Appliance Diagnosis

CONSUMER SERVICES TECHNICAL
EDUCATION GROUP PRESENTS G-20
ELECTRICAL THEORY
AND DIAGNOSIS OF
MAJOR APPLIANCES
JOB AID
Part No. 4322536A
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
SECTION 1
Basic Electricity ....................................................................................................................... 1-1
Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1-1
Electrical Terms ................................................................................................................. 1-2
Ohm’s Law ......................................................................................................................... 1-4
Circuit Conditions ............................................................................................................. 1-10
Types Of Circuits ............................................................................................................. 1-12
Opens And Shorts ........................................................................................................... 1-17
SECTION 2
Wiring Diagrams ...................................................................................................................... 2-1
Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 2-1
Wiring Diagram Terms ....................................................................................................... 2-2
Wiring Diagram Colors ....................................................................................................... 2-3
Wiring Diagram Symbols ................................................................................................... 2-4
Tracing Circuits ................................................................................................................ 2-12
Using Strip Circuits .......................................................................................................... 2-25
Closing Switches ............................................................................................................. 2-29
Electric Range Wiring Diagram ........................................................................................ 2-36
Gas Range Wiring Diagram ............................................................................................. 2-37
Electric Built-In Range Wiring Diagram ........................................................................... 2-38
Electric Built-In Range Relay Logic Chart ........................................................................ 2-39
Microwave Oven Wiring Diagram .................................................................................... 2-40
Self-Cleaning Gas Range Wiring Diagram ...................................................................... 2-41
Duet Dryer Wiring Diagram .............................................................................................. 2-42
Duet Washer Wiring Diagram .......................................................................................... 2-43
Calypso Washer Wiring Diagram ..................................................................................... 2-44
Dishwasher Wiring Diagram ............................................................................................ 2-45
Copyright © 2003, Whirlpool Corporation, Benton Harbor, MI 49022

SECTION 1
BASIC ELECTRICITY
INTRODUCTION
Knowing the various types of electrical systems used in modern house-
hold appliances will assist you with evaluating the appliance complaints
caused by electrical system failures. This is an important key to the
fundamental diagnostic process. As you work through this section, you
will find that each topic is set up to provide you with:
• A definition of the system or component.

• An explanation of its operation.
• An example of how its function may be applied to an appliance
overall operation.
The beginning of this section explains some of the basic electrical

fundamentals. Exercises will be used to help in the learning process.
To prepare you for the basis of the content and exercises in this sec-
tion, we will review some of these electrical fundamentals.
Basic Electricity 1-1 Section 1

ELECTRICAL TERMS
The following is a list of electrical terms and definitions used throughout
this section:
Voltage: Usually referred to as “Electromotive Force”

(EMF). This force causes electrons to move
from negative to positive.
Current (Amperage): A unit of measurement referring to the inten-

sity, or amount of electrical force through a
circuit.
Direct Current (DC): Current that flows only in one direction. DC

current is used in the following applications:
a) Mostly in low-voltage conditions.
b) Circuits that are conducted over rela-
tively short distances.
c) Appliances with electronic controls.
Alternating Current (AC): Current that flows in both directions. AC

current is used in the following applications:
a) Low- and high-voltage conditions.

b) Circuits that are conducted over long
distances.
c) Used to operate the main components in
an appliance.
Resistance: The restriction to the flow of electricity in a
circuit. Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω).
Infinite Resistance is so much resistance

that current cannot flow through the circuit
(“open” circuit).
Zero Resistance is no resistance and

current can flow through the circuit (“closed”
circuit).

Wattage: The unit of measurement for power, or the
work being done by electricity.
Load: Component that converts electricity to heat,

light, or motion. All loads restrict the flow of
electricity while performing their work.
Conductor: Material through which electricity can flow.

It will usually be a copper wire, and some-
times the chassis, or metal frame, on which
the components are mounted.
Short: A circuit that offers no resistance to the

current flowing through it. A direct short will
cause a fuse to blow, or possibly start an
electrical fire.
Shorted Switch: A switch that offers no resistance to the flow

of current through it. The switch may have a
shorted contact.
Open Switch: A switch that will not allow current to flow

through it. The switch may have an open
contact.
Shunt: A bypass around a load that still offers

resistance in the circuit for the flow of cur-
rent.
Circuit: A complete path through which electricity
can travel.

OHM’S LAW
There is a fundamental relationship between voltage, amperage, and
resistance in a closed functional circuit. This relationship is known as
“Ohm’s Law.” Ohm’s law states that:
a) Current is directly proportional to the applied voltage.
b) Current is inversely proportional to the circuit resistance.
What this really means is:
a) When the circuit voltage increases, the current increases.
b) When the circuit voltage decreases, the current decreases.
c) When the circuit resistance increases, the current decreases.
d) When the circuit resistance decreases, the current increases.
This relationship can be expressed in the mathematical formulas shown

in the illustration below. If two of the three values are known for a circuit,
the third value can be found by using one of these formulas.
Wattage also has a direct relationship with the voltage, amperage, and
resistance in the circuit. The formula wheel shows all the mathematical
relationships these values have with each other.
V = Voltage
R = Resistance
A = Amperage
W = Wattage
V = AxR
R= V÷A
A= V÷R
W= V x A

PRACTICE EXERCISE 3
OHM’S LAW
1. If an electric range has four burners rated at 900-, 1500-, 1500-, and
2600-watts, a broil element rated at 2600-watts, and a bake element
rated at 2400-watts, what is the amperage draw if the voltage is 240
volts?
Ohm’s Law Formula:
Answer: amps
2. Voltage applied to a circuit is 120 volts and the current flow is 20

amps. What is the resistance of the circuit?
Answer:

PRACTICE EXERCISE 3 ANSWERS
OHM’S LAW
1. If an electric range has four burners rated at 900-, 1500-, 1500-, and
2600-watts, a broil element rated at 2600-watts, and a bake element
rated at 2400-watts, what is the amperage draw if the voltage is 240
volts?
W
A=
V
Answer: 47.9 amps
2. Voltage applied to a circuit is 120 volts and the current flow is 20

amps. What is the resistance of the circuit?
V
R=
A
Answer: 6 Ω
IF GIVEN ANSWERS AND YOURS ARE DIFFERENT,

PLEASE REVIEW THE APPROPRIATE SECTION.

E
I R
OHM’S LAW
Ohm’s Law is a formulation of the relationship of voltage, current, and

resistance. The relationships are expressed in the formulas on page
1-8.

E=IxR
E E
I= R=
R I
OHM’S LAW FORMULAS
E = Voltage measured in “volts,” and is found by multiplying the

current (I) times the resistance (R).
I = Current measured in “amperes,” and is found by dividing the
voltage (E) by the resistance (R).
R = Resistance measured in “ohms,” and is found by dividing the
voltage (E) by the current (I).

The three formulas used in Ohm’s Law can each be used to calculate a
missing value in a circuit.
1. In the circuit shown below, there is a current of 12 amperes (12A)

and a resistive load of 1 ohm (1 Ω). Using the first formula of Ohm’s
Law, (shown on page 1-8), we can determine the voltage:
E=IxR
E = 12 x 1
E = 12 volts (12V).
2. We know that a battery is supplying 12 volts of pressure (voltage),

and that there is a resistive load of 1 ohm placed in series with it.
Using the second formula of Ohm’s Law, we can determine the
current:
I=E÷R
I = 12 ÷ 1
I = 12 amperes (12A).
3. We know that a battery is supplying 12 volts, and that there is 12

amperes of current in the circuit. Using the third formula of Ohm’s
Law, we can determine the resistance:
R=E÷I
R = 12 ÷ 12
R = 1 Ohm (1 Ω).
+
12 V Battery
– 1 Ohm Resistor
Current Flow 12 Amps

CIRCUIT CONDITIONS
A COMPLETE CIRCUIT
When current can flow from point A to point B without interruption, it is
called a complete circuit.
A B
A Complete Circuit
AN INCOMPLETE CIRCUIT
If there is a break in the path, current will not be able to flow from point A
to point B, and the circuit is incomplete. Sometimes this break in the
circuit is caused by design, such as when a switch is moved to its OFF
position, or it can be caused by accident, such as a break in the wire, as
shown in the following illustration.
A B
BREAK
An Incomplete Circuit

AN OPEN AND CLOSED CIRCUIT
Whenever there is a break in the path through which current should
flow, it is referred to as an open circuit (see the illustration).
A closed circuit is one in which there is a complete path for the current
to flow (see the illustration).
A B A B
An Open Circuit A Closed Circuit
RESISTANCE IN A CIRCUIT
When resistance, or a load, is introduced in a circuit, it restricts the flow
of current. The higher the resistance, the less current will flow. In the
illustrations below, the variable resistor is used to show this effect.
Illustration A shows the variable resistor at its maximum setting, so that

all of its resistance is introduced to the circuit. Thus, a minimum of
current will flow, and the light is very dim.
Illustration B shows the variable resistor at its medium setting, so that

only half of its resistance is introduced to the circuit. Thus, the current
flow increases, and the light becomes brighter.
Illustration C shows the variable resistor at its minimum setting, so that

none of its resistance is in the circuit. Thus, a maximum of current will
flow, and the light is at its brightest level.
A B A B
Maximum Ω Medium Ω
A B
Variable Very Dim Variable Half
Resistor Or Out Resistor Brightness
A B
Minimum Ω
C
Variable Full Resistance In A Circuit
Resistor Brightness

TYPES OF CIRCUITS
When evaluating the operation of an electrical circuit, it is important to
understand how electricity will behave in the circuit. There are three
types of circuits you will encounter when diagnosing electrical systems.
These types of circuits are:
1. Series circuits
2. Parallel circuits
3. Series-parallel circuits (which are combinations of the first two kinds)
These three types of circuits will be discussed next.
SERIES CIRCUIT
In a series circuit, components are joined together in a chain, or series,
and there is only one path for current to flow. If there is a break any-
where in the circuit, current flow will be interrupted, and the circuit will
stop working.
The circuit below shows a series circuit that is made up of a string of

five light bulbs. Current flows from point A, through the five lights, to
point B.
A B
A Series Circuit

PARALLEL CIRCUIT
In a parallel circuit, there is more than one path for the current to flow.
In the illustration, as current flows from point A to point B, it has three
branches (C, D, & E) to flow through. The amount of current that will
flow through each branch, depends upon the resistance of the loads in
the branch. The voltage is the same across all branches in a parallel
circuit.
A parallel circuit can be drawn in many different ways, as shown in the

illustrations.
A B
C
LOAD
D
LOAD
E
LOAD
A Parallel Circuit
A B A B
LOAD LOAD
LOAD LOAD
LOAD
LOAD
Different Types Of Parallel Circuits

SERIES-PARALLEL CIRCUIT
A series-parallel circuit is a combination of both series and parallel
circuits.
The part of the circuit where there is only one path for the current to
flow is the series part of the circuit. The part of the circuit in which there
are several paths for current to flow, is the parallel part of the circuit.
A B
SERIES PORTION
PARALLEL PORTION
A Series-Parallel Circuit

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
TYPES OF CIRCUITS
Look at each circuit shown below. On the line below each circuit, write
whether the circuit is series, parallel, or series-parallel.
A B
A B
1. 2.
A B
3.
A B
4.

TYPES OF CIRCUITS
A B
A B
1. Series 2. Parallel
A B
3. Series-Parallel
A B
4. Series


OPENS AND SHORTS
EFFECTS OF OPENS
A break in a circuit is called an open. The effect of an open in a series
circuit is different from its effect in a parallel circuit.
In Series Circuits
An open in a series circuit will stop the flow of current in the entire
circuit. In the illustration, the switch is open so that current cannot flow
between points A and B.
A B
NO CURRENT FLOW
SWITCH OPEN
An Open Circuit (Series)
In Parallel Circuits
When there is an open in a parallel circuit, current flow will act as
follows:
a) Stops flowing through the branch with the open.
b) Continues to flow through the other branches.

In the circuit below, current will continue to flow through load D, but not
through E. A B
An Open Circuit (Parallel)
OPEN

In Series-Parallel Circuits
If there is an open in the series portion of the series-parallel circuit,
current cannot flow through any part of the circuit.
A B
NO CURRENT FLOW
C
OPEN
Series-Parallel Circuit With Open In Series Portion
If there is an open in a parallel portion of a series-parallel circuit, current

will stop flowing through that branch, but will continue to flow through
the rest of the circuit.
In the circuit below, current will flow through loads D, E, and F, but not
through load G.
A B
CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH D, E, & F,

BUT NOT THROUGH G
F
D E
OPEN
Series-Parallel Circuit With Open In Parallel Portion

EFFECTS OF SHORTS
The term short means a direct circuit across an electrical source that
provides a zero resistance path for the current to flow.
In Series Circuits
The circuit below shows a wire short across load C. This short causes
all of the current to flow through the wire instead of the load, because
the wire offers the path of least resistance.
A B
WIRE SHORTS OUT LOAD C
Wiring Short In Series Circuit
It is also possible for a portion of a circuit to be shorted where one or

more of the loads are bypassed. This type of short is referred to as a
“shunt” and is usually designed into the circuit. The difference between
a “short” and a “shunt” is:
a) A short offers no resistance to the flow of current in a circuit.

b) A shunt causes a bypass around a load, but the circuit will still
offer resistance to the flow of current.
Example 1: If a short is connected between points C and D, loads E, F,

and G would be bypassed because they are shorted out of the circuit.
A B
E F G
A Series Circuit With A Short Across 3 Loads

Example 2: If a permanent shunt is connected between points C and D,
loads F, and G would be bypassed because they are shorted out of the
circuit. A B E F G
A Series Circuit With A Permanent Shunt Across 2 Loads
Example 3: If a load is designed to be turned on and off, a temporary

shunt is used. Closing switch X shorts out load G and turns if off.
A B E F G
D
X
A Series Circuit With A Temporary Shunt Across 1 Load
In Parallel Circuits
The circuit below shows a parallel circuit. Current flow will be from Point
A, through loads C and D, to point B. C
A B
Parallel Circuit
The circuit below shows a wire shorted between points X and Y, which
shorts out loads C and D. In this case, current will flow from Point A,
through the wire short across loads C and D, and back to point B. The
current flows through the wire instead of the loads because the wire
offers the path of least resistance.
A B C
X Y
Parallel Circuit With Short

In Series-Parallel Circuits
In the circuit below, current will flow from point A, through the short from
point C to point D, bypass loads E, F, G, and H, and back to point B.
The current will bypass all four loads because it will follow the path of
least resistance through the wire.
A B
F
E
D
Series-Parallel Circuit With Short
In the series portion of the circuit below, current will flow from point A,
through load C. In the parallel portion of the circuit, current will flow
through the wire across load D, and back to point B. The current will
bypass all three loads because it will follow the path of least resistance
through the wire.
A B
SHUNT
D
C
Series-Parallel Circuit With A Shunt

PRACTICE EXERCISE 2
OPENS AND SHORTS
In the space to the right of the circuit:
a) Name the kind of circuit shown.
b) Write whether component X is open, shorted, or okay, as de-

scribed in each condition.
c) Write the name of the loads that are still working.
1. CONDITION: Points P & Q read zero ohms in both OPEN and

CLOSED positions.
A B
type of circuit
switch X is (open,
shorted, or OK)
D
X
P Q loads working
2. CONDITION: When one end of load X is disconnected and checked

with an ohmmeter, it measures infinite resistance.
A B
P type of circuit
E X
load X is (open,
C D shorted, or OK)
Q
loads working

3. CONDITION: Loads W, Y, & Z work if X is in the OFF (OPEN) or the
ON (CLOSED) position.
A B
type of circuit
switch X is (open,
shorted, or OK)
X
when X is closed, what
W Y Z loads are working
4. CONDITION: When points G and J read infinite resistance.

A B
F type of circuit
C
G
D load X is (open,
E X shorted, or OK)
J loads working
5. CONDITION: When points P and Q read zero ohms in the ON posi-

tion, infinite resistance in the OFF position.
A B
P
type of circuit
X
G
Q D switch X is (open,
shorted, or OK)
C
E
loads working as
shown in diagram
F

OPENS AND SHORTS
A B
1.
Series
type of circuit
X is shorted
switch X is (open,
D shorted, or OK)
X
D is working
P Q
loads working
2. A B
Series-Parallel
P
type of circuit
E X X is open
load X is (open,
C D shorted, or OK)
Q C, D, & E are working

loads working

A B
3.
Series
type of circuit
X is open
switch X is (open,
X shorted, or OK)
W Y Z Y&Z
when X is closed,
what loads are
working
A B
4.
F Series
type of circuit
C
G
X is open
D
E X load X is (open,
shorted, or OK)
J
No loads working
loads working
A B
5. Series-Parallel
P type of circuit
X is OK
X
G
switch X is (open,
Q D
shorted, or OK)
C
All loads working
E
loads working as
shown in diagram
F


— NOTES —

SECTION 2
WIRING DIAGRAMS
INTRODUCTION
A wiring diagram is a convenient way of showing which components are
present in an appliance, and how those components are connected
together electrically.
Just as a road map helps you to get where you’re going, a wiring dia-
gram helps you follow current flow and identify problems.
It is important to realize that wiring diagrams, or “schematics,” identify

electrical connections and current flow, but they do not represent actual
locations, distances apart, or component placement (unless noted on
the drawing). Nor are they drawn to scale. They do tell you what compo-
nents are used and how the electricity should flow.
In this section we will be reviewing wiring diagrams for a typical range,

dishwasher, and microwave oven.
Wiring Diagrams 2-1 Section 2

WIRING DIAGRAM TERMS
A GLOSSARY OF WIRING DIAGRAM TERMS USED BY WHIRLPOOL
TERM DESCRIPTION
N.O. Normally-Open Terminal
N.C. Normally-Closed Terminal
COM Common Terminal
L1 Hot Side of 120 or 240 VAC Electrical Circuit (usually BK)
L2 Hot Side of 240 VAC Electrical Circuit (usually R)
N Neutral Line (usually W)
GND Chassis Ground (usually G)
S.P.S.T. Single Pole Single Throw Switch
S.P.D.T. Single Pole Double Throw Switch
LF Left Front
RF Right Front
CR Center Rear
LR Left Rear
RR Right Rear
P1-3 Connector Plug and Terminal Designator (e.g. Connector P1-Terminal 3)
DLB Double Line Break Relay

WIRING DIAGRAM COLORS
A GLOSSARY OF WIRE COLOR TERMS USED BY WHIRLPOOL
TERM COLOR
W White
T Tan
BK Black
R Red
Y Yellow
BL or BU Blue
O or OR Orange
G or GN Green
P Purple
BR Brown
GR or GY Gray
DB or DBU Dark Blue
LB or LBU Light Blue
PK Pink
V or VT Violet
NOTE: The following terms are for multi-colored wires. The first letter designates the overall
color of the wire, and the second letter designates the color of the tracer (stripe) on the wire.
T-R Tan w / Red Tracer

G-BK Green w / Black Tracer
O-BK Orange w / Black Tracer
R-W Red w / White Tracer
W-R White w / Red Tracer
BU-O Blue w / Orange Tracer
W-G White w / Green Tracer
BR-W Brown w / White Tracer
Y-BL Yellow w / Blue Tracer
W-V White w / Violet Tracer

WIRING DIAGRAM SYMBOLS
A GLOSSARY OF SYMBOLS USED BY WHIRLPOOL
LINES & CONNECTORS MECHANICAL & MANUAL SWITCHES
Integral conductor Single Pole,

Double Throw (S.P.D.T.)
Crossover 2 Contacts on One Side
Crossover Multi-Position
Shield Pushbutton (N.O.)

Momentary Contact
Permanent Connection
Pushbutton (N.C.)
Terminal
Ground (Earth) Pushbutton (2-Circuit)
Ground (Chassis) Timer Switch

Plug Connector Pressure Operated
Grounded Service Cord (S. P. D.T.)
(3 Prong) Centrifugal Switch
Mechanical Connection
Master or Control Sw.
(Number of Positions
& Internal Contact
MECHANICAL SWITCHES Operation as Required)
Single Pole,
Single Throw (S.P.S.T.)
TEMPERATURE-ACTUATED
Single Pole, COMPONENTS
Double Throw (S.P.D.T.)
S.P.S.T. - Open on Heat Rise
S.P.S.T. - Close on Heat Rise

TEMPERATURE-ACTUATED COMBINATION DEVICES
COMPONENTS
Relay-Magnetic M
NOTE: The symbols shown are for thermo- (Arrangement of Con-

S
tacts, As Necessary To
stats, bimetal switches, overload protectors, L
Show Operation)
or other similar components.
Relay-Thermal
S M
Temperature-Actuated (Arrangement of Con- L
Close on Heat Rise tacts, As Necessary To

Show Operation)
4 2
Temperature-Actuated
Open on Heat Rise Timer (Defrost) 3
1
S.P.S.T. - Open on Heat Rise LIGHTS
Incandescent
S.P.D.T.
Neon
S.P.D.T.
Fluorescent
S.P.S.T. - 2-Contacts
MOTORS
S.P.S.T. - Adjustable Timer
Close on Heat Rise
S.P.D.T. - Adjustable Single-Speed
S.P.S.T. - Adjustable
Open on Heat Rise 2-Speed
S.P.S.T. - With Internal Heater

3-Speed
Close on Heat Rise
S.P.S.T. - With Internal Heater

Open on Heat Rise

MOTORS Circuit Breaker
Internal Motor- Internal
Circuitry May Be Shown, Iron Core Coil (Solenoid)
If Required
Coil
Compressor Motor
NOTE: Coils may also be shown with open
loops, as in the following examples.
Single-Speed Motor
Coil (Solenoid)
Two-Speed Motor
Coil
Three-Speed Motor Fuse
Multi-Speed Motor - Heater or OR

Internal Circuitry May Be Resistor
Shown, If Required
Humidistat
MISCELLANEOUS
NOTE: Use symbols for coil
Auto-Starter s
Relay and switches and show
separately in circuit.
Ballast
B
Transformer
Bell
Adjustable Component
(Arrow Drawn Through
Buzzer Component at Approx-
imately 45˚)
Non-Polarized Capacitor—
Circuit Polarity Does Not
Apply
+ –
Polarized Capacitor—
Correct Polarity Applies

SOLID STATE DEVICES
Solid state devices are being used in modern home appliances. When required, the function of
these devices is explained in the training program covering the product in which they are used.
The solid state devices shown below are some of the more common types being used in
appliances today.
Thermistor — An input device that changes resistance

with temperature so the microcomputer can respond
T
accordingly.
Diode — Permits current flow in one direction only.
Triac — An electronic device that is similar to a diode,

except that it allows current to flow in both directions,
as with alternating current (AC).

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
IDENTIFYING COMPONENTS
Place the numbers on the lines beside the symbols on the next page to
make the proper match.
1. Compressor 14. Centrifugal Switch
2. Crossover 15. Plug Connector
3. Ballast 16. Resistor or Heater
4. Permanent Connection 17. Fuse
5. Adjustable Buzzer 18. Multi-Position Switch
6. Incandescent Lamp 19. Coil
7. Fluorescent Lamp 20. Circuit Breaker
8. Heat Rise Thermostat 21. Heater
9. Adjustable Thermostat 22. Capacitor
10. Chassis Ground 23. Pushbutton (S.P.D.T.)
11. Transformer 24. Single-Speed Motor
12. Grounded Service Cord
13. Single-Pole, Double-Throw

(S.P.D.T.) Switch

R
C

IDENTIFYING COMPONENTS
17 20
6
16
21 11
12
22 15 8
R 7
C
1 14
S
13 9 18
3 4 24
B
23 10 5
19 2


PRACTICE EXERCISE 2
LOCATING COMPONENTS
Locate, circle, and number the listed components in the wiring diagram.
1. Permanent Connection
2. Fuse
3. Thermostat
4. Triac
5. Thermistor
6. Overfill Switch
7. Plug Connector
8. Pushbutton Switch
9. Chassis Ground
10. Grounded Service Cord
11. Resistor

TRACING CIRCUITS
Tracing circuits is a critical tool in diagnosing appliance problems. If you
are able to understand how an appliance functions during a specific
cycle, it will help you in tracing out the active circuits for diagnosis.
Tracing a circuit is easy to do. It is somewhat the same as solving a

“maze” puzzle, like the one shown below. Tracing a path for the bee to
reach the hive is like tracing an active circuit from one side of the supply
line (L1) to the other (Neutral). There are numerous directions that you
can go, just like in the maze below. However, sometimes an obstacle is
in the way, and blocks the path. Good circuit diagnosis will help uncover
the obstacle so that it can be removed.
START
FINISH

Here’s how to do it. First, draw through the switches you want to show
closed in the circuit. Then, begin at the left side of the power source,
and trace your way around through closed switches and loads, and
back to the other side of the power source. This will tell you which loads
are operating for the switch settings you chose. Knowing which switches
to “close” is the key to making sense of a circuit.
NOTE: A shaded line will be used to show the path of current flow.
Example: Start at point A and trace down to the switch. Since the switch
is open, current cannot flow through it. But there is a parallel
circuit that goes through the motor. Trace through the motor to
the other side of the circuit. The motor will run, but the light
will be off, because of an open switch. If the switch is closed,
the light will light, and the motor will run.
A B

Example: Here is another circuit. You can see that since switch X is
open, current cannot flow past that point, so neither load can
be energized (turned on).
A B
X NO CURRENT FLOW
When switches X and Y are closed, the shaded parts of the circuit are
energized, starting at point A, and working around to point B.
A B

PRACTICE EXERCISE 3
TRACING CIRCUITS
Start at point A and draw a wavy line through the closed circuit(s) until
you reach point B.
A B
F Relay

TRACING CIRCUITS
A B
F Relay
Current flows through switch C.
Switch D is open, so the light will not turn on.
Switch E is closed, so the solenoid will be energized.
Switch F is open, so the relay will not be energized.
Since the relay is not energized, relay contact G remains open, and the
motor will not be energized.


TECH NOTES
The technician must know how the appliance works. Look for special
notes on wiring diagrams.
• Switches and contacts that are closed.
• Color codes.
• Door position.
• Other information that can be helpful.

PRACTICE EXERCISE 4
TRACING CIRCUITS
Use a marking pen and trace the series circuit during the BROIL cycle.
NOTE: Drawing shows door latch switch in COOK position with oven
door OPEN and oven OFF.

— NOTES —

TRACING CIRCUITS


120 & 240 VOLT CIRCUITS
120 VAC
L1 N
240 VAC
120 VAC 120 VAC

L1 N L2
120 VAC
Motor
M
120 VAC
Light
240 VAC
Motor

PRACTICE EXERCISE 5
TRACING CIRCUITS
Using a marking pen, close the proper switch contact, and trace the
circuit that shows a surface indicator light ON.
NOTES:
1. Drawing shows door latch switch in COOK
position with oven door OPEN and elements OFF.
2. Diagram shows ceran models.

— NOTES —

TRACING CIRCUITS
NOTES:


USING STRIP CIRCUITS
Strip circuits are easy-to-use diagnostic tools. They are simply an abbre-
viated, easy-to-follow version of a complete and standard wiring dia-
gram.
A standard wiring diagram shows so many components that it is time

consuming trying to find the components involved in an active circuit.
The strip circuits below show only the components involved in an active
Broil and Bake circuit.
It is much faster and easier for the human eye and mind to process a
strip circuit that reads from left to right, than to hunt and decipher the
symbols in a standard wiring circuit. You can begin to see how much
diagnosis time can be saved by using a strip circuit. By creating strip
circuits from standard wiring diagrams, Whirlpool has provided you with
effective tools to use in your diagnosis.
BROIL CIRCUIT
BAKE CIRCUIT

PRACTICE EXERCISE 6
STRIP CIRCUITS
Draw a strip circuit.
On the following page, fill in the missing wire colors, component names,
contact points, and the L1, L2, and N lines.
NOTES:

STRIP CIRCUITS


CLOSING SWITCHES
SAMPLE TIMER SEQUENCE CHART
(ESTERLINE)

SAMPLE WIRING DIAGRAM

— NOTES —

PRACTICE EXERCISE 7
CLOSING SWITCHES
Locate increment #15 on the Esterline Chart below.
Using a marking pen, close all of the switches, then trace the active
circuit on the Wiring Diagram on page 2-33.

CLOSING SWITCHES


ELECTRIC RANGE WIRING DIAGRAM
NOTES:

GAS RANGE WIRING DIAGRAM
NOTE: Drawing shows oven door latch switch in COOK position with
oven door OPEN, oven OFF, and light ON.

ELECTRIC BUILT-IN RANGE
WIRING DIAGRAM
NOTES:
1. Dots indicate connections or splices.
2. Circuit shown in STANDBY/OFF mode with oven door CLOSED.

ELECTRIC BUILT-IN RANGE
RELAY LOGIC CHART

MICROWAVE OVEN WIRING DIAGRAM

SELF-CLEANING GAS RANGE
WIRING DIAGRAM
NOTE: Drawing shows oven door latch switch in COOK position with
oven door OPEN, oven OFF, and light ON.

L1 LINE - BLACK RED - LINE L2
Wiring Diagrams
240 VOLTS
WHITE - NEUTRAL N
120 VOLTS NEUTRAL
BLACK DL BROWN TERMINAL
LINKED TO
D2 CABINET
DRUM LAMP D1 WHITE
P1-3 BLUE BLUE D G
BK DOOR DOOR
P1-5 SWITCH
L1 P1-2 NEUTRAL WHITE
NEUTRAL
P3 P1-4 LT. BLUE BLUE WHITE
USER INTERFACE MOTOR
THERMAL FUSE
(ACTIVE OVERLAY or GRN/YEL 91° C (196° F)
P1-1 WHITE 5M 2M
ALTERNATE TECHNOLOGY) P4 CENTRIFUGAL SWITCH
MAIN
4M 2.4-3.6
P2-1
MOIST. START
YEL/RED BELT
G SWITCH 2.4-3.8
SENSOR 1M
3M 6M
2-42
MOIST RTN P2-2 BLK DRIVE MOTOR
SENSOR 1/3 H.P.
MODEL P2-3 MOVS
HEATER
RELAY MODEL RTN P2-4
N.O. HEATER +V THERMISTOR
DUET DRYER
(0.250 TERMINAL) TEMP. P2-5 RED/WHT

COM HEATER RTN 10K ± 3%
P2-6 BLK
WIRING DIAGRAM
(0.250 TERMINAL) TEMP RTN
N.C. P2-7
ELECTRONIC
CONTROL NC
RED BLACK RED/WHITE RED
HIGH LIMIT
THERMAL CUT-OFF THERMOSTAT HEATER
(TCO) 178° C (352° F) 146° C (295° F) 7.8-11.8
Section 2
DUET WASHER
WIRING DIAGRAM

CALYPSO WASHER
WIRING DIAGRAM

DISHWASHER
WIRING DIAGRAM
SCHEMATIC SHOWN WITH DOOR SWITCH & ALL OTHER NORMALLY OPEN CONTACTS OPEN.
LINE 120 V 60HZ LINE 120 V 60HZ

N.O. N.O.
N.O.
T BK-W BK W T BK-W BK W W-V
DOOR SWITCH TCO DOOR SWITCH TCO DOOR SWITCH

8269209 8269213 G 8269209 8269213 G 8269209
T BK-W T
P2-6 P2-6
P8 TO CONTROL TO CONTROL
POWER SUPPLY POWER SUPPLY
R
P12 R N.O. USED ONLY ON
SOME MODELS,
* ELECTRONIC RINSE AID HARNESS OTHERWISE OPEN
CONTROL 8269190 RINSE AID SENSOR
(TRIACS AND 8269189
RELAYS SHOWN) USER INTERFACE
8530909 P1 USED ONLY ON
SOME MODELS,
NUMERIC OTHERWISE OPEN
DISPLAY
W
N.C. OR (W-V)
N.O. P6 W-R
HEATER ASM
K2 8268559
HI-LIMIT THERMOSTAT
OPENS 77°C-83°C (171°F-181°F) 10-35 Ω
661566 (3371618) W
N.O. P10 BU-BK (W-V)
K3
VENT ACTUATOR ASM
N.O. P9 R-BK 600-1800 Ω
8269251
K1
RUN WINDING
3.7 Ω
P5 BU V
AUX
Y Y WINDING
6.25 Ω
P4
23.5 uF PSC WASH PUMP &
CAPACITOR MOTOR ASSEMBLY
8269507
P3 GY GY BU-BK
Q6
P2-5 DRAIN MOTOR

8268411
16.3 Ω
P2-4 LBU
BU-BK
Q2 FLOAT (IN NORMAL
DISPENSER
(SEE TABLE) POSITION) CLOSES
280-340 SWITCH
P2-3 BR N.O.
BR-W BU-BK
Q3 * FILL VALVE
890 - 1090 Ω OVERFILL SW.
8268909
W
P2-1 O-GY N.O.
(W-V)
USED ONLY ON
PRESSURE SWITCH SOME MODELS,
(SOIL SENSOR) OTHERWISE OPEN
8268477
W
P7 (W-V)
W
P2-2 Y-BK (W-V)
T
* THERMISTOR
48-52K Ω @ 25°C/77°F
12-13K Ω @ 60°C/140°F
8269208
* DENOTES ENERGY EFFICIENT COMPONENTS.

DO NOT SUBSTITUTE.

— NOTES —

PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS
AND
WARRANTY INFORMATION SOURCES
IN THE UNITED STATES:
FOR PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS AND WARRANTY INFORMATION CALL:
FOR WHIRLPOOL PRODUCTS: 1-800-253-1301

FOR KITCHENAID PRODUCTS: 1-800-422-1230
FOR ROPER PRODUCTS: 1-800-447-6737
FOR TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE WHILE AT THE CUSTOMER’S HOME CALL:

THE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE LINE: 1-800-253-2870
HAVE YOUR STORE NUMBER READY TO IDENTIFY YOU AS AN

AUTHORIZED SERVICER
FOR LITERATURE ORDERS:

PHONE: 1-800-851-4605
FOR TECHNICAL INFORMATION AND SERVICE POINTERS:
www.servicematters.com
IN CANADA:
FOR PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS AND WARRANTY INFORMATION CALL:
1-800-461-5681
FOR TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE WHILE AT THE CUSTOMER’S HOME CALL:
THE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE LINE: 1-800-488-4791
HAVE YOUR STORE NUMBER READY TO IDENTIFY YOU AS AN

AUTHORIZED SERVICER
CORPORATION

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CONSUMER SERVICES TECHNICAL

EDUCATION GROUP PRESENTS G-20

Copyright © 2003, Whirlpool Corporation, Benton Harbor, MI 49022

• A definition of the system or component.

The beginning of this section explains some of the basic electrical

Basic Electricity 1-1 Section 1

Voltage: Usually referred to as “Electromotive Force”

Current (Amperage): A unit of measurement referring to the inten-

Direct Current (DC): Current that flows only in one direction. DC

Alternating Current (AC): Current that flows in both directions. AC

a) Low- and high-voltage conditions.

Infinite Resistance is so much resistance

Zero Resistance is no resistance and

Basic Electricity 1-2 Section 1

Load: Component that converts electricity to heat,

Conductor: Material through which electricity can flow.

Short: A circuit that offers no resistance to the

Shorted Switch: A switch that offers no resistance to the flow

Open Switch: A switch that will not allow current to flow

Shunt: A bypass around a load that still offers

Basic Electricity 1-3 Section 1

a) Current is directly proportional to the applied voltage.

b) Current is inversely proportional to the circuit resistance.

What this really means is:

a) When the circuit voltage increases, the current increases.

b) When the circuit voltage decreases, the current decreases.

c) When the circuit resistance increases, the current decreases.

d) When the circuit resistance decreases, the current increases.

This relationship can be expressed in the mathematical formulas shown

Basic Electricity 1-4 Section 1

Ohm’s Law Formula:

2. Voltage applied to a circuit is 120 volts and the current flow is 20

Ohm’s Law Formula:

Basic Electricity 1-5 Section 1

Answer: 47.9 amps

2. Voltage applied to a circuit is 120 volts and the current flow is 20

IF GIVEN ANSWERS AND YOURS ARE DIFFERENT,

Basic Electricity 1-6 Section 1

Ohm’s Law is a formulation of the relationship of voltage, current, and

Basic Electricity 1-7 Section 1

OHM’S LAW FORMULAS

E = Voltage measured in “volts,” and is found by multiplying the

Basic Electricity 1-8 Section 1

1. In the circuit shown below, there is a current of 12 amperes (12A)

2. We know that a battery is supplying 12 volts of pressure (voltage),

3. We know that a battery is supplying 12 volts, and that there is 12

Current Flow 12 Amps

Basic Electricity 1-9 Section 1

Basic Electricity 1-10 Section 1

An Open Circuit A Closed Circuit

Illustration A shows the variable resistor at its maximum setting, so that

Illustration B shows the variable resistor at its medium setting, so that

Illustration C shows the variable resistor at its minimum setting, so that

Basic Electricity 1-11 Section 1

3. Series-parallel circuits (which are combinations of the first two kinds)

These three types of circuits will be discussed next.

The circuit below shows a series circuit that is made up of a string of

Basic Electricity 1-12 Section 1