COLEGIO DE DAGUPAN

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
Arellano St. Dagupan City, Pangasinan

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF RECYCLED

GLASS BOTTLES AS AN ALTERNATIVE
SOURCE IN MAKING WINDOW PANES

FABIA, BRIX A.
LAVARIAS, JOHN PATRICK C.
PALISOC, MILVER P.
PRUDENCIO, FEDERLY C.
SERRANA, JERIC V.
RESEARCHERS:

ENGR. RAQUEL ALMENDARES

RESEARCH ADVISER
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter I: Introduction
Background of the Study 3
Statement of the Problem 4
Conceptual Framework 5
Scope and Limitation of the Study 6
Significance of the Study 6
Definition of Key Terms 7
Chapter II: Review of Related Literature
Related Literature 8
Foreign Literature 11
Local literature 14
Reference 15
Chapter III: Research Methodology
Research Methodology 16
Research Design 16
The Research Instrument 16
Data Gathering Procedure 19
Statistical Treatment 20

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 CHAPTER 1

Background of the study

Because of the growing waste management crisis, the need to conserve increasingly
scarce resources, a heightened environmental consciousness, and public support for
tougher environmental policies, recycling has recently become an important public policy
issue at the State level. Recycling can play a critical role in a state's integrated solid waste
management plan by significantly reducing the volume of solid waste, while also
conserving valuable energy and resources.
Glass is an important inorganic substance that is produced in vast quantities by various
businesses. It may be produced into a wide range of things that are useful in man's daily
life. It is an amorphous solid that can contain a variety of semiconductors, but is mostly
composed of molten silica, limestone, and soda ash.
In our homes, we all have glass. Crockery, windows, doors, mirrors, disposable bottles,
and a variety of other home products are all made of glass. Though the purpose for which
we put them may vary, one thing is certain: we can recycle this glass. Glass, like other
recyclable materials, can be placed in the recycling bin. However, before you do so, you
must first comprehend the concept of glass recycling. As a material for recycling, glass
presents several problems. Not only is the virgin material used to make glass plentiful,
but difficulties exist in maintaining the quality of recovered glass. Some states are
looking for alternative markets for these goods; others have adopted container deposit
legislation. The process of converting glass materials into new glass goods is known as
glass recycling. Used glass materials are recycled in this fashion, which necessitates
breaking and melting the glass.
Making large flat sheets of glass is difficult using traditional glass blowing technique
that’s why paned windows existed. It served as a source of light on the past until this
present time. Sometimes it is built on the bathroom, kitchen or on the wall since it is
popular now that instead of using cement or blocks in making their walls they are using
glasses as part of modernization. Glass bottles is one source of creating panes windows
that’s why most of people recycled glass bottles and sell it in the junkshop.
GLASS recycling benefits the environment and held to save money on home
decorating. Most of recycled glass nowadays use as interior decoration. Glass recycling
also allows to create fabulous home decorations and as an inexhaustible source of
inspiring, natural and beautiful material for new design. But, not all glass bottles can
recycled and sell at junkshop.

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 Junkshop collectors refuse to bring wine bottles and other types of glass bottles
because of its allegedly low quality and price. so these bottles are only left on the side of
the house which is also included in the flow of water every time the flood rises which is
very dangerous to people. In order to avoid this kind of disaster we need to recycle or
recreate those bottles instead of piled on the side of the house. We should think on how
those glass bottles will contribute to the people or on how it can help them than harming
them when disasters came.
As a result recycling is the best way to reduce that kind of waste that piled on the side
of houses or on the streets. Recreating glass bottle that would help people to improve
their houses would result to a brighter home and a better environment as well.

Statement of the Problem

The study will be conducted to recreate the window panes through recycling waste
glass bottle in order for us to minimize waste and to become creative as well the
researchers seek to solve the following problems:
SUB PROBLEM

To determine their perception, the respondents sought to answer the following questions:

1. The Profile of the respondents according to their:

A. Age

B. Gender

2. What are the effects of implementing recycled glass bottle into window pane?

A. Industrial

B. Environmental

3. What measures to implement to minimize the identified problem?

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Conceptual Framework

INPUT
1. PROFILE
 Age
 Gender
2. Identifying the Problem:
 Industrial
 Environmental
 Questions:
 The Profile of the respondents according to their:
 Age
3. Measures you can suggest to minimize the problem.

PROCESS
1. Self-made Questionnaire (Checklist)
2. Data Gathered
 Tallied
 Analyzed
 Interpret
3. Treatment of Data
 Frequency Distribution
 Percentage
 Weighted Mean
 Likert Scale

OUTPUT

The Effectiveness of Recycled Glass Bottles as an Alternative Source

in Making Window Panes

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Assumption of the study

The Effectiveness of Recycled Glass Bottles as the Main Source in Making Window
Panes.

These are the following assumptions with regards to our study:

1. There is an effect of recycling glass bottle as the main source in making window panes.

2. There is an effect in doing recycling glass bottle to make our windows unique.

3. There is a unique process of creativity in doing window panes.

4. There is an effect of minimizing waste and a great waste management as a result of

recycling.

Alternative Hypothesis:
There is a significant effect of recycled glass bottle as an alternative source in making
window panes
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study will be conducted at Dagupan city as the respondents of the research. The
window maker in the Dagupan city are the only respondents at our study because the
scope of our study is The effectiveness of recycled glass bottles as an alternative source
of making window panes. In this case window maker, junkshop owner and house owners
are perfect respondent of the study.
Significance of the Study
This research was conducted to know the effectiveness of making window pane by
using the recycled glass bottles. Through this research the respondents will find out how
effective the recycled glass bottles in transforming their window pane in a unique way.
The outcome of the study will benefit and relevant to the following:
COMMUNITY: it will greatly benefit with the study as it helps people to recycle their
glass bottles and turned into a beautiful window pane in their houses.
ENVIRONMENT: it will help the environment to reduce emissions, saves energy and
reduces consumption of raw materials. It will also help the environment to minimize the
non-biodegradable waste to be usable than throwing anywhere.

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FUTURE RESEARCHER: Researcher will benefit from this study as it can serve as
basis for their future researches.
Definition of Key Terms
Window-is an opening in a wall, door, roof, or vehicle that allows the passage of light
and may also allow the passage of sound and sometimes air.
Pane- a single sheet of glass in a window or door.
Bottle-a container, typically made of glass or plastic and with a narrow neck, used for
storing drinks or other liquids.
Recycle-convert (waste) into reusable material.
Recycling-is the process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects.
Alternative- offering or expressing a choice.
Effectiveness-the degree to which something is successful in producing a desired result;
success.

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 CHAPTER 2
Review of Related Literature

Related Literature
The role of glass in world history is perhaps best understood as but one example of a
common pattern in world history in which the generation of new knowledge leads to
significant innovations and the embedding of a richer understanding in new or improved
objects. These objects, which anthropologists call material culture, if they are useful, in
demand and relatively easy to produce, are often disseminated in huge quantities. These
objects then change the conditions of life and may well feed back into the possibilities of
further exploration and innovation. This can happen in two ways: (1) by generating the
wealth that enables more effort to be applied to the generation of new knowledge; or (2)
by providing better tools for improved understanding. This pattern of innovation and
change has occurred in many spheres of life. The pattern is enduring when objects are
widely disseminated and it can be a cumulative process.
Windows are a significant component in sustainable buildings in both the impacts
caused by their material life cycles and by their influence on the performance of a
building over its service life. Life cycle assessment (LCA) studies have compared the
impacts of different framing materials with mixed results. LCA has also been used to
estimate the environmental payback of higher manufacturing impacts from producing
better performing windows. Future sustainable window selection should make use of
standardized LCA data for windows and utilize advanced technologies to optimize
window performance.
A third major use of glass was and is for windows. Until the late nineteenth century,
window glass was found only at the western end of Eurasia. Before that time, China,
Japan, and India hardly made use of glass for windows, using bamboo and paper shades
instead. The most dramatic development of window glass was even more limited, taking
place mainly in Europe north of the Alps.
The fourth major use comes from the reflective capacity of glass when silvered. The
development of glass mirrors covered the whole of western Europe, but largely excluded
the Islamic world. Glass mirrors were less popular in India, China and Japan.
Old heritage glass panes can be reused as they are unique and were made by craftsmen
hundreds of years ago. Window restoration companies can reuse old glass when replacing

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cracked glass panes during restoration. We always have some old glass panes in our
storage as the best glass replacement is the one that will match the original glass that is
being replaced.
Bottle glass is one of the most recyclable items around. By contrast, in many
communities, it is nearly impossible to recycle window glass. Why the disparity? Though
the two products may seem virtually the same, there are actually some notable
differences. Bottle glass has a different chemical composition and melting temperature
than window glass, meaning the two products can’t be recycled together. Manufacturers
creating new bottles have invested in the equipment needed to crush bottles and remelt
them. This infrastructure is vital to make recycling work. In addition, bottles are a fairly
uniform and easy-to-identify product. Window glass is a trickier proposition. Most
windows come attached to metal or wooden frames and have to be disassembled, which
is labor intensive and expensive. Picking out the different types of window glass poses a
bit more of a challenge. Is the glass tinted or not? Is it safety glass or tempered glass? All
these different subsets of window glass also cannot be combined to create a new product.
As a result, the industry has said “no” to recycling old windows. However, not all hope is
lost. Creative industry professionals are finding other uses for old windows. The glass
can be melted and remanufactured into Fiberglas. Ground glass can be incorporated into
glass halt, a glass and asphalt blend, or stirred into the reflective yellow and white paint
used on roads. Broken glass is combined with concrete to create terrazzo flooring and
countertops. Building Resources in San Francisco tumbles old glass (and ceramics) for
landscape, floral and decorative applications. Old windows can also be reused as is.
Donate them to a building material reuse company, or use them to construct greenhouses
or cold frames for the garden. Without glass instruments, such sciences as histology,
pathology, protozoology, bacteriology, molecular biology, astronomy, physics,
mineralogy, engineering, paleontology, volcanology, and geology could not have
developed. Without clear glass there would have been no laws about gases, no steam
engine, no internal combustion engine, no electricity, no light bulbs, no cameras, and no
television. Without clear glass, scientists could not have seen bacteria, and there would
have been little understanding of infectious diseases.
(https://recyclenation.com/2011/09/window-glass-recycling-difficult-not-impossible/)
Chemistry also depends heavily on glass instruments. For example, without glass there
would have been no understanding of nitrogen and so no artificial nitrogenous fertilizers.
Consequently, much of the agricultural advances of the nineteenth century would not
have occurred without glass. As for astronomy, there would have been no way of
demonstrating the structure of the solar system, no measurement of stellar parallax, no
way of substantiating the conjectures of Copernicus and Galileo. These findings initiated
a line of inquiry that, through the application of glass instruments, has revolutionized the
understanding of the universe and deep space. And in biology, without glass we would
have no understanding of cell division (or of cells), no detailed understanding of genetics,
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and certainly no discovery of DNA. Without eyeglasses, a majority of the population in
the Western world over the age of fifty would not be able to read this paper. Tait, H.
(Ed.). (2004)
The role of glass in history goes far beyond science. Without mirrors, lenses, and panes
of glass the artistic developments of the Renaissance would not have occurred. The new
understanding of the laws of optics, along with the new accuracy and precision in
painting were largely dependent on glass instruments of various kinds. The divergence of
world art systems in the period between 1350 and 1500 is impossible to conceive of
without the development of fine glass, which only occurred at that time in Venice.
MacFarlane, A., & Martin, G. (2002)
Glass isn't only an instrument to support understanding the world, yet in addition a
device to improve solace, proficiency, and wellbeing. Glass gives light access to insides
and is a hard and cleanable surface. This was one of its attractions to the critical Romans
as a crude material for vessels, and moreover for the Dutch in whose country the
utilization of glass grew most. Straightforward glass allows in light so house soil turns
out to be more noticeable. The actual glass should be spotless to be compelling. Along
these lines, glass, both from its tendency and the impacts it has, makes cleanliness
simpler to accomplish. What's more, glass adjusted the private house, yet at the
appropriate time changed shops, which started to orchestrate their product behind glass
windows.

According to MacFarlane, A., & Martin, G. (2002) Glass additionally changed farming
and information about plants. The utilization of glass in cultivation was not an innovation
of the early present-day Europeans. The Romans had utilized compelling houses and
ensured their grapes with glass. This Roman thought was restored in the later Middle
Ages, when glass structures for developing blossoms and later leafy foods start to show
up. As glass became less expensive and level window glass worked on in quality,
nurseries worked on the development of foods grown from the ground, carrying a better
eating routine to the populace. In the nineteenth century, glass compartments made it
workable for seeds and plants to be conveyed securely on long ocean ventures from
everywhere the world to change up European homesteads and gardens.
Among other innovations that altered daily life were stormproof lanterns, enclosed
coaches, lighthouses, and street lighting. Thus, travel and navigation were safer and
easier. The sextant requires glass and the precision chronometer cannot be used at sea
without glass. Glass bottles created a revolution in drinking habits by allowing wine and
beers to be more easily stored and transported. Glass even affected what humans believed
(stained glass) and how they perceived themselves (mirrors). Thus, at first through
drinking vessels and windows, then through lanterns, lighthouses, greenhouses,

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telescopes, and microscopes, and later through cameras, televisions, and computer
screens, the modern world built round glass emerged.

Foreign Literature

Glass constitutes a significant part of solid waste produced in the society. Glass is
primarily used for bottles or other containers for storing consumables and for drinking
glass or windows. Compared to many other types of waste, glass is unique because it can
be 100% recycled. Furthermore, manufacturing new glass products from recycled glass
requires only 40% of the energy necessary to make glass from virgin raw materials. In
practical terms, every recycled bottle saves an equivalent amount of energy as is required
to run a television set for 1.5 hours.

Finally, every piece of glass deposited takes up valuable landfill space. Therefore,
glass recycling saves energy and raw materials, reduces manufacturing cost of new
products and prolongs the lifespan of landfills. (MPK, 2009). This statement describes
about the specifications of glass and the benefits of glass recycling. The energy to
produce new product is less when used glass which recycled as the material and the cost
of manufacturing the product also reduced. It can be proved by Scotland (2003), he said
in his book, Glass Recycling Handbook that recycling is more sustainable as it requires
less energy and fewer raw materials in new glass manufacturing than using virgin
materials. One estimate is that a ton of glass cullet saves energy equivalent to 135 liters
of oil and 1.2 tons of primary raw materials1. Another estimate 2 gives a highly detailed
analysis of the energy consumption ion, concluding that energy saving varies
approximately linearly from zero to 17% as the proportion of recycled glass varies from
zero to 100 %. (Remade Scotland, 2003). British is one of the develop country which
look serious on glass recycling (Figure 2.1). In 1977 the glass industry launched the first
glass bank in Barnsley, in the North of England. There are now more than 22,500 glass
bank sites across the UK, equating to around 50,000 actual glass banks. Several glass
banks are required on each site in order to collect the different colors of glass separately.
In 2003, 617,000 tons of glass packaging was recycled back into new bottles and jars.
This represents a recycling rate of 35% of all the containers produced in the UK.
Government figures from DEFRA, that include glass used in additional markets such as
shot blasting, fiber glass and aggregates, show that in total 863,000 tons was recycled.
Using recycled glass in all markets helps the environment by saving resources and
reducing landfill. (https://jpspn.kpkt.gov)
Local Literature

The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA 9003), which was
promulgated in January 2001 in the Philippines, officially declares to minimize solid
waste all through its process, starting from generation followed by collection and

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treatment and ended with final disposal at landfills, without utilization of incineration
technologies for the purpose of ensuring the safety of human health and protection of the
environment as well as maximizing the efficient use of scarce natural resources. RA9003
provides extensive measures of waste minimization including waste reduction at sou
reuse, recycling, and composting while it requires collaborative efforts of all the relevant
stakeholders, i.e., government, business, NGOs, and citizens under the leadership of local
government unit (LGU), who holds the primary responsibility for solid waste
management (SWM) to achieve this common goal. “The Local Government Solid Waste
Management Plan”, which is provided in RA9003 to be formulated by each LGU, must
include the implementation plan of the concrete measures to achieve the minimum target
of diverting 25 percent of solid waste disposal amount within 5 years after the
enforcement of the Act through reuse, recycling, composting and so forth. Responding to
enactment of RA9003, community-based collection system of recyclable materials has
started to widely tested for full-scale implementation at some local and barangay levels,
some of which have shown success and good examples for further application. As to the
recycling industries, the end-users of collected recyclable materials, their status of
development varies with types of materials as well as localities. Domestic trade market of
recyclable materials also fluctuates with the trend of international supply and demand of
such materials, so that the domestic circulation of recyclable materials is not yet firmly
established in the Philippines. Due to the dominant role of informal sector in distribution
of recyclable materials, it is difficult to accurately capture the current material flow of
major recyclables in terms of their quantity as well as quality. Lack of data and
information on such recyclable materials impedes the development of stable trade market
for these materials.
The dominance of small and medium recyclers in the Philippines is also problematic in
terms of material consumption efficiency, proper management of working safety and
environment and pollution control. There are many potential areas of improvement in the
current recycling practices for resource use efficiency and environmental management. 2
The Board of Investments, Department of Trade and Industry (BOI-DTI), as a core
member of the National Solid Waste Commission (NSWMC), is mandated in RA9003 to
carry out the following tasks in relation to promotion of recycling industries as well as
creation and expansion of the recyclable materials market in the Philippines:
·Preparation of the Inventory of existing markets for recyclable materials and
examination of the measures to expand recyclable materials market;
·Examination of product standards for recyclable and recycled materials;
·Examination of the policies and measures to develop and promote recycling industries
such as eco-labeling, green purchasing/procurement policies, labeling of product
information, and so forth.

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 To formulate policies and measures to promote recycling industries in the Philippines
for enforcement of RA9003, DTI made an official request for providing technical
assistance to the Government of Japan (GOJ), who has enough experience in creating the
partnership among the government, business, and general public to establish the material.
Cycle society as well as currently promotes 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) Initiative in
the international society. In response to the request of the Government of the Philippines
(GOP), GOJ conducted the “Project Formulation Study” in October 2005 to validate the
necessity of technical assistance based on the identification of current status and issues on
recycling industry through data collection and discussions with relevant organizations in
the Philippines (Arcenal, Princess Diana P. Et.al)

In the Philippines, various informal/formal players are involved in collection and

distribution of recyclable materials. Such players include primary collectors such as street
collectors, collection truck crew and disposal site scavengers and middleman/traders
including eco-aides, junkshops and consolidators. Table below shows the collection rate
of individual primary recyclers interviewed in the survey. (openjicareport.jica.go.jp)

Scrap Glass and Glass Manufacturers (1) Import and Export of Glass Scrap and
Glass/Glassware In the Philippines, both import and export of scrap glass and cullet are
small, which was less than 5 thousand tons in 200

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 On the other hand, the import of glass was 47 thousand tons while its export was 32
thousand tons in 2004. Major country origins of glass import are China, Indonesia and
Taiwan while major export destinations of glass are Malaysia, Hong Kong and Thailand.
In addition, the import of glassware was 152 thousand tons while its export was only 16
thousand tons in 2004. The major country origins of glassware import are similar with the
case of glass import, i.e., China, Indonesia, and Taiwan.

LOCAL MUNIPICAL COUNCIL DATA

Why glass is chosen as main item in this project and no other recyclable materials
such as plastic and paper? For further information, consumer of recyclable materials
chose to recycle paper and plastic rather than glass. The glass is less recycled although
the consumption of glass is high such as in Kuantan. Majlis Perbandaran Kuantan (MPK)
is a municipal council in Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur. MPK has started the glass
recycle campaign in 2009 and there are some data distributions about the recycle along
the campaign. Furthermore, survey has been made by MPK to school, pubs and
restaurants. (https://jpspn.kpk)

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Reference
Blair, D. (1973). History of glass in Japan. New York: HarperCollins.
Dikshit, M. G. (1969). History of Indian glass. Mumbai, India: University of Bombay.
Gottlieb, C. (1981). The window in art. New York: Abaris Books.
Honey, W. B. (1987). English glass. London: Bracken Books.
Klein, D., & Lloyd, W. (Eds.). (2002). The history of glass. Boston: Little, Brown.
Liefkes, R. (Ed.). (1997). Glass. London: Victoria & Albert Museum.
MacFarlane, A., & Martin, G. (2002). The glass bathyscaphe: How glass changed the
world. London: Profile Books.
McGrath, R., & Frost, A. C. (1961). Glass in architecture and decoration. London:
Architectural Press.
Phillips, P. (Ed.). (1987). The encyclopedia of glass. London: Peerage Books. Tait, H.
(Ed.). (2004). Five thousand years of glass. Philadelphia: Penn Press.
Zerwick, C. (1990). A short history of glass. Corning, NY: Corning Museum of Glass.

15
 CHAPTER 3

Research Methodology
Describes all the process and strategy that we use in this research. It includes the three
parts of methodology. To be specific, the Research Design, Research Instrument and the
Statistical Treatment of the Data. It evaluates and describes the research design. It gathers
all the information for the Research Instruments and it interprets the statistical treatment
of Data.
Research Design
In this research, Quota Sampling Method Design is used to identify and get their
opinion in the implementation of recycled glass bottle. This research method design is the
way to get and measure the idea of our respondent to further understand even the smallest
detail whether the recycled glass bottles is effective in creating window panes.
Research Instrument
An experimental research, we used a survey questionnaire as the primary instrument
of the research through the use of google form. The survey questionnaires were
distributed in Dagupan City Pangasinan. We choose window maker, junkshop owner and
house owner as respondents. After distributed the survey form through online, the entire
survey questionnaire were gathered for the data analysis. The data analysis is fairly and
equally tab-tabulated for the interpretation and getting the average weighted mean.

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The Materials

The Materials and Tools

Materials:

Recycled glass bottle

Wood
Silicon sealant
Wood clear coat

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Tools:
Glass bottle cutter
Blow torch/candle
Water
Screw
Hand drill
Drill bits
Hacksaw

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The Procedure
Mixed waste streams may be collected from materials recovery facilities or mechanical
biological treatment systems. Some facilities can sort mixed waste streams into different
colors using electro-optical sorting units.
Because glass does not decompose, it is important to recycle it. Glass is almost 100%
recyclable and can be recycled endlessly without loss in quality or purity.
Glass Recycling Process
With some material related variations, glass recycling process has the following
steps:
Step 1 – Collecting
Step 2 – Sorting
Step 3 – De-Contamination process
Step 4 – Inspection method
Step 5 – cutting
Step 6 – Making recycled glass products

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Statistical Treatment of Data
To elaborate the data, and prevent the bias interpretation, we used statistical equation
to get and clearly analyze the data. The Average Weighted Mean is the perfect equation
to get the result for this research. The formula of AWM is:
Getting the Range:
(n−1)
R=
1
Where: R=range
n=number of scale
( 4−1)
R=
1
=0.75
Getting the Interpretation
Adding 0.75 to the lowest number
4 3.26 – 4.00 strongly agree
3 2.51 – 3.2 agree
2 1.76 – 2.50 disagree
1 1.00 – 1.75 strongly disagree

Getting the Average Weight Mean (AWM)

∑ (w . x)
X=
∑w

Where;
AWM=average weighted mean
w= respondent
x=scale

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