As nouns the difference between 

etymon and cognate  is that etymon is a source word of a given word

while cognate is one of a number of things allied in origin or nature.
1
a: an earlier form of a word in the same language or an ancestral language
b: a word in a foreign language that is the source of a particular loanword

2: a word or morpheme from which words are formed by composition or derivation
As a adjective cognate is allied by blood; kindred by birth; specifically (legal) related on the mother's side.
(linguistics) Either descended from the same attested source lexeme of an ancestor language, or held on the
grounds of the methods of historical linguistics to be regular reflexes of the unattested, reconstructed form of a
proto-language.

Syntagmatic vs paradigmatic relations among English words.

Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations are understood as basic linguistic relationships describing the complex
structure of a language system. This distinction is relevant to all levels of description. It was introduced by the
Swiss linguist Ferdinard de Saussure in 1916 as a generalisation of the traditional concepts of a paradigm and a
syntagm.

Paradigm (Gr. pará deigma ‘pattern, model’) is a set of homogeneous forms opposed to each other according to
their semantic and formal features.

Syntagm (Gr. sýntagma ‘that which is put together in order’) is a structured syntactic sequence of linguistic

elements formed by segmentation which can consist of sounds, words, phrases, clauses, or entire sentences.

Paradigmatic relations exist between units of the language system outside the strings where they co-occur. They
are based on the criteria of selection and distribution of linguistic elements. Paradigmatic relations determining
the vocabulary system are based on the interdependence of words within the vocabulary: synonymy, antonymy,
hyponymy, meronymy.
F. de Saussure called paradigmatic relationships associative relationships, because they represent the relationship
between individual elements in specific environment.

It was the Danish linguist Louis Hjelmslev who replaced the term associative relations for paradigmatic relations.

Syntagmatic relations are immediate linear links between the units in a segmental sequence. Syntagmatic relations
are horizontal since they are based on the linear character of speech.

In psycholinguistics these terms are used in a different sense.

The term paradigmatic relations denotes the mental associations between words which form part of a set of
mutually exclusive items, e.g. black responds with white.

The term syntagmatic relations refers to mental associations between words which frequently occur together,
e.g. black magic / tie / sheep.

Paradigmatics

Paradigmatic relations are relations of opposition and functional identity of linguistic elements (“OR - OR”), i.e. the
paradigm combines sets of linguistic units that are similar according to one, and opposed according to some other
criterion(s). Paradigmatics determines to which level of grammatical categoric hierarchy this or that language unit
belongs, by analogy with units similar to it. For example:

 Phonemes b, ɪ, g, s, t are the building blocks of morphemes big and -est.

 Morphemes big and -est can combine to form the lexeme biggest.
 The lexeme biggest is a part of the sentence That's the biggest fish I've ever seen!
Syntagmatics

Syntagmatic relations can be defined as relations of compatibility of elements of the level in a sequence of speech
events, i.e. combination of phonemes with phonemes, morphemes with morphemes, etc. Syntagmatics combines
language units by their direct combination.

The logical formula of syntagmatic relations is the formula "AND - AND", i.e. both one element and another element
together, side by side, one after another, forming a chain of the same-order elements of a certain length.

Examples of syntagmatic relationships:

 b=ɪ=g=ɪ=s=t, bɪg=ɪst (phonetico-phonological level)

 big=est, water=s, walk=ing (morphological level)
 teach=er, re=name (word-building sub-level)
 tall man, tall tree (lexical level)
 The tree is tall. (syntactical level)

The Etymological Background of the English Vocabulary. Native Words in English

Etymology – is a branch of Linguistics studying the origin of words, their change and development, their linguistic
and extra-linguistic forces modifying their structure, meaning and usage. The term “Etymology” is derived from the
Greek word – “etymon” – which means the true, original meaning of a word. According to the etymological principle
the English vocabulary is usually divided into two uneven classes: native words which make up about 30% of the
English vocabulary and borrowed words which make up about 70% of the English vocabulary.
Native words are words which belong to the original word stock. Words adopted from foreign languages are
known as borrowed words, or loan words, or borrowings. Though native words constitute only about 30% of
the English vocabulary they make up the greatest part of the basic word stock (лексикологическое ядро
словаря).

The Basic Word Stock – is the stable stork of the most frequently used three or four thousand words which
constitute the core of the vocabulary, preserving the national peculiarities of the language. The changes in the Basic
Word Stork are very slow and not easily perceptible.

Native words have a higher frequency value than most of the borrowings. They occur in any spoken or written
speech forming the foundation and framework of the English language, e.g. words of native origin include most of
the conjunctions, numerals, prepositions, pronouns and strong verbs, the definite and indefinite articles are also of
native origin.

The native element in modern English is mostly monosyllabic but as for their meanings they are usually
polysemantic. They show great word building power and make up the majority of proverbs and set expressions,
e.g. water – to water, watery, waterproof, waterfall, “blood is thicker than water” (свой своего не обидит); milk –
milky way, milkman - “ it’s no use crying over spilt milk” etc.

According to their origin native words may be divided into 3 groups:

 Indo-European
 Common German (общегерманские)
 Specifically English or English words proper

Native words of the Indo-European origin are the oldest. They have correlated words in different Indo-European
languages: Romanic, Slavonic, Germanic and even in Sanskrit. Here belong such words as: father, mother, son,
daughter, brothe, sister; sun, moon, star, wind, water, wood, hill, stone, night, day; goose, wolf, cow, tree, corn, bull;
ear, tooth, eye, foot, heart, lip, nose; hard, quick, slow, red, white, new, glad, sad; 1-100; I, you, he, my, that, who; to
bear, to do, to be, to sit, to stand, to eat.

Native words of the Common Germanic Stock have parallels in the languages of the Germanic group only: Dutch,
German, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic etc. but not in Russian, French or Italian. They constitute a larger part of the
native words in English. Here belong such words as: head, arm, finger, hand, bone; summer, winter, spring, time,
week; storm, rain, flood, ice, ground, sea, earth, land; bridge, house, bench, boat, ship, shop, room, coal, iron, lead,
cloth, fur; hat, shirt, shoe; care, evil, hope, life, need; sheep, horse, fox, crow, oak, grass, bear; broad, dead, deaf, deep,
grey, blue, green, high, old, good; down, out, before; all, each, self, such, here, there, near; to go, to tell, to speak, to say,
to answer, to see, to hear, to drink, to sing, to make, to learn, to have, to rise, to bake, to burn, to buy, to drive, to keep,
to meet, to send, to shoot.

The 3rd group of native words is represented by the so-called English words proper which have no cognates or
parallels in other languages. They are: boy, girl, lady, lord, daisy, always, woman, bird, word.
Activity 1

famous Middle English, from Anglo-French, from Latin famosus, from fama fame

au fait 1743, French, "to the point, to the matter under discussion," literally "to the
fact," from au "to the" (see au) + fait "fact" (see feat). Used in French with
sense of "acquainted with the facts, expert, fully skilled."

foreign Middle English forein, from Anglo-French, from Late Latin foranus on the
outside, from Latin foris outside
language Middle English, from Anglo-French langage, from lange, langue tongue,
language, from Latin lingua
use Middle English us, from Anglo-French, from Latin usus, from uti to use

take Middle English, from Old English tacan, from Old Norse taka; akin to Middle
Dutch taken to take
tarka dal a creamy Indian lentil dish (1984, from Hindi),
quinzhee a type of snow shelter (1984, from Slave or another language of the Pacific
Coast of North America)
popiah a type of Singaporean or Malaysian spring roll (1986, from Malay)
izakaya a type of Japanese bar serving food (1987)
affogato an Italian dessert made of ice cream and coffee (1992)
sushi Japanese
peace Middle English pees, from Anglo-French pes, pees, from Latin pac-, pax;
akin to Latin pacisci
war Middle English werre, from Anglo-French werre, guerre, of Germanic
origin; akin to Old High German werra strife; akin to Old High
German werran to confuse
just Middle English, from Anglo-French & Latin; Anglo-French juste, from
Latin justus, from jus right, law; akin to Sanskrit yos welfare

very Middle English verray, verry, from Anglo-French verai, from Vulgar

Latin *veracus, alteration of Latin verac-, verax truthful, from verus true;
akin to Old English wǣ r true, Old High German wā ra trust, care,
Greek ēra (accusative) favor
leg, sky, take Scandinavian languages
they Middle English, from Old Norse their, masculine plural demonstrative &
personal pronoun; akin to Old English thæt that
Pakeha Maori
aroha Maori
kia ora Maori
cranachan Scottish Gaelic origin
pibroch Scottish Gaelic origin
Sassenach Scottish Gaelic origin
jungle Hindi jaṅ gal & Urdu jangal forest, from Sanskrit jaṅ gala desert region

bangle Hindi baṅ glī

yoga  Sanskrit, literally, yoking, from yunakti he yokes; akin to Latin jungere to
join
khaki  Hindi & Urdu khā kī dust-colored, from khā k dust, from Persian
oxygen French oxygène, from Greek oxys, adjective, acidic, literally, sharp + French -
gène -gen; akin to Latin acer sharp
paraffin German, from Latin parum too little (akin to Greek pauros little, paid-, pais
child) + affinis bordering on
semester German, from Latin semestris half-yearly, from sex six + mensis month

seminar German, from Latin seminarium nursery

internet, computer, cell phone, meeting, English as a donor of new words
business
 age Middle English, borrowed from Anglo-French aage, age (earlier Old French
edage, eage), from eé, aé "age, lifetime" (going back to Latin aetā t-, aetā s,
 contraction of earlier aevitā s, from aevum "time, lifetime" + -itā t-, -itā s -ITY)
+ -age
air Middle English, from Anglo-French, from Latin aer, from Greek aē r air

cause Middle English, borrowed from Anglo-French, borrowed from

Latin causa "judicial proceedings, interests of one side in a judicial case,
plea, pretext, ground of action, motive, reason," of uncertain origin

city Middle English citie large or small town, from Anglo-French cité, from

Medieval Latin civitat-, civitas, from Latin, citizenship, state, city of Rome,
from civis citizen
idea Middle English, from Latin, from Greek, from idein to see 
join Middle English, from Anglo-French joindre, from Latin jungere
material Middle English materiel, from Middle French & Late Latin; Middle French,
from Late Latin materialis, from Latin materia matter 

poor Middle English poure, from Anglo-French povre, pore, from Latin pauper;

akin to Latin paucus little and to Latin parere to give birth to, produce

suffer Middle English sufferen, suffren, borrowed from Anglo-

French suffrir, going back to Vulgar Latin *sufferīre, re-formation of
Latin sufferre "to submit to, endure," from suf-, assimilated form
of sub- SUB- + ferre "to carry, bear" 
tax  Middle English, to estimate, assess, tax, from Anglo-French taxer, from
Medieval Latin taxare, from Latin, to feel, estimate, censure, frequentative
of tangere to touch
give Middle English, of Scandinavian origin; akin to Old Swedish giva to give;
akin to Old English giefan, gifan to give, and perhaps to Latin habē re to
have, hold
take Middle English, from Old English tacan, from Old Norse taka; akin to
Middle Dutch taken to take
hit Middle English, from Old English hyttan, probably from Old Norse hitta to
meet with, hit
leg Middle English, from Old Norse leggr
skin Middle English, from Old Norse skinn; akin to Old English scinn skin,
Middle High German schint fruit peel
sky Middle English, cloud, sky, from Old Norse skȳ  cloud; akin to Old
English scē o cloud
trousers alteration of earlier trouse, from Scottish Gaelic triubhas
gull Noun

Middle English, of Celtic origin; akin to Welsh gwylan gull

Verb
obsolete gull gullet, from Middle English golle, from Anglo-French gule,
gole
clan Middle English, from Scottish Gaelic clann offspring, clan, from Old
Irish cland plant, offspring, from Latin planta plant
baby Middle English, from babe

Activity 3

Completely assimilated borrowings (denizens)

They, mill, street, their, them, chalk, mile, city, school

Partly assimilated

Not assimilated semantically Not assimilated Not assimilated phonetically Not assimilated graphically
grammatically
pagoda, noblesse, eclat beau, papyrus belles lettres coup d'É tat, vis-à -vis,
 communiqué, naïveté,
chaussée

Unassimilated (barbarisms)
pastorale, pneumatics, ennui

Activity 5

Sometimes a word is borrowed twice from the same language. As the result, we have two different words with different
spellings and meanings but historically they come back to one and the same word. Such words are called etymological
doublets. In other words, two or more words in the same language are called doublets or etymological twins (or possibly
triplets, etc.) when they have the same etymological root but have entered the language through different ways. They differ to
a certain degree in form, meaning and current usage.

a)

Shirt - skirt Origin of shirt

Middle English shert from Old English scyrte (akin to
German schürze, apron, Old Norse skyrta, shirt) from base
of scort, short

Origin of skirt
Middle English from Old Norse skyrt, shirt, kirtle, akin to Old
English scyrte, shirt
Shabby - scabby Origin of shabby
from dialect, dialectal shab, scab, scoundrel from Old
English sceabb, scab, scale

Origin
From shab (“scab"), or directly from an alteration of scabby.
Cognate with Scots shabby (“in poor health,
ill"), Dutch schabbig (“poor, needy, shabby")

Naked - nude Origin of naked

Middle English from Old English nacod, akin to
German nackt from Indo-European base an unverified
form nogw-, naked from source Sanskrit nagná-, Classical
Latin nudus

Origin of nude
Latin nūdus ; see nogw- in Indo-European roots.
Entered English 1531 as a legal term "unsupported, not
formally attested," , from Latin nÅ«dus 'naked, bare'.
Word - verb Middle English from OE, akin to German wort from Indo-
European an unverified form werdh- (extension of base an
unverified form wer-, to speak, say) from source Classical
Greek eirein, to speak,

Classical Latin verbum, word
to express in particular words: to carefully word a toast
Middle English verbe from Old French from Latin verbum word,
verb ( translation of Greek rhēma word, verb ); see wer-5 in
Indo-European roots.
Senior - sir Middle English from Latin comparative of senex old ; see sen- in
Indo-European roots.

From Middle English sir, from Old French sire (“master, sir,

 lord"), from Latin senior (“older, elder"), from senex (“old")

Canal - channel Origin of canal

ME, pipe or tube from Old French from Classical Latin canalis,
pipe, groove, channel from canna, reed

Origin of channel
Middle English chanel from Old French from Latin canālis 
Captain – chieftain Origin of captain
Middle English capitain from Old French from Late
Latin capitāneus chief from Latin caput capit- head ;
see kaput- in Indo-European roots.

Origin of chieftain
Middle English cheftain from Old French chevetain from Late
Latin capitāneus from Latin caput head ; see kaput- in Indo-
European roots.
Card - chart Origin of card
Middle English carde from Old French carte from Medieval
Latin carta, card, paper from Classical Latin charta, leaf of
paper, tablet from Classical Greek chart?s, layer of papyrus;
probably from Egyptian

Origin of chart
Old French from Medieval Latin carta:
Origin of chart
Obsolete French charte from Latin charta sheet of paper made
from papyrus
Camp - campus Origin of camp
French from Old Provençal from Classical Latin campus, a field
Early Modern English from Middle French probably
from Italian or Spanish campo both from Latin campus field 

Origin of campus
Latin field perhaps of pre-Latin Indo-European substrate
origin and akin to Sicel kampos hippodrome perhaps further
akin to Greek kampein to bend
History - story Origin of history
Middle English histoire from Old
French from Latin historia from Greek historiā from historein t
o inquire from histōr learned man ; see weid- in Indo-European
roots.

Origin of story
Middle English storie from Old French estoire from Classical
Latin historia
Example - sample Origin of example
Middle English from Old French example, essample from
Classical Latin exemplum, sample, example from eximere, to
take out from ex-, out + emere, to buy from Indo-European
base an unverified form em-, to take from source
Lithuanian imù

Origin of sample
Partly Middle English ( from Anglo-Norman) and partly short
for Middle English ensample ( from Anglo-Norman) both
from Latin exemplum
Acute - cute Origin of acute
Classical Latin acutus, past participle of acuere, sharpen
 From Latin acūtus (“sharp”), perfect passive participle
of acuō (“sharpen, make sharp”). Cognate to ague (“acute,
intermittent fever”).
Origin of cute
aphetic from acute
Short for acute
Word History: Cute was originally a shortened form
of acute in the sense “keenly perceptive or discerning,
shrewd.” In this sense cute is first recorded in a dictionary
published in 1731. Probably cute came to be used as a term of
approbation for things demonstrating acuteness or ingenious
design, and so it went on to develop its own sense of “pretty,
fetching.”

Adventure - venture Origin

From Middle English aventure, aunter, anter, from Old
French aventure, from Late Latin adventurus,
from Latin advenire, adventum (“to arrive”), which in the
Romance languages took the sense of "to happen, befall"

Origin of venture
ME, aphetic for aventure
Middle English chance short for aventure adventure
Shortening of adventure.

b)

Hospital- hostel - hotel Origin of hospital

Middle English from Old French from Late Latin hospitale, a
house, inn from Classical Latin (cubiculum) hospitale, guest
(room), neuter of hospitalis, of a guest from hospes

Origin of hostel
Middle English lodging from Old French from Medieval
Latin hospitāle hospice, inn

Origin of hotel
French hôtel from Old French hostel hostel 
To capture – to catch – to chase Origin of capture
From French capture from Old French from Latin captūra a
catching of animals from captus past participle of capere to
seize ; see kap- in Indo-European roots.

Origin of catch
Middle English cacchen from Anglo-French cachier from
Vulgar Latin an unverified form captiare from Classical
Latin captare, to seize from past participle of capere, to take
hold

Origin of chase
French chas, needle's eye from Old French from Vulgar Latin
an unverified form capsum from Classical Latin capsa
Middle English chasen to hunt from Old
French chacier from Vulgar
Latin captiāre from Latin captāre to catch 
Perhaps from French châsse case, reliquary from Old
French chasse from Latin capsa
 Appreciate – appraise - apprise Origin of appreciate
from Ecclesiastical Late Latin appretiatus, past participle
of appretiare, appraise
to rise in value

Origin of appraise
Middle English apreisen from Old French apreiser from
Ecclesiastical Late Latin appretiare from Classical Latin ad,
to + pretium, price; spelling, spelled influenced, influence by
praise

Origin of apprise
French apprendre appris- from Old French aprendre to
learn from Latin apprehendere, apprēndere
Astound – astonish - stun Origin
From Middle English astouned, astoned, astuned, past
participle of astounen, astonen, astunen (“to astonish”)

Origin of astonish
altered from Middle English astonien from Old
French estoner from Vulgar Latin an unverified
form extonare (for Classical Latin attonare) from ex-,
intensive + tonare, to thunder
Alteration of Middle English astonen from Old
French estoner from Vulgar
Latin extonāre Latin ex- ex- Latin tonāre to thunder ;
see (s)tenə- in Indo-European roots.

Origin of stun
Middle English stonien from Old French estoner, to stun: see
astonish
the effect or condition of being stunned
Middle English stonen Old French estoner from Vulgar
Latin extonāre Latin ex- ex- Latin tonāre to thunder ;
see (s)tenə- in Indo-European roots.

Kennel – channel - canal Origin of kennel

Middle English kenel, probably via Norman French from Old
French chenil from Vulgar Latin an unverified
form canile from Classical Latin canis, a dog
Middle English canel from Old French canel, chanel, channel

Origin of channel
Middle English chanel from Old French from Latin canālis 

Origin of canal
ME, pipe or tube from Old French from Classical
Latin canalis, pipe, groove, channel from canna, reed

Activity 9

thee pronoun
Thee is defined as the person or thing addressed.

1. [Archaic] objective form of thou: they will help thee;

to Thee we pray; did he give thee the book?
 2. thou (nominative case): used as the subject, with the
verb in the third person singular, by some members of
the Society of Friends (Quakers): thee speaks harshly
Origin of thee
Middle English the from OE, dative and accusative
of thu, thou

beauteous adjective
Beautiful, especially to the sight.
(archaic) beautiful
Doth verb
Doth is a form of the word "do," which is defined as to
perform an action. It is not used often any more.

Archaic
A third person singular present tense of do1

thou pronoun
Thou is a way to say you in an older style of English or
poetic writing.

pl.
ARCHAIC personal pronoun in the second person singular:
once used in familiar address, but now replaced
by you except in poetic or religious use and in some British
dialects: thee is the objective form, thine the possessive,
and thyself the intensive and reflexive; thy is the possessive
pronominal adjective

thy adjective
The definition of thy is your, or is the possessive form of
thou.
ARCHAIC of, belonging to, made by, or done by thee
Prithee interjection
Prithee is defined as an archaic way to say please or I pray
thee.
ARCHAIC I pray thee; please
Haply adverb
By chance or accident.
ARCHAIC by chance or accident; perhaps