Assignment

On
A Problem of Female Foeticide and Infanticide in India: A Socio-
Legal Study

[Course Title: Minor II]

Submitted By
Darshana Chetry

UID
SF0121017
B.A.LL.B.’ 26

Faculty-In-Charge
Ms. Preeti Priyam Sharma
1
 Table of Content

TITLE PAGE NO.

1. Introduction……………………………………………………..….3

1.1 Scope and Objectives………………………………………..…4

1.2 Literature review…………………………………………….…4

1.3 Research questions………………………………………….….4

1.4 Research methodology………………………………………....4

2. The Significance of the Problems: Female Foeticide and Female

Infanticide………………………………………………………….5-6

2.1 Female Foeticide………………………………………………..6-7

2.2 Female Infanticide……………………………………………....7-8

3. Laws Against Female Foeticide and Infanticide……………….….9-11

4. Trends of Missing Females at Birth……………………………….12-14

5. The Consequences of Missing Females at Birth…………………..15-17

5.1 Suggestions to Curb Female Foeticide and Infoeticide…………17

6. Conclusion…………………………………………………………..18

7. References…………………………………………………………..18

2
Chapter 1:
Introduction
In India females are always considered to be inferior to male. We are in the 21 st century but
females are yet to get their equal rights and status. The patriarchal society can’t tolerate the fact
that females can do better than male and they are also capable of doing great things. The hate
towards females is so prevalent that they are not given the right to live their life. Though India’s
legal framework stipulates equal rights for all, regardless of gender. However, if we look into the
practical implication of the same, one can witness unequal power equations between males and
females which have led to violations of women’s reproductive rights. And also, the girl child has
often been a victim to the worst forms of discrimination. In many cases females are not even
given a chance to live a life of their own and if not then they are forced to live a life which is not
less than a living hell.

Female foeticide and infanticide in India are an alarming common practice. These are the major
social problems in India which has a direct connection with gender biases, deep-rooted
prejudices, and discrimination against the girl child. Strong male preference, with the extreme
consequence of elimination of the female child, has continued to increase rather than decline
with the spread of education and economic development. This trend has been helped further with
the progress in science and technology. Though it is illegal in India to determine the sex of a
Child before birth but some people find their way to know it and practice foeticide or if not
possible to know the sex, then after birth when they know that it is a girl then they practice
infanticide. This paper seeks to study these practices in a broad way taking into account its
historical background, some of the major causes behind these practices and analyze them; and it
also seeks to find out how these practices are a problem to a society and why there is a need to
stop such practices. The paper will also explore the legal side of these issues and what steps have
been taken till now to prevent them and lastly the effectiveness of those steps.

3
1.1Scope and Objectives
 To study about the significance of female foeticide and infanticide.
 To analyze the laws against female foeticide and infanticide.
 To study the trends of missing females at birth.
 To understand the consequences of missing females at birth.
 To suggest some suggestions to curb female foeticide and infanticide.

1.2Literature Review
 In the article published by The Lancet, which gives the data of all the missing females at
birth due to sex selective abortion from 1981 to 2016 after analyzing 2.1 million birth
histories in nationally representative surveys. This article provides data which focuses
particularly among the second and third children, at national and state levels.
 Sonia Vaze in her writings explains about the issues of sex-selective abortion in India and
gives an historical overview of the matter. The root cause behind female feticide is India’s
patriarchal perceptions. She talks about the legality of abortion in India as well and how
pandemic has affected the females.

1.3Research Questions
1. What are the significances of female foeticide and infanticide?
2. What are the laws against female foeticide and infanticide in India? Do they have any
implications?
3. How are the trends of missing females at birth affecting the nation in long-term?

1.4Research Methodology
This project is based on both qualitative and quantitative research, because data here are used
in the form of numbers as well as various explanation have also been made in the project.
The Researcher used Bluebook 20th Edition system for the references in this project.

4
Chapter 2:
The Significance of the problems: Female
Foeticide and Infanticide
‘Yatra Naryastu pujyante ramnte tatra Devtah’ India is historically said to be a land of culture
and a land where the women are considered as goddess and a blessing but the practices that we
Indians inculcate are in contradictory to those historical remarks and quotation mentioned
above. India has been under the influence of patriarchal society for too long and that also shows
a clear cultural bias towards women since ancient times. Women were always seen as a bane for
the family and as a result the girl child was either sent to the deathbed soon after her birth or if
she survives, she has to face all sort of brutality and torments from the society. The time has
changed and we are living in a modern 21 st century but still seeing various cases of torture on
women all over India, shows that the notion of people still has not changed and women are still
seen as a profanity to the society. According to a recent assessment by the United Nations
Children's Fund (UNICEF), India's population is missing up to 50 million girls and women as a
result of widespread gender discrimination. In most nations, there are around 105 female births
every 100 male births. There are less than 93 women for every 100 men in India.

According to the United Nations, 2,000 newborn girls are illegally terminated every day in India.
Female foeticide and female infanticide are two of the many other torture and injustice practiced
upon women. Aside from employing a variety of methods to murder a girl kid soon after
delivery, additional methods of killing the child in the womb after determining the sex are also
common. Today, more than 160 million females have gone missing in India as a result of this
deliberate eradication, resulting in a gender imbalance. Female foeticide and infanticide are still
a severe problem in India after all these years. Professor Anibel Ferus-Comelo, a labour and
gender studies expert in India at the UC Berkeley Goldman School of Public Policy, noted that
"before technology, newborns were just 'hidden' because of female infanticides." Baby girls have
been murdered, and the problem persists among those who cannot afford or do not have access to
technology or medical clinics." Therefore, his statement is an evident that shows how it is not

5
only technology that is playing a part in these practices but the patriarchal thoughts of the society
and their hate towards women in general plays a major role in prevalence of those practices.

2.1 Female Foeticide

Female feticide is an alarmingly frequent practice in India, as indicated by the most recent Indian
national census in 2011, there are only 914 females for every 1000 men in the zero to six-year-
old age range. Female foeticide, a form of systemic violence against women, has a
multidimensional and complex fundamental cause. According to the Indian Ministry of Health
and Family Welfare's 2006 annual report, "India's social, cultural, and religious fibre is primarily
patriarchal, leading to women's secondary status."

The culture of female inferiority and submission feeds a vicious circle of mass sex-selective
abortions and female feticide, exacerbating crimes against women. Female foeticides or sex-
selective abortions, occur when female foetuses are aborted due to a societal preference for sons.
Indian patriarchal attitudes are at the basis of sex-selective abortions and female foeticide. In
terms of culture, Indian boys uphold the family lineage by carrying the family name and
performing funeral ceremonies for their parents, allowing their spirits to leave safely. These
ideas have supported the mentality that parents should priorities their sons and treat them with
greater pride and respect than Indian females, who are considered less valuable in society.
Although this idea has become outmoded in more globalized countries, women in India's urban
and rural communities still believe that their roles should be limited to caregivers and mothers.

According to a poll conducted by the Thomson Reuters Foundation, India is the most dangerous
country for women. The prevailing perception that women have less societal value than men is
the root of female feticide in India. This viewpoint is influenced by a lack of female education, a
lack of female leadership, and negative opinions of women as "economic burdens." Boys have
long been seen as the family's "breadwinners" in terms of finances. They have carried the burden
of finding work and supporting their families. Girls, on the other hand, have long been seen as a
financial burden, particularly during marriage. Girls getting married at a young age is still
widespread in India's rural areas. According to Girls Not Brides, a global organization dedicated
to ending child marriage, roughly 27% of Indian girls marry before they turn 18. When a girl
marries, her parents are obliged to provide a "dowry" to the groom's family, which consists of

6
money, food, home items, and clothing. “Dowries”, according to Professor Ferus-Comelo, are "a
profoundly demeaning ritual." It's almost as though you're paying someone to abduct your
daughter." She went on to say that the tradition is still followed, but that "dowries are not always
termed 'dowries,' but they are sometimes called 'gifts,' and that there are many other
nomenclatures and euphemisms for them."

The political culture in India exacerbates the belief that women should be considered as second-
class citizens. In the 1980s, political propaganda in India and the United States used slogans like
"Pay 5,000 now, save 50,000 later" to urge South Asian populations to pay for sex-determination
technology rather than having a daughter and incurring future financial costs. "The same ads
have come back, now decades later, with clinics offering the same possibilities," Professor
Ferus-Comelo said, "and it illustrates that there is still a demand for sex-selective abortions even
in the United States." "Notions of womanhood related entirely to the heteronormative wife and
mother roles," she added, citing the rise of the Hindu political right. This limits women's ability
to break free from these constraints."

Data also supports the preference for boys over daughters objectively. Boys are more likely to
receive better medical care and food than girls. Girls, on the other hand, have limited access to
decent healthcare, education, and employment opportunities. Female foeticide is a complicated
problem in India, with cultural, economic, and political causes all contributing to the belief that
women's lives are less valuable than men.

Another such issue which requires urgent attention is of problem of infanticide.

2.2 Female Infanticide

Female infanticide is the intentional death of female infants. Gender-selective killing is another
term for it. The murdering of females of any age is referred to as 'gynocide' or 'femicide.' There
are various definitions for infanticide, with many agreeing that it is the deliberate death of a
newborn child within the first twelve months of life, and much of the variety beyond that related
to the manner used. In their definition, Tandon and Sharma describe the use of deadly chemicals
or "intentional neglect", while others have mentioned "throat splitting, starvation, smothering,
and drowning" as frequent infanticide methods. (Working Group on the Girl Child 2007. P.8).

7
Female infanticide is more widespread than male infanticide, and it is expected to have major
effects for the gender balance in some nations, particularly India and China. Rather than being
openly religious, the reasons are nearly always cultural. India has one of the highest female
foeticide incidents in the world. The female child population in the age group of 0-6 years
declined from 78.83 million in 2001 to 75.84 million in 2011. During the period 1991-2011, the
child sex ratio (0-6 years) declined from 945 to 914.

This issue could be caused by a number of factors. The reason for this is India's cultural,
economic, and religious heritage. Females are always viewed as a burden to society. A male
child is thought to bring wealth, reputation, well-being, and labour to the family, whereas a
female child is thought to bring bad luck. It is also a common belief that if a female is born, her
parents will have to spend more money on her education, which will be wasted because her
parents' ultimate goal is to marry her. In India, the Dowry system is the underlying cause of
female infanticide. The groom's family is required to receive dowry from the bride's family at the
time of her marriage, which creates a difficulty for poor families who cannot afford it. Parents
always regard a female as a financial obligation. Another explanation could be that a male child
is regarded as a road to heaven in Hindu mythology. In Hindu mythology, a male child is
regarded as providing moksha to his parents, also known as soul salvation. A male child is also
valued since he will continue the family line.

In 1975, solely female children were killed because of the one-child policy for the same reasons.
Various revolutionary technologies were introduced at the time, ultrasound machines were
placed, and people were thus made aware of various sex determination techniques and entangled
in such misunderstandings, eventually leading to the innocent female fetuses being slain in the
womb.

These convictions were not unique to the past; in today's world, individuals blindly believe these
things, and illiteracy plays a role in this, as it is currently the leading cause of female feticide.
Further, in today's world, corruption is pervasive, and despite the fact that sex determination is
illegal, private doctors are utilizing it as an illegal means to make money, and the worst part is
that it is even done by educated and well-to-do families.

8
There are various steps taken by govt. to stop such practices. The legal structure in India
regarding such practices are discussed in the next chapter.

Chapter 3:
Laws Against Female Foeticide and
Infanticide
Understanding the earnestness of the situation and due to above mentioned effects various laws
and policies are passed in this regard. Government passed its first law – ‘Medical Termination of
Pregnancy Act 1971’, that made abortion legal in almost all states across the country. The law
was made because of certain circumstances which were taken into consideration, which were:
medical health of the mother and in the case of rape. But it was found that there were certain
loopholes in the Act. Due to the advancement in technologies, there were chances of people
misusing it majorly and it was slowly turning into reality. While making this law the
Government had not considered the possibility of female foeticide due to technical advancement
and it made the law ineffective.

Sex diagnosis technology became available in the 1980s, resulting in widespread abuse and an
increase in the number of female foeticide cases. In 1994, the government passed the "Prenatal
Diagnostic Techniques Act", which prohibits sex selection and regulates prenatal diagnostic
techniques to prevent their misuse, considering the consequences of the earlier law. The Pre-
Conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse)
(PCPNDT) Act was revised in 2004.The PCPNDT Act of 2004 made numerous significant
modifications. It included amniocentesis and ultrasonography in its scope. It also resulted in the
Central Supervisory Board's empowerment and the development of State Level Supervisory
Boards. The laws, regulations, and penalties have been tightened.

In British India, a law called the "Female Infanticide Prevention Act 1870" was created to
prevent female infanticide. Other laws regulating this include the 'Dowry Prohibition Act 1961,'

9
the 'Immoral Traffic Prevention Act 1986,' the 'Ban on Ultrasound Testing 1996,' and many
others. But all these were proved highly ineffective.

Certain provisions are also found in the Indian constitution and the Indian Penal Code. Article 21
of the constitution mentions the right to life, its ambit has been widened by the judiciary in many
occasions and it also provides for rights to a preborn child. All of the limitations imposed by
Section 312 of the Indian Penal Code 1860, as well as the Medical Termination of Pregnancy
Act, 1971, infringe on the right to abortion and the right to health, which are derived from the
right to life given under Article 21 of the Constitution. The right to abortion is a type of privacy
right that is declared to be a continuation of the right to life under Article 21 of the Constitution.

Sections 312-316 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) deal with miscarriage and the loss of an unborn
child, with penalties ranging from seven years in prison and a fine to life imprisonment,
depending on the nature and purpose of the crime. "Whoever voluntarily causes a woman with
child to miscarry shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may
extend to three years, or with fine, or with both, if such miscarriage is not caused in good faith
for the purpose of saving the woman's life, and shall also be liable to fine."

Section 313: Causing miscarriage without woman's consent- “Whoever commits the offence
defined in the last preceding section without the consent of the woman, whether the woman is
quick with child or not, shall be punished with imprisonment for life or with imprisonment of
either description for a term which may extend to ten years.”

Section 314: Death caused by act done with intent to cause miscarriage- “Whoever, with intent
to cause the miscarriage of woman with child, does any act which causes the death of such
woman, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term may extend to ten
years, and shall also be liable to fine.”

Section 315: Act done with intent to prevent child being born alive or to cause it to die after
birth- “Whoever, before the birth of a child, does something with the intent of preventing that
child from being born alive or causing it to die after its birth, and succeeds in preventing that
child from being born alive or causing it to die after its birth, shall, if such act is not done in good

10
faith to save the mother's life be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term
which may extend to ten years or with fine.”

Section 316: Causing death of quick unborn child by act amounting to culpable homicide-
“Whoever commits any act in such conditions that if he caused death, he would be guilty of
culpable homicide, and who causes the death of a swift unborn child as a result of such act, shall
be punished with imprisonment of either description for a period that may extend to ten years.”

The state has provided many provisions and acts to prevent those problems of female foeticide
and infanticide but it yet fails to eradicate those practices. Female foeticide and infanticide are
collectively responsible for Indian society as a whole. Ending female feticide will, in the end,
necessitate a solution that is as nuanced and complex as the underlying basic reason.

11
Chapter 4:
Trends of Missing Females at Birth
The sex ratio at birth conventionally defined as the number of male births per hundred female
births is a biological constant, which undergo only slow changes and therefore a significant
change is unexpected during a small interval of time. Sex ratio is a valuable source for finding
the population of women and the ratio of women to that of men.

According to the 2010 Census, the sex ratio in India is 940 females per 1000 males. Even though
there is an on the edge improvement from the 2001 Census, where it was 933, it continues to be
considerably argumentative towards women. India's sex ratio of 940 is the lowest amongst the
most populous countries in the world, namely Pakistan, China, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Nigeria,
Japan, Brazil, USA and Russia. The sex ratio in India over the past 100 years has shown an
alarming decline from 972 in 1901, to 946 in 1991, to 933 in 2001 and 940 in 2010. The child
sex ratio has declined extremely since 1961, from 976 to 945 in 1991, to 925 in 2001 and 914 in
2010. An enormous number of states like Gujarat, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi and Haryana
have recorded a decline of 60 or more points in the ratio since 1991. The ratio has declined to
less than 900 girls per 1000 boys in states like Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab and Himachal
Pradesh.

Due to sex-selective abortion, India accounts for half of the world's missing female newborns.
It's unclear whether selective abortion of female fetuses has evolved throughout birth orders in
recent years. Missing female births have increased over the world, from virtually zero in the late
1970s to around 1.6 million in 2005–10. Between 1980 and 2010, there were roughly 30 million
missing female births, resulting in significant female population shortages.

12
A research paper published by ‘THE LANCET Global Health’ assessed 2·1 million birth
histories across the five surveys i.e., applying the conditional sex ratios from the surveys to
national births, it found that 13·5 million female births were missing during the three decades of
observation (1987–2016), on the basis of a natural sex ratio of 950 girls per 1000 boys. Missing
female births increased from 35 million in 1987–96 to 55 million in 2007–16. From the first
decade of observation (1987–96) to the last (2007–16), the conditional sex ratio worsened for the
entire country and practically all states, among both birth orders.

Due to a mix of socioeconomic, cultural, and historical circumstances, daughters in India endure
more discrimination than sons. In this setting, female fetuses are selectively aborted. The Pre-
Conception and Prenatal Diagnostic Procedures Act was passed by the Indian government in
1994, prohibiting the use of prenatal diagnostic techniques for sex-selective abortions that
became popular after 1985. However, the Act is widely regarded as ineffective. Sex-selective
abortions appears to have grown in nearly three-quarters of India's states during the 2001 and
2011 censuses.

Sex-selective abortion has been more popular among the wealthy and educated, but it is
uncertain whether this practice has changed among higher birth groups or how missing females
at birth are divided among Indian states. The data below shows the trends in missing female
births in India, notably among second and third order births (for which the most selective
abortions after an earlier daughter or daughters occur). Its goal is to assess sex-selective abortion
trends and offer updated estimates of total females missing at birth for each decade from 1987 to
2016.

13
According to a reasonable estimate of 950 girls every 1000 boys, the total number of missing
female births in India from 1987 to 2016 was 13.5 million. Missing female newborns increased
from 35 million in 1987–96 to 45 million in 1997–2006 and 55 million in 2007–16, implying an
annual average of 0.55 million sex-selective abortions. From 1987 to 2016, more than half of all
missing female newborns were second- and third-order births after an earlier daughter or
daughters, averaging 0.24 million a year. From the first decade of observation (1987–96) to the
last (2007–16), the conditional sex ratio for both birth orders in India deteriorated.

14
Chapter 5:
The Consequences of Missing Female at
Birth
According to data published by the Asian Center for Human Rights, an NGO based in New
Delhi, India ranks fourth in the world in terms of skewed sex ratios at birth, behind
Liechtenstein, China, and Armenia. In the world's second most populous country, there are 112
boys for every 100 girls.

The key reasons for the skewed sex ratio, according to an official report from India's health
ministry in 2013, were "son preference, mistreatment of the girl child resulting in increased death
at a younger age, female infanticide, female feticide...". Between 1990 and 2018, 15.8 million
Indian girls went missing owing to prenatal sex selection, according to the Population Research
Institute (PRI). According to PRI, over 550,000 females went missing in 2018 alone.

15
The government has passed laws prohibiting the use of ultrasound tests to determine the gender
of a fetus and sex-selective abortions. They have, however, been unable to resolve the issue.
Changes in social views about women and girls, according to sociologist Pramil Kumar Panda,
require time. As a result, he claims, regulations prohibiting female feticide have been ineffective.

A multitude of consequences are emerging as a result of the ineffectiveness of laws prohibiting

1. Skewed Sex Ratio: Because of the skewed gender ratio, men in some Indian areas, such
as Haryana, are already having difficulty finding marriages. Men are increasingly turning
to people smugglers for help, who supply them with women trafficked from destitute
families in Bangladesh. In their new homes, these women encounter a variety of issues,
ranging from an inability to communicate and acclimate to a new society to being
exploited as sexual slaves. inability to communicate and acclimate to a new society to
being exploited as sexual slaves.

Skewed sex ratios, according to sociologists, may lead to a deterioration of women's

2. Women Trafficking: The female population is rapidly declining due to female foeticide.
As a result, finding girls for marriage is getting increasingly difficult. This, in turn, leads
to the trafficking of young women. According to reports, girls from Assam and West
Bengal are kidnapped and sold for marriage in Haryana, the state with the lowest child
sex ratio in the country. Our society is becoming more male dominating as the female
population declines, which is not a healthy sign. Men believe themselves more superior
and above the law as the number of women decreases, resulting in women's exploitation.
Human trafficking has increased as a result of female foeticide. In 2011, 1500 Indian
women were brought and sold as brides in areas where foeticide has led to lack of
women.
3. Increase in Rape and Assault: The decline in female population will lead to increase in
rape and assault against them. Since they will be at minority there is a high chance that

16
 they will be treated in a wrong way by the majority. If women per man will be less than
they have to face a lot of sexual assault as well as physical assault. Her body will be used
for satisfying the needs of men, even without her consent leading to a rape.
4. Population Decline: With no female there will be no child. Without new child the
population will decline drastically. If there will be no female then there is no nation.

According to studies, countries with unequal gender ratios have a more violent society. "Crimes
against women, particularly by upper-caste on lower-caste, continue because the signal goes out
from the top-down that violence is permissible and that they deserve it since they are below our
level," says Professor Ferus-Comelo. This may be seen in India's north and northwestern states,
where gender gaps are the biggest and authority is concentrated among criminal groups known as
goondas.

Studies shows that, when there is a significant excess of males in countries with a skewed sex
ratio, they are unable to achieve economic or social stability through work. Men are more prone
to join criminal gangs in order to attain economic stability. Men want marriage in order to
acquire social security. Men, on the other hand, cannot find females to marry in some locations
where the ratio of women to men is disturbingly low. As a result, brides from other places are
"bought," resulting in forced marriages and human trafficking. "One would believe, rationally,
that if there are fewer women, their worth really rises," Professor Ferus-Comelo said. Their
market value for marriage should rise. However, this is not the case.

5.1 Suggestions to curb Female Foeticide and Infanticide

The main causes of such instances are people's economic conditions and a lack of education. The
only approach to battle the issue of female foeticide and infanticide, which is a complicated
problem, is to address the main causes, which include skewed political propaganda, a lack of
economic possibilities, and unenforced laws.

South Korea, a developed country with a skewed gender ratio, amended, adopted, and strictly
enforced laws prohibiting female foeticide, and encouraged and gave chances for more women to
enter the labour market, and used the media to organize support for their activities.

17
India should endeavor to properly enforce the Prohibition of Sex Selection Act by allocating
additional resources. In 2015, the administration attempted but failed to launch a similar
programme. Experts urge that the government should fine doctors who undertake illegal sex
determination testing and boost detection for illicit clinics and gang-provided services to better
their efforts.

Above all, the government should support women's education, create better possibilities for
women to enter the work market, allow more women to hold political roles, and adopt equal
inheritance laws. Additionally, men should receive health education on domestic violence
awareness and safe sex practices. One of the most important aspects in minimizing gender
discrimination and sexual assault is female education. Studies show that exposure to female
leadership reduces the gender gap in educational attainment significantly. Women will have
more opportunity to enter the workforce and become financially independent if they have better
access to quality education. Professor Ferus-Comelo expressed that, “economic independence
leads to less discrimination. If girls and women had equal access to wealth and income and legal
inheritance rights, they could have a sense of economic independence, then these kinds of norms
are going to change.”

Conclusion:
Therefore, from the above study it can be concluded that female foeticide is more
widespread in orthodox cultures. As a result, modifying mental processes through
consciousness raising, public appeal, and social action is vital to addressing these socio-
cultural factors. Additionally, all parties engaged, including religious and social leaders,
volunteer organizations, socially responsible media, doctors, the Medical Association,
and law enforcement officials, can collaborate to mitigate these issues. Government
should be active regarding these issues and take strict actions against the people who
commits such heinous crimes. The data clearly shows hoe the condition of India is in this
respect, so everyone should come forward to solve such an issue.

18
References:
1. Nandita Saikia, Catherine Meh, et al., Trends in Missing Females at Birth in India
from 1981 to 2016: Analyses of 2.1 million Birth Histories in Nationally Respective
Surveys, 9 THE LANCET 813, 4 (2021).
2. Sonia Vaze, Un-Natural Selection: Female Feticide in India, THE PUBLIC HEALTH
ADVOCATE (May 17, 2022, 9:29 PM), https://pha.berkeley.edu/2021/04/10/un-
natural-selection-female-feticide-in-india/ .
3. DW, https://www.dw.com/en/female-feticide-in-india-a-paradox-of-development/a-
49852825 (Last accessed 17 May, 2022)
4. S.BHAMRI & ASSOCIATES, https://www.sbhambriadvocates.com/post/female-
foeticide-legal-measures-to-curb-this-social-evil (Last accessed 18 May,2022)
5. LAW TIMES JOURNAL, https://lawtimesjournal.in/female-infanticide-still-a-threat-
to-india/ (Last accessed: 18 May, 2022)
6. JOURNAL OF GLOBAL HEALTH,
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5441446/#:~:text=In%20an
%20attempt%20to%20curb,techniques%20to%20prevent%20their%20misuse (Last
accessed 18 May, 2022)

19