analyze basic image compression techniques

1. What do you mean by compression ratio? Do you consider that lower compression ratio
ensures better images upon reproduction?
2. How can achievable compression ratio to be determined from image histogram?
3. Mention the steps of lossy and lossless JPEG compression
SYLLABUS
Module 1
Digital Image Fundamentals: Image representation, basic relationship between pixels, elements of
DIP system, elements of visual perception-simple image formation model. Vidicon and Digital
Camera working principles Brightness, contrast, hue, saturation, mach band effect
Colour image fundamentals-RGB, CMY, HIS models, 2D sampling, quantization.
Module 2
Review of matrix theory: row and column ordering- Toeplitz, Circulant and block matrix
2D Image transforms: DFT, its properties, Walsh transform, Hadamard transform, Haar transform,
DCT, KL transform and Singular Value Decomposition.
Image Compression: Need for compression, Basics of lossless compression – bit plane coding, run
length encoding and predictive coding, Basics of lossy compression – uniform and non-uniform
quantization techniques used in image compression, Concept of transform coding, JPEG Image
compression standard.
Module 3
Image Enhancement: Spatial domain methods: point processing- intensity transformations,
histogram processing, image subtraction, image averaging. Spatial filtering- smoothing filters,
sharpening filters.
Frequency domain methods: low pass filtering, high pass filtering, homomorphic filter
Module 4
Image Restoration: Degradation model, Unconstraint restoration- Lagrange multiplier and constraint
restoration
Inverse filtering- removal of blur caused by uniform linear motion, Weiner filtering,
Geometric transformations-spatial transformations
Module 5
Image segmentation: Classification of Image segmentation techniques, region approach, clustering
techniques. Segmentation based on thresholding, edge based segmentation. Classification of edges,
edge detection, Hough transform, active contour.
Text Books
1. Gonzalez Rafel C, Digital Image Processing, Pearson Education, 2009
2. S Jayaraman, S Esakkirajan, T Veerakumar, Digital image processing, Tata Mc Graw Hill, 2015
Reference Books
1. Jain Anil K , Fundamentals of digital image processing: , PHI,1988

2. Kenneth R Castleman , Digital image processing:, Pearson Education,2/e,2003
3. Pratt William K , Digital Image Processing: , John Wiley,4/e,2007

1 Digital Image Fundamentals
1.1 Image representation, basic relationship between pixels, 3
elements of DIP system, elements of visual perception-
simple image formation model
1.2 Vidicon and Digital Camera working principles 1
1.3 Brightness, contrast, hue, saturation, mach band effect 1
1.4 Colour image fundamentals-RGB, CMY, HIS models 1
1.5 2D sampling, quantization. 1
2 Review of matrix theory
2.1 Row and column ordering- Toeplitz, Circulant and 2
block matrix
2.2 2D Image transforms : DFT, its properties, Walsh 3
transform, Hadamard transform, Haar transform
2.3 DCT, KL transform and Singular Value Decomposition. 3
2.4 Image Compression: Need for compression, Basics of 2
lossless compression – bit plane coding, run length
encoding and predictive coding, Basics of lossy
compression – uniform and non-uniform quantization
techniques used in image compression, Concept of
transform coding, JPEG Image compression standard..
3 Image Enhancement
3.1 Spatial domain methods: point processing- intensity 2
transformations, histogram processing, image
subtraction, image averaging
3.2 Spatial filtering- smoothing filters, sharpening filters 1
3.3 Frequency domain methods: low pass filtering, high 2
pass filtering, homomorphic filter.
4 Image Restoration
4.1 Degradation model, Unconstraint restoration- Lagrange 2
multiplier and constraint restoration
4.2 Inverse filtering- removal of blur caused by uniform 2
linear motion, Weiner filtering
4.3 Geometric transformations-spatial transformations 2
5 Image segmentation
5.1 Classification of Image segmentation techniques, region 2
approach, clustering techniques
5.2 Segmentation based on Thresholding, edge based 2
segmentation
5.3 Classification of edges, edge detection, Hough 3
transform, active contour
The following simulations be done in Scilab/ Matlab/ LabView:
1. Read Image data into the workspace.
2. Determine various transforms using matlab functions.
3. Detect and measure circular objects in an image.
4. Adjust the contrast of the given image.
5. Filter images using predefined filter.
6. Create degraded images affected by motion blur and noise by simulating the models for both.
Apply inverse filtering and Weiner filtering methods to the simulated images and compare
their performance.
7. Detect an object against the background using various edge detection algorithms and compare
their performance.
8. Create a histogram for a gray scale image.
9. Create image at various compression level.
10. Use texture segmentation to identify region based on their texture.


Course Code: ECT352
Course Name: DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

PART A
Answer all questions, each carries 3 marks.
1. Give mathematical representation of digital images? Write down the names of different
formats used. K2
2. Explain mach band effect. K2
3. What is SVD? Explain its applications in digital image processing. K3
4. Write the similarity and difference between Hadamard and Walsh transforms K3
5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of block processing K2
6. Name the role of point operators in image enhancement K2
7. What is median filter? Explain the operation in 2D noise image with salt and pepper noise K3
8. Distinguish between linear and nonlinear image restoration. K3
9. Mention the use of derivative operation in edge detection. K4
10. The Pewitt edge operator is much better than Robert operator. Why? Give the matrix. K3
PART B
Answer any one full questions, from each module carries14marks.
Module 1
1. a) State and explain the 2D sampling theorem. Explain how aliasing errors can be eliminated? (7
marks)
b) Define the terms brightness, contrast, hue and saturation with respect to a digital image. Explain
the terms False contouring and Machband effect. (K1 – CO1) (7 marks)
OR
2. a) Explain elements of visual perception simple image formation model in detail (K1 – CO1) (8
marks)
b) Explain various color image models and its transformations (K1 - CO1) (6 marks)
Module 2
3. a) Explain the difference between DST and DCT. (K2 - CO1) (4 marks)
b) Compute the 2D DFT of the 4x4 gray scale image given below. (K3-CO1) (10 marks)
OR
4. a) Construct a Harr transform matrix for N=4. (4 marks) (K3-CO1)
b) Compute the 8-point DCT for following date X={2,4,6,8,10,6,4,2}. (10 marks)
Module 3
5. a) List histogram image enhancement techniques? Explain each one in detail. (10 marks)
K2-CO2
b) Write a note on color image enhancement. (K2-CO2) (4 marks)
OR
6. a) Describe the following in detail (i) Histogram equalization (ii) LPF and HPF in image
enhancement (iii) high boost filters (10 marks)
Module 4
7. a) Assume 4x4 image and filter the image using median filter of 3x3 neighbourhood.
Use replicate padding. (K3—CO1) (8 marks)
b) Explain the digital image restoration. (K1—CO1) (6 marks)
OR
8. a) Explain inverse filtering with necessary equations. (K1-CO1) (6 marks)
b) Differentiate various noise models. (K2-CO1) (8 marks)
Module 5
9. a) Explain the active contour algorithm for image segmentation any four geometric
transformations on an image. (K2-CO3) (7 marks)
c) Assume 4x4 image and filter the image using median filter of 3x3 neighbourhoods. Use
replicate padding (K3—CO1) (7 marks)
OR
10. a) Explain global, adaptive and histogram based thresholding in detail. (7 marks)
c) Explain Hough transform in detail (7 marks)
INTRODUCTION TO CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

ECT362 MEMS PEC 2 1 0 3
Preamble: This course introduces students to the rapidly emerging, multi-disciplinary, and
exciting field of Micro Electro Mechanical Systems.
Prerequisite: EST130-Basics of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, EST 100-

Engineering Mechanics
Course Outcomes
CO1 Describe the working principles of micro sensors and actuators

CO2 Identify commonly used mechanical structures in MEMS
CO3 Explain the application of scaling laws in the design of micro systems
CO4 Identify the typical materials used for fabrication of micro systems
CO5 Explain the principles of standard micro fabrication techniques
CO6 Describe the challenges in the design and fabrication of Micro systems
CO1 3 3
CO2 3 3
CO3 3 3
CO4 3 3 2
CO5 3 3
CO6 3 3
Assessment Pattern
Bloom’s Continuous Assessment Tests End Semester
Category 1 2 Examination
Remember 10 10 20
Understand 30 30 60
Apply 10 10 20
Analyse
Evaluate
Create
Mark distribution
150 50 100 3 hours
14 marks.
Course Outcome 1 (CO1):Describe the working principles of micro sensors and

actuators
1. Explain the principle of operation of two types of micro-accelerometers

2. Explain with relevant examples how the principle of electrostatics may be used for the
design of MEMS based sensors and actuators.
3. Explain how smart materials can be used for the design of MEMS based sensors and
actuators.
Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Identify commonly used mechanical structures in MEMS
1. Explain the purpose of micro cantilevers in MEMS systems. What is the

relevance of spring constant (k) of a mechanical structure in micro system design?
2. Derive the expression for the magnitude of applied bending moment with reference to
pure bending of longitudinal beams.
3. Explain how plates and diaphragms can be used for the design
Course Outcome 3(CO3): Explain the application of scaling laws in the design of micro
systems
1. Explain force scaling vector, what information does it provide to a MEMS designer?
2. Derive equations for acceleration a, time t and power density P/V based on the
Trimmer Force Scaling Vector?
3. Explain why electrostatic actuation is preferred over electromagnetic actuation at the
micro-scale.
Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Identify the typical materials used for fabrication of micro
systems
1. State the relevant properties of Silicon Carbide and Silicon Nitride for use in
Microsystems.
2. Explain why Silicon evolved as the ideal substrate material for MEMS fabrication.
3. Explain with examples the advantages of use of polymers in micro systems
fabrication?
Course Outcome 5 (CO5): Explain the principles of standard micro fabrication

techniques
1. Explain the steps involved in photolithography. State the chemicals used in each
of the stages along with the operating conditions.
2. Explain the criteria for choice of surface or bulk micromachining techniques in the
design of micro systems.
3. Explain with block diagram the steps in LIGA process. State two advantages of LIGA
process over other micro machining techniques.
Course Outcome 6 (CO6): Describe the challenges in the design, fabrication and
packaging of Micro systems
1. Explain the challenges involved in the packaging of Microsystems as compared to

microelectronic devices
2. Discuss the various fabrication challenges associated with surface micromachining.
SYLLABUS
MODULE I
MEMS and Microsystems: Applications – multidisciplinary nature of MEMS – principles

and examples of Micro sensors and micro actuators – micro accelerometer –comb drives -
Micro grippers – micro motors, micro valves, micro pumps, Shape Memory Alloys.
Actuation and Sensing techniques: Thermal sensors and actuators, Electrostatic sensors and
actuators, Piezoelectric sensors and actuators, magnetic actuators
MODULE II
Review of Mechanical concepts: Stress, Strain, Modulus of Elasticity, yield strength, ultimate
strength – General stress strain relations – compliance matrix. Overview of commonly used
mechanical structures in MEMS - Beams, Cantilevers, Plates, Diaphragms – Typical
applications
Flexural beams: Types of Beams, longitudinal strain under pure bending – Deflection of
beams – Spring constant of cantilever – Intrinsic stresses
MODULE III
Scaling laws in miniaturization - scaling in geometry, scaling in rigid body dynamics,

Trimmer force scaling vector, scaling in electrostatic and electromagnetic forces, scaling in
electricity and fluidic dynamics, scaling in heat conducting and heat convection.
Materials for MEMS – Silicon – Silicon compounds – Silicon Nitride, Silicon Dioxide,
Silicon carbide, Poly Silicon, GaAs , Silicon Piezo resistors. Polymers in MEMS – SU-8,
PMMA, PDMS, Langmuir – Blodgett Films.
MODULE IV
Micro System fabrication – Photolithography – Ion implantation- Diffusion – Oxidation –

Chemical vapour deposition – Etching
Overview of Micro manufacturing – Bulk micro manufacturing, Surface micro machining ,

LIGA process –Microstereo lithography
MODULE V
Micro system Packaging: general considerations in packaging design – Levels of Micro

system packaging. Bonding techniques for MEMS: Surface bonding, Anodic bonding,
Silicon - on - Insulator, wire bonding, Sealing – Assembly of micro systems.
Overview of MEMS areas : RF MEMS, BioMEMS, MOEMS, NEMS
Text Books:
1. Chang Liu, Foundations of MEMS, Pearson 2012
2. Tai-Ran Hsu, MEMS and Microsystems Design and Manufacture, TMH, 2002
Reference Books:
1. Chang C Y and Sze S. M., VLSI Technology, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2000
2. Julian W Gardner, Microsensors: Principles and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, 1994
3. Mark Madou, Fundamentals of Micro fabrication, CRC Press, New York, 1997
4. Stephen D. Senturia, Microsystem design, Springer (India), 2006.
5. Thomas B. Jones, Electromechanics and MEMS, Cambridge University Press, 2001
6. Gregory T.A. Kovacs, Micromachined Transducers Sourcebook, McGraw Hill, 1998
No Topic No. of
Lectures
1.1 Introduction to MEMS and Microsystems 1
1.2 Applications – multidisciplinary nature of MEMS – principles and 1
examples of Micro sensors and micro actuators – micro
accelerometer, comb drives -
1.3 Micro grippers – micro motors, 1
1.4 micro valves, micro pumps, Shape Memory Alloys. 1
1.5 Actuation and Sensing techniques : Thermal sensors and actuators, 1
1.6 Electrostatic sensors and actuators 1
1.7 Piezoelectric sensors and actuators, 1
1.8 magnetic actuators 1
2.1 Review of Mechanical concepts: Stress, Strain, Modulus of 1

Elasticity, yield strength, ultimate strength
2.2 General stress strain relations – compliance matrix. 1
2.3 Overview of commonly used mechanical structures in MEMS - 1
Beams, Cantilevers, Plates, Diaphragms – Typical applications
2.4 Flexural beams: Types of Beams, longitudinal strain under pure 2
bending
2.5 Deflection of beams – Spring constant of cantilever, Intrinsic 1
stresses
3.1 Scaling laws in miniaturization - scaling in geometry, scaling in 2

rigid body dynamics, Trimmer force scaling vector,
3.2 scaling in electrostatic and electromagnetic forces 1
3.3 scaling in electricity and fluidic dynamics, 1
3.4 scaling in heat conducting and heat convection 1
3.5 Materials for MEMS – Silicon – Silicon compounds- Silicon 1
Nitride
3.6 Silicon Dioxide, Silicon carbide 1
3.7 Poly Silicon, GaAs , Silicon Piezo resistors 1
3.8 Polymers in MEMS – SU-8, PMMA, 1
3.9 PDMS, Langmuir – Blodgett Film 1
4.1 Micro System fabrication,Photolithography– Ion implantation 2

4.2 Diffusion, Oxidation 1
4.3 Chemical vapour deposition, Etching 1
4.4 Overview of Micro manufacturing – Bulk micro manufacturing, 1
4.5 Surface micro machining 1
4.6 LIGA process 1
4.7 Microstereo lithography 1
5.1 Micro system Packaging: general considerations in packaging 1

design
5.2 Levels of Micro system packaging 1
5.3 Bonding techniques for MEMS : Surface bonding , Anodic 1
bonding
5.4 Silicon - on - Insulator , wire bonding 1
5.5 Sealing – Assembly of micro systems 1
5.6 Overview of MEMS areas : RF MEMS, BioMEMS, MOEMS, 1
NEMS
Model Question Paper ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Course: ECT 362 Introduction to MEMS
PART A
1 State an example to justify the multidisciplinary nature of MEMS 3

2 State three applications of MEMS devices in the automotive industry 3
3 Define normal stress and strain, how it is different from shear stress 3
and strain
4 Determine the stress in the longitudinal direction of a Silicon rod with 3
rectangular cross section is pulled on both ends with a force of 10mN.
The dimensions of the rod being 1 mm X 100µm X 50µm.
5 Define the Trimmer force scaling vector 3
6 State one application each of PDMS and PMMA in MEMS fabrication 3
7 Discuss the criteria for selecting materials for the masks used in 3
etching
8 Define etch stop? State the different methods used to stop etching 3
9 State the various levels of micro system packaging 3
10 State two applications of NEMS 3
PART B
Answer one question from each module. Each question carries 14 marks.
Module I
11(A) Sketch and explain the working of a silicon capacitive accelerometer 6

attached to a comb drive
11(B) Explain the operating principle of piezoelectric sensors and actuators 8
with relevant sketches.
OR
12(A) Explain the operating principle of thermal bimorphs with neat 8
sketches. State any two applications of thermal sensors.
12(B) Explain the principle of operation of the following micro sensors (i) 6
Comb drives (ii) Shape Memory Alloys
Module II
13(A) Determine the force constant associated with the two beams (a) and 8
(b) shown in figure below.Which is stiffer, justify with arguments.
13(B) Explain with neat sketches the longitudinal strain experienced by 6

segment of beam (with rectangular cross-section) under pure
bending.
OR
14(A) Explain the general stress strain relationship and arrive at the 8
compliance matrix
14(B) Explain with neat sketches the type of mechanical beams and 6
boundary conditions associated with supports
Module III
15(A) Explain in the light of scaling, assuming a 10 times reduction of size 8
of the actuator. Which of the electrostatic and electromagnetic forces
are best suited for micro device actuation.
15(B) State three relevant properties of Silicon Carbide and Silicon Nitride 6
for use in Microsystems
OR
16(A) Explain various scaling laws in miniaturization 6
16(B) State the constraints in pumping fluids in micro channels. What 8

pumping scheme is usually used in micro fluidics, state one
example?
Module IV
17(A) Explain the steps involved in photolithography. State the chemicals 6
used in each of the stages along with the operating conditions
17(B) Compare and contrast various micro manufacturing techniques 8
OR
18(A) Describe the various mechanical problems associated with surface 6
micromachining
18(B) Explain the LIGA process associated with MEMS fabrication 8
Module V
19(A) Explain the following bonding techniques with figures a) Silicon-on-
Insulator b) Wire bonding
19(B) Explain the challenges involved in BioMEMS. List three 8
applications of BioMEMS.
OR
20(A) Explain with diagrams any two applications of RFMEMS 8

20(B) Explain the challenges involved in designing packages for micro 6
systems
ECT372 QUANTUM COMPUTING
PEC 2 1 0 3
Preamble: Quantum computers are not yet built. If such machines become a reality, they will
fundamentally change how we perform calculations, and the implications on many
applications (including communications and computer security) will be tremendous. This
course aims to provide a first introduction to quantum computing with a general
understanding of how quantum mechanics can be applied to computational problems. It
highlights the paradigm change between conventional computing and quantum computing,
and introduce several basic quantum algorithms.
Prerequisite: MAT101 Linear Algebra and Calculus
CO 1 Explain the basic constructs in linear algebra needed to build the concepts of quantum
K2 computing
CO 2 Relate the postulates of quantum mechanics for computation and illustrate/
K2 demonstrate quantum measurement
CO 3 Identify quantum gates and build quantum circuit model in which most of the
K3 quantum algorithms are designed.
CO 4 Analyse and design quantum algorithms and grasp the advantage they offer over
K4 classical counterparts.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CO1 3 3 2
CO2 3 3 2
CO3 3 3 3 2
CO4 3 3 3 2 2
Assessment Pattern
Tests
1 2
Apply K3 20 10 50
Analyse K4 10 20
Evaluate
Create
Mark distribution
150 50 100 3 hours

14 marks.
Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Explain the basic constructs in linear algebra needed to build
the concepts of quantum computing (K2)
1. Summarise the basic operators and matrices required for understanding the quantum
computing concepts.
2. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of Pauli matrices.
3. Explain spectral decomposition and Spectral theorem. State the spectral theorem for
Hermitian operator.
4. Show the matrix representation of the tensor products of the Pauli operators
Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Relate the postulates of quantum mechanics for computation
and illustrate/ demonstrate quantum measurement (K2)
1. State and explain the postulates of Quantum Mechanics applied to computing.

2. Show the Bloch sphere representation of quantum bits.
3. Find the various states of a given system using state space analysis.
4. Demonstrate the state space representation of composite systems using tensor product.
Course Outcome 3 (CO3): Identify quantum gates and build quantum circuit model in
which most of the quantum algorithms are designed (K3)
1. Model universal gates using standard quantum gates.

2. Illustrate the implementation of quantum operation using quantum gates.
3. Construct and prove circuit identities.
4. Construct a circuit for implementing controlled U operations
5. Design quantum circuits that implements projective measurement in the computational
basis.
Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Analyse and design quantum algorithms and grasp the
advantage they offer over classical counterparts (K4)
1. Design a circuit that implements Quantum Fourier Transform(QFT) for an n-bit input.
2. Construct the phase estimation algorithm from basic principles and design the circuit for
phase estimation using QFT.
3. Interpret phase estimation algorithm for the implementation of order finding and
factorisation algorithms.
SYLLABUS
Module 1: Basics of Linear Algebra

History and Overview of Quantum Computation and Quantum Information, Linear Algebra
Basics, Linear Operators and matrices, The Pauli matrices, Inner Products, Eigen values and
Eigen vectors, Hermitian operators and Adjoints, Spectral theorem, Tensor Products.
Module 2: Basics of Quantum Mechanics

State Space Representation - Bloch Sphere, State Evolution – Unitary transformation,
Quantum measurement – Projective measurements, Composite systems - Superposition.
Module 3: Quantum Gates and Circuits

Quantum gates – Hadamard gate, NOT gate, controlled-NOT gate, Toffoli gate, Realisation
of classical gates with quantum gates – Z Gate, Fredkein Gate, Pauli Matrices – Controlled
Swap and Controlled U-operations, Circuit Identities
Module 4: Quantum Measurement

Basic principle of quantum measurement - Principle of deferred measurement, Principle of
implicit measurement, Gates with projective measurements, Universal quantum gates,
Universality of two level unitary gates.
Module 5: Algorithms
Quantum Fourier Transform (QFT) – Quantum circuit for QFT, Quantum phase estimation,
Modular exponentiation, Order finding and factorisation – Deutsch’s algorithm.
Text Books
1. M. A. Nielsen and I. L. Chuang, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information,
Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 2010.
2. J. Gruska, Quantum Computing, McGraw Hill, 1999.
3. G. Strang, Linear algebra and its applications (4th Edition), Thomson, 2006.
Reference Books
1. P. Kaye, R. Laflamme, and M. Mosca. An Introduction to Quantum Computing. Oxford,

2007.
2. Eleanor G. Rieffel, Wolfgang H. Polak, “Quantum Computing: A Gentle Introduction,”
MIT Press, 2011.
3. Noson Yanofsky and Mirco Mannucci, “Quantum Computing for Computer Scientists”,
Cambridge University Press, 2008.
4. Abhijith, J., Adedoyin, Adetokunbo, Ambrosiano, John (and 30 others), “Quantum
Algorithm Implementations for Beginners” , arXiv:1804.03719, 2020.
No Topic No. of
Lectures
1 Basics of Linear Algebra
1.1 History and Overview of Quantum Computation and Quantum Information 1
1.2 Linear Algebra Basics 1
1.3 Linear Operators and matrices 1
1.4 Pauli matrices 1
1.5 Inner Products, Eigen values and Eigen vectors 1
1.6 Hermitian operators and Adjoints, Spectral theorem 2
1.7 Tensor Products 2
2 Basics of Quantum Mechanics

2.1 State Space Representation - Bloch Sphere 1
2.2 State Evolution – Unitary transformation 2
2.3 Quantum measurement – Projective measurements 2
2.4 Composite systems - Superposition 2
3 Quantum Gates and Circuits

3.1 Quantum gates – Hadamard gate, NOT gate, controlled-NOT gate, Toffoli 2
gate
3.2 Realisation of classical gates with quantum gates – Z Gtae, Fredkein Gate 2
3.3 Pauli Matrices – Controlled Swap and Controlled U-operations 2
3.4 Circuit Identities 1
4 Quantum Measurement
4.1 Basic principle of quantum measurement - Principle of deferred 1
measurement, Principle of implicit measurement
4.2 Gates with projective measurements 2
4.3 Universal quantum gates 1
4.4 Universality of two level unitary gates 2
5 Algorithms
5.1 Quantum Fourier Transform (QFT) 1
5.2 Quantum circuit for QFT Quantum phase estimation 2
5.3 Modular exponentiation 1
5.4 Order finding and factorisation – Deutsch’s algorithm 2
Model Question paper ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Course Code: ECT372
Course Name: QUANTUM COMPUTING
PART A
1 Consider the operator from ₵2 → ₵2 given by T(x,y) = (ix, iy), where ℤ2 = -1. Find K2
the matrix representation of the Transformation.
2 2 1 K1
Write the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix  . Is this operator
1 2
Hermitian?
3 1 j K1
Write down the Bloch sphere representation of the Quantum bit 0  1 .
2 2
4 Suppose the first bit of a two bit Quantum System whose state given by K3
 00   01   10   11 is measured
a. What is the probability that the first bit is observed to be 0?
b. Suppose that the first bit is observed to be 0, then what is the resultant state
of the system?
5. Compute the resultant state of the given circuit for input state 00 . K3
H
CNOT
6 What is the 4×4 unitary matrix
H
for the circuit given below K2
. H
x2
x1
7 State the two basic principles of quantum measurement and explain it’s uses. K1
8 For the given circuit, 0 was observed by measuring the second bit. What is the K3
resultant Quantum State of the first bit?
9 Give a decomposition of the controlled-Rk gate into single qubit and CNOT gates. K2
10 Draw the 3 input Quantum Fourier Transform (QFT) circuit. K2
PART – B
Module - I
11 a. Find the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the following four matrices: 7
1 0 0 1 0  i 1 0 CO1
 0   1   2   3 
0 1  1 0 i 0  0  1
K2
b. Give the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of this matrix 7
1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
 
0 1 0 0 CO1
 
0 0 0 1
K3
OR
12 a. A matrix M is Hermitian if M† = M. Let M be Hermitian. 7
i. Prove that all of its eigenvalues are real. CO1
ii. Prove that v†Mv is real, for all vectors v. When v†Mv > 0, we say that M > 0. K3
b. Let M be Hermitian, and define 7
iM (iM ) k
U e 
k k!
CO1
Prove that U U = I, where I is the identity matrix. For matrix M, let M = (M ) , K3
† † T *
where MT is the transpose of M, and * is denotes the complex conjugate of M.
Module - II
13 a. What is a Quantum State. Explain with examples 2
CO2
K2
b. Consider the following two-qubit quantum state, ‫׀‬φ›. 12
2 1 2i 2 5i
00  01  10  11
3 3 6 3 3 3 6
i. What are the probabilities of outcomes 0 and 1 if the first qubit of ‫׀‬φ› is mea- CO2
sured?
ii. What are the probabilities of outcomes 0 and 1 if the second qubit of ‫׀‬φ› is K3
measured?
iii. What is the state of the system after the first qubit of ‫׀‬φ› is measured to be a
0?
iv. What is the state of the system if the second qubit of ‫׀‬φ› is measured to be a
1?
v. What are the probabilities of outcomes 0 and 1 if the second qubit of the sys-
tem is measured, after the first qubit of ‫׀‬φ› has been measured to be 0?
vi. What are the probabilities of outcomes 0 and 1 if the first qubit of the system
is measured, after the second qubit of ‫׀‬φ› has been measured to be 1?
OR
14 a. State and explain the four postulates of Quantum Mechanics applied to computing. 8
CO2
K2
b. Which quantum state do we get if we apply (H ⊗ I) CNOT to I) CNOT to 6
1 2
00  11 CO2
3 3
Here I is the 1-qubit identity operation, H is the 1-qubit Hadamard, and CNOT is K3
the 2-qubit controlled-not operation with the first (=leftmost) qubit being the con-
trol.
What is the probability of seeing 11 if we measure the resulting state in the com-
putational basis?
Module - III
15 a. Show that XYX = −Y and use this to prove that X Ry (θ) X = R) X = Ry (−θ) X = R). 7
CO3
K3
b. An arbitrary single qubit unitary operator can be written in the form 7
U exp(i ) Rnˆ ( ) . for some real numbers α and θ) X = R, and a real three-dimensional CO3
unit vector n̂ . K3
i. Prove this fact.
ii. Find values for α, θ) X = R, and n̂ giving the Hadamard gate H.
iii. Find values for α, θ) X = R, and n̂ giving the phase gate.

OR
16 a. It is useful to be able to simplify circuits by inspection, using well-known identities. 7
Prove the following three identities:
i. HXH = Z CO3
ii. HY H = −Y K3
iii. HZH = X
b. Show that 7
= Z CO3
K3
Z
Module - IV
17 Suppose we have a single qubit operator U with eigenvalues ±1, so that U is both 14
Hermitian and unitary. Suppose we wish to measure the observable U. How can this CO3
be implemented by a quantum circuit? Show that the following circuit implements a K3
measurement of U.
0
H H
 in
U  out
OR
18 a. Derive the circuit implementing the controlled-U operation for an arbitrary single 7
qubit U, using only single qubit operations and the CNOT gate. CO3
K4
b. Using just CNOTs and Toffoli gates, construct a quantum circuit to perform the 7
transformation given below.
CO3
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 K4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
 
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
 
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
 
 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Module - V
19 a. Derive the circuitry for computing a 4-input Quantum Fourier Transform (QFT). 7
CO4
K3
b. The two qubit Quantum Fourier Transform is given by the following matrix. 7
1 1 1 1  CO4
  i
1 1 i  1
F2   
2 1  1 1  1 K3
 
1  i  1 i 
Sketch a circuit for implementing the operator F2 using any combination of 1-qubit
Hadamard gates; 1-qubit Pauli gates; 2-qubit CNOT gates and controlled phase
shifts. Briefly explain your circuit.
OR
20 a. Explain the phase estimation algorithm using Quantum Fourier Transform (QFT). 8
Derive the circuitry for the Quantum Phase estimation. CO4
K3
b. Apply Quantum phase estimation to estimate the phase of a T-Gate. 6
CO4
K4
SEMESTER VI
MINOR
ECT382 VLSI CIRCUITS
VAC 3 1 0 4
Preamble: This course aims to impart the knowledge about the fundamentals of Digital Systems,
MOSFETs, basic VLSI circuits and Application Specific Integrated Circuits.
Prerequisite: ECT281 Electronic Circuits
Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to:
Explain the working of various functional building blocks used in digital system
CO1
design
Explain Structure and working of MOSFETS and basic VLSI circuits using
CO2
MOSFET
CO3 Explain the circuit technique used to implement dynamic logic and storage cells
Explain the application specific integrated circuit design flow and design
CO4
approached
Explain the programmable logic cells, programming technologies, different type of
CO5
i/o cells and different timing constraints in ASIC design
Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes:

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO 4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1 3 2 3 2 3
CO2 3 2 2 1 3
CO3 3 2 2 1 3
CO4 3 3 3 3 3 3
CO5 3 3 3 3 3 3
Assessment Pattern:
Tests
1 2
Apply K3 10 10 20
Analyse
Evaluate
Create
Mark distribution:

150 50 100 3Hrs
End Semester Examination Pattern
Maximum Marks: 100 Time: 3 hours
Mark patterns are as per the syllabus with 75% for theory and 25% for logical/numerical
problems.
Course Level Assessment Questions.
Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. With circuit and truth table, explain the working of a full adder.
2. Explain the use of 2m:1 multiplexer for realizing a logic function od m variables.
3. With circuit and truth table, explain the working of a 4 bit ripple counter
1. Draw the stricture of a n-channel MOSFET and describe its working
2. Explain the static characteristics of NMOS inverter and derive its pull up to pull down
impedance ratio
3. Draw the circuit diagram of two input NAND gate in CMOS logic and represent it using its
stick diagram

1. Describe the basic principle of dynamic logic with necessary diagrams
2. Explain the working of np domino logic. What is its merits and demerits over domino logic?
3. Explain the working of one transistor Dynamic Memory Cell.
1. Explain and compare the full custom and semicustom IC design methods
2. Describe the Top-Down and Bottom-Up design methodologies using in ASIC design
3. Discuss the Speed power and area considerations in VLSI design

1. Explain a multiplexer based programmable logic cells
2. Describe the programmable array based logic implementation in Altera MAX
3. Define setup time, hold time, propagation delay, clock to output delay
Syllabus
Module 1: Basic Building Blocks in Digital Systems (12 Hrs)

Basic logic gates, binary adder, subtractor, magnitude comparator, decoders, encoders,
multiplexers, simple examples for combinational circuits (discuss with respective truth tables)
Sequential circuits, Latched and flip-flops, clocked sequential circuits, registers, shift registers,
counters (analysis not required)
Module 2: MOSFET Fundamentals and basic VLSI circuits (9 Hrs)

Structure and working principle of MOSFETS, VI characteristics, current equations(derivations
not required),
NMOS and CMOS inverter circuits, static characteristics and comparison, implementation of
CMOS logic gates, stick diagram representation, Layout Design and Design rules- Lambda rules
and micron rules (Definitions only).
Module 3: Dynamic logic Design and Storage Cells (8 Hrs)

Dynamic Logic Design-Pre charge- Evaluate logic, Domino Logic, NP domino logic. Read Only
Memory-4x4 MOS ROM Cell Arrays (NOR) Random Access Memory –SRAM-Six transistor
CMOS SRAM cell, DRAM –Three transistor and One transistor Dynamic Memory Cell.
Module 4: VLSI Design Methodologies (7 Hrs)

Introduction: Moore slaw .ASIC design, Full custom ASICs, Standard cell based ASICs, Gate
array based ASICs, SoCs, FPGA devices, ASIC and FPGA Design flows Top-Down and
Bottom-Up design methodologies. Logical and Physical design. Speed power and area
considerations in VLSI design
Module 5: FPGA Architecture(8 Hrs)

Programmable logic cells: multiplexer based logic cells(ACT1), lookup table based logic
implementation(XC3000 CLB), programmable array based logic implementation (Altera MAX).
ASIC programming technologies: antifuse, SRAM, EPROM, EEPROM
Different types of I/O cells used in programmable ASICs
Timing constraints in ASIC design: setup time, hold time, propagation delay, clock to output
delay, critical path (concept only)
Text Books:
1. M. Morris Mano, Digital Design 3/e, Prentice Hall of India, 2002.

2. M. J. S. Smith, Application Specific Integrated Circuits, Pearson Education,2007
3. Sung –Mo Kang & Yusuf Leblebici, CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits- Analysis & Design,
McGraw-Hill, Third Ed., 2003
References:
1. Thomas Floys, Digital Fundamentals, 11th edition, Pearson Publication, 2015
2. Neil H.E. Weste, Kamran Eshraghian, Principles of CMOS VLSI Design- A Systems
Perspective, Second Edition. Pearson Publication, 2005.
3. Jan M. Rabaey, Digital Integrated Circuits- A Design Perspective, Prentice Hall, Second
Edition, 2005.
No Topic No. of.

Lectures
Module 1: Basic Building Blocks in Digital Systems (12 hours)
1.1 Basic logic gates, 1
1.2 binary adder, subtractor 2
1.3 magnitude comparator, decoders, encoders 1
1.4 multiplexers, simple examples for combinational circuits 2

1.5 Sequential circuits, Latches and flip-flops 2
1.6 clocked sequential circuits, registers, shift registers, counters 4
Module 2: MOSFET Fundamentals and basic VLSI circuits (9 hours)
2.1 Structure and working principle of MOSFETS 1
2.2 VI characteristics, current equations 1
2.3 NMOS and CMOS inverter circuits, static characteristics and comparison 3
2.4 Implementation of CMOS logic gates 2
2.5 Stick diagram representation, Layout Design and Design rules- Lambda rules and 2
micron rules (Definitions only)
Module 3: Dynamic logic Design and Storage Cells (7 hours)
3.1 Dynamic Logic Design-Pre charge- Evaluate logic 1
3.2 Domino Logic, NP domino logic 2
3.3 ROM, Ram and DRAM 4
Module 4: VLSI Design Methodologies. (8 hours)
4.1 Introduction: Moore slaw .ASIC design, 1
Full custom ASICs, Standard cell based ASICs, Gate array based ASICs, SoCs,
4.2 3
FPGA devices
4.3 ASIC and FPGA Design flows Top-Down and Bottom-Up design methodologies. 2
4.4 Logical and Physical design. Speed power and area considerations in VLSI design 2
Module 5: FPGA Architecture (9 hours)
Programmable logic cells: multiplexer based logic cells(ACT1), lookup table
5.1 based logic implementation(XC3000 CLB), programmable array based logic 3
implementation (Altera MAX).
5.2 ASIC programming technologies: antifuse, SRAM, EPROM, EEPROM 2
5.3 Different types of I/O cells used in programmable ASICs 2
Timing constraints in ASIC design: setup time, hold time, propagation delay,
5.4 2
clock to output delay, critical path

Course: ECT 382 VLSI CIRCUITS
Time: 3 Hrs Max.

Marks: 100
PART A
(Answer All Questions)
1 Which are the universal gates and why are they called as universal gates? (3)
2 Draw the circuit diagram to realize a modulo 15 down counter (3)
3 Draw VI characteristics of n- channel MOSFET and clearly mark different (3)
regions
4 Define lambda rules and micron rules. (3)
5 List out the merits and drawbacks of np domino over domino logic (3)
6 Explain the working of one transistor Dynamic Memory Cell. (3)
7 Explain Moore slaw in VLSI design (3)
8 Differentiate between full custom and semicustom design methods in (3)
ASIC design.
9 List different types of I/O cells used in programmable ASICs. (3)
10 What is mean by critical path in an ASIC? (3)
PART B
(Answer one question from each module. Each question carries 14
mark.)
11 (a) With circuit and truth table, explain the working of a full adder. Also draw (8)
the schematic of 4 bit binary adder using full adder blocks
(b) Construct a circuit to convert four bit serial data to parallel data and (6)
explain its working.
OR
12 (a) Realize a 16:1 multiplexer using four bit multiplexers and basic gates. (8)
Also explain it using its switching expression
(b) Explain the working of JK flip flop with its circuit and truth table (6)
13 (a) Draw VI characteristics of n-channel MOSFET and explain it with the

(8)
current equation
(b) Draw the circuit diagram of a two input CMOS NAND gate (6)
OR
14 (a) Draw the stick diagram and Layout of a CMOS inverter

(8)
(b) Explain any 5 Lambda based design rules (6)
15 (a) Explain the Pre charge- Evaluate phase in the dynamic logic. (6)
(b) Draw a 4x4 MOS ROM Cell Array and explain its working (8)
OR
16 (a) With neat schematic diagram, explain the working of NP domino logic. (8)
What is its advantage over domino logic?
(b) Explain the working of a three transistor DRAM cell (6)
17 (a) What is FPGA? What are its applications? With block diagram explain its (7)
internal architecture?
(b) Explain ASIC design flow. (7)
OR
18 (a) Explain the Top-Down and Bottom-Up design approaches in FPGA based (8)
system designs
(b) List the advantages of SOC (6)
19 (a) Explain the gate array based ASICs with neat diagram (7)
(b) With necessary diagram illustrate antifuse technique used in (7)

programmable ASICs
OR
20 (a) Discuss the different types of I/O cells that are used in programmable (6)
ASICS and their functions
(b) Define setup time, hold time, propagation delay and clock to output delay (8)
ECT384 DATA NETWORKS
VAC 3 1 0 4
Preamble: This course aims to provide an insight into the concepts of data communication
and networking.
Prerequisite: Nil
CO1 Explain the concepts of data communication, structure of networks and compare OSI
K2 and TCP/IP networking models
CO2 Explain the responsibilities of the data link layer including framing, addressing, flow
K2 control, error control and media access control
CO3 Illustrate the functions and protocols of network layer, transport layer and
K2 application layer in inter-networking
CO4 Discuss congestion control techniques and Quality of Service requirements for a
K2 network
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CO 1 3 3 2
CO 2 3 3 2 2
CO 3 3 3 2 2
CO 4 3 3 2
CO 5 3 3 2
Assessment Pattern
Tests
1 2
Apply
Analyse
Evaluate
Create
Mark distribution
150 50 100 3 hours

14 marks.
Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Explain the concepts of data communication, structure of

networks and networking models (K2)
1. Describe the various methods of data representation

2. Describe the different topologies of networks
3. Illustrate the functions of each layer in the OSI model
Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Explain the responsibilities of the data link layer including
framing, addressing, flow control, error control and media access control (K2)
1. Describe the data link control

2. Explain the controlled access methods
3. Discuss the Pure ALOHA and Slotted ALOHA multiple access methods
Course Outcome 3 (CO3): Illustrate the functions and protocols of network layer,
transport layer and application layer in inter-networking (K2)
1. Describe how logical addresses are mapped to physical address using RARP
2. Explain the application layer protocols
3. Explain the distance vector routing protocol
Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Discuss congestion control techniques and Quality of Service
requirements for a network(K2)
1. Explain FIFO queuing and Priority queuing

2. Describe the characteristics attributed to a flow
3. Describe the operation of UDP
SYLLABUS
Module 1: An Overview of Data Communications and Networking

Data Communications- Components, Data representation, Data flow- Simplex, Half Duplex,
Full Duplex Modes, Networks- Network criteria, Physical Structures- Point to Point
Connection, Multipoint Connection, Physical Topology, Switching- Circuit Switched
Networks and Datagram Networks, Categories of Networks, Interconnection of Networks,
Protocols, Network models – OSI Model, Layers in the OSI Model, TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Module 2: Physical Layer and Data Link Layer

Guided Media and Unguided Transmission Media, Data Link Layer – Framing, Flow and
Error Control - Stop and Wait Protocol, Sliding Window Protocol, Error Correction and
Detection - Types of Errors, Redundancy, Detection vs Correction, Forward Error Correction
vs Retransmission, Check Sum, Networking Devices- Hubs, Bridges, Switches
Module 3: Multiple Access, Ethernet, Wireless LANs

Multiple Access Protocols – Random Access, ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA,
Controlled Access, Channelization -FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, Ethernet -IEEE standards,
Wireless LANs- IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth.
Module 4: Network Layer

Internetworking- Need for Network Layer, Internet as a Datagram Network, Internet as a
Connectionless Network, Network Layer Logical Addressing – IPv4 and IPv6 Addressing
only, Address Mapping -ARP, RARP, BOOTP, DHCP. Delivery, Forwarding, Routing
Protocols - Distance Vector routing.
Module 5: Transport Layer, Congestion Control and Quality of Service

Transport layer – UDP, TCP, Congestion, Congestion Control, Quality of Service,
Techniques to Improve QoS. Application Layer- FTP, Telnet, DNS, Electronic Mail
Text Book
Behrouz A Forouzan, Data Communication and Networking, 4/e, Tata McGraw Hill
Reference Books
1. Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks, 4/e, PHI (Prentice Hall India).
2. William Stallings, Computer Networking with Internet Protocols, Prentice-Hall, 2004
3. Fred Halsall, Computer Networking and the Internet, 5/e, Pearson Education
4. Larry L Peterson and Bruce S Dave, Computer Networks – A Systems Approach, 5/e,
Morgan Kaufmann
5. James F. Kurose, Keith W. Ross, Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach, 6/e,

Pearson Education

No Topic No. of
Lectures
1 An Overview of Data Communications and Networking (9 hours)
1.1 Components, Data representation, Data flow -Simplex, Half Duplex, Full 1
Duplex modes
1.2 Networks- Network criteria, Physical Structures- Point to Point Connection, 1
Multipoint Connection
1.3 Switching- Circuit Switched Networks and Datagram Networks, 2
1.4 Categories of networks, Interconnection of networks, Protocols, 1
1.5 Network models – OSI Model, Layers in the OSI model, 3
1.6 TCP/IP Protocol Suite 1
2 Physical Layer and Data Link Layer(9 hours)

2.1 Guided Media and Unguided Transmission Media 1
2.2 Data Link Control- Framing, Flow and Error Control- Stop and Wait 2
Protocol, Sliding Window Protocol
2.3 Error Detection and Correction – Types of Errors, Redundancy, Detection 2
vs Correction, Forward Error Correction vs Retransmission
2.4 Check Sum 2
2.5 Networking devices -Hubs, Bridges, Switches 2
3 Multiple Access, Ethernet, Wireless LANs (8 hours)

3.1 Random Access, ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA 2
3.2 Controlled Access 1
3.3 Channelization -FDMA, TDMA, CDMA 2
3.4 Ethernet -IEEE standards, Wireless LANs- IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth 3
4 Network Layer (9 hours)

4.1 Internetworking- Need for Network Layer, Internet as a Datagram Network, 1
Internet as a Connectionless Network,
4.2 Network Layer Logical Addressing -IPv4 and IPv6 Addressing only 2
4.3 Address Mapping -ARP, RARP, BOOTP, DHCP 2
4.4 Delivery, Forwarding 2
4.5 Routing - Distance Vector routing. 2
5 Transport Layer, Congestion Control and Quality of Service (10 hours)

5.1 UDP, TCP 3
5.2 Congestion, Congestion Control 3
5.3 Quality of Service, Techniques to Improve QoS 2
5.4 Application Layer -FTP, Telnet, DNS, Electronic Mail 2

Course Code: ECT384
Course Name: DATA NETWORKS
PART A
1 Explain the flow of data between 2 devices CO1,K2

2 Illustrate the factors that determine whether a system is a LAN or a WAN CO1, K2
3 Explain character-oriented protocols CO2, K2
4 Explain how guided media differs from unguided media CO2, K2
5 Compare random access protocol and controlled access protocol CO2, K2
6 Differentiate between BSS and ESS CO2, K2
7 Describe the steps in ARP process CO2, K2
8 Differentiate between a static and dynamic routing table CO3, K2
9 Describe the characteristics attributed to a flow CO4, K2

10 Describe how congestion control is achieved using choke packet CO4, K2
PART – B
Module - I
11 Explain the responsibilities of the layers of OSI model. CO1, K2
OR
12 (a) Illustrate the functioning of circuit switched networks and datagram CO2, K2
networks
Module - II
13. Explain how bandwidth spreading is achieved using FSSS and DSSS. CO2, K2
OR
14 Illustrate the Stop and Wait Protocol. CO3, K2
Module - III
15 Explain the channelization protocols. CO2, K2
OR
16 (a)Describe the Bluetooth layers (7 marks) CO2, K2
(b) Discuss the Hidden station problem and the exposed station problem in
IEEE802.11 (7 marks) CO2, K2
Module - IV
17 Describe mapping of logical addresses to physical addresses using ARP Protocol CO3, K2
OR
18 Describe the routing of packets using the distance vector routing protocol (10 CO3, K2
marks)
(b) Illustrate the functionality of the network layer at the source (4 marks) CO3, K2
Module - V
19 Describe the ports, user datagram, checksum and operation of UDP protocol CO4, K2
OR
CO4, K2
20 (a) Explain the different techniques to improve the Quality of Service (10
marks) CO3, K2
(b) Describe the services of user agent in electronic mail systems (4 marks)
TOPICS IN COMPUTER CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
ECT386
VISION VAC 3 1 0 4
Preamble: This course aims to develop the knowledge of various methods, algorithms and
applications of computer vision
Prerequisite: Nil
Apply basic point operators and 2D transforms for digital filtering

CO1 operations
Apply various algorithms for morphological operations and binary shape
CO 2 analysis.
Understand the theoretical aspects of image formation and 3D camera
CO3 models and vision system.
Apply edge, corner detection methods and optical flow algorithms to locate
CO 4 objects in an image/video.
Analyse 3D images and motion of objects in a given scene using appropriate

CO5 algorithms computer vision algorithms for real time practical applications.
PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO 10 PO PO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12
CO 1 3 3 2 2 2 2 3
CO 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 3
CO 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3
CO 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 3
CO 5 3 3 3 2 2 2 3
Assessment Pattern
Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment End Semester

Tests Examination
1 2
Apply K3 20 20 70
Analyse K4 10 10
Evaluate
Create
Mark distribution
150 50 100 3 hours

14 marks.
Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Apply basic point operators and 2D transforms for digital
filtering operations
1. Why histogram transformations are applied in a grey scale image and what output is
observed in that case.
2. Find filtered image using LP/HP/Smoothing/Median filter.
3. Describe the working principle of Homomorphic filter.
Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Apply various algorithms for morphological operations and
binary shape analysis
1. List different morphological operators and describe about each one in detail.
2. To describe connected component labelling and to apply it in a given image pixel set.
3. Find 8-point connectivity and Chain code of a given image pixel diagram.
Course Outcome 3 (CO3): Understand the theoretical aspects of image formation

and 3D camera models and vision system.
1. Differentiate between Monocular and binocular imaging system.

2. Compare and Contrast Orthographic and Perspective Projection methods.
3. Describe image formation and geometric transformations in 3D Camera Models.
4. Write short notes on 3D-Imaging system.
5. Briefly describe a stereo vision system.
Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Apply edge, corner detection methods and optical flow
algorithms to locate objects in an image/video.
1. What is the role of edge detection and corner detection in Computer Vision
applications?
2. Describe Canny’s edge detection algorithm.
3. Mention the steps in Harris corner detection algorithm and explain how it is employed
to detect corners in an image.
4. State with necessary mathematical steps, how Hough transform is employed for
detecting lines and curves in detecting an image.
Course Outcome 5 (CO5): Analyse 3D images and motion of objects in a given scene using
appropriate computer vision algorithms for real time practical applications.
1. Find Eigen values and Eigen Vectors of the following matrix
[ ]
8 −8 − 2
A= 4 −3 − 2
3 −4 1
2. Analyse a given video to track a moving object in it.

3. To detect a particular object from the background.
4. To detect signboards/ pedestrian crossings/pedestrians from a moving vehicle.
5. To classify/segment a particular set of image using CV algorithms.
6. Analyse a given image/video using Machine learning/Deep learning algorithms.
7. Use trained networks to analyse a video using ML algorithms.
8. To use Deep neural networks/CNN/YOLOvx, to analyse images/videos
SYLLABUS
Module 1
Review of image processing techniques: Filtering, Point operators-Histogram Based
operators, neighbourhood operators, Thresholding - linear filtering – development of filtering
masks - 2D Fourier transforms – filtering in frequency domain, Homomorphic filtering
Module 2
Mathematical Operators: Binary shape analysis: Basics of Morphological operations,
structuring element, Erosion, Dilation, Opening and Closing, Hit-or-Miss Transform,
Connectedness, object labelling and counting , Boundary descriptors – Chain codes.
Module 3
Camera models: Monocular and binocular imaging system, Orthographic and Perspective
Projection, Image formation, geometric transformations, Camera Models (Basic idea only),
3D-Imaging system-Stereo Vision.
Module 4
Feature Detection: Edge detection – edges, lines, active contours, Split and merge, Mean
shift and mode finding, Normalized cuts, Graph cuts, energy-based and Canny’s methods.
Corner detection, Harris corner detection algorithm, Line and curve detection, Hough
transform
SIFT operators, Shape from X, Shape Matching, Structure from motion.
Module 5
Motion Analysis- Regularization theory, Optical Flow: brightness constancy equation,
aperture problem, Horn-Shunck method, Lucas-Kanade method. (Analysis not required)
Object Detection and Object classification: SVM, Linear discriminant analysis, Bayes rule,
ML.
Face detection, Face Recognition, Eigen faces, 3D face models
Applications of Computer Vision: Context and scene understanding, Real Time applications:
Locating road way and road marking, locating road signs and pedestrians.
Text Books
1. E. R .Davies, Computer and Machine Vision -Theory Algorithm and Practicalities,
Academic Press, 2012
2. Richard Szeliski, Computer Vision: Algorithms and Applications, ISBN 978-1-
84882-935-0, Springer 2011.
3. David Forsyth and Jean Ponce, Computer Vision: A Modern Approach, Pearson India,
2002.
Reference Books
1. Goodfellow, Bengio, and Courville, Deep Learning, MIT Press, 2006.
2. Daniel Lelis Baggio, Khvedchenia Ievgen, Shervin Emam, David Millan Escriva,
Naureen Mahmoo, Jason Saragi, Roy Shilkrot, Mastering Open CV with Practical
Computer Vision Projects, Packt Publishing Limited, 2012
3. Simon J D Prince, Computer Vision: Models, Learning, and Inference, Cambridge
University Press, 2012.
4. R. J. Schalkoff, Digital Image Processing and Computer Vision, John Wiley, 2004.
No. Topic No. of

Lectures
1 Introduction
1.1 Review of image processing techniques: filtering. 2
1.2 Point operators- Histogram, neighbourhood operators, thresholding– 3
development of filtering masks
1.3 2D Fourier transforms – filtering in frequency domain, 3
homomorphic filtering
2 Mathematical Operators:
2.1 Basics of Morphological operations , structuring element 2
2.2 Binary shape analysis : Erosion, Dilation, Opening and 2
Closing, Hit-or-Miss Transform
2.3 Connectedness, object labelling and counting 2
2.4 Boundary descriptors –Chain Codes. 2
3 Camera models
3.1 Monocular and binocular imaging system 2
3.2 Orthographic & Perspective Projection 2
3.3 Image formation, geometric transformations, camera Models(Basic 3
idea only)
3.4 3D-Imaging system-Stereo Vision 2
4 Feature Detection:
4.1 Edge detection – edges, lines, active contours, Split and merge, Mean 4
shift and mode finding, Normalized cuts, Graph cuts, energy-based
and Canny’s methods.
4.2 Corner detection, Harris corner detection algorithm, Line and curve 3
detection, Hough transform
4.3 SIFT operators, Shape from X, Shape Matching 3
5 Motion Analysis
5.1 Motion Analysis- Regularization theory, Optical Flow: brightness 3
constancy equation, aperture problem,
Horn-Shunck method, Lucas-Kanade method (Analysis not required)
5.2 Object Detection and Object classification: SVM, Linear discriminant 4
analysis, Bayes rule, maximum likelihood, Face detection, Face
Recognition, Eigen
faces, 3D face models
5.3 Applications of Computer Vision: Context and scene understanding, 3
Real Time applications:
Locating road way and road marking, locating road
signs and pedestrians
The following simulations can be done in OpenCV/SciLab/ MatLab
1. Design and implementation of basic digital filters.

2. Apply thresholding operations in a digital image.
3. Apply point operators in an image – averaging/smoothing, 2D - masks(3 types),
4. Apply morphological operations in a selected image like fingerprint/ archaeological

scripts.
5. Implement filters in 2D-frequency domain using Gaussian/Homomorphic filters in a
particular satellite image or forensic image.
6. Write algorithms for connected component labelling in a given image pixel set.
7. Detect a coin/ball against the background using background subtraction and with
appropriate edge detection algorithms.
8. Locate corners of a particular image like boxes/ building/TV screen etc
9. Write a program to implement brightness constancy equation.
10. Analyse the optical flow of a given video using Horn-Schunk method or/and Lucas-
Kannade method/s.
11. Use PCA for dimensionality reduction in detecting faces using Eigen values.
12. Implement SVM/LDA for a practical application.
13. Create an attendance system by implementing face recognition method, among a set
of students.
14. With OpenCV library, implement real time scene analysis for traffic regulation.
(cases such as detecting road signs/ pedestrians/track a particular vehicle/ detect
traffic lights/detect number plate of a vehicle/ detect accidents/ accident scene
analysis etc., etc.).
15. Use ML/DL algorithms to implement object detection/identification/classification,
with trained neural networks for applications in medical/agricultural/sports fields.
Course Code: EC386
Course Name: TOPICS IN COMPUTER VISION

(Minor)
PART A
Answer ALL Questions. Each carries 3 marks.
1 Compare and Contrast DoG and LoG. K1
2 An image is convolved with the matrix given below. Express analytically the K2
relation between original and modified image.
3 List any three computer vision applications of object labeling and counting. K2
4 Describe steps in identifying connected components in 4-connectivity and 8- K2

connectivity cases.
5 Describe the working principle of pin- hole camera K2
6 Compare and contrast perspective and orthographic projection. K2
7 Mention the concept of identifying structure from motion. K2
8 Illustrate how graph cut method is employed for edge detection K2
9 Define eigen values and eigen vectors. K2
10 Differentiate between SVM and LDA. K2
PART – B
Module - I
11 a What is thresholding? Briefly describe different methods of thresholding. (6)
CO1
K1
11 b. Apply 2D-DFT on the given image pixel values (8)
CO1
K3
OR
12 a (8)
Describe how histogram transformations are applied on a grey scale image and CO1
explain what output is observed in each case. K3
12 b. Describe the working principle of Homomorphic filter, with different (6)

mathematical steps involved. CO1
K2
Module - II
13a An image A, and a structuring element B are given. Apply B on A, to find (8)
resultant images after the dilation and erosion process. Origin is given as ‘O’; and
note that it is not part of the structuring element.
CO2
K3
1 1 1
1 1
A=
1 1 1
1 1
1 O 1
B =
13 b. Using Hoshen–Kopelman algorithm, assign connected component labelling for the (6)
given image in the diagram below.
CO2
K3
ELECTRONICS
OR & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
14a Apply Hit-or-Miss transform on the given binary image to detect right angle (8)
convex corners from left-top to right-bottom.
CO2
K3
14b. (6)
x x x CO2
x x K3
x x
x x
x x
For the given image grid, find out the 8-chain Freeman Code. Also write down the
chain number of the code.
15 Describe image formation and geometric transformations in 3D Camera Models. (14)
CO3
K2
OR
16a Briefly describe a stereo vision system. (7)

CO3
K2
16 b Elucidate on 3D-Imaging Camera system. (7)

CO3
K2
Module - IV
17a With the help of a general algorithm, narrate how Hough Transform can be (6)
employed for interest point detection. CO4
K3
17 b Unveil different steps involved in Harris corner detection algorithm and explain (8)
how it is employed to detect corners in an image
CO4
OR
K3
18 a. Apply Sobel and Prewitt masks on the given image grids and compute Gx and Gy (6)
gradients of the images. CO4
K3
18 b. Referring to Canny’s algorithm, describe how it is employed to detect edges of an (8)

image.
CO4
K3
Module - V
19 a Derive brightness constancy equation. (6)
CO5
K3
19 b Describe with algorithmic steps, the Horn-Shunk method used for the estimation (8)
of optical flow. CO5
K3
20 a Illustrate the concept of dimensionality reduction using Principal Component (7)

Analysis (PCA) with all mathematical steps involved. CO5
K3
20b. With the help of a flow chart, illustrate an in-vehicle vision system, for locating (7)
roadways and pedestrians, as a practical application of computer vision. CO5
K3
SEMESTER VI
HONOURS
ELECTRONIC DESIGN CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

ECT394
AUTOMATION VAC 3 1 0 4
Preamble: The course aims to introduce principles behind advanced methods in automation
of electronic design.
Prerequisites: Nil
CO 1 Apply Search Algorithms and Shortest Path Algorithms to find various graph
solutions.
CO 2 Outline VLSI Design Flow and Design Styles and apply partitioning algorithms on
graphs representing netlist.
CO 3 Illustrate Design Layout Rules and apply different algorithms for layout
compaction.
CO 4 Make use of various algorithms to solve placement and floorplan problems.
CO 5 Utilise different algorithms to solve routing problems.

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO PO PO
10 11 12
CO 1 3 2 3
CO 2 3 2 3
CO 3 3 2 3
CO 4 3 2 3
CO 5 3 2 3
Assessment Pattern
Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment

Tests End Semester Examination
1 2
Remember
Apply K3 20 20 40
Analyse
Evaluate
Create
Mark distribution

Marks
150 50 100 3 hours

14marks.
CO Assessment Questions
CO1: Apply Search Algorithms and Shortest Path Algorithms to find various graph
solutions
1.Represent the following graph by Adjacency Matrix.

2. List a DFS ordering of vertices for the graph shown in question 1 with starting node as H.
3. Perform topological sort on the graph in question1 and order the vertices with
Starting node is H.
CO2: Outline VLSI Design Flow and Design Styles and apply partitioning algorithms
on graphs representing netlist.
1.Perform KL partitioning on the above graph.You may assume any initial partition of
your choice.
2. Draw the flowchart of VLSI Design Flow and explain the different stages
CO3: Illustrate Design Layout Rules and apply different algorithms for layout
compaction.
1. For the following graph, find the longest path to all other vertices from vertex v0,
using Bellman-Ford Algorithm.
2. Use the Longest Path Algorithm to find the longest path from vertex A, in the
following graph
CO4: Make use of various algorithms to solve placement and floorplan problems.
1. Consider the following floorplan.
Draw the floorplan slicing tree and the polar graphs of the above floorplan.
CO5: Utilise different algorithms to solve routing problems.
1.Perform LEE’s Algorithm to find shortest path from S to T. Cells marked O

indicate obstructions.
O O O O
O S
2. Draw Horizontal and Vertical Constraint Graph for the following Channel
Routing
3.

APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University
Branch: Electronics and Communication
Course: ECT394 Electronic Design Automation
PART A
1. Define the following giving an example each (3) (K2)

(a) Degree of a vertex (b) Subgraph (c) Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)
2. Represent the following graph by Adjacency Matrix. (3) (K2)
3. Write short note on (a) Full Custom Design (b) Standard Cell Design (3) (K1)
4. Explain any three parameters based on which Partitioning is performed. (3) (K1)
5. What are the minimum distance rules in Design Rules for layout? (3) (K1)
6. Write inequality expressions for minimum distance and maximum distance
constraints between two rectangular edges. (3) (K1)
7. For the following placement, calculate the wirelength by (a) Half Perimeter Method
(b) Maximum Rectilinear Tree Method (3) (K3)
8. Represent the following floorplan using Sequence Pair approach. (3) (K3)
9. How is Global Routing different from Detailed Routing? (3) (K1)

10. Define the following terms (a) Reserved Layer Model (b) Channel (c) Dogleg(3)(K1)
PART B
Answer one question from each module. Each question carries 14 marks.
11. (A) List a DFS ordering of vertices for the graph shown in question 2. (7) (K3)
Starting node is H.
(B) Perform topological sort on the graph and order the vertices. (7) (K3)
Starting node is H.
OR
12. (A) List a BFS ordering of vertices for the graph shown in question 2. (10)(K3)
Starting node is H.
(B) Give an application related to VLSI of BFS. (4) (K2)
13. Draw the flowchart of VLSI Design Flow and explain the different stages. (14) (K1)
OR
14. Perform KL partitioning on the following graph.You may assume any initial (14)(K3)
partition of your choice.
15. (A) For the following graph, find the longest path to all other vertices from (10) (K3)
vertex v0, using Bellman-Ford Algorithm.
(B) What is the time complexity of Liao-Wong and Bellman-Ford Algorithms?(4) (K2)
OR
16. (A) Use the Longest Path Algorithm to find the longest path from vertex A, (8) (K3)
in the following graph.
(B) What is the limitation of Longest Path Algorithm? (2) (K1)

(C) List two methods to find shortest path using Longest Path Algorithm (4) (K2)
17. Consider the following floorplan.
(A) Draw the floorplan slicing tree of the above floorplan. (6) (K3)
(B) Draw the polar graphs of above floorplan. (8) (K3)
OR
18. Given: Placement P with two fixed points p1 (100,175) and p2 (200,225), (14) (K3)
three free blocks a-c and four nets N1-N4. N1 (P1,a) N2 (a,b) N3 (b,c) N4 (c,P2). Find
the coordinates of blocks (xa, ya), (xb, yb) and (xc, yc).
19. Perform LEE’s Algorithm to find shortest path from S to T. Cells marked (14) (K3)
O indicate obstructions.
T
O O O O
O
O S
OR
20. Draw Horizontal and Vertical Constraint Graph for the following Channel (14) (K3)
Routing.
1. Develop C code for all algorithms in Module 1, 2 and 3.
2. A digital circuit can be taken through all steps od VLSI Design Flow (ie. From HDL
to Layout) using any standard tool set from Cadence, Synopsis or Mentor Graphics or
similar tools
Syllabus
Module 1: Graph Terminology, Search Algorithms and Shortest Path Algorithms:
Graph Terminology: Basic graph theory terminology, Data structures for representation of
Graphs Search Algorithms: Breadth First Search, Depth First Search, Topological Sort
Shortest Path Algorithms: Dijkstra’s Shortest-Path Algorithm for single pair shortest path,
Floyd Warshall Algorithm for all pair shortest path
Module 2: Design Automation and Partitioning Algorithms:

Design Automation: VLSI Design Flow, VLSI Design Styles
Partitioning: Levels of Partitioning, Parameters for Partitioning, Classification of
Partitioning Algorithms, Kernighan-Lin Algorithm, Fiduccia-Mattheyses Algorithm,
Simulated Annealing
Module 3: Layout Compaction:

Layout: Layout Layers and Design Rules, Physical Design Optimizations
Compaction: Applications of Compaction, Informal Problem Formulation, Graph
Theoretical Formulation, Maximum Distance Constraints, Longest Path algorithm for DAG,
Longest path in graph with cycles, Liao-Wong Algorithm, Bellman-Ford Algorithm.
Module 4: Placement and Floorplanning:

Placement: Optimization Objectives, Wirelength Estimation, Weighted Wirelength,
Maximum Cut Size, Wire Density
Placement Algorithms: Quadratic Placement
Floorplanning: Optimization Objectives, Slicing Floorplan, Non-Slicing Floorplan
Floorplan Representations: Constraint Graph, Sequence Pair
Floorplan Algorithms: Minimum Area Algorithm
Module 5: Global Routing and Detailed Routing:

Global Routing: Terminology and Definitions, Optimization Goals, Representation of
Routing Regions
Maze Routing Algorithms: Lee’s Algorithm, Hadlock Algorithm
Detailed Routing: Horizontal and Vertical Constraint Graph
Channel Routing Algorithms: Left-Edge algorithm
Text Books
1. Jin Hu, Jens Lienig, Igor L. Markov, Andrew B. Kahng, VLSI Physical Design: From
Graph Partitioning to Timing Closure, Springer, 2011th edition.
2. Gerez,Sabih H., “Algorithms for VLSI Design Automation”, John Wiley & Sons,
2006.
3. Sherwani, Naveed A., “Algorithms for VLSI Physical Design Automation”, Kluwer
Academic Publishers, 1999.
Reference Books
1. Sadiq M. Sait and H. Youssef, “VLSI Physical Design Automation: Theory and
Practice”, World Scientific, 1999.
2. Cormen, Thomas H., Charles E. Leiserson, and Ronald L. Rivest. "Introduction to
Algorithms." The MIT Press, 3rd edition, 2009.

Number
No. Topic of
Lectures
Graph Terminology, Search Algorithms and Shortest Path
1
Algorithms:
Graph Terminology: Basic graph theory terminology, Data
1.1 2
structures for representation of Graphs
Search Algorithms: Breadth First Search, Depth First Search,
1.2 2
Topological Sort
Shortest Path Algorithms: Dijkstra’s Shortest-Path Algorithm for
1.3 single pair shortest path, Floyd Warshall Algorithm for all pair 4
shortest path
2 Design Automation and Partitioning Algorithms:

2.1 Design Automation: VLSI Design Flow, VLSI Design Styles 3
Partitioning: Levels of Partitioning, Parameters for Partitioning,
2.2 1
Classification of Partitioning Algorithms
Kernighan-Lin Algorithm, Fiduccia-Mattheyses Algorithm,
2.3 5
Simulated Annealing
3 Layout Compaction:
Layout: Layout Layers and Design Rules, Physical Design

3.1 1
Optimizations
Compaction: Applications of Compaction, Informal Problem
3.2 Formulation, Graph Theoretical Formulation, Maximum Distance 1
Constraints
Longest Path algorithm for DAG, Longest path in graph with cycles,
3.3 7
Liao-Wong Algorithm, Bellman-Ford Algorithm.
4 Placement and Floorplanning:

Placement: Optimization Objectives, Wirelength Estimation,
4.1 3
Weighted Wirelength, Maximum Cut Size, Wire Density
4.2 Placement Algorithms: Quadratic Placement 2
Floorplanning: Optimization Objectives, Slicing Floorplan, Non-
4.3 Slicing Floorplan 3
Floorplan Representations: Constraint Graph, Sequence Pair
4.4 Floorplan Algorithms: Minimum Area Algorithm 3
5 Global Routing and Detailed Routing:

Global Routing: Terminology and Definitions, Optimization Goals,
5.1 1
Representation of Routing Regions
5.2 Maze Routing Algorithms: Lee’s Algorithm, Hadlock Algorithm 2
5.3 Detailed Routing: Horizontal and Vertical Constraint Graph 3
5.4 Channel Routing Algorithms: Left-Edge algorithm 2
MIMO AND MULTIUSER CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

ECT396
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS VAC 3 1 0 4
Preamble: MIMO systems are rising attention of the academic community and industry because of
their potential to increase to capacity and diversity gain proportionally with the number of antennas.
OFDM is a promising solution to mitigate the effect of inter symbol interference (ISI) and multipath
fading. MIMO OFDM is an attractive air interface solution for multiuser communication and
effectively deployed in wireless local area networks, fifth Generation (5G) wireless cellular
standards.
Prerequisite: MAT 204 Probability and Random Process, ECT 305 Analog and Digital
Communication.
Course Outcomes: At the end of the course, the students will be able to
CO 1 Describe digital communication over multipath channels
CO 2 Analyse the performance of multiuser communication techniques over generalized
fading channel.
CO 3 Describe the concept of MIMO systems and determine the capacity of MIMO
channel
CO 4 Introduce OFDM and associated timing and frequency synchronization in MIMO
receiver
CO 5 To explain the theory of MIMO multiuser communication systems.

PO PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO PO PO 12
1 10 11
CO 1 3 2
CO 2 3 3 2
CO 3 3
CO 4 3 2
CO 5 3
Assessment Pattern
Tests
1 2
Remember
Apply K3 20 20 40
Analyse
Evaluate
Create
Mark distribution
Marks
150 50 100 3 hours

Course Outcome 1 (CO1)

1. Define doppler spread.
2. Distinguish between flat fading and frequency selective fading
3. Derive the relation between Power spectra and channel correlation.

1. State and infer the capacity of different multiple access techniques.
2. Describe CDMA signal and channel model.
3. Derive the autocorrelation matrix of CDMA multiuser Asynchronous transmission.

1. Determine the channel capacity of SISO and MIMO systems.
2. Determine the channel capacity of MIMO system when CSI is known to the transmitter side.
3. Compare the detection performance of MLSE and ZF equalizer.

1. Describe FFT based implementation of OFDM.
2. Analyze the effect of symbol time offset in OFDM systems.
3. Describe the synchronization using cyclic prefix to OFDM systems.

1. Distinguish between array gain and diversity gain.
2. Define spatial multiplexing.
3. Draw the general block diagram of MIMO system.
4. Write the motivation behind using multiuser communication in wireless scenario.

APJ ABDULKALAM TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY MODEL QUESTION PAPER
ECT396 MIMO AND MULIUSER COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Time: 3 hours Max.Marks:100
PARTA
Answer all questions. Each question carries 3marks.

1. Distinguish between frequency selective and frequency non selective fading.
2. Define Doppler spread.
3. State the capacity of FDMA
4. Mention the applications of TDMA and CDMA
5. Draw the channel model for SIMO system.
6. Explain the significance of Ergodic capacity.
7. What are the gains available in MIMO systems?
8. Define spatial multiplexing.
9. Define inter symbol interference.
10. Write short notes on OFDMA.
PARTB
Answer anyone question from each module. Each question carries 14marks.
MODULE I
11. (a) Draw and explain the Tapped delay line channel model used in frequency selective slowly
fading channel . (10 marks)
(b) Distinguish between fast and slow fading. (4 marks)
12. A multipath fading channel has a multipath spread of 1s and a Doppler spread of 0.01 Hz.
The total channel bandwidth at band pass available for signal transmission is 10 Hz. To
mitigate the effect of ISI select the pulse duration 10s.
(a) Calculate the coherence bandwidth and coherence time. (5 marks)
(b) Is the channel is frequency selective or not? Justify your answer. (5 marks)
(c) Is the channel fading slowly or rapidly? Justify your answer. (4 marks)
MODULE II
13. (a) Briefly describe FDMA and TDMA. (8 marks)

(b) State and infer the capacity of single user CDMA detection scheme. (6 marks)
14. (a) With the aid of Gaussian PDF derive the Maximum Likelihood (ML) criteria of CDMA
decorrelation receiver. (10 marks)
MODULE II
15. (a) Determine the channel capacity of MIMO system when CSI is known to the transmitter
side and when CSI is not available at transmitter side. (10 marks)
(b) Distinguish between outage probability and outage capacity. (4 marks)
16. (a) State the significance of Ergodic capacity. (5 marks)
(b) Determine the capacity of deterministic MIMO channel assuming AWGN capacity.
(9 marks)
MODULE IV
17. (a) What is sphere decoding? (4 marks)

(b) Compare the detection performance of ZF and MMSE signal detection techniques in
MIMO receiver. (10 marks)
18. (a) Compare array gain and diversity gain. (4 marks)
(b) Briefly describe receive and transmit antenna diversity. (10 marks)
MODULE V
19. (a) Consider a transmitter sends digital information by use of 𝑀signal waveforms
{𝑠 (𝑡), 𝑚 = 1,2,...., 𝑀} over an AWGN channel. The channel is assumed to be corrupt the
signal by the addition of white Gaussian noise. Write down the expression for received signal
in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇and draw the model for received signal passed through the channel.
(4 marks)
(b) Describe the FFT based implementation of OFDM system. (10 marks)
20. (a) State and prove Nyquist condition for zero ISI. (4 marks)
(b) Describe the synchronization technique using cyclic prefix in OFDM systems.
(10 marks)
SYLLABUS
Module 1 – Digital Communication over Fading Multipath Channels

Multipath fading, Coherence time, Coherence bandwidth, Doppler spread, Characterization of
fading multipath channels, Statistical model for fading channels (Rayleigh and Rice distribution),
Relation between channel correlation and Power spectral density, Signal characteristics on the
choice of channel model (frequency selective and frequency nonselective fading), Frequency
nonselective slowly fading channel, Frequency selective slowly fading channel, Fast fading, Rake
receiver.
Module 2 – Multiuser Communications

Types of multiple access techniques (FDMA,TDMA and CDMA), Capacity of multiple access
methods (Inference only). Single user detection, Multiuser detection, CDMA signal and channel
model, CDMA optimum receiver (Synchronous transmission, Asynchronous transmission),
Suboptimum detectors (Single user detector and Decorrelation receiver). Practical applications of
multiple access techniques.
Module 3 – MIMO System

Signal and channel model for SISO,SIMO,MISO and MIMO, Capacity of frequency flat
deterministic MIMO channel (both channel unknown and known to the transmitter), SIMO channel
capacity, MISO channel capacity, Capacity of random MIMO channels, Ergodic capacity, Outage
capacity, Capacity of frequency selective MIMO channels (both channel unknown and known to the
transmitter)
Module 4 – Diversity and Receiver

Array gain, Diversity gain, Spatial multiplexing, Receive antenna diversity, Transmit antenna
diversity, SISO receiver (MLSE, ZF and Decision feedback equalizer), SIMO receiver, MIMO
receiver (both Optimal and suboptimal), Sphere decoding.
Module 5 – OFDM
Review of AWGN channel and band limited ISI channel, Introduction to multicarrier systems, FFT
based multicarrier system, Mitigation of subcarrier fading, SISO-OFDM, MIMO-OFDM, Coarse
time synchronization, Fine time synchronization, Coarse frequency synchronization, OFDMA,
Wireless standards (WiMAX, and 3GPP LTE)
Note: Mathematical model and analysis to be covered for the entire topic.
Text Books
1. “Digital Communications”, John G Proakis, 4/e, McGraw-Hill.

2. “Fundamentals of Wireless Communications”, David Tse and Pramod Viswanath,
3. “Introduction to Space Time Wireless Communications”, A Paulraj, Nabar and D Gore
4. “MIMO OFDM Wireless Communications with MATLAB”, Y S Cho, J Kim, Won Yong
Yang, Chung G Kang, John Wiley& sons private Ltd, 2010.
Reference Books
5. “Space Time Block Coding for Wireless Communications”, Erik G Larsson, Cambrdige
University Press, 2003.
6. “MIMO Wireless Communications”, E Biglieri, R Calderbank, A Constantinides, A

Goldsmith, A Paulraj, Cambridge University Press.
7. “Digital Communications”, Simon Haykin, John Wiley & Sons Pvt Ltd. 2001.
“Wireless Communications” Andrea Goldsmith, Cambridge University Press 2005
No Topic No. of
Lectures
1 Digital Communication over Fading Multipath Channels
1.1 Multipath fading, Coherence time, Coherence bandwidth, Doppler 1
spread
1.2 Characterization of fading multipath channels, Statistical model for 4
fading channels (Rayleigh and Rice distribution), Relation between
channel correlation and Power spectral density
1.3 Signal characteristics on the choice of channel model (frequency 3
selective and frequency nonselective fading), Frequency nonselective
slowly fading channel, Frequency selective slowly fading channel
1.4 Fast fading, Rake receiver 2
2 Multiuser Communications
2.1 Types of multiple access techniques (FDMA,TDMA and CDMA), 2
Capacity of multiple access methods (without proof, Inference only).
2.2 Single user detection, Multiuser detection 1
2.3 CDMA signal and channel model, CDMA optimum receiver 2
(Synchronous transmission, Asynchronous transmission),
2.4 Suboptimum detectors (Single user detector and Decorrelation 1
receiver).
2.5 Practical applications of multiple access techniques. 1
3 MIMO System
3.1 Signal and channel model for SISO, SIMO, MISO and MIMO 2
3.2 Capacity of frequency flat deterministic MIMO channel (both channel 4
unknown and known to the transmitter),
SIMO channel capacity, MISO channel capacity
3.3 Capacity of random MIMO channels 1
3.4 Ergodic capacity, Outage capacity, Capacity of frequency selective 2
MIMO channels (both channel unknown and known to the transmitter)
4 Diversity and Receiver

4.1 Array gain, Diversity gain, Spatial multiplexing. 1
4.2 Receive antenna diversity, Transmit antenna diversity 1
4.3 SISO receiver (MLSE, ZF and Decision feedback equalizer) 2
4.4 SIMO receiver 1
4.5 MIMO receiver (both Optimal and suboptimal), Sphere decoding. 3
5 OFDM
5.1 Review of AWGN channel and band limited ISI channel 1
5.2 Introduction to multicarrier systems, FFT based multicarrier system 2
5.3 Mitigation of subcarrier fading, SISO-OFDM, MIMO-OFDM 2

5.4 Coarse time synchronization, Fine time synchronization, Coarse 3
frequency synchronization
5.5 OFDMA, Wireless standards (WiMAX, and 3GPP LTE ) 2
SIMULATION ASSIGNMENTS
The following simulation assignments can be done with Python/ MATLAB/ SCILAB
/LabVIEW
1 Frequency Non-selective Slowly Fading Channel
 Generate binary PSK and binary FSK signals for transmission over a frequency
non-selective slowly fading channel.
 Obtain the received equivalent lowpass signal of the transmitted signal using
equation 13.3-1. Also plot the BER-SNR curve for coherent binary PSK and FSK
detector using equations 13.3-2 and 13.3-3 respectively in page 846 in Digital
Communications by John G Proakis, 4/e, for fixed attenuation value, α fixed and
follows Rayleigh distribution case.
 Plot the BER-SNR curve for coherent binary PSK and FSK detector using
equations 13.3-13 in page 848 in Digital Communications by John G Proakis, 4/e
for α followingRayleigh distribution.
 Compare the BER-SNR curve for AWGN and Rayleigh fading channel.
2 CDMA Transmitter and Receiver
 Create 2 random binary sequence of 100 bit each as data blocks of 2 users.
 Generate the composite transmitted signal, s(t) for 3 users using equations 16.3-7 in
page 1037 in Digital Communications by John G Proakis, 4/e.
 Add AWGN of different variances to generate the received signal, r(t).
 Realize the optimum multiuser receiver for synchronous transmission shown in Fig.
16.3-1 in page 1040 in Digital Communications by John G Proakis, 4/e
 Observe the decoded bits for AWGN of different variances.
3 Capacity of MIMO Channels
 Create MIMO channel transfer matrix, H of size MR x MT, where MR and MT

represents number of receive and transmit antennas respectively.
 Compute the capacity of SISO, SIMO, MISO and MIMO channels for different
values of SNR using equations in page 138 in Introduction to Space Time Wireless
Communications by A Paulraj, Nabar and D Gore.
 Plot Capacity-SNR curve for different channels and compare.
4 Performance of SISO Receiver
 Realize the signal model for SISO frequency selective fading channel given in
equation 7.5 in page 138 in Introduction to Space Time Wireless Communications by
A Paulraj, Nabar and D Gore.
 Transmit a sequence of symbols based on signal model.

 Obtain the estimated symbol sequence using MLSE receiver based on equation
7.8 in page 139 in Introduction to Space Time Wireless Communications by A
Paulraj, Nabar and D Gore.
5 OFDM Communication System
 Realize the block diagram of OFDM communication system shown in Fig 11.2-4
in page 750 in Digital Communications by John G Proakis, 4/e.
 Create a random bit vector of arbitrary length. Realize the OFDM transmitter by
mapping the message bits into a sequence of QAM symbols and convert it into N
parallel streams.
 Each of N symbols from serial-to-parallel (S/P) conversion is carried out by the

different subcarrier. Realize the multicarrier modulation by computing IFFT.
 Add cyclic prefix, realize parallel to serial converter and DAC to generate the
transmitted signal.
Transmit the signal through a fading channel.
 Realize OFDM receiver by first removing cyclic prefix followed by serial to parallel
conversion, FFT computation, signal detection and parallel to serial conversion.
 Plot the BER-SNR curve and analyse.

DETECTION AND ESTIMATION CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

ECT398
THEORY VAC 3 1 0 4
Preamble: This course aims to impart the fundamentals of detection and estimation theory in
engineering applications
Prerequisite: MAT 101 Linear Algebra and Calculus

MAT 204 Probability, Random Process, and Numerical Methods
ECT 204 Signals and Systems
CO1 K2 Understand the fundamentals of statistical detection and estimation principles used
in various engineering problems.
CO2 K3 Apply various types of statistical decision rules in engineering applications.
CO3 K3 Apply different types of estimation algorithms in engineering applications.
PO1 PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO1 PO11 PO12

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
CO 1 3 3 2
CO 2 3 3 2
CO 3 3 3 2
Assessment Pattern
Tests
1 2
Remember
Apply K3 20 20 40
Analyse
Evaluate
Create
Mark distribution

Marks
150 50 100 3 hours

14 marks.
Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Understand the fundamentals of statistical detection and

estimation principles used in various engineering problems. (K2)
1. Differentiate estimation and detection techniques.
2. Differentiate classical approach and bayesian approch in detection theory (or estimation).
3. Enumerate different applications which are using estimation and detection techniques.
4. Give the mathematical formulation of estimation and detection methods.
5. Draw receiver operating characteristics with all details
6. Give the significance of Bayes risk
7. How multiple hypothesis testing is done.
8. Give the significance of linear models in estimation and detection theory.
9. Significance of Cramer-Rao Lower Bound in estimation.
10. Differentiate MAP and ML methods in estimation (or detection).
Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Apply various types of statistical decision rules in

1. Describe Neyman-Pearson theorem (or Bayes risk or minimization of probability of error)
and apply it to any binary hypothesis (eg. Signal in white Gaussian noise)
2. Derive/Obtain the matched filters for the detection of deterministic signals
3. Derive/Obtain the estimator-correlator for the detection of random signals
Course Outcome 3 (CO3): Apply different types of estimation algorithms in engineering

applications. (K3)
1. Derive/Obtain the Minimum variance unbiased estimator (or best linear unbiased
estimator) for any simple examples (eg. DC Signal in white Gaussian noise)
2. Derive/Obtain the Maximum likelihood estimator (or least squares estimator or minimum
mean square error estimator) for any simple examples (eg. DC Signal in white Gaussian
noise)
3. Using Bayesian approach, obtain an estimator for any simple examples.
SYLLABUS
Module 1 : Introduction to Detection and Estimation Theory

Fundamentals of detection theory, the mathematical detection problem. Fundamentals of
estimation theory, the mathematical estimation problem. Review of Gaussian distribution.
Application examples.
Module 2 : Statistical Detection Theory I

Hypothesis testing, classical approach, Neyman-Pearson theorem, likelihood ratio test,
receiver operating characteristics, Bayesian approach, minimum probability of error, Bayes
risk, multiple hypothesis testing.
Module 3 : Statistical Detection Theory II

Detection of deterministic signals, matched filters, detection of random signals, estimator-
correlator, linear model, application examples.
Module 4 : Statistical Estimation Theory I

Minimum variance unbiased estimation, basics of Cramer-Rao Lower Bound, linear models,
best linear unbiased estimation, application examples.
Module 5 : Statistical Estimation Theory II

Maximum likelihood estimation, least squares, Bayesian philosophy, minimum mean square
error estimation, application examples.
Text Books
1. S.M. Kay, “Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing” Vol I: Estimation Theory,
Pearson, 3/e, 2010.
2. S.M. Kay, “Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing” Vol II: Detection Theory,
Pearson, 3/e, 2010.
Reference Books
1. H. L. Van Trees, “Detection, Estimation, and Modulation Theory”, Vol. I, John Wiley &
Sons, 1968
2. Monson H. Hayes ,“Statistical Digital Signal Processing and Modelling" by, John Wiley &
Sons, 2002.
No Topic No. of
Lectures
1 Introduction to Detection and Estimation Theory
1.1 Fundamentals of detection theory, review of probability and random variable 2
1.2 The mathematical detection problem 2
1.3 Fundamentals of estimation theory 1
1.4 The mathematical estimation problem 2
1.5 Review of Gaussian distribution. Application examples. 2
2 Statistical Detection Theory I

2.1 Hypothesis testing 2
2.2 Classical approach, Neyman-Pearson theorem 2
2.3 Likelihood ratio test, Receiver operating characteristics 2
2.4 Bayesian approach, minimum probability of error, Bayes risk 2
2.5 Multiple hypothesis testing. 1
3 Statistical Detection Theory II

3.1 Detection of deterministic signals 1
3.2 Matched filters 2
3.3 Detection of random signals 2
3.4 Estimator-correlator 2
3.5 Linear model, application examples. 2
4 Statistical Estimation Theory I

4.1 Minimum variance unbiased estimation 2
4.2 Basics of Cramer-Rao Lower Bound 2
4.3 Linear models 2
4.4 Best linear unbiased estimation 2
5 Statistical Estimation Theory II

5.1 Maximum likelihood estimation 2
5.2 Least squares solution 2
5.3 Bayesian philosophy 2
5.4 Minimum mean square error estimation 2
Simulation Assignments (using MATLAB or Python)
1. Generate and familiarize PDF and CDF of Normal distribution.
2. Generate DC level in White Gaussian Noise.
3. Simulate a Neyman-Pearson Detector.
4. Simulate a Maximum Likelihood Estimator.
5. Simulate a Best Linear Unbiased Estimator.

SIXTH SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION
Max. Marks: 100 ECT 398- Detection and Estimation Theory Duration: 3 hrs
PART A
(Answer all questions. Each question carries 3 marks each).
1. Enumerate different applications which are using estimation and detection techniques. (3)
2. Differentiate estimation and detection techniques. (3)
3. Differentiate classical approach and bayesian approch in detection theory. (3)
4. Give the mathematical formulation of detection methods. (3)
5. Draw receiver operating characteristics with all details (3)
6. Give the significance of Bayes risk (3)
7. Give the significance of linear models in estimation theory. (3)
8. Significance of Cramer-Rao Lower Bound in estimation. (3)
9. What is Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimation? (3)
10. Differentiate MAP and ML methods in estimation. (3)
PART B
(Answer any one question from each module. Each question carries 14 marks each.)
Note:
(1) Notation x ∼ N (µ, σ 2 ) denotes x is normally distributed with mean µ and variance σ 2 .
(2)Also, bold small letters indicate vectors and bold capital letters indicate matrices.
11. Obtain the mathematical formulation of estimation method with an example. (14)
OR
12. Using radar system as an example, differentiate estimation and detection techniques. (14)
13. Design Neyman-Pearson detector for the unknown level A in White Gaussian Noise with (14)
variance σ 2 .
OR
14. Describe the Bayesian approaches in the design of detectors. (14)
15. Obtain Matched Filter detector for N -sample deterministic signal in noise, w[n] ∼ N (0, σn2 ) (14)
where w[n]’s are uncorrelated.
OR
Page 1 of 2
16. Describe estimator-correlator in the detection of random signals. (14)
17. Consider the multiple observations (14)
x[n] = A + w[n]; n = 0, 1, . . . , N − 1
where w[n] ∼ N (0, σ 2 ). Determine CRLB for A?
OR
18. Derive the Best Linear Unbiased Estimator for the multiple observations (14)
x[n] = A + w[n]; n = 0, 1, . . . , N − 1
where A is an unknown level to be estimated and w[n] is White Noise with unspecified PDF
and variance σ 2 .
19. Derive the Maximum Likelihood Estimator for the multiple observations (14)
x[n] = A + w[n]; n = 0, 1, . . . , N − 1
where A is an unknown level to be estimated and w[n] is White Gaussian Noise with known
variance σ 2 .
OR
20. Prove that the optimal estimator which minimizes the Bayesian Mean Square Error is the (14)
mean of the posterior PDF.
Page 2 of 2

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What are the main topics covered in the course?

What are the main topics covered in the course?

What are the different course outcomes?

What are the different course outcomes?

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Prerequisite: EC202 Analog Circuits

CO 1 Understand Op Amp fundamentals and differential amplifier configurations

CO 2 Design operational amplifier circuits for various applications

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment End Semester Examination

Total CIE ESE ESE Duration

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Analyze differential amplifier configurations.

1. Explain the working of BJT differential amplifiers.

1. Design an opamp circuit to obtain an output voltage V0=-(2V1+4V2 + 3V3)

Course Outcome 3 (CO3): Design active filters using opamps

Differential Amplifiers: Differential amplifier configurations using BJT, DC Analysis- transfer

Course Contents and Lecture Schedule

2 Op-amp with negative feedback and Op-amp applications (11)

2.7 Integrator, Differentiator 1

3 Op-amp Oscillators and Multivibrators (10)

3.1 Phase Shift and Wien-bridge Oscillators, 2

3.2 Triangular and Sawtooth waveform generators, Astable and monostable 2

3.5 State variable filters 2

4 Timer, VCO and PLL ( 9)

4.1 Timer IC 555- Functional diagram, Astable and monostable operations. 2

4.2 Basic concepts of Voltage Controlled Oscillator 1

4.3 Application of VCO IC LM566 2

4.5 Basic building blocks, PLL IC 565, Applications of PLL 2

5 Voltage regulators and Data converters (9)

5.1 Fixed and Adjustable voltage regulators 1

5.2 IC 723 – Low voltage and high voltage configurations, 2

5.4 Digital to Analog converters, Specifications, Weighted resistor type and 2

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Course Code: ECT301

Answer ALL Questions. Each Carries 3 mark.

1. Draw and list the functions of 741 IC pins K1

Differentiate between line and load regulations. K3

13. a) Design a fullwave rectifier to rectify an ac signal of 0.2V peak- 7 CO2 K3

DIGITAL SIGNAL CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

Prerequisite: ECT 204 Signals and systems

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment End Semester

Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Course Level Assessment Questions

1. Find the 8 point DFT of a real sequence x(n)={1,2,2,2,1,0,0,0,0} using Decimation in

2. Realize an FIR system with the given difference equation y(n)=x(n)-0.5x(n-1)+0.25x(n-

Course Contents and Lecture Schedule

No. Topic No. of

3.1 Design of FIR Filters- Symmetric and Anti-symmetric FIR Filters, 4

The following simulations to be done in Scilab/ Matlab/ LabView/GNU Octave:

3. Compare the above plots and obtain the relationship?

1. Incorporate the radix-2 FFT implementation in the above function to obtain a

xa(t) A/D H(z) D/A

to satisfy the following requirements. Sampling rate of 8000samples/second, Pass

1. Determine the Direct form filter structure

2. Compare the spectra and obtain the inference?

Model Question Paper

A P J Abdul Kalam Technological University