Electrical Resistivity

AD-A129 038 ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF ALKALINE EARTH ELEMENTS(U)
THERMOPHYSICAL AND ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES INFORMATION

l
S AFIA
NLSS CENTER LAFAYETTE IN T C CHI DEC 76 C IDAS-42
mmmmmmmmmm
UNCLASSIFIED DSA900 76-C-0860 F/G 7/2 NL
EIIIEIIIIEEIIE
EohmhhhohhmhEE
EEIIIIEEEEIII
EEEmhEEohEEEEI
IIIIIIIIIIII
EohEEmhmhEmhEE
11111L25~32
L 13
ma7
0
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES RESEARCH CENTER
ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES INFORMATION CENTER
THERMOPHYSICAL AND ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES INFORMATION ANALYSIS CENTER
UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION AND ROCK PROPERTIES CENTERA
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF ALKALINE EARTH ELEMENTS
By
T. C. CHI
CINDAS REPORT 42
December 1976
DTIC
Q Prepared for ELECTE
3 DEFENSE SUPPLY AGENCY JUN 0''983
, U. S. Department of Defense
4 Alexandria, Virginia 22304
9
)r;'.
f '" its I
CENTER FOR INFORMATION AND NUMERICAL DATA ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

PURDUE UNIVERSITY
PURDUE INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH PARK
2595 YEAGER ROAD
WEST LAFAYETTE, INDIANA 47906 06 01 34
UNCLASSIFIED
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered)
REPOT DCUMHTATOH
AGEREAD INSTRUCTIONS
REPOT DCUMNTATON
AGEBEFORE COMPLETING FORM
I. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESS'ION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG HUMMER
4. TITLE (md Subtite') S. TYPE OF REPORT A PEOD COVERED
Electrical Resistivity of Alkaline Earth Elements State-of-the-Art Report

6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER
CINDAS Report 42
7. AUTHOR(&) 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(s)
T. C. Chi DSA-900-76-C-0860
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK
AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS
Thermophysical and Electronic Properties
Information Analysis Center, CINDAS/Purdue Univ.,
2595 Yeager Rd., W. Lafayette, IN 47906
i1. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE
Defense Technical Information Center, Defense December 1976

Logistics Agency, Attn: DTIC-AI, Cameron Station, -s, NUMBER OF PAGES
Alexandria, VA 22314 92
14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(If different from Controlling Office) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report)
Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center

Attn: DRXMR-P Unclassified
Arsenal Street 15s. DECLASSIFICATION/ DOWNGRADING
SCHEDULE
Watertown, MA 02172 N/A
16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report)
Distribution unlimited
17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered in Block 20, If different from Report)
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES si
(DTIC Source Code 413571); TEPIAC Publication

Microfiche copies available from DTIC
,9KE oWRD
.....(o~,.d ,.°.... e . .. y ).b~ck...b.)*Electrical resistivity---
*Alkaline earth elements---*Beryllium---*Magnesium---*CalciuM---
i *Strontium--- *Barium--*Radium
20. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse side If necessary and identify by block number)
.... This technical report presents and discusses the available data and
information on the electrical resistivity of alkaline earth elements
(beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium) and contains
recommended or provisional reference values. The compiled data include all
the experimental data available from the literature. The temperature range
covered by the compiled data is from cryogenic temperatures to above the
melting temperature of the elements. The recommended values are generated
from critical evaluation, analysis, and synthesis of the available data and
iDD1OR 1473 EDITION OF I NOV 65 ISOBSOLETE UNCLASSIFIED
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Dea Entered)
MEEL-----
UNCLASSIFIED
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION Of THIS PAGIE(Uba Date MnatedJ
20. ABSTRACT (Cont)
-information and are given for both the total electrical resistivity and the
intrinsic electrical resistivity. For most of the elemnents, the recommended
values cover the temperature range from 1 K to 1000 KA
UNCLASSIFIED
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(UhIef Doma Enterd)
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF ALKALINE EARTH ELEMENTS
BY
T. C. CHI
CINDAS REPORT 42
December 1976 Aceion ar
Distif itioll
AvijabilitY Codes
Prepared for jkAvr-,i1 and/or

Dist Ispecial.
DEFENSE SUPPLY AGENCY
U. S. Department of Defense
Alexandria, Virginia 22304
CENTER FOR INFORMATION AND NUMERICAL DATA

ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Purdue Industrial Research Park
2696 Yeager Road
West Lafayette, hIdiana 47906
: ii
PREFACE
This technical report was prepared by the Thermophysical and Electronic

Properties Information Analysis Center (TEPIAC), a Department of Defense Informa-
tion Analysis Center. This Center is operated by the Center for Information and
Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis (CINDAS), Purdue University, West Lafayette,
Indiana, under Contract No. DSA900-76-C-0860 with the Defense Supply Agency (DSA),
Alexandria, Virginia, with Mr. J. L. Blue being the Program Manager, and under the
technical direction of the Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center (AMMRC),
Watertown, Massachusetts, with Mr. Samuel Valencia being the Contracting Officer's
Technical Representative.
This report reviews the recorded world knowledge on the electrical resistivity
of alkaline earth elements in a most comprehensive and detailed form making it possible
for all users of the subject to have access to the original data without having to dupli-
cate the laborious and costly process of literature search and data extraction. It is
quite appropriate at this point to mention that only original sources of data have been
used for the critique of the data and that all cited documents are available at CINDAS.
Also, for the active researchers in the field, a detailed discussion is presented for
each material, reviewing the available information together with the considerations
used by the author in arriving at the final recommended reference values.
It is hoped that this work will prove useful not only to the scientists in the field
but also to other engineering research and development programs and for industrial
applications, as it provides a wealth of knowledge heretofore unknown or inaccessible
to many. In particular, it is felt that the critical evaluation, analysis and synthesis,
and reference data generation constitute a unique aspect of this work.
While this work is prepared by the staff of TEPIAC/CINDAS's Reference Data

Division, it would not have been possible without the direct input of TEPIAC/CINDAS'
Scientific Documentation Division. Furthermore, valuable suggestions and guidance
1 to this work have come from Dr. H. M. James and Dr. C. Y. Ho of CINDAS' senior
staff.
Y. S. TOULOUKIAN
Director of CINDAS
Distinguished Atkins Professor
West Lafayette, Indiana of Engineering
December 1976 Purdue University
'4 iv
ABSTRACT
This technical report presents and discusses the available data and information
on the electrical resistivity of alkaline earth elements (beryllium, magnesium, calcium,
strontium, barium, and radium) and contains recommended or provisional reference
values. .The compiled data include all the experimental data available from the liter-
ature. The temperature range covered by the compiled data is from cryogenic temper-
atuires to above the melting temperature of the elements. The recommended values are
generated from critical evaluation, analysis, and synthesis of the available data and
information and are given for both the total electrical resistivity and the intrinsic
electrical resistivity. For most of the elements, the recommended values cover the
temperature range from 1 K to 1000 K.
I V
CONTENTS
Pape
PREFACE................................ ..... . . . i
ABSTRACT....................................... . . iv
LIST OF TABLES........................................vi
LIST OF FIGURES..........................................vii
LIST OF SYMBOLS...........................................iu
1. INTRODUCTION..........................................1
2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND................................7
3. DATA EVALUATION AND GENERATION OF RECOMMENDED

VALUES ............................................... 10
4. ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF ALKALINE EARTH ELEMENTS. .* 13
4.1. Berryllium..........................................13
4.2. Magnesium *... .. .. ... .... ... .. 29
4.3. Calcium............................................43
4.4. Strontium........................................52
4.5. Barium...........................................59
4.6. Radium.........................................68
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS................................72
6. REFERENCES.............................................75
7. APPENDIX...........................................83
7.1. Methods of Measuring Electrical Resistivity..............83
LIN,
vi
LIST OF TABLES
1. Physical Constants of Alkaline Earth Elements .. ......... 2
2. Conversion Factors for Units of Electrical Resistivity ... ...... 6

3. Provisional Electrical Resistivity of Beryllium .. ......... . 16
4. Measurement Information on the Electrical Resistivity of
Beryllium. ......................... 20
5. Experimental Data on the Electrical Resistivity of Beryllium..... 25
6. Recommended Electrical Resistivity of Magnesium ... ......... 32

Magnesium ...... .... ........................ ... 36
8. Experimental Data on the Electrical Resistivity of Magnesium . . . 40
9. Recommended Electrical Resistivity of Calcium .. ........ 45

Calcium..................... ...... 48
11. Experimental Data on the Electrical Resistivity of Calcium ..... . 50
12. Recommended Electrical Resistivity of Strontium ........ .. 54

Strontium....................... . 57
14. Experimental Data on the Electrical Resistivity of Strontium ..... . 58
15. Recommended Electrical Resistivity of Barium .. ......... . 61

Barium ..................... ...... 64
17. Experimental Data on the Electrical Resistivity of Barium ..... 66
18. Provisional Electrical Resistivity of Radium .. ......... 70

19. Comparison of the Electrical Resistivity Data from the Literature
Data with the Present Recommended Values ............. 73
I i . . . . . . .. . .
' ' -' '

=1 i . .. I :' "=
0=I " .Lm " ... ;: ' - "' '':+':'"" " ':"u ' ,- '' m
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
page
1. Relationship Between Intrinsic Resistivity, Residual Resistivity,
and Total Resistivity......................4
2. Electrical Resistivity of Beryllium (Logarithmic Plot). ... .. .... 18
3. Electrical Resistivity of Beryllium (Linear Plot)... .. .. .... 19
4. Electrical Resistivity of Magnesium (Logarithmic Plot) ... .. .... 34
5. Electrical Resistivity of Magnesium (Linear Plot) ..... .. .... 35
6. Electrical Resistivity of Calcium (Logarithmic Plot) ... .... ..... 46
7. Electrical Resistivity of Calcium (Linear Plot) ..... .. ... 47
8. Electrical Resistivity of Strontium (Logarithmic Plot). ... .. .... 55
9. Electrical Resistivity of Strontium (Linear Plot)..... .. .... 56
10. Electrical Resistivity of Barium (Logarithmic Plot)..... .... 62
11. Electrical Resistivity of Barium (Linear Plot).... .. .... .. 63
12. Electrical Resistivity of Radium (Linear Plot).... .... ..... 71
13. Intrinsic Resistivity of Alkaline Earth Elements ..... .. ... 74
Ti
4 LIST OF SYMDOLS
A Code for d. c. potentiometer method

B Magnetic flux density;, Code for d. c. bridge method
C Code for a. c. potentiometer method; constant
D Code for a. c.bridge method
E Code for eddy current method
G Code for galvanometer amplifier method
I Code for induction method
LF Latent heat
M Atomic weight
P Pressure; constant
Q Code for Q-meter method
R Resistance
Sj Constant
*S2 Constant
S Constant
T Temperature
Tm Melting point
T Critical temperature
V Voltmeter and ammeter direct reading
0, Electrical resistivity
fg Residual electrical resistivity
pi Intrinsic electrical resistivity
p Electrical resistivity parallel to the principal crystal-axis
a Electrical resistivity perpendicular to the principal crystal-axi

OD Deb W2D9ure
Z mPial temperaturs,
do. for sit ollaneUs methods
1. INTP"DUCTION
The purpose of this work is to present and discuss the available data and infor-
mation on the electrical resistivity of alkaline earth elements, to critically evaluate, ana-
lyze, and synthesize the data, and to make recommendations for the most probable values
of the electrical resistivity over a wide temperature range. Of this group of elements
experimental electrical resistivity data are available in the world literature for Be, Mg,
Ca, Sr, and Ba and there is no resistivity data for Ba.
Table 1 contains information on the densities, crystal structures, phase tran-
sition temperatures, and certain other pertinent physical constants of the alkaline earth
elements. This information is very useful in data analysis and synthesis. For example,
the electrical resistivity of a material generally changes abruptly when the material un-
dergc es any transformation. One must, therefore, be extremely cautious in attempting
to extrapolate the electrical resistivity value across any transition temperature. No at-
tempt has been made to critically evaluate the temperatures and constants given in Table
I, and they should not be considered as recommended values.
This work is organized in six sections. In the theoretical background section, some
results of the theory of electrical resistivity are presented and briefly discussed. In the sec-
tion on data evaluation and generation of recommended values, the general procedures and
methods for data evaluation and for the generation of recommended values are outlined.
In the data presentation section, the electrical resistivity of each of the alkaline
earth elements is presented separately in the order of increasing atomic number. Values
of electrical resistivities are given for both the solid and liquid states. For an element
at moderate and high temperatures the true electrical resistivity values for different high-
purity (99.9+) samples at each temperature should be but little different; therefore, a
set of recommended electrical resistivity values can be given for a high-purity element.
.1
At low temperatures, however, the electrical resistivity values for different samples
with small differences in Impurity and/or imperfection differ greatly, and a set of recoin-
mended values applies only to a sample with that particular amount of impurity and im-
j perfection. Thus, the low-temperature electrical resistivity of an element could be
presented as a family of curves, each of which would be recommended for a sample with
a particular amount of impurity and degree of imperfection, and hence a particular resi-
dual resistivity, po. In this work, two well-defined curves are recommended for the full
temperature range: one representing the intrinsic electrical resistivity, p I, which is a
unique function of temperature and io zero at absolute zero, and the other representing
the total resistivity, p, for the purest form of each element on which measurements have
________________________________________________________
____________ ______________________A__
0- toC0 4 '
m0 4
C4C CD
O~'4 to X4
40
100
00
m 0 0
C:p "43 4 "C4 "4 m0
"4- 00 10 104
0
L.O ) Cr4
m "4 "0
* "4
"4 3 V <-'-4
4-a Cl T-
41 -H +11 +1
t0'
1- W m
"4 V4 44.C4
5' 444
0 P4 1o 0 OD
F-'
w -0
z C C; c
0: C4..4410 .60
4
4-
"74 coo4 Cq C-30
"4 10s
1dcq0 5 -0wco
04 010 4 04 0 "4t "4. t
C~~~20-P L.i I~ ID4~*
* 4: d
F-.o
3
been made. The latter curve at low temperatures is only applicable to the particularly
characterized specimen with residual electrical resistivity clearly specified. These two
curves approach each other closely, on a logarithmic scale, for temperatures above
about 100 K. Figure 1 shows the relationship between pj, o and p.
The recommended or provisional electrical resistivities are tabulated with uni-
form but step-wise increasing increments in temperature as the temperature increases.
The estimated accuracy of the recommended or provisional values for each element in
each different temperature range is given in the discussion. The asterisked values in the
tables are interpolated, extrapolated, or estimated in the temperature ranges where no
experimental data are available.
From the recommended values of 0p and IDwhich are tabulated in this work, the
electrical resistivity of a particular sample at low temperatures can be estimated in
either of the following two ways. One way is to find the difference between the measured
resistivity value and the recommended p value at the same low temperature (i.e. below
100 K) and then add this difference to the recommended jD values at other temperatures.
The second way is to compare the measured low temperature value with p,, get the dif-
ference which is the residual resistivity of this particular sample, and then add this Po to
the recommended piat the other temperatures.
in the figure showing experimental data, a data set that consists of a single point
is denoted by a number enclosed by a square, and a curve that connects a set of data points
is denoted by a ringed number. These numbers correspond to those in the data table and in
the accompanying table on specimen characterization and measurement information. When
several sets of data are too close together to be distinguishable, some of the data sets
or data points, though listed in the table, are omitted from the figure for the sake of
clarity. For all elements except francium, both logarithmic plotting and linear plotting
of electrical resistivity are used in order that details may be clearly shown for both the
low and high temperature regions. The recommended curves are presented in the same
figure. The solid curve represents recommended values, and the dashed curves give pro-
I visional values. In the figure, the melting point (M. P. ), normal boiling point (N. B. P.)
and critical temperature (C. T. ) of the elements are indicated. Some of these transition
points are also mentioned in the text. At the melting point the resistivity exhibits large
discontinuity.
The tables on specimen characterization and measurement information give for
each set of data the following information: the publication reference number, author's
name, year of publication, experimental method used for the measurement, temperature
4
(A)
(P (T)) 2
U)
(Po
((T)) /\ P T
TEMPERATURE
(pT) /((T
Pi(T)
(P0 ) 2
if __________________________________________________________
f(P 0 )1 TEMPERATURE
Figure 1. Relationship between intrinsic resistivity p (T), residual resistivity,

po, and total resistivity, P(T). (A) logarithm se, (B) linear scale.
5
range covered by the data, substance name and specimen designation, as well as the de-
tailed description and characterization of the specimen and informa tion on measurement
conditions that are reported in the original paper. in these tables the code designations
used for the experimental methods for electrical resistivity determination are as follows:
A D. C. Potentiometer Method
B D. C. Bridge Method
C A. C. Potentiometer Method
D A. C. Bridge Method
E Eddy Current Method
G Galvonometer Amplifier Method
I Induction Method
Q Q-Meter Method
V Voltmeter and Ameter Direct Reading
- Other than above and described in the remarks
For a comprehensive yet concise review of all these methods, the reader is referred to
the references given in Appendix 7.*1.
In the Thirteenth General Conference on Weights and Measures held in October
1967 in Paris, the unit "ohm-meter" (symbol: 0) m) was adopted as the SI unit for elec-
trical resistivity. In this work, the SI units are used. Table 2 gives conversion factors
which may be used to convert the electrical resistivity values in f) m presented in this
work to values in any of the several other units listed.
In the summary and conclusions section, figures are presented in which all the
recommended curves on the intrinsic electrical resistivity are grouped together in order
to facilitate a visual comparison.
0 00
"4 4 P4 t
T 0
"44 "4
L- 0~ CO 444"
C
0
P4 oo
0 *l) C
c* CO
f-4 r4 P-4 "4 v -4 N
"44 v-4 10 C
"4P
1- v-0 4 V4 C4
U 00 4 06 co 0:
V- 10
L- r 4 Go
9
P-4 0
o C;
0 4 04
44 "
7
2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
The electrical resistivity, p, of a metal is often described approximately by the

Matthiessen rule [2]
p(T) = p 0 +pi(T), (1)

where p0 is the residual resistivity at absolute zero temperature and pi is the intrinsic
resistivity, which is the temperature-dependent resistivity of an ideally pure sample of
the metal. The quantity po0 arises from the presence of impurities, defects, and strains
in the metal lattice, while Pi is caused by the interaction of the conduction electrons with
the thermally induced vibrations of the Lattice ions; that is, the phonons in the crystal.
For a pure annealed sample at room temperature, p0 is only a small fraction of the total
resistivity. There are a number of mechanisms that could produce a deviation from the
Matthiesen rule, resulting in a term6p appearing on the right-hand side of equation (1).
The first comprehensive survey of such deviations was made by J. Bass [3]. A more
recent study by Cimberle et al. [4] brings references up to date.
The intrinsic resistivity due to electron-phonon interactions may be approximated

by the Bloch-Griineisen-relation [5)
=R/T z5 dz (2)
1 M*) -
(ez -1) (1-e )e '
where C is a constant, M is the atomic weight, T is the absolute temperature, and 'R
is an empirical temperature characterizing the metal's ideal electrical resistivity in the
same way that the Debye temperature, OD, characterizes a solid's lattice specific heat.
It is often true that '9R " OD. Below about 0.1 this relation reduces to
pt(T) Pw 124.4 M- T (3)
4 At high temperatures, as T z,
C T
pi(T) W i&r . (4)
The Gri'neisen-Bloch equation is derivable only for Idealized monovalent metals with Debye
phonon spectra and spherical Fermi surfaces, totally neglecting the effect of Umklapp
processes. However, because of its comparative simplicitiy, this equation is still a most
valuable tool for analyzing and discussing experimental data.
The Grtheisen-Bloch equation never holds over the entire temperature range for
8
the alkaline earth metals. By inverting the computatlon, one may intercompare the beha-
vior of different metals by interpreting the experimental results in terms of deviaLions
from the Gruneisen-Bloch equation. This is often done by employing %R as a variable
parameter and computing the value that it must possess at any temperature in order that
the Gruneisen-Bloch equation may agree with the experiment at that temperature.
In all alkaline earth metals the electrical resistivity increases abruptly at the
melting point and shows weakly negative temperature dependence in the liquid phase. The
sudden change is due to the greater disorder of the liquid state and the disappearance
of any definite crystal structure.
Mott £6] has presented a simple and fairly successful theory of liquid metals. He
ignored the disordered positions and diffusive movements of the vibrating ions and assumed
that near the melting point the ions of the liquid metal still maintain a more or less reg-
ular pattern. With an Einstein model of single frequency oscillators he obtained
( e,• (80 LF
where 9L and p. are the electrical resistivities of the liquid and solid phases, Tm is the
melting point, and L F is the latent heat of fusion in kilojoules per mole. The calculated
values of (pL/PS)T according to this formula compare moderiely well with experimen-
tal data for alkaline earth metals.
A single crystal of a metal with a cubic crystal structure has an isotropic resis-
tivity, and the resistivity of the polycrystalline material Is the same, apart from a small
extra contribution in a polycrystal that may sometimes be caused by grain boundaries.
But in a single crystal of noncubic metal, the resistivity is often very anisotropic, its
value depening on the direction of the flow current. Likewise, polycrystalline specimens
of such metals, if preferentially oriented, as by rolling or drawing, will have direction-
dependent resistive properties.
In isotropic metals with the close-packed hexagonal and rhombohedral (trigonal)

structures, the electrical resistivity parallel to the principal crystalline axis is desig-
nated as p// and electrical resistivity perpendicular to the principal axis is designated as p 1 .
When values for p// and PL have been determined for a single crystal,one may calculate
a value of p for a polycrystalline sample without preferential orientation by using the
equation of Voigt [7]:
3p// P.
(6)
P
+PJ
A
9
Equation (6) has been used fairly commonly for the determination of p of a poly-
crystalline specimen from single crystal axial resistivities, and it usually gives sat-
isfactory agreement with direct observation on polycrystals. However, Nichols (8] has
found the relation
1
p +2p_)
(p// (7)
to be more suitable for metals with large anisotropy ratio, and to be perfect in the
case of c.p.h. Mg.
I
I
10
3. DATA EVALUATION AND GENERATION OF RECOMMENDED VALUES
The data analysis and synthesis employed in this work whenever possible Included
critical evaluation of available data and related information, reconciliation of disagree-
ments in conflicting data, correlation of data in terms of various parameters, and curve
fitting with theoretical or empirical equations. Besides critical evaluation and analysis
of the existing data, semiempirical techniques have been employed to fill gaps in data and to
extrapolate existing data so that the resulting recommended values are internally con-
sistent and cover as wide a range of temperature as possible.
In the critical evaluation of the validity of electrical resistivity data, any unusual
dependence or anomaly was carefully investigated, the experimental technique was re-
viewed to see whether the actual boundary conditions in the experiment agreed with those
assumed In the theory, and the author's estimations of uncertainty were checked to en-
sure that all the possible sources of errors were considered. The sources of errors may
have included uncertainty in the measurement of specimen dimensions and of the distance
between the potential probes, uncertainty due to the effects of thermal expansion, uncer-
tainty in temperature measurements, uncertainty in the sensitivity of measuring circuits,
and so on.
Many authors have included detailed error estimates in their published papers,
and from these it is possible to evaluate the uncertainty for a particular method. How-
ever, experience has shown that the uncertainty estimates of most authors are unreliable.
In many cases the difference between the results of two sets of data is much larger than
the sum of their stated uncertainties.
Besides evaluating and analyzing individual data sets, correlating data in terms
of various relevant parameters was a valuable technique and frequently used in
data analysis. These parameters may include purity, density, residual electrical resis-
tivity and so on.
For a meaningful data correlation, information on specimen characterization is
very important. A full description of the specimen should include, wherever applicable,
the following: purity or chemical composition, type of crystal, crystal axis orientation
for a single crystal, microstructure, grain size, preferred grain orientation, inhomo-
geneity or additional phases for a polycrystalline specimen, specimen shape and dimen-
sions, method and procedure of fabrication, sample history or treatment, test environ-
ment, and pertinent physical properties such as density, hardness, and transition temp-
erature. Data on poorly characterized materials can hardly be analyzed or used for data
correlation.
11
Besides specimen characterization, a full description of experimental details should

be given by the author in order that his data can be meaningfully evaluated and fully
utilized. Sometimes, as an initial method of evaluating the quality of a paper, consider-
ation might be given to the amount of experimental detail reported in the paper; Lack of
experimental detail might lead to the results being given less weight.
Our preliminary recommended values for the electrical resistivity of the alkaline
earth elements were derived from experimental data that were considered reliable, using
computer least-mean-square error fit to a modified Bloch-Grtfieisen formula of the form
pi(T) = [S 1 + S2 x (T/8 R ) + S3 x (%R/T) P I 4t (6R/T) (8)
where S 1, S2 and S3 are the coefficients,
OR = (8R) 0 - CT, (9)
r eR/T z5 z
= 4 (T/%), jo (eZ-1) (I -e -(z/T)'z
- z) (10)
(0R)O, C, P, Sl, S2 and S3 are used as the variable parameters.
The first term represents the basic Bloch-Grtiheisen form; the second term was
added in order to get better fit to high temperature data and the third term can represent
a dominating low power law at very low temperatures. The computer provides a best
fit to a fixed number of specified data points (TnPn) minimizing the sum Q of the squares
of the fractional errors with which p. are represented by the fitting function p = f(T). If
desired, variable weights are assigned to the data points, minimizing
Q= Wn[(f(Tn) - Pn)/Pnl' (11)
The suitability of the form of eq. (8) has been tested by fitting it to previously smoothed
data for a number of metals. The r. m. s. fractional errors in these fits were as follows:
LI (80-450 K), .0024
Na (50-350 K), .012
K (40-300 K), .0044
Rb (30-273 K), .012
Cs (30-273 K), .009
Cu (60-1200 K), .005
Ag (40-1200 K), .004
Au (40-1200 K), .0044
Mg (60-900 K), .007
I- ..
12
Ca (40-306 K), .006

Zn (60-60019, .006
Al (60-900 K), .0033
Ni (60-600 K), .015
Fe (80-1000 K), .0095
Pd (80-1300 K), .003
In some cases errors in the smoothing contributed to these fractional errors.
The final recommended values are obtained by extrapolating the resulting values
from curve fitting values to somewhat lower and higher temperatures and correcting
them for thermal linear expansion.
In estimating the uncertainty of our recommended values, the accuracy that can
be achieved by the various experimental techniques, the scatter of data, and the purity
of the materials, among other factors, were taken into consideration. The ranges of
uncertainties of recommended and provisional values are less than or equal to :E5%
and greater than +5%, respectively.
13
4. ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF ALKALINE EARTH ELEMENTS
4.1. Beryllium
Beryllium, with atomic number 4, is a steel-gray, very hard metal, similar to

magnesium in appearance and in chemical properties. It has a close-packed hexagonal
crystalline structure with a density of 1. 85 g cm -8 at 29q K. It has been reported that
the crystal transforms to a body-centered cubic form at 1530 K, only 32 degrees be-
low the melting point of 1562 K. The normal boiling point is about 2749 K. Its critical
temperature has been estimated to be about 6170 K. Beryllium has only one stable iso-
tope, 9Be, but four other radioactive isotopes are known. Beryllium ranks 46th -
in the order of abundance of elements in the continental crust of the earth (0. 00028% by
weight).
Temperature Dependence
There are 80 sets of experimental data available for the electrical resistivity of
beryllium. The information on specimen characterization and measurement conditions
for each of the data sets is given in Table 4. The data are tabulated in Table 5 and shown
in Figures 2 and 3. Determinations of the electrical resistivity for the solid phase cover
continuously the temperature range from 1.35 to 1454 K.
Since beryllium is an anisotropic metal, resistivity values will vary according to

the relation of the direction of the resistivity measurements to the hexagonal axis of the
crystal. Grfneisen and Adenstedt [9] (eurves 16 and 17), Grineisen and Erfling 10,11 ]
(curves 12-14, 48-50), Martin, Bunel and Tilbury [12J (curves 59 and 60) and Mitchell [13]
(curves 51 and 52) are the investigators who have made measurements on single crystals.
However, their results are inconsistent and a need clearly exists for further det :mina-
tion to be made.
Falge [14) has found that bulk beryllium becomes superconducting when cooled
below 0.426 K. Yoshihivo and Glover [153 have measured the resistivity of thin film
crystalline beryllium on a quartz substrate (curve 53) and founda superconducting tran-
sition temperature at about 9.3 K. Williams, Hinkle and Eatherly'[161 investigated the
neutron irradiation effects 'on the electrical resistivity-of polycrystalline beryllium sam-
pies from 72 to 400 K (curves 34-43)""
Most earlier determinations of the electrical resistivity of polycrystalline beryl-

lium resulted in higher resistivities than the later ones. These results can be explained
by the lower purity of the specimens and by the omission of a heat treatment, which appears to
I . . . .. . Im I . .. .. . . .. . . . . . .
A_
14
be essential. Powell [17] (urves 18-33) demnstrted the impat t tadt an;aalng
at 973 K has on the resistivity; for his beat polyerystallne specime, was lowered
- 0
from 6.7 to 3.2 x 10 a m by such treatment. The resistivity values dtained by Losana
[18] (curves 9-11) form an anomalous group from which it would seem that the samples
have much lower purity than was claimed.
From the examination of the data available for the electrical resistivity, it Is
evident that there are deviations from the Matthiessen's Rule. The lowest values of p for
polycrystalline beryllium were reported by Berteaux [19) (curve 44). From his graph,
we obtained so =3.0 x 10-8 Q m. However, this value is lower than those for all single
crystal samples with perpendicular orientation, and the reported residual resistance
ratio RM/Rd., = 49 is inconsistent with that shown in his graph, which gives PM/P.2 = 200.
Therefore, his data were not considered in the generation of recommended values.
Reich, Quang, Kinch, and Boumain [20] (curve 3) and Powell [17] (curve 23) have the
next lowest electrical resistivity values for polycrystalline samples, and they are in
fair agreement. Comparison of their data with. the single crystal data indicates that
these samples had highly preferred perpendicular orientation, as is known for the sample
of Reich et al. (Although Powell has annealed his sample at 973 K, this temperature
was too low for sample recrystallization). The above data and the low-temperature sin-
gle-crystal data of Granelsen were used to generate provisional values for the single cry-
stal measured perpendicular to the c-axis. A least mean-square-error fit to the selected
values ofp-po was made with a modified Bloch-GrOneisen equation (8), from 20 to 873 K.
The following values were found for the coefficients in equation (8):
S, S, S5 (%~)0 C P
26.945.10-SC m -1.996.10.4 am 0.3377"10 .4 m 1327.9 K 0.373 1.90
The resulting values calculated from eq. (8) were extrapolated to lower and higher temp-
eratures, corrected for thermal linear expansion, and the final provisional values were
4 obtained.
Assuming that the anisotropy ratio of the resistivity can be used for the pure ele-
ment and using the results of GrOnelsen and Erfling [10] and of Mitchell [13] and the pro-
visional values of electrical resistivity for single crystals measured perpendicular to the
c-axis, the resistivity values for single crystals measured parallel to the c-axis were
obtained. These values and the data of Grfineisen et al. were then fitted by the modified
Bloch-Grfneisn equation (8) and the following results were obtainedt
_______________
15
1.90
.02085
1196.1 K
0.1815.10-sim
S 11.776.10-80m S (OR)O C P
32. 258.10-80m
By using equation (7) and the above single-crystal results, resistivity values
for the polycrystalline specimen were calculated from 10 to 1200 K. Above 1200 K, our
provisional values follow the trend of the experimental data of Tye [211 (curves 63-68) and
of Ho and Wright [22] (curves 73-80)." These values were then fitted by the modifi6d Bloch-
Grdineisen equation (8) with the following constants: •
S1 9 S 8) C P
28.117.10- 8 (m 2.0718.10"8(m 0. 2676.10 -em 1267.28K 0.2253 1.90
No data are available for the electrical resistivity of beryllium above the phase
transition temperature (1530 K) or in the liquid state.
The provisional values for the total and intrinsic electrical resistivities are listed
in Table 3, and those for the total resistivity are also shown in Figures 2 and 3. The pro-
visional values are corrected for the thernmal linear expansion. The correction amounts to
-0.15o at 1 K, -0.1% at 200 K, 0.3%at 500 K, 1.3%at 1000 K and 2.4% at 1500 K. The
provisional values for the total electrical resistivity are for 99. 94o beryllium and those
below 100 K are applicable to specimens with residual resitivities of 0.00718 x 10- s ( m
(_.L to c-axis), 0.00426 x 10-8( m (//to c-axis), and 0.0332 x 10- 8 Jl m (Potycrystalline).
Tht uncertainty of the provisional values for the total electrical resistivity is believed
to be within *8% below 1000 K and within +10% from 1000 K to 1500 K. Above 40 K, the un-
certainty of the provisional values for the intrinsic resistivity is a little higher than that
of the total electrical resistivity because of possible deviations from the Matthiessen's
Rule; below 40 K the uncertainty can be very large and values are not listed in the table.
4
I
I
I
I
16
TABLE 3. PROVISIONAL ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF BERYLLIUM

(Temperature Dependence)
[Temperature, T, K; Total Resistivity, p, 10-8 tm; Intrinsic Resistivity, pi, 10-8am]
Solid
T _L to c-axis // to c-axis Polycrystalline

p Pit p Pit P Pi t
1 0.0072 0.0043 0.0336
4 0.0072 0.0043 0.0332
7 0.0072 0.0043 0.0332
10 0.0072 0.0043 0.0332
15 0.0073 0.0044 0.0334
20 0.0076 0.0046 0.0336
25 0.0080 0.0049 0.0339
30 0. 0086 0.0054 0.0345
35 0.0096 0.0062 0.0354
40 0.0109 0.0037 0.0074 0.0031 0.0367 0.0035
45 0.0127 0.0055 0.0090 0.0047 0.0384 0.0052
50 0.0150 0.0078 0.0112 0.0069 0.0407 0.0075
60 0.0218 0.0146 0.0180 0.0137 0.0675 0.0143
70 0.0325 0.0253 0.0293 0.0250 0.0584 0.0252
80 0.0483 0.0411 0.0471 0.0428 0.0748 0.0416
90 0.0711 0.0639 0.0736 0.0693 0.0989 0.0657
100 0.103 0.0954 0.111 0.107 0.133 0.0993
110 0.144 0.137 0.163 0.159 0.178 0.145
120 0.199 0.192 0.232 0.228 0.237 0.204
130 0.266 0.259 0.318 0.314 0.311 0.278
140 0.349 0.342 0.424 0.420 0.401 0.368
150 0.447 0.440 0.550 0.546 0.510 0.477
175 0.758 0.751 0.956 0.952 0.851 0.818
200 1.16 1.15 1.48 1.48 1.29 1.26
225 1.64 1.63 2.11 2.11 1.82 1.79
250 2.18 2.17 2.82 2.82 2.42 2.39
273.15 2.72 2.71 3.54 3.54 3.02 2.99
293 3.21 3.20 4.19 4.19 3.56 3.53
300 3.38 3.38 4.43 4.43 3.76 3.73
350 4.70 4.69 6.20 6.20 5.22 5.19
400 6.08 6.07 8.07 8.07 6.76 6.73
450 7.48 7.47 9.99 9.99 8.33 8.30
500 8.91 8.90 12.0 12.0 9.94 9.91
550 10.3 10.3 14.0 14.0 11.5 11.5
600 11.8 11.8 16.0 16.0 13.2 13.2
t At temperatures below 40 K, the uncertainty of pi Isso large that values are not listed.
The provisional values for the total electrical resistivity are for 99.9+% beryllium and those
below 100 K are applicable to specimens with residual resistivities of 0.00718 x 10-8(7 m
(. to c-axis), 0. 00426 x 10-up m (i/to c-axis), and 0.0332 x 10-81 m (Polycrystalline).
I __ ..
17
TABLE 3. PROVISIONAL ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF BERYLLIUM (Continued)

[Temperature, T, K; Total Resistivity, p, 10- 8 On; Intrinsic Resistivity, pi, 10-8 m]
Solid
T -L to c-axis I/ to c-axis Polycrystalline

P Pi P Pi P Pi
650 13.3 13.3 18.1 18.1 14.8 14.8
700 14.8 14.8 20.2 20.2 16.5 16.5
750 16.3 16.3 22.3 22.3 18.3 18.3
800 17.9 17.9 24.5 24.5 20.0 20.0
850 19.5 19.5 26.7 26.7 21.8 21.8
900 21.1 21.1 28.9 28.9 23.7 23.7
950 22.7 22.7 31.2 31.2 25.6 25.6
1000 24.4 24.4 33.5 33.5 27.5 27.5
1100 27.8 27.8 38.3 38.3 31.5 31.5
1200 31.5 31.5 43.3 43.3 35.7 35.7
1300 40.1 40.1
1400 44.8 44.8
1500 49.9 49.9
I
18
A- 1
6 ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF /
5 __7'
4BERYLLIUM Be
-?
544
E PRO VISIONAL
56 __________ PROVISIONAL
5 (polycrystalline)
wi 4
4j 3
-PROVISIONAL
2 ~PROVISIONAL (polycrystailme /
to. uk PROVISIONAL LL c-axis)
60
4. I PROVISIONAL 1/c-axis)
C. I
1
I 2 3 4 56 8 0 2 3 456 a 2 3 4 56 8 103 2
CINDAS ItEMRATURE K FO
19
4M I~ /
450 ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF 'I
BERYLLI Be
425
350 95
325 1S0 /
-PROVISIONAL 11
E I- (polycrystollins) 26'/
0275 Il - - - 140
3 /o
10400
TEIWPERTLE.K 40 r0 1/
x/~
w PROVISIONAL (/c-oxis)
9.
w-
0 0
PROVSIONL PGROVaISOA
250- 4
0 100 200 300 400 5006w 700 600 900 000 "DO 30
MOO
CINOAS TEMPERATURE , FKUR

20
ZE d e.
t.~ E
j. z
m L a
-~~~c .. '3~ n -. ~ ~ 00) vs ) Mc-
tc 4c aa %0~
t- t-.. c.) ~
a
wo
aa
.4: ol
Va 1% r4
f4 J4
z #4#433#vs
21
00
00
E. i u
fl. 'El :3 1 -
- ~E A C- * C6~' e
0i -Z -8 M) 47 ;a.0
*.I
- -E a . 'A6 on 0. .0.;1
U.0
j5. 'CI j kC40 L. 0 I.
t- 0 0 U >U 0 0)...
.3C c ) CO .0C) V) M ) 010 M 03 I.

oA to AA CA . AA ol n .
Hf Hr on ci 0 0 0 0 M0b a 0 '
N CIO C1
N C C' N " Hc
C4C
M0 9) M 0 00l0
V3 P 2e
-4 0to.~ 2 0 t) W U n u in -0
o) at N Nh N N NbN
40 04a 0 h H O
:i d
.0
H ~~~4% 0 Ol
C
0
el
4
0
Vi
-4
IN
-
0 0 1 0
w)0
N 0 4 C ( 0 0 0
Emos-
22
A. it to to-
0 to U
~- ; .. a- , to
is s. I ;; 4 . - , a
V~~~ 0 O~5.
". A
~,
0
c, 3 r k .9 Z.
"a a 0
F4 & 0
0 ~ ~ ~ ~ 4 tG.~-~d 9 9
C.o to &- rb , -0 C; S
bO O I ,- .I . .~ . . a!
co
w to Na A
C
~
4
..
C
X.
0 43
a; to 4
1,.t t-- "- t- at
as0 n o 1% 0 040An
.5 a
A 1
03 -a
23
. to ct t
0 A~
~~LQ .~. 40j.
21* "
a0 , '5- lpI all
6***
41 .0"'
io e. r f .
28-
2a .4 .4 2i
i -s .
-aC
~~~:V 0. 0 O
q 0 4 .. 4
0
go Go 0
Cl~~~CC I C l' 0 0 0
04 10 4f
Oro
Cl 4 C4 .
o ob
0 .0
Ml C4 .4
~ .4 ~ .4 .4 .4 .4 4. 4 4 . 4 .. 4 44
0
0
4 C4
V4 14 "4.4
-. C CI .4 4 V) C4
L)~ :4 0 2 3 %10 1 I 0
24
i~e 4.~ a Aj
-5 C; a
C 51 0C
e.,a C;
Q
'C 0 '
~~~."
(Jj ~ c O
c. ! C' , c, c
_: 'a 6o
caa .9
a~0 a ab
C.,
6~
4 f- .4
0; 0. a:~.
~.. .~ C~a i
U C-~ . gC IN
25
a t11a *ObG
b% Pus W,
.6.4.4 40C6~~~~ 0 . .I .40

.- .4 .4-4 . .I Ali 1 W;
Cs on1 ".4 'm m1 0 0Jel ,-a( nV A k1
A
-A - C CA A C
1 ot)Caiaa
P In c') V wC-Ciia AM .4*epfnaa
A qJ A GIIr A 1 ol , A-
-wCA0C V AAA .a CA v t - o0A 0 Ila oo cw-aa..

o) t- CA01 0 aA.) Al
8 o
.4.4.4Cg~a
,. . .'4.4.I.I.i.i. . . . .41.l .4*...0. i
0, .6 hi
44) "1q AQg )0 0I '- it 4i ;t A t
i -
C- miiiiiiii'
01miiii~~
Mi m r) mmmommorom " c')c' U A.)
t-t- (- A- tC- ("Na - - - - t-~C 4:10O4 c - tC
- c-a t- O5C -a-t- t- t a-
in -F-n toC-c (i 4)')'b
CA0 1v In -aGo AA)
a v toaL- w ab C4 ci.i 4Pa-1oA
*V5
00 012 W
J) Ana0 46 .1
o a c 00 1,'o..
co .4 o e o A, un ca
C3 A;l ; C i 0 A
tC i
C'I!.I'!I"I t- 60.C m. 0C- In 8or.
-taa-o t- o 0 4 t 04
m4 U - 04 t- O
oAWm C- oCA C
94 v r-a 05
In 0 C- wt 0 o0 a, 01 01 v 00t- 0 O t 1 o
00 0;, C A.: -1 4 C'J4 ,iCi 'it: l ;0 ; 8 C 4 C.-6
t - 0;
0; C; )0
1o t- to) .00 M 4OaflC44afl A Mt t )toc'

.t- t--ato58C 4 4 t- OD A, t- - t- - t- t-- s -t- - - --
n CI-
f0 V 0t ODAn #44
N -V CO Oft 0
anan -1 - 01 CA
.. v C. . 7 v to Co. a n to90
46 C;
0 ~ ~ 00NC q4 an g.6 lo C,
A-c~~a 48645
01~ ~ ~ #45ft e C1 44400 Of ;a A. r- I'C ) oC ~~

C4C'aS.~(000O C0O4N40CAafZ)
MMM=-'I
26
an
~ 0,02
C~~4..4
c
CS 44C-4.4.CRr-
a
02-
~ ~80"4 -enanam,
, a -0a 4ci
404C
!Pool~~aC0
oeooo
CL ef * * 3 .4 el AA J a; e; 4 i C;C 4-
,F-
; R
.4 R8-j8 4".44
SI D V44cl ID ni Ci 411
4t , - Cll CIO 0~-C
7
IL,0-C30U,-.. 04C i 4 0 4C@ 0 0 14ana .-a Ci
vO C; C C 1c; a C C.6 043c A
I 5 0) ff1- 4.D
E-C OR. 0 w C a40 n @0 A 0 w W ID4 In000 4-100t04.a OCl I
w
MVI .1 t 4 N44CIO 0Ci 0 C4 v If 0 0CiC vv
10C10i-0C@ 4
V4-Ci. @44. M DCD) - 40004 voo0@2 0 0ot
U 404i4.C4000-~ Ci0'0C
>- F - -m - 0- a~ Ua c' esa ' Ci44';J i
U. I.iO - M - CC43 a. 04-404 14COl C4 C4 C.) 0
OR P-0 V) bORC U ' -240.04-

tU Om.IIc'
(:1:8 040T m m & t- 2 1f4
C4004C~0C
4.400 0-11404w 1004.. V000 10CiC-OiC0U 1
m ;. ;*l W O44. " 01 '1 " 1 1 1

u 4V A 4 1 49N o 1 044 004C 4 000000
14
;
JV
cr
**C
c u an ,
44.t- OM
c; t..44.4c046-A04c4c
c44.-~~~
1 v 0.-W C4 %
o .6
-
4 a; 4 Ai
-7-
4
a. 0; V,4t:
4
C 0 5-4@ 0CIF ODcqw
. 4 t3 0. A0t-0. ;00i4.C- C4 4i ;A S0Ci4C@
. . . cbt Ci) Oit

100-t.,go-a C4IC~~fCa~.CC * nqtI- 0:2 .C4aC. *
Ci J .. .. .- .I . 0.t
27
1 40
w
W
AnIf,
.4A 7 1
4 _r 1: :,1 O 3 0I.4
Itjq
11 CA~-.
m~1' .1 ov4- AI r oC)
A,-
4
A-
- C A ",
4
o f-i~ w A, v Go 'r ma,* u r o U ora om
elc ~ -(o ' c C ) wt A t- C.).3 CIAI-

-14 In .)I0Ot-j)
-c o ml) m o lw3 o
1 I" ! 1 1 l! !" i 1 )I AIno ,.1 C!4tA," A
1-4
c! -i".1 " ' ! . 1 "

o r Ae4-4 3 c~O0 , A .= O 311W 1 n a . Ao t mI
300 to_ ~"NN0 '4,0n cir w moi
L A,_ . 54 v -- v 1 omI W ~ O - t 54o ) lotV;
01 0 040 to ,- wC.) Am f0 0 )r) toA 4004 (*O

jC 1 %ot- wC'
I-
CC 5)
P:1
~~~ I- a. v440
41)a) 5 .4.4 a4*
)Nei
t-
-.
c 4 .
01 I t fo 0 M C
c'S C4 Of . 4C4C.4
c 0 14 C4 M'. r t- w o C4 In I.-.to
at '
15- - 2 4'e
4- _! ,
.4'4 4~3. IC0 IA!5~C C)50 v4 to 4 e44- 1
*f 3
Q* ?~ 3 4 't-0
oz oQcCA O f ;iAz C c;~ C4 6 13
MC IF, o. om V.r ". .j M j N C 4 aN
m9 ;.'A n Wve C49441

e. t c ;r .9
Of4elC 0440
lC 014 a) 00
28
CL I. s4
ol ,V
11,"- Ot
0 v'
29
4.2. Magnesium
Magnesium, with atomic number 12, is a silvery-white, light, and fairly tough
3
metal. It has a close-packed hexagonal crystalline structure with a density of 1.74 g cm-
at 293 K, which is 3517 lighter than aluminum. It melts at 922 K and boils at about 1364 K.
Its critical temperature has been estimated to be 3537 K. Naturally occuring magnesium is
24
composed of three stable isotopes, the most abundant being Mg, which constitutes 78.7%.
Five other radioactive isotopes are known to exist. Magnesium is the seventh most abund-
ant element in the continental crust of the earth (2. 33% by weight).
magnesium. The information on specimen characterization and measurement condition
for each of the data sets is given in Table 7. The data are tabulated in Table 8 and shown
in Figures 4 and 5. Determinations of the electrical resistivity for both the solid and
liquid phases cover continuously the temperature range from 1 to 1171 K.
Since monocrystalline magnesium is an anisotropic metal, resistivity values will

vary with the direction of the resistivity measurements relative to the hexagonal axis of
the crystal. Goens and Schmidt [35-37] (curves 46-59), Alderson and Hund [38] (curves
41 and 42), and Nichols [8] (curves 12-17) have made measurements on single crystals
up to 473 K.
Only one data set is available for amorphous magnesium. Ferrier and Herrell
[39] (curve 44) have measured the electrical resistivity of an amorphous specimen, which
was produced by vapor quenching at liquid nitrogen temperature (curve 44). At 273 K the
electrical resistivity of amorphous magnesium is about 4.5 times that of the polycrystalline
material.
The resistivity minimum apparent in the results of Rorschack and Herlin r40]
(curve 11), Spohr and Webber [41J (curves 19 and 20), and Sharkoff L42] (curves 38-40),
can be attributed to an impurity effect caused by trace amounts of certain transition
metals in solid solution [43].
Most earlier determinations of the electrical resistivity of polycrystalline magne-

sium resulted In higher resistivities than the recent ones. These results can be explained
by the lower purity of the specimens. The present recommended values are based on the
data of Roll and Motz [44J (curve 8), Delaplace et al. [45J (curves 23 and 24), Das and
Gerritsen [46] (curve 29), Hedgcock and Muir [47] (curve 32), Seth and Wood [48] (curve
30
34), and Powell, Hickman and Tye [49i (curves 36 and 37). A least-mean-square-error
fit to weighted values of p-Po, uncorrected for thermal expansion of the material, was
made with the modified Bloch-Grdineisen equation (8) from 20 to 900 K. Weights are
assigned to individual data sets in such a way that they have approximately equal weight
at the low and high temperature range. The following results were obtained for the
coefficients in equation (8):
SI S2 (,6V C P
6.83.10-8& m -0.302.10-BQ m 0.141.10-8 0 m 426 K 0.044 1.90
The Debye temperature deduced from the specific heat measurements is 396+54 K, in
rough agreement with our oR. Correction to the fitted values for thermal linear expan-
sion yielded the final recommended values.
The recommended electrical resistivity values for single crystals of magnesium

as measured along the c-axis are based on the data of Alderson and Hund [38j (curve 41),
Toens and Schmidt [351 (curves 46-59), and Nichols [8] (curve 17). A least-mean-square-
error fit to their data for p-0 was made with the modified Bloch-Grfaneisen equation (8)
from 15 to 472 K. The following values were found for the coefficientR in equation (8):
§1S 3 (E)R)o C P
5
5.06.10-Stem 0.670.10-8 f m 0.074.10-8f, m 363 K -0.109 1.90
The resulting values were corrected for thermal linear expansion to get the final recom-
mended values. The recommended values above 472 K are estimated.
The recommended electrical resistivity values for single crystals measured

perpendicular to the c-axis are based on the data of Alderson and Hund [38] (curve 42),
Goens and Schmidt [35j (curves 46-59), and Nichols [8] (curve 12). A least-mean-square-
error fit to their data for p-po was made with the modified Bloch-Gr(Inelsen equation (8)
from 15 to 469 K. The following values were found for the coefficients in equation (8) :
.1 S,
1 S3 (90o C P
8.0410-slm -1.06.10-flm 0.349.10-'fm 522K 0.202 1.90
The resulting values were corrected for thermal linear expansion to get the final recom-
mended values. The recommended values above 469 K are estimated.
By using equation (7)and the above single crystal results, the resistivity values
for the polycrystaltne material can be calculated. The resulting calculated values are
within +337o of the recommended values obtained from the experimental data for polycrystal-
31
line specimens. This indicates that the grains in the polycrystalline specimens were
essentially random in orientation.
There are three data sets available on the electrical resistivity of magnesium in
the liquid state. Van Zytveld et al. [50] (curve 28) found a very small temperature depend-
ence of the electrical resistivity. Scala and Robertson [51] (curve 43) found a weak nega-
tive temperature dependence, while Roll and Motz [44] (curve 8) found a positive tempera-
ture dependence. Comparision with the electrical resistivity data of other alkaline earth
elements in the liquid state suggests that the electrical resistivity of liquid magnesium
should have a weak negative temperature dependence. The data of Scala et al. have been
normalized by matching their values with the data of Van Zytveld et al. at the melting
point, 922 K. The normalized values from 922 to 1171 K were fitted with a linear equa-
tion to obtain:
p (T) = 26.1 - 0. 0016 x (T - 922) 922 K!5 T g 1200 K (12)

where p is in units of 10-8C2 m and T in K. At the melting point (922 K), the electrical
resistivity of magnesium in the liquid state is about 76% higher than that of the solid state.
The recommended values for the total and intrinsic electrical resistivities are
listed in Table , and those for the total resistivity are also shown in Figures 4 and 5.
The recommended values are corrected for the thermal expansion. The correction
amounts to -0.48% at 1 K, -0.20% at 200 K, 0.57% at 500 K and 1.90% at 900 K. The
recommended values for the total electrical resistivity are for 99.9+% magnesium and
those below 100 K are applicable only to specimens with residual resistivities of
0. 008.10-8 m(//to c-axis), 0.01.10-8( m (I to c-axis), and 0.0062.10-8f m (polycrys-
talline). The uncertainty in the recommended values for the total electrical resistivity is
believed to be within ±8Y below 30 K, ±5% from 30 to 100 K, ;3% from 100 to 600 K, ±5%
from 600 to 922 K, and within ±10% above 922 K. Above 30 K the uncertainty in the
recommended values for the intrinsic resistivity is slightly higher than that in the total
electrical resistivity, because of possible deviations from the Matthiessen's Rule;
below 30 K the values are very uncertain and are not listed in the table.
4
-WNW----
32
TABLE 6. RECOMMENDED ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF MAGNESIUM

rTemperature, T, K; Total Resistivity, p, 10-8 rm; Intrinsic Resistivity, pi, 10-8 nm]
Solid
T /to c-axis .± to c-axis Polycrystalline

) Pi P Pi P Oi
1 0.0080* 0. 0100* 0. 0062*

4 0.0080* 0.0100* 0.0062*
7 0.0082* 0.0100* 0.0064*
10 0.0086* 0.0108* 0.0069*
15 0.0101 0.0130* 0.0086*
20 0.0136* 0.0175* 0.0123*
25 0.0204* 0.0255* 0.0193*
30 0.0320 0.0240 0.0383 0.0283 0.0309 0.0247
35 0.0502 0.0422 0.0572 0.0472 0.0488 0.0426
40 0.0760 0.0680 0.0837 0.0737 0.0744 0.0682
45 0.110 0.102 0.119 0.109 0.109 0.102
50 0.151 0.143 0.164 0.154 0.151 0.145
60 0.255 0.247 0.282 0.272 0.261 0.255
70 0.381 0.373 0.430 0.420 0.398 0.392
80 0.520 0.512 0.603 0.593 0.557 0.551
90 0.671 0.663 0.789 0.778 0.728 0.,722
100 0.827 0.819 0.983 0.973 0.908 0.902
110 0.986 0.978 1.18 1.17 1.10 1.09
120 1.15 1.14 1.38 1.37 1.28 1.27
130 1.31 1.30 1.58 1.57 1.47 1.46
140 1.47 1.46 1.77 1.76 1.66 1.65
150 1.63 1.62 1.96 1.95 1.84 1.83
175 2.02 2.01 2.44 2.43 2.30 2.29
200 2.42 2.41 2.90 2.89 2.75 2.74
225 2.81 2.80 3.35 3.34 3.19 3.18
250 3.19 3.18 3.80 3.79 3.61 3.60
273.15 3.54 3.53 4.20 4.19 4.05 4.04
293 3.84 3.83 4.55 4.54 4.39 4.38
300 3.94 3.93 4.67 4.66 4.51 4.50
350 4.68 4.67 5.52 5.51 5.36 5.35
400 5.42 5.41 6.39 6.38 6.19 6.18
450 6.16 6.15 7.25 7.24 7.03 7.02
500 6.90 6.89 8.09 8.08 7.86 7.85
550 7.53 7.52 8.93 8.92 8.69 8.68
600 8.35 8.34 9.76 9.75 9.52 9.51
* Provisional Values
The recommended values for the total electrical resistivity are for 99.9+% magnesium and
those below 100 K are applicable only to specimens with residual resistivities of 0. 008. 10-S
(//to c-axis), 0.01. 10-a m (.L to c-axis), and 0.0062. 10-8l m (polycrystalline).
32.
TABLE6. RECOMMENDED ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF MAGNESIUM (Continued)

[Temperature, T, K; Total Resistivity, p, 10-8 Cam; Intrinsic Resistivity, xi 10-8 0m]
Solid Liquid
T //to c -axis _L to c-axis Polycrystalline T

Pi P Oi P P1
650 9.07 9.06 10.6 10.6 10.4 10.4 922 26.1*
700 9.78 9.77 11.4 11.4 11.2 11.2 950 26.1*
750 12.0 12.0 1000 26.0*
800 12.8 12.8 1050 25.9*
850 13.6 13.6 1100 25.8*
900 14.4 14.4 1150 25.7*
922 14.7 14.7 1200 25.6*
* Provisional Values.
': I . . II I . . . .. . II .. . . ."
-~|
:34
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF ~
a MAGNESIUM Mg
-(iss
2 c-axis)
RECOMMENDEDNAL 17
6 PRVSOA (polypolycryne) 13l4Ne

T
gts
2 0 2 0 t 3 4 54 9 1
CINDA REMCOMMENEKDEDA
(If cLxs
35
cl2i0--I --
15 E
26
PROVISIONAL.
12
00 1000 1100 mmO 1300

IITEMERATL )RE K 14)
BRECOMMENDED RECOMMENDED
1 ( cc-
axis)
U4 c-axis I '
'xRECOMMENDED
_ (polycrystaline) -
4 i ,,,-- {i
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF
3 - - / -
- MWAGNESIJM Mg
II moa
00 too
0 0 o 40 5o Soo 0i eo Uoo I
low
I
moo
CINOAS TEMPERATURE , 5
7_ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ - - --.- -
36
C-1
~11
~ ~ ji ~
C;
CAVA~
o
i.U4.
am~
"a *ea 9 J-,

*~~~~~; j * ~ ~ ~ ~ e
INA 00 ~,.
0... 1 - Ut E -8
0 i 0 o 41 0
a .9
Iw 0
U0 r 0oAa
4;"2
A; , 0 v v C;
.. ~' 1
.4 t
AM 4
M' A
J-0
"S V. R.* z
37
"-n 0 - 14.-
c- a., u, 0.
cut CLd wO -.0 51..
'A
0
Ow A Q
-~~~ . 21
~ - ~Ci" t7 ~ ~
is ~~ ~ 0 .4 5 ! N
-; ~ C!
~ C',I,
I
~
.i
C6. 0 0. ob a*~
CO
7. -. 2
0 e7
b o. c, bb b li ' U fa ~ C-* ' O i
Cl CCC
L. IN. o 0 . -4
j C4 .0
4 1- '0 0 1 04 CICI- 4 C
m. C-3 9 le
40,
a e - a.. -. s.. C
.2
w
v a 6 4d 4; -4 .
0 4
PA* *
~. ~
2L. aa -C
00 0 0-j E S ol -U.A~
0 w a
Ibb 0 a
4
-. .-.
Ua 'op
..2 *# z L)
0O mg (n Ch CA ~ ob
100 --
co to
o~Z 'a. .o !P..-. , ~ ~ ~ 9 > c43
o , 0. 04baa as 0 2 0
>'s
t- m
k-4 CI
o A.1
U)) a,
44 C0 CA
o0 o 0
TI 0-
-C .4
o% to
o o S
.4 .4 .4 .4 4044 . .4 4 4
4424
A P A
39
I,1c
1. 4
0, on 2
CL
- cxI
at W.a-
2 z ~ -C
to : U
E01
i 15.
~ ~
,e 1. In I
~ 42.,. . * 4-. *is
0:~1. 7
U ~ ~ 2
0
IM5
00 ~ 5
~..
I
'
3 '
-q
In -so)~
U 1 11 51
a54
c.
-
~
4
-
.2 a
-
, 4
*.
a as~
.t)~
,4,1
~ ~-
Ul )
a
c*a~1
CI c
0 ~ 0 .C
Si 4 , flz. U
N.
A~&
5
4 , , 4
.. S C ~ U
mn 4, 4 . . i 2c ~ a
ob S
~ ~.V~Aoob *- -
4,3 U 9 ... ~ X 4
- 415 IS5.0 :5~

Ina ~ ,a~.,
40
.9 01 2 et fl::~'t -0 v-
.. il. Vi V..-
a 0C;a
a"a 0 aa0 0 a C;C; C;a C; i 44 ,:; 000000000
4 s1 1. -.
clCIIC CEC -p~- -C .---

i
.. a~l~li 1 0 S
O4-40CInv)l 4
to Ol. - 4 V
1-*i t. 4; ri
o. elJCAa
e-e .
~ we m t"
vi 84 C;0a00100-0-
* ,
.3t
C
0z000
ee 0 l- - * -
v& el . Go o o t- w 0 L waJ
F-l
- a weC
44444. u
C? t:.-- 4;40 :4 c-;,3;
C-I t:C og4 8..n.aa c 4 ;Cl
0l -vi 2 4)1 C.4 c
cs
.l
4C @
CA
M~m Q lvC-0
" .CA
CA) qtowa t-
c.)~C'~-w4~v If.4 ~4-'a
CA44e, 4
c, 4 l *el-A
a coM-
c.
C)
Iv V v. .
a -4
0V4(
CAcl
oAt 0000 ea lwaC ' r 2 a mt ct

44 ahf-1,
en 4
CA44-t 04 0oz ACA L ot- .4.CA44
CL- . . . .. .
!( .4 .4(.
> 4 -2.2.4
ae*4C 44.1 4 C.cwn
M4cot OMma - l 42C
w vM a
c 00 -
4 ~~ La5 I M CA4.
~ a,4CA4-
~40 4 i44 A Z. an
t4 aft
a c; 4.4 vi4 at-i tz * a;4 ant4.
-4-C- - - - - 4t-4O
4
CA-
N CA CA4--00"-MCA
.4
Y 4C- 00t- 4 .o
0 1.
0 t
4a
442.It-.44444 4 -4 t-44. t- ana 04 an .1 0 t- af
1 #OfC r..~34 C CA
CA C ell402C
ell 4.22
Na0 .*4an1
> ... N . .t. ..4
j a
4 4 40;.1)a~
to el44*t
4~I W-I .
e) v A0 AS00c40Z0 0 00a;
C.0 a.
M . es
41
C , 'a -l Cm z ",zCm0r
~cl -
O -f t0 -Z.~ I-S
CA~ 't-t
s 6 C; A-o0 .3 t- L- .. 14 A , 7) 0) 0 A0 r CACl o- Cie.- . AnM0000 1

- -- - -- - CA A CA to Cr CA .( V.. VuSr) l(Z0 .a.Z .. Ts clVIn -1tZIt-
1
CIO)3.!04
~' 0000 000O a)
C,
------- 0 cC
4)
-.,
Cl CI l mMm o l n0I 0i n0 CI 0 in 0 0
- C- In 0 1OSn
V in z))0l
C.~C~r cl v!)1CIA
o C' 1 r
-. C> CA LLC L
0 O O O00..0.0.0.O.0.0
! . A- -1C! int:
- 0 0 C>.
0Sn0 T. L. l 04 C,: -1 N0 Sn 3* 0O0 ACCC. in. )v
In 'DA 0= t 1
Li I. 0AI 0 w 1 - C ,A -t -A
t-C0100)3A-
oi...................................L
1)C - - v)t?.. r C
m? 0Cn 0 -
'DCA - a" 5-01 1 Ci )r
- 1 1 9 1 0!
930~
1.00
Z- A;01ll CCQ) ) - 0 SA 00
10c" w 01 0 0) 0 oo.
00 8 C ov wI C
Il~An 00 0 00 0 3
w; ; ci . 4 ;C ; c ' , 6C;Cc 4l:
4 C4
t-t-'NNNN"
CI -t
C
- t-
jC-1 t-
2.
CA 0000000030
.. h0 0
0i
3~0S-0)
1
o) ;C;C;AA 0
SC
000030
.. ~ 2
;
00 0
00
coo
0
0oooc
00 ISV C In
0:(1
*l
42
4w
:0
ar-c,.4 as-4a
s,',oa
o - c
as-
es 1, Im " )O4Nt
v ,
>- to 3 0 0 404) O .) to
ca )0
qU 0 U) 0
01 V) OD00 b (s f )-
to
to t-
a. ab Ol
c) 1, t-
- 14
- ?- F, N " c% as 04 t
W C
c;. .. .. .
-~ ~ ~~~~~~~~ ,leo0. ~ U In 0w0)6f0 v ) 0 0 0 ~ 0

. 1!14 . I 4. 4 ~ U
C~e40
N No N to to to
00 Ins t to s t*.Iae
(o) c ooo Ua. s "0 w U)Noq Q - Q
-1 -.- fO f CP0 l4
- --- - - -N N -C b- O-?
-? c's z, NI N
zq
v 43N~ t1
c; c; S C
U
0 U) )C;~C
c, ?
4i 4; 4; 0'as-,0 ~ ..
,~.W1
.' . .
f~~~~~~~~.c)~*s~-~~~~~~
S2'0 4~ 4- - - - - - - - -
O e O ~ o ~ O oO ~ oo ~o>o0 0
t~N)~0)
0o00 0 0 O O 0 O 00O e 03 @ 0
c. c. 0 .4 ~
Is -s o wa 4 or a I1: 1' sc o-1I

43
4.3. Calcium
Calcium, with atomic number 20, is a silvery-white moderately soft metal. It

has a face-centered cubic crystalline structure, which transforms to body-centered
cubic form around 720 K. Its density is 1.55 gm cm -3 at 293 K. It melts at 113 K and
boils at 1795 K. Impure calcium can also occur in a close-packed hexagonal form,
which is stabilized by the impurities in calcium and is stable between about 523 and 720 K.
Naturally occuring calcium is composed of six stable isotopes, the most abundant being
40
Ca which constitutes 96.97%. Eight other radioactive isotopes are known to exist.
Calcium is the fifth most abundant element in the earth's continental crust, of which it
forms 4.15% by weight.
calcium. The information on specimen characterization and measurement condition for
each of the data sets is given in Table 10. The data are tabulated in Table 11 and shown
in Figures 6 and 7. Determinations of the electrical resistivity for both the solid
and liquid states cover continuously the temperature range from 1.36 to 1138 K.
The data for the electrical resistivity of calcium show considerable scatter.
Around room temperature, there is a sudden jump from the low-temperature data to
those above room temperature as if there is a phase transition. This discrepancy is
probably due to specimen contamination at higher temperatures. Katerberg et al. [68]
(curve 10) found a small discontinuity near the phase transition temperature around
720 K. The data of Smith et al. F69] (curves 4 and 5) also show slope changes near the
transition, which, however, give a quite different shape from that indicated by the data
of Katerberg. The data of Swischer [701 (curves 14-16) do not show any discontinuities.
The recommended values were generated based on the data of Cook and Laubitz [711
(curve 12) and Kayser and Soderquist [721] (curve 1). A least-mean-square-error fit was
made with the modified Bloch-Gr1nelsen equation (8) to the selected data for p- 0 from
30 to 300 K and to the estimated values up to 1113 K. At the phase transition temperature
around 720 K the possible discontinuity was ignored. The following results were obtained
for the coefficients in equation (8):
SSiS3 ((oR)0 c P
, 8
3.341.10-8f m 0.296.10- Om 0.087.10-8lm 300.9K 0.0281 2.0
The Debye tempb.. ture deduced from specific heat measurements is 234 ±5 K which is
44
about 20% lower that the present value for OR . The resulting values from equation (8)
were then corrected for thermal linear expansion to become the final recommended
values.
Only one data set is available on the electrical resistivity of calcium in the liquid
state. Van Zytveld et al. r50] (curve 6) found that the temperature dependence of electrical
resistivity is small and weakly negative. At the melting point (1113 K), the electrical
resistivity of calcium in the liquid state is about 126% higher than that of solid calcium.
The recommended values for the total and intrinsic electrical resistivities are
listed in Table 9, and those for the total resistivity are also shown in Figures 6 and
7. The recommended values for the total electrical resistivity are for 99.964 calcium
and those below 30 K are applicable only to a specimen with residual resistivity of
0.045.10-an m. The recommended values from 1 to 293 K are corrected for the thermal
linear expansion. The correction amounts to -0.47% at 1 K, -0.38% at 100 K and
-0.2% at 200 K. The uncertainty in the recommended values for the total electrical
resistivity is believed to be within ±10%below 40 K, within +5% from 40 to 300 K, and
within *20%from 300 to 1150 K. Above 40 K the uncertainty in the recommended values
for the intrinsic resistivity is slightly higher than that in the total electrical resistivity
because of the possible deviations from the Matthiesen's Rule; below 40 K the p2 values
are very uncertain and are not listed in the table.
-i_
45
TABLE 9. RECOMMENDED ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF CALCIUM

LTemperature, T, K; Total Resistivity, o, 10-8 m; Intrinsic Resistivity, pi, 10-8 ) mj
Solid
T p Pi T P Pi
1 0.045* 250 2.82 2.77
4 0. 045* 273.15 3.11 3.06
7 0. 046* 293 3.36 3.31
10 0.047* 300 3.45 3.40
15 0.051* 350 4.09* 4.04*
20 0.060* 400 4.73* 4.68*
25 0.075* 450 5.37* 5.32*
30 0.100* 500 6.02* 5.97*
35 0.133* 550 6.68* 6.63*
40 0.175 0.130 600 7.35* 7.30*
45 0.224 0.179 650 8.02* 7.97*
50 0.277 0.232 700 8.70* 8.65*
60 0.396 0.351 750 9.38* 9.33*
70 0.522 0.477 800 10.0 * 10.0 *
80 0.652 0.607 850 10.7 * 10.7 *
90 0.782 0.737 900 11.4 * 11.4 *
100 0.913 0.868 950 12.1 * 12.1 *
110 1.04 0.997 1000 12.8 * 12.8 *
120 1.17 1.12 1100 14.3 * 14.3 -
130 1.30 1.25 1113 14.5 * 14.5 *
140 1.43 1.38
150 1.56 1.51
175 1.88 1.83
200 2.19 2.14
225 2.51 2.46
Liquid
T p
1113 33.0*
1150 33.0*
• Provisional values.
The recommended values for the total electrical resistivity are for 99.96 % pure calcium
and those at temperatures below 30 K are applicable only to a specimen with residual
resistivity of 0.045 x 10-8 f m.
-
46
-ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF
2 CALCIUM Co
19.
E '- PROVISIONAL
I-4 4
. CA .. 7
6 4 5 D3 456 9 03 4 56 60
-IDA KECOMENDEs-
.EIPALR
47
400
375
350
25ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF
CALCIUM Ca
300
275
5 0
r=2
0
- 225
U)
~j200
w
w
125
loo
750
PROVISIONAL
PROVISIONAL
500 (i
2.50 -
RECOMMENDED I1 14
0 Poo 200 300 400 So0 Soo 700 So0 90 00 I fo to

CINDAS TEMPERATURE, K FIGURE_
48
-W ve e
oS v
40 P7~e
-b I*~ I m*'
to to-
col0.
EI. ~
- '~
'i o
a to 0~. ~
s- - ',; , u
ci-
Uc 4.40
g. V) .4
t44
to to
40F 0 .04 0
0 S
.4 . 4 . 14
4 .4 .4 .4.4 .
49
th
U
rl';
c Im
g (
0:
p
5:4
on a
Lw
t A .1
.. ,
50
R4 Ix 21-.
toi. 0.
*4 w
1 - 3.i r-e-.4 f!0 o . . o 1-0
Co. .. . .0 . .I .... o , 0 I'
*,i f0 0
to ,-.i vt Vfla, IS,
0 G0 "'V
1 C%- C.0 .e- 1,,IWt
04 0
a ~ca w a ('3 t-to .0-t
0~ .: AS0 l W ' ' ' 00
IA C-1 900 100m 1 0 e4. V -0-wvC
00c 0 0 n 40ie 0 t. .'s *0W'40I&VI000040"'pt- eSwc o o"..4

'3 La to - -----
ISol
51
F4
x1
F4-
wv c
Q -D. 4 -0
52
4.4. Strontium
Strontium, with atomic number 38, is a silvery-white metal, resembling calcium

in its properties but softer. It exists in three structural modifications: face-centered
cubic a-Sr stable below 488 K, close-packed hexagonal 8-Sr stable between 488 and
815 K, and body-centered cubic y-Sr stable above 815 K. The density of a-Sr is
2.60 g cm - 3 at 293 K. The metal melts at 1042 K and boils at about 1645 K. At room
temperature and a high pressure of 3.5 x 109 Pa, a-Sr undergoes a phase transformation
to a body-centered cubic structure similar to y-Sr. Naturally occuring strontium is
composed of four stable isotopes, the most abundant being SaSr which constitutes 82.56%.
Twelve other radioactive isotopes are known to exist, one of which, the longest-lived
9°Sr with
a half life of 28.1 years, is of great importance. This radioactive isotope
is one of the best long-lived high energy beta emitters known and is very useful. But it
also is a product of nuclear fallout and presents a health problem. Strontium is the fif-
teenth most abundant element in the continental crust of the earth (0. 0375% by weight).
There are 11 sets of experimental data available for the temperature dependence
of the electrical resistivity of strontium. The information on specimen characterization
and measurement condition for each of the data sets is given in Table 13. The data are
tabulated in Table 14 and shown in Figures 8 and 9. Determinations of the electrical
resistivity for both the solid and liquid states cover the temperature range from 1.32 to
1093 K.
The data of Messiner and Volgt [271 (curves 8 and 9), Rlnck r76] (curve 11), McWhan,
Rice, and Schmidt f77] (curves 1-3), and Rashid and Kayser f78] (curve 4) were not for
high-purity specimens. At temperatures below 815 K the recommended values are based
on the data of Cook and Van der Meer P73] (curve 6), Rashid and Kayser C78] (curve 5), and
Katerberg et al. f681 (curve 10). These three sets of data for 99. 5% pure specimens
appear to be reasonably consistent. A least-mean-square-error fit was made with the
modified Bloch-Grilneinen equation (8) to the selected data for D0 from 50 to 800 K. The
following results were obtained for the coefficients in equation (8):
8%StS (O)) C P
6.016.10-SG m -0.02743.10-r'm 0 142.7 K 0.0108 0
The Debye temperature deduced from specific heat measurements is 147 K which is very
53
close to the present value for %. The resulting values from equation (8) were then
corrected for thermal linear expansion to become the final recommended values.
There appears to be no discontinuity in the electrical resistivity at the temperature

of 488 K where the transition from a-Sr to '-Sr occurs. However, at the P-Sr to y-Sr
transition around 815 K, there is a sudden jump of about 40% in the resistivity values.
Above 815 K the recommended resistivity values are based on the data of Katerberg et
al. [68] (curve 10). Their data were fitted with a linear logarithmic equation up to the
melting point resulting in the following equation:
logi 0 p = -1.6233 + 1.137 xlog1 0 T 815 K s T! 1042 K (13)
Only one set of data is available on the electrical resistivity of strontium in the
!iquid state. Van Zytveld et al. [50] (curve 7) found that the temperature dependence of
electrical resistivity is small and weakly negative. At the melting point (1042 K), the
electrical resistivity of strontium in the liquid state is about 31% higher than that of
solid strontium.
The recommended values for the total and intrinsic electrical resistivities of
strontium are listed in Table 12, and those for the total electrical resistivity are also
shown in Figures 8 and 9. The recommended values for the total electrical resistivity
are for 99.95% pure strontium and those at temperatures below 30 K are applicable
only to a specimen with residual resistivity of 0.80 x 10- 8 p m. The recommended values
from 1 to 293 K are corrected for the thermal linear expansion. The correction amounts
to -0.54%o at 1 K, -0.42% at 100 K, and -0.21% at 200 K. The uncertainty in the recom-
mended values for the total electrical resistivity is believed to be within 1 10% below 50 K,
within ±5'o from 50 to 815 K, within ±10%from 815 K to 1042 K and within ±20% above
1042 K. Above 40 K, the uncertainty in the recommended values for the intrinsic resistivi
is slightly higher than that in the total electrical resistivity because of the possible
deviations from the Matthiessan's Rule; below 40 K p, values are very uncertain and are
not listed in the table.
I
:I
54
TABLE 12. RECOMMENDED ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF STRONTIUM

U. "
(Temperature, T, K; Total Resistivity, p, 10 m; Intrinsic Resistivity, pi, 10"8 ( m]
Solid
T p Pi T P Pi
1 0.800* 250 11.3 10.5

4 0. 800* 273. 15 12.3 11.5
7 0.800* 293 13.2 12.4
10 0.805* 300 13.5 12.7
15 0. 835* 350 15. 7 14.9
20 0.918* 400 17.8 17.0
25 1. 065* 450 20.0 19.2
30 1.257* 500 22.2 21.4
35 1.460* 550 24. 5 23. 7
40 1. 700* 600 26.7 25.9
45 1.94* 1. 14* 650 28.9 28.1
50 2.18 1.38 700 31.2 30.4
60 2.68 1.88 750 33.4 32.6
70 3.16 2.36 800 35.6 34.8
80 3.64 2.84 815 36.1 35.3
90 4.12 3.32 815 48.8* 48. 0*
100 4.58 3.78 950 54.5* 53.7*
110 5.04 4.24 1000 62.2* 61.4*
120 5.50 4.70 1042 65.6* 64.8*
130 5.94 5.14
140 6.39 5.59
150 6.84 6.04
175 7.95 7.15
200 9.04 8.24
225 10.2 9.35
Liquid
IP T p
1042 84.8*
I 1093 84.7*
S* Provisional values
The recommended values for the total electrical resistivity are for 99.95+% pure strontium
and those at temperatures below 30 K are applicable only to a specimen with residual
resistivity of 0.80 x 10O2 m.
-I -i--~ -
55
I w
--- ---- +~ 4- -
wco-
04
1 ~ ~ ~ ~ -4-- 1i - I- -- !; I
I C-Y
11Wy
-i- OD
{i~?r 1 --
7 CL
-,I -- ''---
-. _ i---
WV
I'IAI I IVIN1
56
iT 1
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF .
so STRONTIUM Sr
I-I
I.- I . .. .. / +
Lo 50 w/
. [ ' --P RO V IS IO N A L,
-0 -- - + --
25
45 - - - 4--- - . i ..
4000 l t -
35-
Io-' I\ .
. 1 f I+
A .
J 10"; "; "

0o too tooo ow 40 o 700
7 oo 9wto mo m Woo so 1400
cpm$ TDO, UTumt, K ou
57
0 -b a
CC3a Q
' &
u'" :
(j 3
.~~~; -1 cl
tt o
C45 .- 4 .D
4' (n,' 01
(n mvo
* U
Z,
F4 o 'co d
o0 N ccc2
o ~~ ~ V .01~~~.3-~
o 1 t-
' 30 00
C- t 0 to
N '
m.1)to t 00 N
'1 I ' '
58
&. 0IV 00C& tn 0 01*

kO t- L- L t L- Wo go Wo 'o O abb
-1 to Lat 4
o. C. Lt-tL. w do won -
Si
L4o7No.C~.t~o * A *4, 40 40
0 ~ ~~ ~ ~o 4~ ~ ~ ~t0t 111 1
t~
t- I-NCC
4tett0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0
t N tN Mon t4.o
1o........ootttttttt
CoeWo.-tttS tCI
0
I.' M 0% 0 m N000 MN toa t.) to 0 0 0)5 V
t4
, 2. 0 zut 9 0-10C el 0 a00

C:. Sr 9 In In 03. tN ~to"Wcl:
0 w - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -t
00
a t-tot M - 0t-C %0M0 3; eq cew c e to ti al -4c tw tss-s

0 . C4Nt- 00t- Nttt - . tt00o.e..-- N t- t. C ; Wt2" vto4.
Z o a ) bkC Ntt to
w w:
. . . .Mm
00 m t-)-;
0-t toL vc (47 , -N"

'01 0 C-I
I-!-r '
ft N Cl 010M c %a a9
59
4.5. Barium
Barium, with atomic number 56, is a soft, silver-white metal, resembling calcium
chemically. It oxidizes very easily in air, melts at 1002 K, and boils at 2174 K. Its
-3
density is 3.5 g cm at 293 K. The critical temperature of barium has been estimated
to be 3670 K. Barium crystal has a body-centered cubic structure. At a pressure of
about 5. 9 x 109 Pa, the body-centered cubic structure transforms to a close-packed
hexagonal form. Naturally occuring barium is composed of seven stable isotopes, the most
abundant being 13Ba, which constitutes 71.66%. Thirteen other radioactive isotopes are
known to exist. Barium is the fourteenth most abundant element in the continental crust
of the earth (0. 0524% by weight).
Temperature dependence
barium. The information on specimen characterization and measurement condition for
each of the data sets is given in Table 16. The data are tabulated in Table 17 and shown
in Figures 10 and 11. Determinations of the electrical resistivity for both the solid and
liquid states cover continuously the temperature range from 1.26 to 1451 K.
The data for the electrical resistivity of barium show considerable scatter. At low
temperatures, the data of Meissner and Voigt r27] (curve 5), Melssner, Franz, and
Westerhoff [79] (curve 10), and of Rashid and Kayser F80' (curves 6 and 7) are not for
high-purity specimen. Above room temperature, Rinck [81] found a distinct slope change
about 650 K (curve 13) which he assumed to be due to phase change at this temperature.
The data of Grintherodt, Hause, and Kunzi [82] (curve 9) are similar to Rinck's. The
data of Grube and Dietrich [83] (curve 14) also show a discontinuity near 650 K, which
however, exhibits quite a different nature from that indicated by the data of Rinck. The
data of Katerberg, Nieneyer, Penning, and Van Zytveld [68, (curves 11 and 12) show no
slope change at 650 K, but show a slope change near 530 K. Cook and Laubitz [84- pre-
sented data for pure and hydrogen charged Ba from 300 to 750 K (curves 15-21). Their
,4 data for pure barium differ from all previous data and show no evidence of transition
at any temperature.
A least-mean-square-error fit was made with the modified Bloch-Grilneisen equation

(8) to the data of Cook and Laubitz [841 (with correnction for the effect of hydrogen) and of
Rashid and Kayser F80" (curve 8) from 30 to 750 K. The following results were obtained
for the coefficients in equation (8):
*1
*1
60
S, S2 S3 (R)o C P
5.870-10- 8 ( m 0.3428. I0-sCIm 0 72.8 K 0.0252 0
The Debye temperature deduced from specific heat measurements is 110 K which is al-
most 40% higher than the present value for %B. The resulting values from equation (8)
were then corrected for the thermal linear expansion and extrapolated to lower and
higher temperatures to become the final recommended values.
There are three data sets available on the electrical resistivity of barium in the liquid
state. Van Zytveld, Enderberg, and Collings [50) (curve 3) and Grdintherodt et al. [82-
(curve 9) found that the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity of liquid
barium is small and weakly negative. However, Genter and Grosse [85] (curve 2) found
a very large positive temperature dependence. On comparison with the electrical
resistivity data for other alkaline earth elements in the liquid state, indicated that the
electrical resistivity of liquid barium should have a weakly negative dependence on
temperature. The data of Van Zytveld et al. and of Grdntherodt et al. were normalized
by matching their values at the melting point of 1002 K. The normalized values were
then least-mean-square-error fitted with a linear equation to yield the provisional values.
At the melting point (1002 K), the electrical resistivity of barium in the liquid state is
about 25% higher than that of solid barium.
The recommended values for the total and intrinsic electrical resistivities are listed
in Table 15, and those for the total resistivity are also shown in Figures 10 and 11. The
recommended values for the total electrical resistivity are for 99.54% pure barium and
those at temperatures below 100 K are applicable only to a specimen with residual resis-
tivity of 0.081 x 10-eQ m. The recommended values from 1 to 293 K are corrected for
the thermal linear expansion. The correction amounts to -0.5% at 1 K, -0.37% at 100 K,
and -0.18% at 200 K. The uncertainty in the recommended values for the total electrical
resistivity is believed to be within *10% below 30 K, within +5% from 30 to 750 K, and
within :E 10% from 750 to 1300 K. Above 40 K the uncertainty in the recommended values
for the Intrinsic resistivity is slightly higher than that in the total electrical resistivity
because of the possible deviations from the Matthlesen's Rule; below 40 K, the pi values
4 : are very uncertain and are not listed in the table.
61
TABLE 15. RECOMMENDED ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF BARIUM

CTemperature, T, K; Total Resistivity, p, 10 - 8 ( m; Intrinsic Resistivity, pi. 1 0-s m
Solid
T p pi T p Pi
1 0.081* 250 26.9 26.8
4 0.082* 273.15 30.2 30.1
7 0.104* 293 33.2 33.1
10 0.189* 300 34.3 34.2
15 0.501* 350 42.4 42.3
20 0.940* 400 51.4 51.3
25 1.42 * 450 61.4 61.3
30 1.92 * 500 72.4 72.3
35 2.41 * 550 84.7 84.6
40 2.91 * 600 98.2 98.1
45 3.39 3.31 650 113. 113.
50 3.88 3.80 700 130. 130.
60 4.86 4.78 750 148. 148.
70 5.84 5.76 800 168. * 168. *
80 6.83 6.75 900 216. * 216. *
90 7.83 7.75 950 244. * 244. *
100 8.85 8.77 1000 275. * 275. *
110 9.89 9.81 1002 276. * 276. *
120 11.0 10.9
130 12.0 11.9
140 13.1 13.0
150 14.3 14.2
175 17.2 17.1
200 20.2 20.1
225 23.5 23.4
Liquid
T p
I 1002
1050
306.
303.
*
*
f * Provisional values
The recommended values for the total electrical resistivity are for 99.5+% pure barium and
those at temperatures below 100 K are applicable only to a specimen with residual resistivity of
0.081 x 10-8c m.
6:
103.
S -!
BARIUM Ba
>0
7477] j7 VYOFiVI
4' -9
L
1--
--
4
4
i.
- K
I IT I I
-J -I I ,
- i ,l.I
I K -
cim TEPRTE K
, -,, -,- "I .i J2 ..

cgNOA$ TEMPERATURE, K FIELJ
*1I
63
40D
MO0 BARIUM Ba
320
300 , i
260 //
2w2
240
7/
:220/
/9
,h200 " /
w,. PROVISIONAL
Iso
140
I-I
t 0 /
III,
SiRECOMMENDED
7, / ,,a=I
60 / /
14 //,
PRVIIOA No lo K
• , ,,
"120- "
. . .. .. ". . d. . q : m: > ':I " _ . . . . .. , . . :- ., . . . , ,/
0 too 200 300 400 Soo em "wO ow0 9w m 100I 11wo 1300 1400
CWDAS TEMPERATURE, X FIVJR 11
64
tdd
A
aC*. m
*0 t S.
.4 +
a.~.~A U 0 G#
t3l~
V4 Al 1a2 av~
C. So
C' it a
0 0. -B* S - '--' *41 1. 0
a-I
]So
U, a. i .
hCA
o C ~ C 4ci -
0
Omh
AiUc
411
U4 -'s 4
I-0 4,1
to ~
C0
Vj
0
C. ~ -4
U3
41 C-
66
2
. h0-
copor. 0. .c
V *fft -,wcc 0..a,4 1c 4t .
mgC A ti It 4C . 44, ' ;..I . .
C= wwlo-CAI l
onI
eI . I . I. .
ONe CO. i C4
Ck O 6 IVn In AD 1" 02 00
f 3 t 1.11.
1 on04C -
-t o C 0t
I-- 0)- I*C4
94~ ~ ~ ~i ci
U2 40 anCoo ci -vI otC .I 40 CCA ODt- m t- vm 0~ M "
1W
o V)3 C, C') v -V -V -V v 'r -WIV In va)it
0 w N of 911C4 . . AM """no
on 'o ttc
MMM - -. - -t -.- C4 f to 4 N 4 N -4 C 0 o C
*a3 w MaV PL"aC Oc -0a
44
elC4:wCII 0- r 04 0 n-"
C% 4t
67
CDO
- wIto
2
I"
IP
~ 0N - .C4C 4I
vvv).3oNNV .
mm
t-~ a; 0 9 8.1 %0 IIto101101V.01t- 101s

0 0. "
0101~00101010 ONt1u0 0
040)~ilt
1 f 0. 01 010) 011 q. .*1.1.... .
44
t, o*c 11,t
1.3 1to N.1.v

68
4.6. RADIUM
Radium, with atomic number 88, is a brilliant white, radioactive metal, and is the
last member of Group II A elements. Its density has been estimated to be about 5 g cm- 3 ,
which is, however, questionable. The melting and boiling points of radium have been
given as about 973 K and 1900 K, respectively. Radium has no stable isotope and has
sixteen radioactive isotopes known to exist, with half-lives ranging from less than 1
millisecond (216Ra) to 1620 years (22 6Ra). One gram of the longest-lived 26
Ra undergoes
3.7 x 1010 disintegrations per second; this amount of radioactivity has been defined as
one curie. Radium occurs in nature and is present in all uranium minerals in trace
quantities.
Although no information appears to have been published regarding the electrical

resistivity of radium, a value of 0.186 W cm - 1 K- 1 attributed to Chirkin [871 for the room
temperature thermal conductivity of radium does appear in the Handbook of the Physico-
chemical Properties of the Elements edited by Samsonov [881. Neither the basis of this
value nor its probable reliability is known.
We have roughly estimated the lattice thermal conductivity of radium at 293 K to

be 0. 013 W cm -1 K - 1 by extrapolation to the atomic number 88 of a curve drawn through
the Lattice thermal conductivity values of calcium, strontium, and barium in a logarithmic
graph of lattice thermal conductivity versus atomic number. The lattice thermal conduc-
tivity values of calcium, strontium, and barium are taken from Cook and Van der Meer
[73]. Using the Wiedermann-Franz-Lorenz law, the electrical resistivity at 293 K is
estimated to be 41 x 10-8 Q m.
On the basis of the expected similarities between radium and other cubic-structure
alkaline earth elements, namely calcium, strontium, and barium, we have roughly esti-
mated the provisional intrinsic electrical resistivity of radium from 200 to 500 K by a
least-mean-square-error fitting to the intrinsic electrical resistivity values of calcium,

strontium, barium with a logarithmic equation with temperature and atomic number as
* the independent variables. The resulting equation is as follows:
Slogl Pi =
-0.95 logi 0 T - 1.18 log 0 Z + 1.37 logj0 T x log 0 Z (14)
where Z is the atomic number and T is the absolute temperature.
The provisional values are listed in Table 18 and shown in Figure 12. The uncer-
LLJ
69
thinty in the provisional values is believed to be within + 80%. The room temperature
electrical resistivity value is about two times of the value calculated from Chirkin's
thermal conductivity data.
I
I
t
707
TABLE 18. PROVISIONAL ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF RADIUM
[Temperature, T, K; Intrinsic Resistivity, pi, 10-8 flm]
T P1
200 44
225 54
250 65
273.15 76
293 85
300 88
350 115
400 145
450 177
500 212
LL Ir
0 m
w
o -
Un X-
ri;
1- M&
Wo
0c a
w
01 0
in 800
wuy *,-0. 'A±IAIISIS3V
72
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The electrical resistivities of alkaline earth elements have been surveyed and
studied over the years by a number of investigators, including Meaden [89] and Cook,
Laubitz, and Van der Meer [71, 73, 841. Electrical resistivity data are presented
also in a number of handbooks such as those of Kaye and Laby [901, Landolt-B~rnstein
[91], AIP [92], CRC [93, etc. However, their main concern is to provide a general
picture by giving only one or a few particular sets of data, and only a limited temperature
range is covered.
The purpose of the present work is quite different from that of the above men-
tioned works. There are two major aims: (1) to exhaustively search the open literature
so that all the available experimental data are comprehensively compiled, and (2) to
generate recommended reference values by critical evaluation, analysis, and synthesis
of the existing experimental data. These aims are now achieved. This work has pre-
sented the most comprehensively compiled experimental data and information on the
electrical resistivity of alkaline earth elements and has provided the recommended
reference values over a very wide range of temperature. The recommended values
were obtained by least squares fitting of the selected experimental data or by corre-
lating the related properties.
A comparison of electrical resistivity data from the literature with the present
recommended values are shown in Table 19. Table 19 shows that the recommended
electrical resistivity values from the various sources are quite different, up to 100%
in some cases, that the more recent values are not necessarily closer to the truth, and
that many ol the values contained in popular handbooks are much in error. This
attests to the need of reliable reference values such as those generated in the present
work.
With a view to bring out any similarities or differenc( s between the rccommended
values for the alkaline elements, the recommended values of the intrinsic resistivities
for all the six elements are shown together in Figure 13. It can be seen from Figure 13
that the electrical resistivities of calcium, strontium, barium, and radium which have
cubic crystalline structure, form a nice family of curves with systematic variations, those
of heavier elements being the higher. The electrical resistivities of beryllium and
magnesium, which have hexagonal crystalline structure, vary differently from the above
mentioned and from each other. Their cross-over is due to the fact that beryllium has
a much higher melting point.
73
4 Iz I o I I oII I I I I I I I I I I
mc. co o
LO~
to ot- 1 I00 0I II r-~
I -t
F- .- 0
Cal
0 4 a to CI CO
co~
CO 042
F- 0'eiC'
m 4
C44
14 -__
TI
,0 __ ________ lll______ I____ ___________l_____ "____
1 1 1 1 1il~l I
6 II
4 ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF 1
ALKALINE EARTH ELEMENTS
10 _4Ra --
2 --
-2
_ I ______ _____ -4i____
-
EIO---4- - -
4 _mg-
'24 S-
II -1-t -
. .
- _
-- -- IoBe_-
-t -+ _ _ --
6 -t _
44 -- - --- - - __
wool
2 3
O2 4 68e10 2 468010 2 2 4 6810 =

2 4 68e10
CINDAS TEMPERATURE, K FIGURE 15
75
6. REFERENCES
1. Touloukian, Y. S., Kirby, R. Y., Taylor, R. E., and Desai, P. D., "Thermal
Expansion - Metallic Elements and Alloys," Volume 12 of Thermophysical
Properties of Matter - The TPRC Data Series, Plenum Press, New York, 1440 pp.,
1975. (T80643)
2. Matthiessen, A. and Vogt, C., "The Influence of the Temperature on the Electrical
Conductivity of Alloys," Ann. Phys., 122, 19-68, 1864. (E62373)
3. Bass, J., "Deviations front Matthiessen's Rule," Advan. Phys. 21(91), 431-604,
1972. (E82610)
4. Cimberle, M. R., Bobel, G., and Rizzuto, C., "Deviations from Matthiessen's
Rule at Low Temperatures: An Experimental Comparison Between Various Alloy
Systems," Adv. Phys. 23(4), 639-71, 1974. (E65579)
5. Graneisen, E. , "The Dependence of the Electrical Resistivity of Pure Metals from

the Temperature," Ann. Phys., 16(5), 530-40, 1933. (E58987)
6. Mott, N. F., "The Resistance of Liquid Metals," Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), 146A,
465-72, 1934. (E60808)
7. Voigt, W., Textbook of Crystalphysics, Teubner, Leipzig, p. 959, 1928. (E
8. Nichols, J. L., "Orientation and Temperature Effects on the Electrical Resistivity

of High-Purity Magnesium," J. of Applied Phys., 26(4), 470-72, 1955. (E19181)
9. Grilneisen, E. and Adenstedt, H., "The Effect of Transverse Magnetic Fields Upon
the Electrical and Thermal Conductivity of Pure Metals at Low Temperatures,"
Ann. Phys. 5, 31(8), 714-44, 1938. (E58988)
10. Grolneisen, E. and Erfling, H. D., "Electric and Thermal Resistance of Beryllium
Crystals in a Transverse Magnetic Field," Ann. Phys. 38, 399-420, 1940. (E59509)
11. Erfling, H. D. and Grilneisen, E., "Further Studies of Beryllium Crystals in

Transverse and Longitudinal Magnetic Field," Anual der Physik 2, 5(41), 89-99,
1942. (E58989)
7
12. Martin, A. J., Bunce, J. E. J., and Tilbury, P. D., "A Study of the Electrical
Conductivity of Beryllium and the Effect of Purity," J. of the Less-Common Metals,
42), 191-198, 1962. (E10676)
13. Mitchell, M. A., "Electrical Resistivity of Beryllium," J. Appl. Phys., 46(11),
4742-6, 1975. (E90107)
76
14. Falge, R. L., Jr., "Superconductivity of Hexagonal Beryllium," Physics Letter,

A 24, 579, 1967. (E29835)
15. Yoshihiro, K. and Glover, R. E., I1, "Carrier Concentration and the Superconducting
Beryllium Films," Proc. Int. Conf. Low Temp. Phys. 13th 1972, 3, 547-51,
1974. (E88045)
16. Williams, J. M., Hinkle, N. E., and Eatherly, W. P., "Effect of Neutron
Irradiation at Cryogenic Temperatures and Subsequent Annealing on the Thermal
Conductivity and Electrical Resistivity of Beryllium," Oak Ridge Nati. Lab. Rept.
1972 ORNL-TM-3914, 145 pp. 1972. (E49673)
17. Powell, R. W., "The Thermal and Electrical Conductivities of Beryllium," Phil.
Mag., 44(353), 645-663, 1953. (E15807)
18. Losana, L., "Investigation on Beryllium," Aluminio 8, 67-75, 1939. (E64840)
19. Berteaux, F., "Electrical and Thermal Properties of Superconductors," Rev. Gen.
Elec., 79(1), 7-14, 1970. (E61643)
20. Reich, R., Kinch, V. Q., and Bonmarin, J., "Study of Resistivity of Beryllium
Samples of Different Purities as a Function of Temperature and Determination of
Debye Temperatures of this Metal (F)," Academic des Sciences. Comptes Rendus,
256(26), 5558-61, 1963. (E12551)
21. Tye, R. P., "Thermophysical Properties of Hot Pressed Beryllium," Dynatech

Rept. 796 NASA-CR-9627, 1, 1-33, 1968. (E66505)
22. Ho, J. and Wright, E. S., "Electrical Resistivity of Beryllium," Lockheed Aircraft
Corp. Missiles and Space Div. Rept. No. LMSD-288140. Contract No. Nord. 17017
AD-241 410, 1-1/14-1, 1960. (E11609)
23. White, G. K. and Woods, S. B., "Thermal and Electrical Conductivities of Solids
at Low Temperatures," Canadian Journal of Physics, 33, 58-73, 1955. (E12395)
24. Spangler, G. E., Herman, M., Arndt, E. J., Hoover, D. B., Damiano, V. V.,
Tint, G. S., and Lee, C. H., "Preparation and Evaluation of High Purity Beryllium,
Frank Inst. Lab. for Res. and Development. Final Rept., Oct. 1961-Oct. 1962.
F-B 1933, Contract No. Now 62-0536
25. Lewis, E. J., "Some Thermal and Electrical Properties of Beryllium," Phys. Rev.
34(12), 1575-87, 1929. (E16875)
26. McLennan, J. C. and Niven C. D., "Electrical Conductivity at Low Temperatures,"

Phil. Mag. 4, 386-404, 1927. (21015)
- - -
77
27. Meissner, W. and Voigt, B., "Measurements with the Help of .'.;quid Helium XI,
Resistance of Pure Metals at Low Temperature," Ann. Physik, 5, 7, 761-97, 892-936,
1930. (E58984)
28. Campbell, J. F., Goodwin, H. B., Wagner, H. J., Douglas, R. W., and Allen,
B. C., "Introduction to Metals for Elevated-Temperature Use," Battle Memorial
Inst. Defense Metals Information Center, Columbus, Ohio, DMIC Rept. 160, 1-92,
1961. (E100432)
29. Bridgman, P. W., "The Compiqessibility and Pressure Coefficient of Resistance

of Ten Elements," Proc. Amer. Acad., 62, 207-26, 1927. (E65793)
30. Babkina, M. A., Zhermunskaya, L. B., Timofeeva, Z. A., and Tsukanova, N. V.,
"The Properties of Fine Beryllium Wire," Metal Science and Heat Treatment (8),
674-6 , 1972. (E63245)
31. Yamaguchi, M., Takahashi, Y., Takasaki, Y., and Ohta, T., "A Note on the
Transport Properties of Metallic Beryllium," Bull. Fac. Eng. Yokohama Nati.
Univ. (Japan) 23(2), 175-78, 1974. (E67169)
32. Denton, H. W., " Low Temperature Electrical Resistivity of Uranium and Beryllium,"
A. E. R. E. Rept. No. G/R 101, 1947. (E94476)
33. Kuczynski, G. C., "Electronic Structure of Beryllium," Lockheed Aircraft Corp.

Missles and Space Div., Rept. No. LMSD-288140 ASTIA AD-241 140, 1-23, 1960.
(E13591)
34. Tye, R. P. and Quinn, J. E., "Thermal Conductivity of Hot Pressed Beryllium
Blak," Proc. Symp. Thermophys. Prop., 4th Univ. Maryland, April 1-4, 1968,
144-9, 1968. (E72906)
35. Goene, F. and Schmid, E., "Elastical Constants, Electrical Resistivity and Thermal
Expansion of the Magnesium Crystal," Physik. Z. 37(11), 385-91, 1936. (E63870)
36. Goens, E. and Schmid, E., "Determining a Few Physical Properties of Magnesium
Crystals," Natuwissenschaften 18, 376-77, 1931. (E612 1)
37. Schmid, E., "Contributions to Physics and Metallography of Magnesium,"

jZ. Electr. Chem., 37, 447-59, 1931. (E100431)
38. Alderson, J. E. A. and Hurd, C. M., "Anisotropic Temperature - Dependent

fResistivity of Cd, Zn, and Mg," Phys. Rev. B 12(2), 501-08, 1975. (E 87165)
39. Ferrier, R. P. and Herrell, D. J., "Conduction in Amorphous Mg-Bi and Mg-Sb
Alloys," J. Non-Cryst. Solids 2(3), 278-83, 1970. (E75407)
... .m..
78
40. Rorschach, H. E. and Herlin, M. A., "Low Temperature Resistance Minimum in

Magnesium Measured by a Mutual Inductance Method," Phys. Rev. 81(3), 467, 1951.
(El 8602)
41. Spohn, D. A. and Webber, R. T., "Resistance Minimum of Magnesium - Electrical

and Thermal Resistivities," Phys. Rev. 105(5), 1427-33, 1957. (E19401)
42. Sharkoff, E. G., "Impurity Effects on the Thermal Conductivity of Magnesium at

Low Temperature, Ph. D. Thesis," Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 78 pp.,
1953. (E100430)
43. Kondo, J., "Resistance Minimum in Dilute Magnetic Alloys," Progr. Theor. Phys.
(Kyoto), 322(1), 37-49, 1964. (E62131)
44. Roll, A. and Motz, H., "The Electrical Resistivity of Molten Metals," Z. Metalik.
48(5), 272-80, 1957. (E60873).
45. Delaplace, J. et al., "Low Temperature Neutron Radiation Damage and Recovery
in Magnesium," Phys. StatucsSolidi, 30(1), 119-26, 1968. (E37908)
46 Das, S. B. and Gerritsen, A. N. "Deviation from the Matthiessen Rule Due to Possible
Changes in the Phonon Spectrum of Dilute Magnesium Alloys," Phys. Rev. 135(4 A),
A1081-8, 1964. (E59020)
47. Hedgcock, F. T. and Muir, W. B., "Influence of Lattice Scattering on Mathiessen's

Rule in Dilute Binary Magnesium Alloys," Phys. Rev., 136(2A), A561-8, 1964.
(E17556)
48. Seth, R. S. and Woods, S. B., "Electrical Resistivity and Deviations from Matthiessen's
Rule in Dilute Alloys of Aluminum, Cadmium, Silver and Magnesium," Phys. Rev.,
B2(8), 2961-72, 1970. (E45213)
49. Powell, R. W., Hickman, M. J., and Tye, R. P., "The Thermal and Electrical
Conductivity of Magnesium and Some Magnesium Alloys," Metallurgia, 70(420),
159-63, 1964. (E17259)
I 50. Van Zytveld, J. B., Enderby, J. E., and Collings, E. M., "Electrical Resistivities
of Liquid Alkaline Earth Metals," J. Phys. (Metal Phys.), F2, 73-78, 1972. (E59114)
51. Scala, E. and Robertson, W. D., "Electrical Resistivity of Liquid Metals and of
Dilute Liquid Metallic Solutions," Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining Eng. 197, 1141-47, 1953.
(E61314)
I , V.
".$
79
52. Lorenz, L., "The Thermal and Electrical Conductivities of Metals," I Weber Das
Leitungsverm8gen Der Metalle Fdr W11rme und Elektricitlt, Ann. Physik, 13(3),
582-606, 1881. (E89796)
53. Das, R. B. and Gerritsen, A. N., "Electrical Resistivity of Dilute Alloys of
Magnesium and Neodymium," J. of Appl. Phys., 33(11), 3301-04, 1962. (E7218)
54. Vand, V., "A Theory of the Irreversible Electrical Resistance Changes of Metallic
Films Evaporated in Vacuum," Physical Society, Proceedings 55(3), 222-47, 1943.
(E10697)
55. Baveja, K. D., "Electrical Resistivities of Metals by the Method of Magnetic

Damping," J. of Sci. and Industrial Res., 20B, 343-44, 1961. (E11676)
56. Hedgcock, F. T., Muir, W. B., and Walbingfold, E., "The Electrical Resistance
of Dilute Magnesium and Aluminum Alloys at Low Temperature," Can. J. of Phys.
38(3), 376-84, 1960. (E14737)
57. Schofield, F. H., "The Thermal and Electrical Conductivities of Some Pure Metals,"
Royal Soc. of London, Proc. 107. 206-27, 1925, (E27041)
58. Niccolai, G.," Electrical Resistivity of Metals Between Very High and Very Low
Temperatures," Ueber Den Elektrischen Widerstand Der Metalle Zwischen Sehr
Hohen Und Sehr Tiefen Temperaturen, Physikalische Z. 9(11), 367-72, 1908. (E27515)
59. Sakovitz, E. I., et al., "Transport Properties of Dilute Binary Magnesium Alloys,"
Phys. Rev. 105(3), 887-96, 1957. (E19397)
60. Hein, R. A. and Falge, R. L., "Resistance Minimum of Magnesium - Electrical

Resistivity Below 1 Degree K," Phys. Rev. 109(4), 1433-4, 1957. (E19402)
61. Hedgcock, F. T. and Muir, W. B., "Thermoelectric Effects in Magnetism, Zinc,

and Aluminum Containing Traces of Manganese," Physical Soc. of Japan, J., 16(2),
2599-2600, 1961. (E9937)
62. Bijvoet, J. et al., "The Electrical Resistivities of Dilute Magnesium - Niobium and
Magnesium - Gadolinium Alloys," Solid State Comm., 1(7), 237-40, 1963. (E12977)
63. Panova, G. KH., et al., "Some Characteristic Features of the Temperature Depnds
of the Electrical Resistivity of Magnesium Alloys Containing Heavy Non-Magnetic
Impurities," Soviet Phys. JETP, 26(2), 283-85, 1968, (E34246)
64. Grube, G. and Burkhardt, A., "The Electrical Conductivity, the Thermal Expansion
and the Hardness of Mg-Zn Alloys," Z. Elektro Chem. 35(6), 316, 1929. (E60551)
41]
SO
65. Staebler, J., "Electrical and Thermal Conductivity and the Number of Wiedermann
Franz of Light Metals and Magnesium Alloys," Ph.D. Thesis - Tech. Hochschule
(of Breslau), 35 pp., 1929. (E22782)
66. Mannchen, W., "Heat Conductivity, Electrical Conductivity and the Lorenz Number
for a Few Light Metal Alloys," Z. Metallk, 23, 193-6, 1931. (E64153)
67. Heal, T. J., "Magnesium and Its Alloys," Nuclear Eng., 3(23), 52-61, 1958. (E61251)
68. Katerberg, J., Niemeyer, S., Penning, D., and Van Zytveld, J. B., "Electronic
Properties and Phase Transitions in Ca, Sr and Ba at Elevated Temperatures," J.
Phys., F5(5), LT4-9, 1975. (E90862)
69. Smith, J. F., Carlson, 0. N., and Vest, R. W., "Allotropic Modifications of
Calcium," J. Electro. Chem. Soc., 103, 409, 1956. (E59130)
70. Swiaber, C. L., "The Specific Resistance and Thermo-Electric Power of Metallic
Calcium", Phys. Review 10(6), 601-8, 1917. (E92411)
71. Cook, J. G., Laubitz, M. J., and Van der Meer, M. R., "The Electrical Resistivity,
Thermal Conductivity, and Thermoelectric Power of Calcium from 30 K to 300 K,"
Can. J. of Physics, 53, 486-97, 1975. (E66318)
72. Kayser, F. X. and Sederquist, S. D., "The Electrical Resistivity of f.c.c. Calcium
from 4.2 to 300 OK," J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 28, 2343-46, 1967. (E32629)
73. Cook, J. G. and Van der Meer, M. P., "The Transport Properties of Ca, Sr and
Ba," J. Phys., F3(8), L130-33, 1973. (E51817)
74. Rinck, E., "Concerning an Allotropic Transformation of Calcium in the Solid State,"
Compt. rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 192, 421, 1931. (E59045)
75. Frank, V. and Jeppessen, 0. G., "The Hall Coefficient of Calcium, Phys. Rev. 89,
1153, 1950. (E18657)
76. Rinck, E., "The Allotropic Transformation of Strontium," Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci.
Paris, 234, 845-47, 1952. (E74448)
77. McWhan, D. B., Rice, T. M., and Schmid, P. I., "Metal-Semiconductor Transition
in Ytterbium and Stronium at High Pressure," Physical Review, 177(3), 1063-71, 1969.
(E38228)
78. Rashid, M. S. and Kayser, F. X., "The Electrical Resistivity of a Commercial
Grade of Strontium from 800 to 4000 K," J. of Less Common Metals, 24(1), 107-8,
1971. (E48982)
81
79. Meissner, W., Franz, I., and Westerhoff, H., "Measurements with the Aid of
Liquid Helium. 15. Resistance of Barium, Indium, Thallium, Graphite and
Titanium at Low Temperatures," Ann. der Physik, 5, 13, 555-63, 1932. (E58986)
80. Rashid, M. S. and Kayser, F. X., "The Electrical Resistivity of Distilled

B.,rium from 20 to 400 K," J. Less-Common Met., (Switzerland), 24(3), 253-57,
1971. (E59603)
81. Rinck, E., "The Allotropic Transformation of Solid State Barium," C. R. Acad.
Sci. Paris 193, 1328-30, 1931. (E74656)
82. Gtlntherodt, H. J., Hauser, E., and Kfdnzi, H. V., "The Electrical Resistivity of
Liquid Barium," J. Physics, F5(5), 889-92, 1975. (E91899)
83. Grube, G. and Dietrich, A., "Electrical Conductivity and Phase Diagram at Binary
Alloys. The Alloys of Barium with Bismuth, Magnesium and Lead," Z. Elektro.
Chem. 44(10), 755-67, 1938. (E5960)
84. Cook, J. G. and Laubitz, M. J., 'The Electrical Resistivity and Thermopower of
Pure and of Hydrogen-charged Barium," Can. J. of Phys., 54(9), 928-37, 1976.
(E96888)
85. Genter, R. B. and Grosse, A. V., "Electrical Conductivity of Liquid Barium and
an Estimate of Its Thermal Conductivity," High Temperature Science, 3(6), 504-10,
1971. (E60097)
86. MillIer, W. E., 'Optical Properties and Electron Band of Europium and Barium,"
Phys. Kondens, Materic. 6, 243-68, 1967. (E32852)
87. Chirkin, V. S., Thermal Conductivity of Industrial Materials, Mashgiz, 1962.
88. Samsonov, G. V., (Editor), Handbook of the Physicochemical Properties of the Elemen
IFI/Plenum Data Corp., New York, 141 pp., 1968.
39. Meaden, G. T., Electrical Resistance of MetaLB, Plenum Press, New York, 218 pp.,
41965.
90. Kaye* G. W. and Laby, T. H., Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants and Some
Mathematical Functions, Thirteenth Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York,
p. 92, 1966.
91. Landolt, H. I., "Numerical Values and Functions of Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy
Geophysics, and Technics, "Vol. 6 of Electrical Properties I Berlin, Springer, 95Cp;
1960.
82
92. Gray, P. E. (Editor), American Institute of Physics Handbook, 3rd Edition, McGraw
Hill Book Co., New York, 2342 pp., 1972.
93. Weast, R. C. (Editor), Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 54th Edition, The
Chemical Rubber Co., Ohio, 1974.
94. Laws, F. A., Electrical Measurements, 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc.,
New York, 739 pp., 1938.
95. van der Pauw, L. J., "A Method of Measuring the Resistivity and Hall Coefficient
on Lamellae of Arbitrary Shape," Phillips Tech. Rev., 20(8), 220-4, 1958-9.
(E59185)
96. MacDonald, D. K. C., Handbuch der Physik, Vol. XIV, 1956. (E80894)
97. Chambers, R. G. and Park, J. G., "Measurement of Electrical Resistivity by a

Mutual Inductance Method," Brit. J. Appi. Phys., 12, 507-10, 1961. (E59158)
98. Zimmerman, J. E., "Measuremeht of Electrical Resistivity of Bulk Metals," Rev.

Sci. Instrum., 32(4), 402-5, 1961. (E58976)
99. Radenac, A., Lacoste, M., and Boux, C., "Apparatus Designed to Measure the
Electrical Resistivity of Metals and Alloys by the Rotating Field Method up to About
2000 K," Rev. Int. Hautes Temp. Refract., 7, 389-96, 1970. (E58993)
100. Cezairliyan, A. and McClure, J. L., "Thermophysical Measurements on Iron Above

1500 K, Using a Transient (subsecond) Technique," J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand., 78A (1),
1-4, 1974. (E53710)
101. Bean, C. P., DeBlois, R. W., and Nesbitt, L. B., "Eddy-Current Method for
Measuring the Resistivity of Metals," J. Appl. Phys., 30., 1976-80, 1959. (E59131)
II
.47
ifi
83
7. APPENDIX
7.1. Methods of Measuring Electrical Resistivity
A. Steady State Methods
1. Voltmeter and ammeter direct reading (V) [94*, p. 159, 119, pp. 244-51
2. DC Potentiometric Method (A) [89*, pp. 151-8]
a. 4-probe potentiometric method
3. DC Bridge Method (B) [89, pp. 141-51]
a. Kelvin Double Bridge
b. Mueller Bridge
c. Wheatstone Bridge
4. van der Pauw Method (P), [95]*
5. Galvanometer Amplifier Method (G), [96*, pp. 159-62]
B. Non-steady State Methods
1. Periodic currents involved

a. Direct connection to sample
(1) AC Potentiometric Method (C) r89, pp. 161-21
(2) AC Bridge Method (D) [89, p. 162]
(3) Q-Meter Method (Q)
b. No connection to sample
(1) Mutual Inductance Method (M)[971*
(2) Self-inductance Method (S) [981*
(3) Rotating Field Method (R) [99]*
2. Non-periodic currents involved
a. Direct connection to sample
(1) Transient (subsecond) technique (T) [100]*
b. No connection to sample
(1) Eddy current decay method (E) F101, 89, p. 1031
C. General Comments
1. Code "I" means Induction Method

This is a combination of Items B.lb. and B.2.b. above. Subsumed under I is
M, R, S, or E. Used only if author indicates induction method used and does
not report which specific one.
2. The symbol "-" is used if method described by the author is not sufficient to assign
a specific code presently used. For example, if the author stated that "AC Method"
* References are given in Section 6.

84
following wording would

was used in his measurement but no specifics were given, the
Specifications, and Remarks: "Experimental
be used in the column Composition, on the Specifica-
an AC method." In the column for Method Used
method described as
tion Table the following symbol would appear: -.
!I
I
' ZK
-. V " ''*V - :*:'' •* .

Electrical Resistivity

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Electrical Resistivity

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Electrical Resistivity

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

AD-A129 038 ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF ALKALINE EARTH ELEMENTS(U)

THERMOPHYSICAL AND ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES INFORMATION

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF ALKALINE EARTH ELEMENTS

CENTER FOR INFORMATION AND NUMERICAL DATA ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

4. TITLE (md Subtite') S. TYPE OF REPORT A PEOD COVERED

Electrical Resistivity of Alkaline Earth Elements State-of-the-Art Report

Defense Technical Information Center, Defense December 1976

Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center

IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES si

(DTIC Source Code 413571); TEPIAC Publication

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Dea Entered)

20. ABSTRACT (Cont)

December 1976 Aceion ar

Prepared for jkAvr-,i1 and/or

CENTER FOR INFORMATION AND NUMERICAL DATA

This technical report was prepared by the Thermophysical and Electronic

While this work is prepared by the staff of TEPIAC/CINDAS's Reference Data

3. DATA EVALUATION AND GENERATION OF RECOMMENDED

4. ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF ALKALINE EARTH ELEMENTS. .* 13

4.2. Magnesium *... .. .. ... .... ... .. 29

5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS................................72

7.1. Methods of Measuring Electrical Resistivity..............83

1. Physical Constants of Alkaline Earth Elements .. ......... 2

2. Conversion Factors for Units of Electrical Resistivity ... ...... 6

5. Experimental Data on the Electrical Resistivity of Beryllium..... 25

6. Recommended Electrical Resistivity of Magnesium ... ......... 32

7. Measurement Information on the Electrical Resistivity of

8. Experimental Data on the Electrical Resistivity of Magnesium . . . 40

9. Recommended Electrical Resistivity of Calcium .. ........ 45

10. Measurement Information on the Electrical Resistivity of

11. Experimental Data on the Electrical Resistivity of Calcium ..... . 50

12. Recommended Electrical Resistivity of Strontium ........ .. 54

13. Measurement Information on the Electrical Resistivity of

14. Experimental Data on the Electrical Resistivity of Strontium ..... . 58

15. Recommended Electrical Resistivity of Barium .. ......... . 61

16. Measurement Information on the Electrical Resistivity of

17. Experimental Data on the Electrical Resistivity of Barium ..... 66

18. Provisional Electrical Resistivity of Radium .. ......... 70

' ' -' '

A Code for d. c. potentiometer method

a Electrical resistivity perpendicular to the principal crystal-axi

C:p "43 4 "C4 "4 m0

"74 coo4 Cq C-30

C~~~20-P L.i I~ ID4~*

Figure 1. Relationship between intrinsic resistivity p (T), residual resistivity,

f-4 r4 P-4 "4 v -4 N

The electrical resistivity, p, of a metal is often described approximately by the

p(T) = p 0 +pi(T), (1)

The intrinsic resistivity due to electron-phonon interactions may be approximated

pt(T) Pw 124.4 M- T (3)

In isotropic metals with the close-packed hexagonal and rhombohedral (trigonal)

3. DATA EVALUATION AND GENERATION OF RECOMMENDED VALUES

Besides specimen characterization, a full description of experimental details should

pi(T) = [S 1 + S2 x (T/8 R ) + S3 x (%R/T) P I 4t (6R/T) (8)

where S 1, S2 and S3 are the coefficients,

OR = (8R) 0 - CT, (9)

(0R)O, C, P, Sl, S2 and S3 are used as the variable parameters.

Q= Wn[(f(Tn) - Pn)/Pnl' (11)

Mg (60-900 K), .007