QuickRef.

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JavaScript
A JavaScript cheat sheet with the most important concepts, functions, methods, and more. A
complete quick reference for beginners.

# Getting started
Introduction

JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language.

JSON cheatsheet (quickref.me)

Regex in JavaScript (quickref.me)

Console

// => Hello world!

console.log('Hello world!');

// => Hello QuickRef.ME

console.warn('hello %s', 'QuickRef.ME');

// Prints error message to stderr

console.error(new Error('Oops!'));

Numbers

let amount = 6;

let price = 4.99;

Variables

let x = null;

let name = "Tammy";

const found = false;

// => Tammy, false, null

console.log(name, found, x);

var a;

console.log(a); // => undefined

Strings

let single = 'Wheres my bandit hat?';

let double = "Wheres my bandit hat?";

// => 21

console.log(single.length);

Arithmetic Operators

5 + 5 = 10 // Addition

10 - 5 = 5 // Subtraction

5 * 10 = 50 // Multiplication

10 / 5 = 2 // Division

10 % 5 = 0 // Modulo

Comments

// This line will denote a comment

/*

The below configuration must be

changed before deployment.

*/

Assignment Operators

let number = 100;

// Both statements will add 10

number = number + 10;

number += 10;

console.log(number);

// => 120

 String Interpolation

let age = 7;

// String concatenation

'Tommy is ' + age + ' years old.';

// String interpolation

`Tommy is ${age} years old.`;

let Keyword

let count;

console.log(count); // => undefined

count = 10;

console.log(count); // => 10

const Keyword

const numberOfColumns = 4;

// TypeError: Assignment to constant...

numberOfColumns = 8;

# JavaScript Conditionals
if Statement

const isMailSent = true;

if (isMailSent) {

console.log('Mail sent to recipient');

Ternary Operator

var x=1;

// => true

result = (x == 1) ? true : false;

Operators
true || false; // true

10 > 5 || 10 > 20; // true

false || false; // false

10 > 100 || 10 > 20; // false

Logical Operator &&

true && true; // true

1 > 2 && 2 > 1; // false

true && false; // false

4 === 4 && 3 > 1; // true

Comparison Operators

1 > 3 // false

3 > 1 // true

250 >= 250 // true

1 === 1 // true

1 === 2 // false

1 === '1' // false

Logical Operator !

let lateToWork = true;

let oppositeValue = !lateToWork;

// => false

console.log(oppositeValue);

Nullish coalescing operator ??

null ?? 'I win'; // 'I win'

undefined ?? 'Me too'; // 'Me too'

false ?? 'I lose' // false

0 ?? 'I lose again' // 0

'' ?? 'Damn it' // ''

else if

const size = 10;

if (size > 100) {

console.log('Big');

} else if (size > 20) {

console.log('Medium');

 } else if (size > 4) {

console.log('Small');

} else {

console.log('Tiny');

// Print: Small

switch Statement

const food = 'salad';

switch (food) {

case 'oyster':

console.log('The taste of the sea');

break;

case 'pizza':

console.log('A delicious pie');

break;

default:

console.log('Enjoy your meal');

== vs ===

0 == false // true

0 === false // false, different type

1 == "1" // true, automatic type conversion

1 === "1" // false, different type

null == undefined // true

null === undefined // false

'0' == false // true

'0' === false // false

The == just check the value, === check both the value and the type.

# JavaScript Functions
Functions

// Defining the function:

function sum(num1, num2) {

return num1 + num2;

// Calling the function:

sum(3, 6); // 9

Anonymous Functions

// Named function

function rocketToMars() {

return 'BOOM!';

// Anonymous function

const rocketToMars = function() {

return 'BOOM!';

Arrow Functions (ES6)

With two arguments

const sum = (param1, param2) => {

return param1 + param2;

};

console.log(sum(2,5)); // => 7

With no arguments

const printHello = () => {

console.log('hello');

};

printHello(); // => hello

With a single argument

const checkWeight = weight => {

console.log(`Weight : ${weight}`);
};

checkWeight(25); // => Weight : 25

Concise arrow functions

const multiply = (a, b) => a * b;

// => 60

console.log(multiply(2, 30));

Arrow function available starting ES2015

 return Keyword

// With return

function sum(num1, num2) {

return num1 + num2;

// The function doesn't output the sum

function sum(num1, num2) {

num1 + num2;

Calling Functions

// Defining the function

function sum(num1, num2) {

return num1 + num2;

// Calling the function

sum(2, 4); // 6

Function Expressions

const dog = function() {

return 'Woof!';

Function Parameters

// The parameter is name

function sayHello(name) {

return `Hello, ${name}!`;

Function Declaration

function add(num1, num2) {

return num1 + num2;

# JavaScript Scope
Scope

function myFunction() {

var pizzaName = "Volvo";

// Code here can use pizzaName

// Code here can't use pizzaName

Block Scoped Variables

const isLoggedIn = true;

if (isLoggedIn == true) {

const statusMessage = 'Logged in.';

// Uncaught ReferenceError...

console.log(statusMessage);

Global Variables

// Variable declared globally

const color = 'blue';

function printColor() {

console.log(color);

printColor(); // => blue

let vs var

for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

// This is the Max Scope for 'let'

// i accessible ✔️

// i not accessible ❌

for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

 // i accessible ✔️

// i accessible ✔️

var is scoped to the nearest function block, and let is scoped to the nearest enclosing block.

Loops with closures

// Prints 3 thrice, not what we meant.

for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

setTimeout(_ => console.log(i), 10);

// Prints 0, 1 and 2, as expected.

for (let j = 0; j < 3; j++) {

setTimeout(_ => console.log(j), 10);

The variable has its own copy using let, and the variable has shared copy using var.

# JavaScript Arrays
Arrays

const a1 = [0, 1, 2, 3];

// Different data types

const a2 = [1, 'chicken', false];

Property .length

const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4];

numbers.length // 4

Index

// Accessing an array element

const myArray = [100, 200, 300];

console.log(myArray[0]); // 100

console log(myArray[1]); // 200

Mutable chart

add remove start end

push ✔ ✔

pop ✔ ✔

unshift ✔ ✔

shift ✔ ✔

Method .push()

// Adding a single element:

const cart = ['apple', 'orange'];

cart.push('pear');

// Adding multiple elements:

const numbers = [1, 2];

numbers.push(3, 4, 5);

Add items to the end and returns the new array length.

Method .pop()

const a= ['eggs', 'flour', 'chocolate'];

const p = a.pop(); // 'chocolate'

console.log(a); // ['eggs', 'flour']

Remove an item from the end and returns the removed item.

Method .shift()

let cats = ['Bob', 'Willy', 'Mini'];

cats.shift(); // ['Willy', 'Mini']

Remove an item from the beginning and returns the removed item.

Method .unshift()

let cats = ['Bob'];

 // => ['Willy', 'Bob']

cats.unshift('Willy');

// => ['Puff', 'George', 'Willy', 'Bob']

cats.unshift('Puff', 'George');

Add items to the beginning and returns the new array length.

Method .concat()

const array = [3, 2, 1]

const newFirstElement = 4

// => [ 4, 3, 2, 1 ]

[newFirstElement].concat(array)

// => [ 3, 2, 1, 4 ]

array.concat(newFirstElement)

if you want to avoid mutating your original array, you can use concat.

# JavaScript Loops
While Loop

while (condition) {

// code block to be executed

let i = 0;

while (i < 5) {

console.log(i);

i++;

Reverse Loop

const a = ['banana', 'cherry'];

for (let i = a.length - 1; i >= 0; i--){

console.log(`${i}. ${items[i]}`);

// => 2. cherry

// => 1. banana

Do…While Statement

x = 0

i = 0

do {

x = x + i;

console.log(x)

i++;

} while (i < 5);

// => 0 1 3 6 10

For Loop

for (let i = 0; i < 4; i += 1) {

console.log(i);

};

// => 0, 1, 2, 3

Looping Through Arrays

for (let i = 0; i < array.length; i++){

console.log(array[i]);

// => Every item in the array

Break

for (let i = 0; i < 99; i += 1) {

if (i > 5) {

break;

console.log(i)

// => 0 1 2 3 4 5

Continue
 for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

if (i === 3) { continue; }

text += "The number is " + i + "<br>";

Nested

for (let i = 0; i < 2; i += 1) {

for (let j = 0; j < 3; j += 1) {

console.log(`${i}-${j}`);

for...in loop

let dic = {brand: 'Apple', model: ''};

for (let key in mobile) {

console.log(`${key}: ${mobile[key]}`);

# JavaScript Iterators
Functions Assigned to Variables

let plusFive = (number) => {

return number + 5;

};

// f is assigned the value of plusFive

let f = plusFive;

plusFive(3); // 8

// Since f has a function value, it can be invoked.

f(9); // 14

Callback Functions

const isEven = (n) => {

return n % 2 == 0;

let printMsg = (evenFunc, num) => {

const isNumEven = evenFunc(num);

console.log(`${num} is an even number: ${isNumEven}.`)

// Pass in isEven as the callback function

printMsg(isEven, 4);

// => The number 4 is an even number: True.

Array Method .reduce()

const arrayOfNumbers = [1, 2, 3, 4];

const sum = arrayOfNumbers.reduce((accumulator, curVal) => {

return accumulator + curVal;

});

console.log(sum); // 10

Array Method .map()

const a = ['Taylor', 'Donald', 'Don', 'Natasha', 'Bobby'];

const announcements = a.map(member => {

return member + ' joined the contest.';

})

console.log(announcements);

Array Method .forEach()

const numbers = [28, 77, 45, 99, 27];

numbers.forEach(number => {

console.log(number);
});

Array Method .filter()

const randomNumbers = [4, 11, 42, 14, 39];

const filteredArray = randomNumbers.filter(n => {

return n > 5;
});

# JavaScript Objects
Accessing Properties

const apple = {

color: 'Green',

price: { bulk: '$3/kg', smallQty: '$4/kg' }

};

console.log(apple.color); // => Green

console.log(apple.price.bulk); // => $3/kg

Naming Properties

// Example of invalid key names

const trainSchedule = {

// Invalid because of the space between words.

platform num: 10,

// Expressions cannot be keys.

40 - 10 + 2: 30,

// A + sign is invalid unless it is enclosed in quotations.

+compartment: 'C'

Non-existent properties

const classElection = {

date: 'January 12'

};

console.log(classElection.place); // undefined

Mutable

const student = {

name: 'Sheldon',

score: 100,

grade: 'A',

console.log(student)

// { name: 'Sheldon', score: 100, grade: 'A' }

delete student.score

student.grade = 'F'

console.log(student)

// { name: 'Sheldon', grade: 'F' }

student = {}

// TypeError: Assignment to constant variable.

Assignment shorthand syntax

const person = {

name: 'Tom',

age: '22',

};

const {name, age} = person;

console.log(name); // 'Tom'

console.log(age); // '22'

Delete operator

const person = {

firstName: "Matilda",

age: 27,

hobby: "knitting",

goal: "learning JavaScript"

};

delete person.hobby; // or delete person[hobby];

console.log(person);

/*

firstName: "Matilda"

age: 27

goal: "learning JavaScript"

*/

Objects as arguments

const origNum = 8;

const origObj = {color: 'blue'};

const changeItUp = (num, obj) => {

num = 7;

obj.color = 'red';

};

changeItUp(origNum, origObj);

// Will output 8 since integers are passed by value.

console.log(origNum);

// Will output 'red' since objects are passed

// by reference and are therefore mutable.

console.log(origObj.color);

Shorthand object creation

const activity = 'Surfing';

const beach = { activity };

console.log(beach); // { activity: 'Surfing' }

this Keyword

const cat = {

name: 'Pipey',

age: 8,

whatName() {

return this.name

};

console.log(cat.whatName()); // => Pipey

Factory functions

// A factory function that accepts 'name',

// 'age', and 'breed' parameters to return

// a customized dog object.

const dogFactory = (name, age, breed) => {

return {

name: name,

age: age,

breed: breed,

bark() {

console.log('Woof!');

};

};

Methods
 const engine = {

// method shorthand, with one argument

start(adverb) {

console.log(`The engine starts up ${adverb}...`);

},

// anonymous arrow function expression with no arguments

sputter: () => {

console.log('The engine sputters...');

},

};

engine.start('noisily');

engine.sputter();

Getters and setters

const myCat = {

_name: 'Dottie',

get name() {

return this._name;

},

set name(newName) {

this._name = newName;

};

// Reference invokes the getter

console.log(myCat.name);

// Assignment invokes the setter

myCat.name = 'Yankee';

# JavaScript Classes
Static Methods

class Dog {

constructor(name) {

this._name = name;

introduce() {

 console.log('This is ' + this._name + ' !');

// A static method

static bark() {

console.log('Woof!');

const myDog = new Dog('Buster');

myDog.introduce();

// Calling the static method

Dog.bark();

Class

class Song {

constructor() {

this.title;

this.author;

play() {

console.log('Song playing!');

const mySong = new Song();

mySong.play();

Class Constructor

class Song {

constructor(title, artist) {

this.title = title;

this.artist = artist;

const mySong = new Song('Bohemian Rhapsody', 'Queen');

console.log(mySong.title);

Class Methods

class Song {

 play() {

console.log('Playing!');

stop() {

console.log('Stopping!');

extends

// Parent class

class Media {

constructor(info) {

this.publishDate = info.publishDate;

this.name = info.name;

// Child class

class Song extends Media {

constructor(songData) {

super(songData);

this.artist = songData.artist;

const mySong = new Song({

artist: 'Queen',

name: 'Bohemian Rhapsody',

publishDate: 1975

});

# JavaScript Modules
Require

var moduleA = require( "./module-a.js" );

// The .js extension is optional

var moduleA = require( "./module-a" );

// Both ways will produce the same result.

 // Now the functionality of moduleA can be used

console.log(moduleA.someFunctionality)

Export

// module "moduleA.js"

export default function cube(x) {

return x * x * x;

// In main.js

import cube from './moduleA.js';

// Now the `cube` function can be used straightforwardly.

console.log(cube(3)); // 27

Export Module

let Course = {};

Course.name = "Javascript Node.js"

module.exports = Course;

Import keyword

// add.js

export const add = (x, y) => {

return x + y

// main.js

import { add } from './add';

console.log(add(2, 3)); // 5

# JavaScript Promises
Promise states

const promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {

const res = true;

// An asynchronous operation.

if (res) {

resolve('Resolved!');

else {

reject(Error('Error'));

});

promise.then((res) => console.log(res), (err) => console.error(err));

Executor function

const executorFn = (resolve, reject) => {

resolve('Resolved!');

};

const promise = new Promise(executorFn);

setTimeout()

const loginAlert = () =>{

console.log('Login');

};

setTimeout(loginAlert, 6000);

.then() method

const promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {

setTimeout(() => {

resolve('Result');
}, 200);

});

promise.then((res) => {

console.log(res);

}, (err) => {

console.error(err);

});

.catch() method

const promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {

setTimeout(() => {

reject(Error('Promise Rejected Unconditionally.'));

}, 1000);

});

promise.then((res) => {

console.log(value);

});

promise.catch((err) => {

console.error(err);

});

Promise.all()

const promise1 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {

setTimeout(() => {

resolve(3);

}, 300);

});

const promise2 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {

setTimeout(() => {

resolve(2);

}, 200);

});

Promise.all([promise1, promise2]).then((res) => {

console.log(res[0]);

console.log(res[1]);

});

Avoiding nested Promise and .then()

const promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {

setTimeout(() => {

resolve('*');

}, 1000);

});

const twoStars = (star) => {

return (star + star);

};

const oneDot = (star) => {

return (star + '.');

};

const print = (val) => {

console.log(val);

};

 // Chaining them all together

promise.then(twoStars).then(oneDot).then(print);

Creating

const executorFn = (resolve, reject) => {

console.log('The executor function of the promise!');

};

const promise = new Promise(executorFn);

Chaining multiple .then()

const promise = new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(() => resolve('dAlan'), 100));

promise.then(res => {

return res === 'Alan' ? Promise.resolve('Hey Alan!') : Promise.reject('Who are y

}).then((res) => {

console.log(res)

}, (err) => {

console.error(err)

});

# JavaScript Async-Await
Asynchronous

function helloWorld() {

return new Promise(resolve => {

setTimeout(() => {

resolve('Hello World!');

}, 2000);

});

const msg = async function() { //Async Function Expression

const msg = await helloWorld();

console.log('Message:', msg);

const msg1 = async () => { //Async Arrow Function

 const msg = await helloWorld();

console.log('Message:', msg);

msg(); // Message: Hello World! <-- after 2 seconds

msg1(); // Message: Hello World! <-- after 2 seconds

Resolving Promises

let pro1 = Promise.resolve(5);

let pro2 = 44;

let pro3 = new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {

setTimeout(resolve, 100, 'foo');

});

Promise.all([pro1, pro2, pro3]).then(function(values) {

console.log(values);
});

// expected => Array [5, 44, "foo"]

Async Await Promises

function helloWorld() {

return new Promise(resolve => {

setTimeout(() => {

resolve('Hello World!');

}, 2000);

});

async function msg() {

const msg = await helloWorld();

console.log('Message:', msg);

msg(); // Message: Hello World! <-- after 2 seconds

Error Handling

let json = '{ "age": 30 }'; // incomplete data

try {

let user = JSON.parse(json); // <-- no errors

console.log( user.name ); // no name!

} catch (e) {

console.error( "Invalid JSON data!" );

 Aysnc await operator

function helloWorld() {

return new Promise(resolve => {

setTimeout(() => {

resolve('Hello World!');

}, 2000);

});

async function msg() {

const msg = await helloWorld();

console.log('Message:', msg);

msg(); // Message: Hello World! <-- after 2 seconds

# JavaScript Requests
JSON

const jsonObj = {

"name": "Rick",

"id": "11A",

"level": 4

};

Also see: JSON cheatsheet

XMLHttpRequest

const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();

xhr.open('GET', 'mysite.com/getjson');

XMLHttpRequest is a browser-level API that enables the client to script data transfers via JavaScript,
NOT part of the JavaScript language.

GET

const req = new XMLHttpRequest();

req.responseType = 'json';

req.open('GET', '/getdata?id=65');

req.onload = () => {

console.log(xhr.response);

};

req.send();

POST

const data = {

fish: 'Salmon',

weight: '1.5 KG',

units: 5

};

const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();

xhr.open('POST', '/inventory/add');

xhr.responseType = 'json';

xhr.send(JSON.stringify(data));

xhr.onload = () => {

console.log(xhr.response);

};

fetch api

fetch(url, {

method: 'POST',

headers: {

'Content-type': 'application/json',

'apikey': apiKey
},

body: data

}).then(response => {

if (response.ok) {
return response.json();

throw new Error('Request failed!');

}, networkError => {

console.log(networkError.message)

})

JSON Formatted

fetch('url-that-returns-JSON')

.then(response => response.json())

.then(jsonResponse => {

console.log(jsonResponse);

});

promise url parameter fetch api

fetch('url')

.then(

response => {

console.log(response);

},

rejection => {

console.error(rejection.message);

);

Fetch API Function

fetch('https://api-xxx.com/endpoint', {

method: 'POST',

body: JSON.stringify({id: "200"})

}).then(response => {

if(response.ok){

return response.json();

throw new Error('Request failed!');

}, networkError => {

console.log(networkError.message);

}).then(jsonResponse => {

console.log(jsonResponse);

})

async await syntax

const getSuggestions = async () => {

const wordQuery = inputField.value;

const endpoint = `${url}${queryParams}${wordQuery}`;

try{

const response = await fetch(endpoint, {cache: 'no-cache'});

if(response.ok){

const jsonResponse = await response.json()

catch(error){

console.log(error)
}

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