Tourism Development Plan For North Cotabato
Tourism Development Plan For North Cotabato
Tourism Development Plan For North Cotabato
Cotabato
Members:
Macalino, Jasmine Claire D.
Tapawan, Alessandra N.
Professor:
Ms. Irene Gueco
Form of Tourism: Adventure Tourism
Attractions
Lake Agco
Lake Baranibud
Lake Venado
Tawsuvan Falls
The Tent City: Camp 10 Rangayen Alamanda
Characteristics Least
Most
Natural/Undisturbed 1 2 3 4 5
According to Travelling is fun (2017), Lake Agco is being recognized by the Department
of tourism for its potential to have nature as a main attraction. Which they quickly earned a
reputation as one of Mindanao’s top tourist destination. With their breathtaking views of nearby
falls, lakes, and lagoons. The lush greeneries of flora and fauna continue to thrive and offer
something for tourist to feast their eyes. The surrounding forest is what makes up the Mt. Apo’s
foothill and Lake Agco is one of the major four lakes that provide the main and clear water
.
Traveling is fun: Lake Agco (2017) retrieved from http://travelagos.blogspot.com/2011/06/lake-
agco.html
Characteristics Least
Most
Festivals 1 2 3 4 5
Culinary Expenses 1 2 3 4 5
Museum 1 2 3 4 5
Criteria 3. Accessibility
Characteristics Least
Most
According to Tisoy Traveler (2018) Lake Agco is accessible in all types of transportation.
Whether it's a Bus, van, taxi, multicab or a motorcycle or known as Habal- Habal which are
available to rent where to/from depends on location and destination.
According to the JVC Service Center they are located at Kidapawan and near Mt. Apo’s
geothermal plant. They work on household appliances and goods, Scientific and Technical
services activities. The distance of the service center from Lake Agco is 46.3 km.
Tisoy Traveler (2018). How to get there in Lake Agco retrieved from
https://tisoytraveler.wordpress.com/tag/how-to-get-there-in-lake-agco/
Characteristics Least
Most
Drainage/Sewerage System 1 2 3 4 5
According to Solid Waste Management (2020) The City collects solid wastes in each
household everyday using garbage truck. Those collected wastes are dumped in a sanitary
landfill located at Barangay Onica. The Non-biodegradable wastes are collected and dumped
in the sanitary landfill. Composting is recommended to households where they can
decompose biodegradable wastes since burning is implemented to avoid and proposed the
Clean Air Act.
According to Metro Kidapawan Water District (2020) The Water Supply
Improvement Project includes source development and one of these is the famous lake Agco.
In which the water source is heated by the underlying volcanic vents and is rich with
minerals such as sulfur, which the indigenous people say that it could be use for a medicinal
value.
According to the Energy Development Company Leader Lopez-Led (2020) they have
successfully established the 108 megawatt Midanao’s Geothermal facility.EDC are the one
who operates the 108.48-MW Mount Apo Geothermal Project and they supply clean and
reliable power to the whole Mindanao. It is known as the global pioneer in the geothermal
energy industry and the Philippine’s largest vertically-integrated geothermal developer,
delivering 1,457.8MW of clean and renewable energy to the Country.
Metro Kidapawan Water District (2020). Solid Waste Management retrieved from
https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/41665/41665-013-iee-en.pdf
BusinessMirror (2019). EDC’s Kidapawan Geothermal power plants back online retrieved from
https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/11/15/edcs-kidapawan-geothermal-power-plants-back-
online/
Characteristics Least
Most
According to TripAdvisor (2021) the reviews shows that Resorts near the Lake Agco
provide good quality service and also some improvements in areas that are lacking. The resort
provides hot spring, mineral steam spa, mineral mud pool, and the rest of the usual hot and cold
pools. Food is available at reasonable prices and as it said that resort staff is very accommodating
and attentive.
Characteristics Ye N
s o
Privately Owned/Managed/Leased 5 1
According to Hiker’s Itch (2016) Lake Agco is being operated and managed by the
Community of Local Agribusiness Partners Multi-Purpose Cooperative. The cooperative consists
of farmers and tribal groups that were formed through the efforts of the Social Corporate
Responsibility Program. One of their main goals is to help protect and preserve watershed areas
and other natural environment features in the region.
Hiker’s Itch (2016).Kidapawan City’s Famous Lake Agco and the Manobos of Ilomavis reloaded
retrieved from https://hikersitch.com/lakesfalls/kidapawan-lake-agco-ilomavis-manobos-
reloaded.html
Characteristics Yes No
Landfill/Dumpsite 1 5
Mining Site 1
5
Informal Settlements 1 5
Beautiful Vista/View
5 1
1
Presence of Support Services 5
(Surroundings Refer to Areas Which are Within 5km Radius From the
Site)
According to Discover more fun (2018) Lake Agco is known for being the Garden of
Eden because of its lake and the surrounding Flora and Fauna, which they also considered the
place as a Natural Spa Village. The most scenic spot is at the foot of Mount Apo. Which is
surrounded by mountain ranges, where Mount Apo is a protected area and is the top climbing
destination in the Philippines? There are no nearby Landfills, Mining site or any Supports
services within 5km from the site.
Characteristics Least
Most
Natural/Undisturbed 1 2 3 4 5
According to Daniel’s Eco Travel (2021) Lake baranibud is the least known Cotabato
tourist spot. Because it lies deep in the remote forests that can only be accessed via hours of
hiking. It is believed that the overflow of the lake feeds Daday Falls .Which it is rated as
Undisturbed because it can only be visited when tourists are willing to hike for hours. Lake
Baranibud is an undeveloped destination and so it is not yet recognized by the DOT.
Daniel’s Eco Travel (2021). North Cotabato Tourist spots retrieved from
https://danielsecotravels.com/cotabato-tourist-spots/
Festivals 1 2 3 4 5
Culinary Expenses 1 2 3 4 5
Museum 1 2 3 4 5
Criteria 3. Accessibility
Characteristics Least
Most
According to Daniel’s Eco Travel (2021) Lake baranibud is not yet discovered. There is
limited transportation that travels in the said destination. Habal Habal or the Motorcycle
transportation is the only transportation that can be rented. Most tourists who go to Lake
Baranibud hike for the longest time. There are no Service or Tower centers that are near in the
location.
Daniel’s Eco Travel (2021). North Cotabato Tourist spots retrieved from
https://danielsecotravels.com/cotabato-tourist-spots/
Criteria 4. Availability of Basic Utilities
Characteristics Least
Most
Drainage/Sewerage System 1 2 3 4 5
According to SubayBayan (2018) it is supported by the Salin Tubig Program. Where they
also construct and implement improvements to the water supply.
According to Noel Punzalan and Edwin Fernandez (2018) COTELCO is the power
supply of Alamada. In which Cotelco gets additional power supply from the Aboitiz-owned coal-
fired plants in Davao City, Energy Development Corporation geothermal plant, and Agus power
plants through the National Grid Corporation of the Philippines.
GovPH (2018). Philippine News Agency: New P100 M power line boost for North Cotabato
retrieved from https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1039742
According to World Orgs (2021) Resorts near Lake Baranibud provides tranquility of
ambience and pollution and noiseless free..Good quality accommodation with reasonable price.
The cold spring and fresh cold water from a hidden avatar is what the tourist much love about.
Characteristics Ye No
s
Ancestral Domain/Land 5 1
Claimants
According to Daniel’s Eco Travel Lake Baranibud does not only provide Scenic view but
it has something being preserved and that is the old-growth rainforests, one of the last remaining
in Mindanao. Which made it remain an undisturbed site.
Daniel’s Eco Travel (2021). North Cotabato Tourist spots retrieved from
https://danielsecotravels.com/cotabato-tourist-spots/
Characteristics Yes No
Landfill/Dumpsite 1
5
Mining Site 1 5
Informal Settlements 1 5
Beautiful Vista/View 5 1
(Surroundings Refer to Areas Which are Within 5km Radius From the
Site)
According to Daniel’s Eco Travel Lake baranibud only has Beautiful scenic view
provided. Activities are restricted other than Hiking because it is the only way to reach Lake
Baranibud. Few tourists only go to this lake and so it remained undisturbed.
Daniel’s Eco Travel (2021). North Cotabato Tourist spots retrieved from
https://danielsecotravels.com/cotabato-tourist-spots/
Site/Attraction Evaluation of Lake Venado
Characteristics Least
Most
Natural/Undisturbed 1 2 3 4 5
According to Travel to the Philippines (2019) Lake Venado ranked second to the most
outstanding lake in the nation. It is an endorheic lake, which means it doesn’t flow into the sea.
The locals that live near the lake call it Linaw which means Clear because of how crystal clear
the water is. It remains undisturbed because swimming in the lake is strictly prohibited. Also it is
accredited by the Department of Tourism.
Travel to the Philippines (2019) Lake Venado lies at the foot of the Mount Apo retrieved from
http://www.traveltothephilippines.info/2019/10/26/lake-venado-lies-at-the-foot-of-mt-apo/
Criteria 2. Historical/Cultural Values
Characteristics Least
Most
Festivals 1 2 3 4 5
Culinary Expenses 1 2 3 4 5
Museum 1 2 3 4 5
Criteria 3. Accessibility
Characteristics Least
Most
According to Discover Philippines (2018) Just like Lake Agco, Lake Venado is
accessible in all types of transportation. Where Bus, van, taxi, multicab or a motorcycle or
known as Habal Habal are available to rent were to/from depends on location and destination
which also the fare is very cheap.
According to the JVC Service Center they are located at Kidapawan and near Mt. Apo’s
Geothermal plant. Which they work on household appliances and goods, Scientific and
Technical services activities. The distance of the service center from Lake Venado is 38 km.
Characteristics Least
Most
According to Solid Waste Management (2020) The City collects solid wastes in each
household everyday using garbage truck. They also reach to the places where the lakes are
located and collect waste as it is still part of Kidapawan. For them to maintain the cleanliness
of the tourist spots and tourist can comeback with satisfaction. Those collected wastes are
dumped in a sanitary landfill located at Barangay Onica. The Non-biodegradable wastes are
collected and dumped in the sanitary landfill. Composting is recommended to households
where they can decompose biodegradable wastes since burning is implemented to avoid and
proposed the Clean Air Act.
Metro Kidapawan Water District (2020). Solid Waste Management retrieved from
https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/41665/41665-013-iee-en.pdf
BusinessMirror (2019). EDC’s Kidapawan Geothermal power plants back online retrieved from
https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/11/15/edcs-kidapawan-geothermal-power-plants-back-
online/
Characteristics Least
Most
According to Traveloka (2021) Accommodations near the lake provide good quality
service, food and very attentive staff. One thing that needs improvement is the Amenities are
restricted because of the pandemic but regardless the ambiance of the location really helps
tourists to relax and be disconnected with negativity.
Traveloka (2021) Best Hotels near Lake Venado retrieved from https://www.traveloka.com/en-
ph/hotel/philippines/landmark/lake-venado-900000002101
Characteristics Ye N
s o
Privately Owned/Managed/Leased 1 5
Ancestral Domain/Land 1 5
Claimants
Characteristics Yes No
Landfill/Dumpsite 1 5
Mining Site 1
5
Informal Settlements 1
5
Beautiful Vista/View 5 1
(Surroundings Refer to Areas Which are Within 5km Radius From the
Site)
PHmillennia (2021) The Most Scenic Lakes in the Philippines retrieved from
https://phmillennia.com/most-scenic-lakes-in-the-philippines/
Site/Attraction Evaluation of Tawsuvan Falls
PROVINCE/CITY/MUNICIPALITY: Municipality of Magpet ,Province of North Cotabato
SITE/ATTRACTION: TAWSUVAN FALLS
SITE CLASSIFICATION: Existing
(Existing/Emerging/Potential)
TRAVEL TIME: 38 mins (23.3km)
Characteristics Least
Most
Natural/Undisturbed 1 2 3 4 5
Philippines Lifestyle News (2021) The beauty of Tawsuvan Falls in the Foothills of Mount Apo,
North Cotabato retrieved from
https://www.google.com/amp/s/philippineslifestyle.com/the-beauty-of-tawsuvan-falls-in-the-
foothills-of-mount-apo-north-cotabato/%3Famp
Characteristics Least
Most
Festivals 1 2 3 4 5
Culinary Expenses 1 2 3 4 5
Museum 1 2 3 4 5
Criteria 3. Accessibility
Characteristics Least
Most
According to Philippines Lifestyle News (2021) the trip into the falls is very accessible
by the use of all kinds of vehicles such as tricycles, jeepneys and habal-habal. As indicated, the
commercial transport is not available on the said spot like vans. The service center is accessible
too, but the distance from the tower center from the falls is very far.
.Philippines Lifestyle News (2021) The beauty of Tawsuvan Falls in the Foothills of Mount Apo,
North Cotabato retrieved from https://www.google.com/amp/s/philippineslifestyle.com/the-
beauty-of-tawsuvan-falls-in-the-foothills-of-mount-apo-north-cotabato/%3Famp
Characteristics Least
Most
Drainage/Sewerage System 1 2 3 4 5
Almost all of the barangays in the municipality have clean water supply and power
energy service by Cotabato Electric Cooperative (COTELCO) but this can be found near the
electric transmission line and the center of the barangay, but in the sitio power services still need
to be implemented. The communication and use of the internet is not that accessible since it is far
from the city. While, the solid management system is in good performance.
Philippines Lifestyle News (2021) The beauty of Tawsuvan Falls in the Foothills of Mount Apo,
North Cotabato retrieved from https://www.google.com/amp/s/philippineslifestyle.com/the-
beauty-of-tawsuvan-falls-in-the-foothills-of-mount-apo-north-cotabato/%3Famp
Characteristics Least
Most
Philippines Lifestyle News (2021) The beauty of Tawsuvan Falls in the Foothills of Mount Apo,
North Cotabato retrieved from https://www.google.com/amp/s/philippineslifestyle.com/the-
beauty-of-tawsuvan-falls-in-the-foothills-of-mount-apo-north-cotabato/%3Famp
Characteristics Ye No
s
Local Government Owned 5 1
Privately Owned/Managed/Leased 1 5
Tawsuvan falls is a locally government owned attraction in North Cotabato but there are
1 out of 5 that are privately leased or owned. It is said to be government owned since it’s a
natural tourist attraction in the province of North Cotabato.
Travel to the PH Admin (2019) Popular Tourist Spots in North Cotabato retrieved from
https://www.google.com/amp/www.traveltothephilippines.info/2019/08/22/popular-tourist-spots-
in-north-cotabato/amp/
Characteristics Yes No
Landfill/Dumpsite 1 5
Mining Site 1 5
Informal Settlements 1 5
Beautiful Vista/View 5 1
(Surroundings Refer to Areas Which are Within 5km Radius From the
Site)
According to Travel to the PH Admin (2019) Tawsuvan Falls is not a landfill or dump
site thus, it is a mining site. The beautiful view might be seen in the area, a natural and relaxing
flow of water from the falls. Also, the fresh vibes of the site since it is surrounded by trees,
mountains, all natural views.
Travel to the PH Admin (2019) Popular Tourist Spots in North Cotabato retrieved from
https://www.google.com/amp/www.traveltothephilippines.info/2019/08/22/popular-tourist-spots-
in-north-cotabato/amp/
Characteristics Least
Most
Natural/Undisturbed 1 2 3 4 5
According to VisMin (2019) Endowed with abundant agricultural land and beautiful eco-tourism
sites, Alamada offers a truly refreshing and unique view. Since it serves as a camping site, it is
being developed and constructed for a better camping experience. In addition, this site is not
recognized by the DOT.
VisMin.ph (2019) The Tent City: Mountain-Top Attraction with a majestic view in Alamada
retrieved from https://vismin.ph/2021/the-tent-city-alamada/
Characteristics Least
Most
Festivals 1 2 3 4 5
Culinary Expenses 1 2 3 4 5
Museum 1 2 3 4 5
Criteria 3. Accessibility
Characteristics Least
Most
Accessible All Year (please specify vehicle type: all 1 2 3 4 5
kinds of vehicle)
According to VisMin (2019), tricycle, bus, car, and habal-habal are the available
transportation vehicles that the tourist might choose to get in the Tent City. The transportation is
up to the tourist what they want to ride but the locals suggest tricycle or habal-habal.
VisMin.ph (2019) The Tent City: Mountain-Top Attraction with a majestic view in Alamada
retrieved from https://vismin.ph/2021/the-tent-city-alamada/
Characteristics Least
Most
Drainage/Sewerage System 1 2 3 4 5
As shown on the table, the said attraction doesn't have any problem on the supplies and
system. It is well-fixed by the government of the province to sustain the livelihood and tourism
of the site. The site is supported by the SalinTubig Program (SubayBayan, 2018). This is where
they test improvements on their water supply.
As per Noel Punzalan and Edwin Fernandez (2018) COTELCO is the power supplier of
Alamada. Cotelco gets additional power supply from the Aboitiz-owned coal-fired plants in
Davao City, Energy Development Corporation geothermal plant, and Agus power plants by the
NGCP or the National Grid Corporation of the Philippines.
GovPH (2018). Philippine News Agency:New P100 M power line boost for North Cotabato
retrieved from https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1039742
VisMin.ph (2019) The Tent City: Mountain-Top Attraction with a majestic view in Alamada
retrieved from https://vismin.ph/2021/the-tent-city-alamada/
Characteristics Least
Most
According to VisMin (2019) Guests won’t have to worry about having a clean restroom
for both men and women on the site. They also have good accommodation and delicious foods to
offer to the tourists. To make the camping more enjoyable, they have other facilities such as
picnic huts and sports facilities.
VisMin.ph (2019) The Tent City: Mountain-Top Attraction with a majestic view in Alamada
retrieved from https://vismin.ph/2021/the-tent-city-alamada/
Criteria 6. Ownership of Properties
Characteristics Ye N
s o
Privately Owned/Managed/Leased 5 1
Ancestral Domain/Land 1 5
Claimants
Based on the table of ownership of properties in Tent City, it is not locally government
owned thus it is privately owned and managed. It is being rehabilitated and renovated by the
owner without any help from the local government of the province. It is also not CARPable and
doesn’t have any land claimants or ancestral domains since it was designed for leisure and
adventurous activities.
VisMin.ph (2019) The Tent City: Mountain-Top Attraction with a majestic view in Alamada
retrieved from https://vismin.ph/2021/the-tent-city-alamada/
Characteristics Yes No
Landfill/Dumpsite 1 5
Mining Site 1 5
Informal Settlements 1 5
Beautiful Vista/View 5 1
(Surroundings Refer to Areas Which are Within 5km Radius From the
Site)
Beautiful views are the prior attraction on the site that tourists keep on patronizing.
According to VisMin (2019). The site is for leisure or camping purposes and not as a dumpsite,
mining site.
VisMin.ph (2019) The Tent City: Mountain-Top Attraction with a majestic view in Alamada
retrieved from https://vismin.ph/2021/the-tent-city-alamada/
Based on the table, Lake Venado and Tawsuvan Falls are placed first in North Cotabato
when it comes to uniqueness and natural beauty, respectively, with a total score of 19 points.
These Lakes have been given a status to protect their environment so that people who visit are
able to enjoy these beautiful sites. They are both unaffected because swimming is completely
prohibited in these lakes and is also outlawed by the Department of Tourism (Travel to the
Philippines, 2019).
Lake Agro came in second with a total score of 17 points, having been recognized by the
Department of Tourism as not only one of Mindanao's top tourist destinations, but also one of the
primary four lakes with clean water. Tourists can enjoy the stunning views and the lush greenery
of flora and fauna. (Travelling is fun, 2017)
Lake Baranibud and The Tent City: Camp 10 Rangayen Alamanda are two of the least-
known tourist destinations in Cotabato, with total score of 13 and 12 points respectively, and
thus not yet recognized by the Department of Tourism. Both are considered undisturbed because
tourists can only visit if they are ready to hike for hours (Daniel's Eco Travel, 2021). Since it
serves as a camping site, it is being developed and constructed for a better camping experience.
Philippines Lifestyle News (2021) The beauty of Tawsuvan Falls in the Foothills of Mount Apo,
North Cotabato retrieved from
https://www.google.com/amp/s/philippineslifestyle.com/the-beauty-of-tawsuvan-falls-in-the-
foothills-of-mount-apo-north-cotabato/%3Famp
Traveling is fun: Lake Agco (2017) retrieved from http://travelagos.blogspot.com/2011/06/lake-
agco.html
Daniel’s Eco Travel (2021). North Cotabato Tourist spots retrieved from
https://danielsecotravels.com/cotabato-tourist-spots/
Travel to the Philippines (2019) Lake Venado lies at the foot of the Mount Apo retrieved from
http://www.traveltothephilippines.info/2019/10/26/lake-venado-lies-at-the-foot-of-mt-apo/
VisMin.ph (2019) The Tent City: Mountain-Top Attraction with a majestic view in Alamada
retrieved from https://vismin.ph/2021/the-tent-city-alamada/
Historical/Cultural
Site/Attraction Built Heritage (50 Total
years) Festival Culinary Museu Score
s Experience m
Lake Agco
Lake Baranibud
Lake Venado
Tawsuvan Falls
Accessibility
Site/Attraction
Accessible Regular/Commercial Distance Distance Total
All Year Transport Service from Service from Tower Score
Available Center Center
Lake Agco
5 5 4 3 17
Lake Baranibud
2 2 1 1 7
Lake Venado
5 4 4 3 16
Tawsuvan Falls
5 4 4 1 14
Based on the table, Lake Agco is placed first in North Cotabato when it comes to
accessibility, with the total score of 17 points being accessible in all types of transportation.
(Tisoy Traveler, 2018) Located at Kidapawan and near Mt. Apo’s geothermal plant, the distance
of the service center from Lake Agco is 46.3 km. (JVC Service Center, 2021)
Lake Venado was placed second with a total score of 16 points, owing to its accessibility
by all modes of transportation at a low fee. (Discover Philippines, 2018) in Kidapawan, close to
Mt. Apo Geothermal Plant. The distance of the service facility from Lake Venado is 38
kilometers. (2021, JVC Center)
While Tawsuvan Falls was placed in third with a total score of 14 points, The journey
into the falls is very accessible by tricycles, jeepneys, and habal-habal. As stated, commercial
vehicles such as vans are not available on site. The service center is also accessible, however the
tower center is distant from the falls by 45.5km (Philippines Lifestyle News, 2021) .
Following The Tent City: Camp 10 Rangayen Alamanda with the total score of 12 points,
it has accessibility in transportation like tricycle, bus, car and habal-habal hence there are no
service tower or service center in the area (VisMin, 2019).
Lake Baranibud is the least when it comes to accessibility in North Cotabato, with a total
score of 7 points, indicating that it is still unknown, with limited transportation and no service
tower or service center nearby. (Daniel's Eco Travel, 2021)
Daniel’s Eco Travel (2021). North Cotabato Tourist spots retrieved from
https://danielsecotravels.com/cotabato-tourist-spots/
Philippines Lifestyle News (2021) The beauty of Tawsuvan Falls in the Foothills of Mount Apo,
North Cotabato retrieved from https://www.google.com/amp/s/philippineslifestyle.com/the-
beauty-of-tawsuvan-falls-in-the-foothills-of-mount-apo-north-cotabato/%3Famp
VisMin.ph (2019) The Tent City: Mountain-Top Attraction with a majestic view in Alamada
retrieved from https://vismin.ph/2021/the-tent-city-alamada/
Site/Attraction
Clean Sufficient Communication Drainage/Sewerage Solid Waste Total
Water Power (e.i. internet, System Management Scor
Supply Supply telephone) e
Lake Agco
5 5 1 5 4 20
Lake
Baranibud 4 2 1 3 5 15
Lake Venado
5 5 3 2 5 20
Tawsuvan
Falls 5 5 1 3 5 19
The Tent City:
Camp 10 5 5 5 3 5 23
Rangayen
Alamanda
Based on the table, The Tent City; Camp 10 Rangayen Alamanda is ranked first in North
Cotabato for basic utility availability, with a total score of 23 points because The SalinTubig
Program funds the site (SubayBayan, 2018). Here is where they test water supply
improvements.
According to Noel Punzalan and Edwin Fernandez (2018), COTELCO is Alamada's
power provider. For Cotelco's supplementary power supply, NGCP or the National Grid
Corporation of the Philippines provides additional coal-fired facilities in Davao City, Energy
Development Corporation's geothermal plant, and Agus power plants owned by Aboitiz.
While Lake Agco and Lake Venado came in second with a total score of 20 points, for it
is known as a global pioneer in the geothermal energy industry and the Philippines' largest
vertically-integrated geothermal developer, delivering 1,457.8MW of clean and renewable
energy to the country, as well as providing clean and reliable power to the entire Mindanao
region (Energy Development Company Leader Lopez-Led, 2020). Their water supply is heated
by subsurface volcanic vents and is rich in minerals like sulfur that could be used for therapeutic
purposes (Metro Kidapawan Water District, 2020). Since the Clean Air Act was proposed,
composting is mandatory in the area (Solid Waste Management, 2020).
Lake Venado, also has an environmental assessment of water supply and sanitation
projects, which is concealed behind the mountain ranges (Metro Kidapawan Water District,
2020).
Next is the Tawsuvan Falls which placed third in North Cotabato’s basic utility
availablity with a total score of 19 points. A clean water supply and electricity service by
Cotabato Electric Cooperative (COTELCO) may be found in nearly all barangays in Cotabato
City, however this can only be found along electric transmission lines and in the middle of the
barangay. Because of its distance from the city, internet connectivity and communication are
difficult to come by. Despite this, the well-established management system continues to work
well. (Philippines Lifestyle News, 2021)
Following Lake Baranibud, the least, with a total score of 15 points, with COTELCO as
Alamada's power supplier. Through the National Grid Corporation of the Philippines, receives
additional power from Aboitiz-owned coal-fired plants in Davao City, Energy Development
Corporation geothermal facility, and Agus power plants (Noel Punzalan and Edwin Fernandez,
2018). With the help of the Salintubig Program, they also construct and install water supply
upgrades (SubayBayan, 2018)
Metro Kidapawan Water District (2020). Solid Waste Management retrieved from
https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/41665/41665-013-iee-en.pdf
Metro Kidapawan Water District (2020). Water Supply retrieved from
https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/41665/41665-013-iee-en.pdf
BusinessMirror (2019). EDC’s Kidapawan Geothermal power plants back online retrieved from
https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/11/15/edcs-kidapawan-geothermal-power-plants-back-
online/
GovPH (20118). Philippine News Agency:New P100 M power line boost for North Cotabato
retrieved from https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1039742
GovPH (2018). Philippine News Agency:New P100 M power line boost for North Cotabato
retrieved from https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1039742
VisMin.ph (2019) The Tent City: Mountain-Top Attraction with a majestic view in Alamada
retrieved from https://vismin.ph/2021/the-tent-city-alamada/
Philippines Lifestyle News (2021) The beauty of Tawsuvan Falls in the Foothills of Mount Apo,
North Cotabato retrieved from https://www.google.com/amp/s/philippineslifestyle.com/the-
beauty-of-tawsuvan-falls-in-the-foothills-of-mount-apo-north-cotabato/%3Famp
Lake Agco
5 5 4 5 3 21
Lake Baranibud
4 4 2 5 4 19
Lake Venado
5 5 5 4 5 24
Tawsuvan Falls
5 4 5 5 3 22
The Tent City:
Camp 10 5 5 4 5 5 24
Rangayen
Alamanda
Based on the table, when it comes to Onsite Facilities Availability, Lake Venado and The
Tent City: Camp 10 Rangayen Alamanda are ranked first in North Cotabato because
accommodations near the lake give good quality service, cuisine, and have extremely attentive
staffs. Tourists can relax and disengage from negativity due to the environment of the site. The
only thing that needs to be improved is the amenities, which are limited due to the pandemic.
(Traveloka, 2021). A clean restroom for both men and women is assured for the event, according
to VisMin (2019). Tourists can also expect high-quality lodging and delectable cuisine from
these establishments. Additionally, there are picnic huts and sports facilities to enhance the
camping experience.
Tawsuvan Falls came in second with a total score of 22 points because a safe and
hygienic restroom is available near the falls for climbers, mountaineers, and trekkers. Hotels
nearby are ready to accommodate guests who wish to enjoy the picturesque scenery. They also
have wonderful cuisine and fun activities nearby. Uninformed travelers will not be satisfied by
informational signage (Philippines Lifestyle News, 2021).
Lake Agro, on the other hand, came in third with a total score of 21 points, owing to its
high-quality service as well as certain improvements in areas where it falls short. There's a hot
spring, a mineral steam bath, a mineral mud pool, and all the other hot and cold pools you'd
expect. Food is reasonably priced, and the resort staff, as previously stated, is quite courteous
and attentive. (TripAdvisor, 2021)
With a total score of 19 points, Lake Baranibud has the lowest availability of onsite
facilities, indicating that it still has room for improvement while still providing acceptable
quality accommodations at a fair price. It also has a cool spring and fresh water, which tourists
like. (World Orgs, 2021)
Traveloka (2021) Best Hotels near Lake Venado retrieved from https://www.traveloka.com/en-
ph/hotel/philippines/landmark/lake-venado-900000002101
VisMin.ph (2019) The Tent City: Mountain-Top Attraction with a majestic view in Alamada
retrieved from https://vismin.ph/2021/the-tent-city-alamada/
Philippines Lifestyle News (2021) The beauty of Tawsuvan Falls in the Foothills of Mount Apo,
North Cotabato retrieved from https://www.google.com/amp/s/philippineslifestyle.com/the-
beauty-of-tawsuvan-falls-in-the-foothills-of-mount-apo-north-cotabato/%3Famp
Ownership of Property
Site/Attraction
Local Privately Under CARP Ancestral Total
Government Owned / or CARPable Domain / Land Score
Owned Managed / Claimants
Leased
Lake Agco
5 1 1 1 8
Lake Baranibud
5 5 5 1 16
Lake Venado
5 1 5 1 12
Tawsuvan Falls
5 1 1 1 8
The Tent City: Camp
10 Rangayen 1 5 1 1 8
Alamanda
Based on the table, Lake Baranibud is ranked first in North Cotabato in terms of property
ownership, with a total score of 16 points, because it not only offers scenic views but also
preserves old-growth rainforests, one of the last remaining in Mindanao, allowing it to remain an
undisturbed site. (Daniel's Eco Travel, 2021)
Lake Venado came in second place with a total score of 12 points since it works with the
government. It is not only the most beautiful but also the tallest lake in the Philippines. Also,
Lake Venado is the country's second highest lake. Because of its elevation, the waters of this 6m
(20 ft) deep lake are freezing cold, and the mountain air is crisp and refreshing. (PH millennium,
2021)
When it comes to property ownership, Lake Agco, Lake Tawsuvan Falls, and The Tent
City: Camp 10 Rangayen Alamanda are three of the least with a total score of 8 points. Lake
Agco is operated and managed by the Community of Local Agribusiness Partners Multi-Purpose
Cooperative, which was founded via the efforts of the Social Corporate Responsibility Program
and consists of farmers and tribal groups. (Hiker’s Itch, 2021). Aside from Tawsuvan Falls,
North Cotabato has 1 out of 5 privately leased or owned attractions. It is a natural tourist
attraction in North Cotabato province and is reported to be government owned (Travel to the PH,
2019). And lastly The Tent City, it is not owned or administered by the local government. The
owner is rehabbing and renovating it without assistance from the provincial government. For
pleasure and adventure, it is not CARPable and has no land claimants or ancestral lands
(VisMin.ph, 2019).
Hiker’s Itch (2016).Kidapawan City’s Famous Lake Agco and the Manobos of Ilomavis reloaded
retrieved from https://hikersitch.com/lakesfalls/kidapawan-lake-agco-ilomavis-manobos-
reloaded.html
Daniel’s Eco Travel (2021). North Cotabato Tourist spots retrieved from
https://danielsecotravels.com/cotabato-tourist-spots/
Travel to the PH Admin (2019) Popular Tourist Spots in North Cotabato retrieved from
https://www.google.com/amp/www.traveltothephilippines.info/2019/08/22/popular-tourist-spots-
in-north-cotabato/amp/
VisMin.ph (2019) The Tent City: Mountain-Top Attraction with a majestic view in Alamada
retrieved from https://vismin.ph/2021/the-tent-city-alamada/
Quality of Surroundings
Site/Attraction
Landfill / Mining Informal Beautiful Presence of Total
Dumpsite 1 Site Settlements Vista / View Support Score
&5 Services
Lake Agco
5 1 1 5 5 17
Lake Baranibud
1 1 1 5 1 9
Lake Venado
1 1 1 5 5 13
Tawsuvan Falls
1 5 1 5 1 13
The Tent City:
Camp 10 Rangayen 1 1 1 5 5 13
Alamanda
Based on the table, Lake Agco is placed first in terms of environmental quality, with a
total score of 17 points, because it is known as the Garden of Eden due to its lake and
surrounding Flora and Fauna, and it is also regarded as a Natural Spa Village. The most
picturesque location is at the base of Mount Apo. There are no adjacent Landfills, Mining sites,
or Support services within 5km of the location, which is surrounded by mountain ranges and
where Mount Apo is a protected region and the top climbing destination in the Philippines.
(Discover More Fun, 2018)
The three places in the second are Lake Venado, Tawsuvan Falls, and The Tent City,
Camp 10 Rangayen Alamanda, because Lake Venado is in a convenient location, where it
embraces terrain and stunning scenic vistas and mountaineers can set up camp along its banks.
Lake Venado, located amid one of Apo's old craters, gives a stunning stretch of crystal pure
water. (Daniel's Eco Travel, 2021). The Tawsuvan Falls is a mining location, according to Travel
to the PH Admin (2019). A natural and calming flow of water from the falls can be seen in the
neighborhood. Also, the site has a natural feel to it with trees, mountains, and natural views.
While The Tent City’s tourists keep coming back to the place for the scenic sceneries according
to VisMin (2019). The place is not a dump or a mining place.
Lake Baranibud is the last since there are little activities available other than hiking,
which is the only method to get to the lake. Because only a few tourists visit this lake, it has
remained relatively untouched. (PHmillennia, 2021)
Daniel’s Eco Travel (2021). North Cotabato Tourist spots retrieved from
https://danielsecotravels.com/cotabato-tourist-spots/
Travel to the PH Admin (2019) Popular Tourist Spots in North Cotabato retrieved from
https://www.google.com/amp/www.traveltothephilippines.info/2019/08/22/popular-tourist-spots-
in-north-cotabato/amp/
VisMin.ph (2019) The Tent City: Mountain-Top Attraction with a majestic view in Alamada
retrieved from https://vismin.ph/2021/the-tent-city-alamada/
Example 7: Problem Identification Mix
Joanna Lee B. Umandal
Other infrastructure Car rentals are too expensive to reach the site.
Lake Venado Activities Tourists can get lost on the site if they don't
know where they are going.
The Ten City: Camp Activities Hazardous terrain such as wet logs and rocks.
10 Rangayen
Alamanda Environment Human activity generates the emission of
Natural greenhouse gases, which produces flash
Social floods.
Economic
Transportation (to and Long travel distances and lengthy wait times;
from site) Inconvenient time schedules of the road on
the site
According to TripAdvisor (2020), the reviews about Lake Agco shows that the demand
from both activities and transport authorities users have travel time for low density, simplifying
the free flow condition that there is no significant difference in travel time between rainy and
non-rainy conditions.
According to Martin Jens (2021), the electricity in Lake Agco is that the energy efficiency
is a sustainability sweepstake. More efficiency means that less fuel is required to generate a
given amount of energy, which in turn means lower costs for the provider and cheaper prices for
the customers.
According to TripAdvisor (2019), that in Lake Agco there are no food establishments and
the quality of food service is one of the most relevant items of quality perceived by the tourists
and the local government has the lack of possibility that there is no way to produce some food
establishments in the called area.
Heliyon (2020). Heavy Metal Pollution in the Environment and their effects on tourists
retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844020315346
seeks to benefit local communities by giving them control over how tourism develops, and by
helping locals to use their lends and resources in more sustainable ways.
destinations. Poor forecasting can result in significant economic losses and air pollution in some
conditions, as prediction errors have a significant impact on the use of fossil fuel-generating
facilities. Due to the seasonality of tourism, consumption patterns in locations where the industry
accounts for a significant portion of the economy differ from those in areas with a more regular
economic distribution. Because of the substantial economic effect and seasonality of tourist
activity, variables specific to it should be used to improve electricity demand forecasting. (Trull
et al., 2019)
The impact of ecosystem destruction can increase flooding due to the erosion of soil and
lack of trees, climate change causes the sea level rise due to the melting glaciers and more a
likelihood that natural disasters such as tsunamis, earthquakes, droughts will be commonplace.
(Briffa et al., 2020) Furthermore, the destruction of ecosystems may lead to the unbalanced
habitat for different species, hence creating a poor pool for extending wildlife and securing the
food chain.
making it look unkempt and unappealing, and plastics. As a whole litter is bad for the
environment, but also possible for animals, harmful objects such as glass, pins, and other sharp
things can be found in the litter and may do more damage than good. The contaminants also
inhibit plant growth and can cause health issues in animals. Littering can actually lead to air
pollution, toxic gases and particulate debris can be released into the atmosphere as a result of
In addition, given that there are now limited spaces for occupancy with a large volume of
demand, certain natural areas are then transitioned as a commercial space meant for
businesses and commerce. Breaking the margin between economic spaces and ecosystems.
Lakes can offer excellent opportunities for recreational, tourism, and cottage or
residential living. Naturally lakes are a vital factor needed to be addressed, as lakes are affected
by climate change, these changes may also include in the productivity, community composition,
metabolism, biodiversity and the aquatic ecosystem. Crossing lakes by a lot of instances can
disrupt the overall ecosystem at different levels, such as the flora and fauna, and it’s littoral
habitats, hence changes in their biota. In addition, may also leave slurries, coal particles, and
fuel discharge suspended in the water, destabilizing the overall health of the body of water as
well as heightening the range of already occurred and observed problems. Nevertheless,
preservation is one way to ensure and mitigate these kinds of problems, and ensure the right
Discover more fun (2020). Eco-tourism and environmental in sustainability retrieved from
https://www.philippines.travel///activities/lake-agco
Briffa (2020) Heavy Metal Pollution in the Environment and effects on human in the Philippines
retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844020315346
To integrate and help other agencies in recognizing meteorological and geological threats
to increase the country's capacity for mitigating the potentially disastrous effects of natural
hazards The province has introduced new regulations and safety measures. elevating visitor’s
satisfaction and safety, the team also came up with the objectives of: to preserve nature, improve
cleanliness and security , and to provide well maintained and safe recreational facilities.
Adventure Tourism is the form of tourism that we present, because we analyzed that
ecotourism is widely known in North Cotabato for its waterfalls namely Kawa Falls, Batasan
Falls, Asik Asik Falls etc. (Tripadvisor, 2021). And we want to make use of the availability of
natural tourism in North Cotabato to promote Adventure tourism in the province.
https://fpe.ph/conservation_site/location_details/arakan-north-cotabato
Tourist arrivals in the The use of social To increase the Boosting ads
province are increasing media is one of the number of tourists through social media
due to their natural vital tools in and enhance the like Facebook,
attractions being promoting natural attractions every Instagram, Youtube,
offered. tourism of the year. or Tiktok.
province.
Promoting local
Adventure tourism is delicacies and
one of the main choices activities (festivals)
of tourists to capture the
attention of the
tourists.
The province considers
DOT Accredited
attractions to benefit
the locals and the
Tourism progress of the
province.
Natural tourism is one of the main reasons why tourists patronize the province. Since the
use of social media is in demand in promoting one’s product or site, the province considers it as
a tool to boost it nationwide and get the attention of the tourists. Its goal is to increase tourist
arrival every year and expose the beauty and how adventurous the activities in the province are.
They might achieve the goal successfully by boosting posts on social media sites.
Daniels Eco Travels (2021) 15+ North Cotabato Tourist Spots retrieved from
https://danielsecotravels.com/cotabato-tourist-spots/
Andrea Narzabal
To preserve and in order to improve visitor satisfaction and boost the tourism industry in
North Cotabato, which is our main goal, certain organizations have established programs such as
biodiversity conservation, and tree planting program (FPE, 2021) all of which is regulated by
Project for Forest Corridor Development empowering communities for biodiversity conservation
and climate change adaptation and mitigation (Rainforestation.ph, 2021) and The Greening
Program that aims to improve environmental stability as well as biodiversity conservation
(Gov.ph 2018), Also the renewable energy installation as an easy solution to the power shortfall,
ensures power reliability and sustainable solar lighting to the areas (PNA.GOV, 2021).
Rules and safety precautions in the province are implemented. The Project NOAH
accurate, reliable, and timely hazard and risk information, and has the following missions:
conduct meteorological and geological hazards investigations to improve the country's capability
to prevent and mitigate the potentially disastrous impacts of natural hazards, and integrate and
2021).
Requests for increased road capacity and barangay road widening have been supported.
The North Cotabato project will be funded by the Japan International Cooperation Agency
(JICA), with the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) in charge of road
construction. Off-street parking will be subsidized, and the amount of time that idle construction
trucks and equipment can park along main roads will be limited, especially during peak hours.
PNA.GOV.ph (2018) Army, LGU heads lead re-greening program / Philippine News Agency
from https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1147738
Philippines the Beauty Within (2021) North Cotabato Philippines “The Beauty Within” retrieved
from https://sites.google.com/site/philippinesthebeautywithin/reg-12-soccsksargen/north-
cotobato
https://fpe.ph/conservation_site/location_details/arakan-north-cotabato
http://www.rainforestation.ph/news/pdfs/RFRI_SeminarSeries/RFRI_Seminar_Series_Salvador_
July04.pdf
https://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/social_environmental/id/asia/southeast/philippines/
c8h0vm0000b5zc0s-att/c8h0vm0000f4pxt5.pdf
Example 15: Translating Problems into Objectives
Jasmine Macalino
Problem Negative Statements Object Analysis/ Positive Statements
Analysis Components
With the aim of elevating visitor’s satisfaction we encounter various problems in developing
our strategies and make use of this to make our objectives. Our problem is there are negative
environmental impacts of tourism because of this Habitat loss, outright destruction of the
ecosystem, improper waste disposal and littering, crossing lakes which damage the flora and
fauna ecosystem, Lack of private parking areas, Lack of electricity.
Habitat loss, outright destruction of ecosystems because climate change causes sea level rise
owing to melting glaciers and increases the chance of natural catastrophes such as tsunamis,
earthquakes, and droughts (Briffa et al,. 2020). Destruction of ecosystems may also lead to
unequal habitat for various species, limiting animal expansion and safeguarding the food chain.
Improper waste disposal and littering, contaminants may also harm plants and animals.
Littering may pollute the air because it releases poisonous gases and particulates into the
environment when burned. Litter also detracts from an area's aesthetics, making it seem untidy
and unpleasant, plastics. Glass, pins, and other sharp items may be discovered in trash, causing
more harm than good to the environment and wildlife.
Crossing lakes which damage the flora and fauna ecosystem, many times crossing lakes may
disturb the whole ecology, affecting the flora, fauna, and littoral habitats, affecting the biota.
Destabilizing the general health of the body of water as well as increasing the breadth of already
occurring and observable issues.
Lack of private parking areas, also due to limited occupancy and high demand, some natural
places are converted into commercial spaces for enterprises and trade. Bridging economic and
ecological areas. These alterations have a major environmental effect.
Lack of electricity, because tourism is seasonal, spending patterns in places where it is a major
contributor to the economy vary from those in other places. Tourist activity has a significant
economic impact and is seasonal, thus it should be utilized to enhance power demand predictions
Trull et al., 2019).
These problems have a significant contribution in exceeding our objectives and by far these are
the objectives we came up with to sustain the negative environmental effects of tourism. Tree
planting program, Development of Ordinance establishing Biodiversity Conservation, Rules and
Safety Precautionary Program, Development of Ordinance establishing additional road capacity.
Development of Ordinance establishing additional road capacity, increased road capacity and
expansion of barangay roads have been approved. Japanese aid will be used to build roads in
North Cotabato, with assistance from the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH).
Discover more fun (2020). Eco-tourism and environmental in sustainability retrieved from
https://www.philippines.travel///activities/lake-agco
Philippines Destruction of Ecosystem (2021) North Cotabato Philippines The Environmental
Impacts of Sustainability retrieved from https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/destruction-of-
ecosystem/northcotabato
Briffa (2020) Heavy Metal Pollution in the Environment and effects on human in the Philippines
retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844020315346
Philippines the Beauty Within (2021) North Cotabato Philippines “The Beauty Within” retrieved
from https://sites.google.com/site/philippinesthebeautywithin/reg-12-soccsksargen/north-
cotobato
https://fpe.ph/conservation_site/location_details/arakan-north-cotabato
http://www.rainforestation.ph/news/pdfs/RFRI_SeminarSeries/RFRI_Seminar_Series_Salvador_
July04.pdf
https://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/social_environmental/id/asia/southeast/philippines/
c8h0vm0000b5zc0s-att/c8h0vm0000f4pxt5.pdf
PNA.GOV (2021) NoCot power firm partners with DOE, NEA for solar energy source retrieved
from https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1147738
According to Discover More Fun (2018) North Cotabato is known for being the Fruit
Basket of Mindanao which also the province is famous for having an agriculture based industry.
With the Eco tourism sites provided, these are the ones that have been analyzed and looked up
to. In which some tourist have discovered and some did not. With the SWOT analysis provided it
can help the tourism site to improve and develop more so that it could have potential to be
recognized by the Department of Tourism. Not only could that it be visited by a huge number of
tourist if it establish nearer facilities or services that are in demand for the tourist. Having to
analyze and understand the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats it will benefit the
local and the government for having their Tourism Growing.
Metro Kidapawan Water District (2020). Solid Waste Management retrieved from
https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/41665/41665-013-iee-en.pdf
BusinessMirror (2019). EDC’s Kidapawan Geothermal power plants back online retrieved from
https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/11/15/edcs-kidapawan-geothermal-power-plants-back-
online/
Hiker’s Itch (2016).Kidapawan City’s Famous Lake Agco and the Manobos of Ilomavis reloaded
retrieved from https://hikersitch.com/lakesfalls/kidapawan-lake-agco-ilomavis-manobos-
reloaded.html
Daniel’s Eco Travel (2021). North Cotabato Tourist spots retrieved from
https://danielsecotravels.com/cotabato-tourist-spots/
GovPH (2018). Philippine News Agency:New P100 M power line boost for North Cotabato
retrieved from https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1039742
BusinessMirror (2019). EDC’s Kidapawan Geothermal power plants back online retrieved from
https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/11/15/edcs-kidapawan-geothermal-power-plants-back-
online/
Traveloka (2021) Best Hotels near Lake Venado retrieved from https://www.traveloka.com/en-
ph/hotel/philippines/landmark/lake-venado-900000002101
Philippines Lifestyle News (2021) The beauty of Tawsuvan Falls in the Foothills of Mount Apo,
North Cotabato retrieved from
https://www.google.com/amp/s/philippineslifestyle.com/the-beauty-of-tawsuvan-falls-in-the-
foothills-of-mount-apo-north-cotabato/%3Famp
Travel to the PH Admin (2019) Popular Tourist Spots in North Cotabato retrieved from
https://www.google.com/amp/www.traveltothephilippines.info/2019/08/22/popular-tourist-spots-
in-north-cotabato/amp/
VisMin.ph (2019) The Tent City: Mountain-Top Attraction with a majestic view in Alamada
retrieved from https://vismin.ph/2021/the-tent-city-alamada/
GovPH (2018). Philippine News Agency:New P100 M power line boost for North Cotabato
retrieved from https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1039742
VisMin.ph (2019) The Tent City: Mountain-Top Attraction with a majestic view in Alamada
retrieved from https://vismin.ph/2021/the-tent-city-alamada/
Discover more fun (2020). Eco-tourism and environmental in sustainability retrieved from
https://www.philippines.travel///activities/lake-agco
Briffa (2020) Heavy Metal Pollution in the Environment and effects on human in the Philippines
retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844020315346
PNA.GOV.ph (2018) Army, LGU heads lead re-greening program / Philippine News Agency
PNA.GOV (2021) NoCot power firm partners with DOE, NEA for solar energy source retrieved
from https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1147738
Philippines the Beauty Within (2021) North Cotabato Philippines “The Beauty Within” retrieved
from https://sites.google.com/site/philippinesthebeautywithin/reg-12-soccsksargen/north-
cotobato
FPE.ph (2021) Foundation for the Philippine Environment retrieved from
https://fpe.ph/conservation_site/location_details/arakan-north-cotabato
http://www.rainforestation.ph/news/pdfs/RFRI_SeminarSeries/RFRI_Seminar_Series_Salvador_
July04.pdf
https://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/social_environmental/id/asia/southeast/philippines/
c8h0vm0000b5zc0s-att/c8h0vm0000f4pxt5.pdf