MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

WINTER – 19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Data Communication and Network

Model Answer

Subject Code: 22414

Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in
the model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner
may try to assess the understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more
Importance (Not applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components
indicated in the figure. The figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary.
The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed
constant values may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s
answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of
relevant answer based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based
on equivalent concept.

Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q. Scheme
N.
1. Attempt any Five of the following: 10M
a Define bit rate and baud rate. 2M
Ans Bit Rate: Bit rate is simply the number of bits (i.e., 0's and 1's) transmitted per 1M-Bit rate
unit time. 1M-Baud Rate
Baud Rate: Baud rate is the number of signal units transmitted per unit time that
is needed to represent those bits.
b List different characteristics of data communication system.(Any two) 2M
Ans 1. Delivery 1 M for 1
2. Accuracy characteristic
3. Timeliness
4. Jitter
c Define guided and unguided communication media. 2M
Ans Guided communication media: Guided transmission media are known as the 1M-Guided
wired communication. The electromagnetic signals travel between the media
communicating devices through a physical medium/conductor. 1M-Unguided
Unguided communication media: The unguided media is also called wireless media
communication. It does not require any physical medium to transmit
electromagnetic signals. In unguided media, the electromagnetic signals are
broadcasted through air to everyone.

1|2 6
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

d Classify mobile generations. 2M

Ans First Generation (1G) All

Second Generation (2G) generations to
Third Generation (3G) be mentioned-
Fourth Generation (4G) or LTE 2M
Fifth Generation (5G)
e Compare LRC and CRC(Any two points each) 2M
Ans 2 M for any
LRC CRC relevant 2
Longitudinal Redundancy Cyclic Redundancy Check points
Check (LRC)is a method in (CRC) is one of the most
which a block of bits is common and powerful error
organized in table(rows and detecting codes in which a
columns)calculate the parity sequence of redundant bits,
called the CRC is appended to
bit for each column and the the end of the unit so that the
set of this parity bit is also resulting data unit become
sending with original data. exactly divisible by a second,
From the block of parity we predetermined binary number.
can check the redundancy
LRC of n bits can easily CRC is more powerful than
detect
Burst error of n bits. VRC and LRC in detecting
errors.
A longitudinal redundancy CRC is based on binary
check (LRC) is an error- division.
detection method based on
binary addition
f State different types of Network topologies. 2M
Ans 1. Mesh Topology Mention of all
2. Star Topology Topologies-
3. Bus Topology 2M
4. Ring Topology
5. Hybrid Topology
g List classes of IP addressing with their IP address range. 2M
Ans An IP address is an address used to uniquely identify a device on an IP List1M,correct
network. range 1M
Classes and range:
Class A- 1.0.0.1 to 126.255.255.254
Class B - 128.1.0.1 to 191.255.255.254
Class C - 192.0.1.1 to 223.255.254.254
Class D- 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
Class E - 240.0.0.0 to 254.255.255.254

2|2 6
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

2. Attempt any Three of the following: 12M

a Differentiate between synchronous and asynchronous 4M
communication.(Any four points)
Ans
Synchronous communication Asynchronous communication 1M for 1
In Synchronous Transmission, data is In Asynchronous Transmission, point
sent in form of blocks or frames. data is sent in form of byte or
character.
Sender and Receiver use the same clock Does not need clock signal
signal between the sender and the
receiver

It is more efficient and more reliable In this transmission start bits and
than asynchronous transmission to stop bits are added with data.
transfer the large amount of data.

Synchronous transmission is fast. Asynchronous transmission is

slow.
In Synchronous transmission, time In asynchronous transmission,
interval of transmission is constant. time interval of transmission is
not constant, it is random.
b Draw and explain fiber optic cable. 4M
Ans 2 M Labelled
Diagram,2 M
explanation

Fiber optic cable:

 A fiber-optic cable is made up of glass or plastic.
 It transmits signals in the form of light.
 The outer jacket is made up of PVC or Teflon.
 Kevlar strands are placed inside the jacket to strengthen the cable.
 Below the Kevlar strands, there is another plastic coating which acts as a
cushion.
 The fiber is at the center of the cable, and it consists of cladding and glass core.
 The density of the cladding is less than that of the core.

3|2 6
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

 Optical fibers use the principle of ‘reflection’ to pass light through a channel.
c Explain wireless LAN 802.17 architecture. 4M
Ans Consider
Wireless LAN 802.11: IEEE 802.11
The IEEE 802.11 standard defines the physical layer and media access control instead of
(MAC) layer for a wireless local area network. Wireless LANs transmit and 802.17
receive data over the atmosphere, using radio frequency (RF) or infrared optical
technology, thereby; eliminating the need for fixed wired connections.
802.11 Architecture: BSS diagram
1M,
The 802.11architecture defines two types of services: Explanation -
1M-
1. Basic services set (BSS) ESS diagram
1M,
2. Extended Service Set (ESS) Explanation -
1M
1. Basic Services Set (BSS)

• The basic services set contain stationary or mobile wireless stations and a *Note:
central base station called access point (AP). If student
• The use of access point is optional. attempted to
• If the access point is not present, it is known as stand-alone network. Such a solve the
BSS cannot send data to other BSSs. This type of architecture is known as adhoc answer give
architecture. appropriate
• The BSS in which an access point is present is known as an infrastructure marks.
network.

2. Extend Service Set (ESS)

An extended service set is created by joining two or more basic service sets (BSS)
having access points (APs).

4|2 6
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

These extended networks are created by joining the access points of basic services
sets through a wired LAN known as distribution system.

There are two types of stations in ESS:

(i) Mobile stations: These are normal stations inside a BSS.

(ii) Stationary stations: These are AP stations that are part of a wired LAN.

d State the functions of any two layers of OSI Model 4M

Ans The functions of the physical layer are : Functions of
each layer-
1. Bit synchronization: The physical layer provides the synchronization of
2M
the bits by providing a clock. This clock controls both sender and receiver
thus providing synchronization at bit level.
2. Bit rate control: The Physical layer also defines the transmission rate i.e.
the number of bits sent per second.
3. Physical topologies: Physical layer specifies the way in which the
different, devices/nodes are arranged in a network i.e. bus, star or mesh
topology.
4. Transmission mode: Physical layer also defines the way in which the data
flows between the two connected devices. The various transmission modes
possible are: Simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex.

5|2 6
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

Functions of data link layer:

 Framing: Data-link layer takes packets from Network Layer and

encapsulates them into Frames. Then, it sends each frame bit-by-bit on
the hardware. At receiver’ end, data link layer picks up signals from
hardware and assembles them into frames.
 Addressing: Data-link layer provides layer-2 hardware addressing
mechanism. Hardware address is assumed to be unique on the link. It is
encoded into hardware at the time of manufacturing.
 Synchronization: When data frames are sent on the link, both machines
must be synchronized in order to transfer to take place.
 Error Control: Sometimes signals may have encountered problem in
transition and the bits are flipped. These errors are detected and
attempted to recover actual data bits. It also provides error reporting
mechanism to the sender.
 Flow Control: Stations on same link may have different speed or
capacity. Data-link layer ensures flow control that enables both
machines to exchange data on same speed.
 Multi-Access: When host on the shared link tries to transfer the data, it
has a high probability of collision. Data-link layer provides mechanism
such as CSMA/CD to equip capability of accessing a shared media
among multiple Systems.
Functions of the Network layer are as follows:
 It is responsible for routing packets from the source host to the
destination host. The routes can be based upon static tables that are rarely
changed, or they can be automatically updated depending upon network
conditions.
 The data link layer assigns the physical address locally. When the data
packets are routed to remote locations, a logical addressing scheme is
required to differentiate between the source system and the destination
system. This is provided by the network layer.
 This layer also provides mechanisms for congestion control.
 The network layer tackles issues like transmission delays, transmission
time, avoidance of jitters, etc.
Functions of Transport Layer

 Service Point Addressing: Transport Layer header includes service

point address which is port address. This layer gets the message to the
correct process on the computer unlike Network Layer, which gets each
packet to the correct computer.
 Segmentation and Reassembling: A message is divided into segments;
each segment contains sequence number, which enables this layer in
reassembling the message. Message is reassembled correctly upon

6|2 6
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

arrival at the destination and replaces packets which were lost in

transmission.
 Connection Control: It includes 2 types:
 Connectionless Transport Layer: Each segment is considered as an
independent packet and delivered to the transport layer at the destination
machine.
 Connection Oriented Transport Layer: Before delivering packets,
connection is made with transport layer at the destination machine.
 Flow Control: In this layer, flow control is performed end to end.
 Error Control: Error Control is performed end to end in this layer to
ensure that the complete message arrives at the receiving transport layer
without any error. Error Correction is done through retransmission.

The functions of the Session layer are :

1. Session establishment, maintenance and termination: The layer allows
the two processes to establish, use and terminate a connection.
2. Synchronization: This layer allows a process to add checkpoints which
are considered as synchronization points into the data. These
synchronization point help to identify the error so that the data is re-
synchronized properly, and ends of the messages are not cut prematurely
and data loss is avoided.
3. Dialog Controller: The session layer allows two systems to start
communication with each other in half-duplex or full-duplex.
The functions of the presentation layer are :
1. Translation: For example, ASCII to EBCDIC.
2. Encryption/ Decryption: Data encryption translates the data into another
form or code. The encrypted data is known as the cipher text and the
decrypted data is known as plain text. A key value is used for encrypting
as well as decrypting data.
3. Compression: Reduces the number of bits that need to be transmitted on
the network.
The functions of the Application layer are :
1. Network Virtual Terminal
2. FTAM-File transfer access and management
3. Mail Services
4. Directory Services

3. Attempt any Three of the following: 12M

a State the two advantages and disadvantages of unguided media 4M
Ans Advantages: 2M
advantages
1 .Use for long distance communication.

7|2 6
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

2. High speed data transmission. 1 mark for

each
3. Many receiver stations can receive signals from same sender station advantage
2M
Disadvantages :1..Radio waves travel through Lowest portion of atmosphere
Disadvantages
which can have lot of noise and interfering signals
1mark for
2. Radio wave communication through unguided media is an insecure each
communication. disadvantage

3.Radio wave propagation is susceptible to weather effects like rain, thunder and
storm etc.
b Draw and explain block diagram of communication system. 4M
Ans 1 M diagram.
3M
explanation

Considering the communication between two computers , the communication

system is as shown in above diagram

It has following five components:

1. Message
2. Sender
3. Medium
4. Receiver
5. Protocol

Message:

 Message is the information or data which is to be sent from sender to the

receiver
 A message can be in the form of sound, text, picture, video or
combination of them(multimedia)

Sender: Sender is device such as host, camera, workstation, telephone etc.

which sends the message over medium

Medium: The message originated from sender needs a path over which it can
travel to the receiver. Such path is called as medium or channel

8|2 6
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

Receiver: It is the device which receives the message and reproduces it. A
receiver can be host, camera, workstation, telephone etc.

Protocol: A protocol is defined as set of rules agreed by sender and receiver.

Protocol governs the exchange of data in true sense.
c Describe different connecting devices used in computer network. 4M
Ans Network Connecting devices are: Any 4 devices.
1 M each
1. Repeater
2. Hub

3. Switch
4. Bridge
5. Router
6. Gateway
7. Modem

Repeater:

It is used to take the distorted, weak and corrupt input signal and regenerate
this signal at its output.

It ensures that the signals are not distorted or weak before it reaches the
destination.

It recreates the bit pattern of the signal, and puts this regenerated signal back
on to the transmission medium

It works in the physical layer with no intelligent function.

Hub:

It is also known as multiport repeater.

It is normally used for connecting stations in a physical star topology.

It is the broadcasting device.

It sends packets to all nodes in the network.

Switch: It is used to connect multiple computers in which it can direct a

transmission toits specific destination. (Unicast the signals).

9|2 6
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

It is a unicasting device.

It avoids unnecessary network traffic.

It operates in both the physical and the data link layer.

Bridge:

It is a device which connects two or more segment of a network.

A bridge filters data traffic at a network boundary.

Bridges reduces the amount of traffic on a LAN by dividing it into two

segments.

It inspects incoming traffic and decides whether to forward or discard it.

It sends packets between two networks of same type.

A bridge operates in both the physical and the data link layer.

Gateway:

It is a node in a computer network, a key stopping point for data on its way to
or from other networks.

Gateway is protocol converter.

Gateway enables communication between different network architecture and

environments.

It works at all layers of OSI model.

Router:

It is a device that helps in determining the best and shortest path out of the
available paths, for a particular transmission.

Routers use logical and physical addressing to connect two or more logically
separate networks.

Router read complex network address in packet and efficiently directs packets
from one network to another, reducing excessive traffic.

It works at Physical, Data-Link and Network Layer of OSI model

It Connect dissimilar networks.

Modem:

10 | 2 6
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

Modem works as modulator as well as demodulator.

It is the device used to converts digital signals generated by the computer into
analog signals which can be transmitted over a telephone or cable line
transforms incoming analog signals into their digital equivalents.

A two way communication is established.

d Draw and explain OSI reference model. 4M
Ans OSI model (Open System Interconnection) model was developed by ISO
(international standard organization) which provides way to understand how
internetwork operates. It gives guidelines for creating network standard.
OSI model has 7 layers as shown in the figure. 1 M diagram

Application Layer, Presentation Layer ,Session Layer, Transport Layer and 3 M

,Network Layer ,Data link Layer and Physical Layer
explanation
Physical (Layer 1) OSI Model, Layer 1 conveys the bit stream - electrical
impulse, light or radio signal — through the network at the electrical and
mechanical level. It provides the hardware means of sending and receiving data
on a carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects.
Data Link (Layer 2) At OSI Model, Layer 2, data packets are encoded and
decoded into bits. It furnishes transmission protocol knowledge and
management and handles errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame
synchronization. The data link layer is divided into two sub layers: The Media
Access Control (MAC) layer and the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer. The
MAC sub layer controls how a computer on the network gains access to the data
and permission to transmit it. The LLC layer controls frame synchronization,
flow control and error checking.

Network (Layer 3) Layer 3 provides switching and routing technologies,

creating logical paths, known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from node
to node. Routing and forwarding are functions of this layer, as well as
addressing, internetworking, error handling, congestion control and packet
sequencing.
Transport (Layer 4) Layer 4, provides transparent transfer of data between end
systems, or hosts, and is responsible for end-to-end error recovery and flow
control. It ensures complete data transfer from source to destination.
Session (Layer 5) This layer establishes, manages and terminates connections
between applications. The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates
conversations, exchanges, and dialogues between the applications at each end.
It deals with session and connection coordination

11 | 2 6
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

Presentation (Layer 6) This layer provides independence from differences in

data representation (e.g., encryption) by translating from application to network
format, and vice versa. The presentation layer works to transform data into the
form that the application layer can accept. This layer formats and encrypts data
to be sent across a network, providing freedom from compatibility problems. It
is sometimes called the syntax & semantics.
Application (Layer 7) OSI Model, Layer 7, supports application and end-user
processes. Everything at this layer is application-specific. This layer provides
application services for file.

4. Attempt any Three of the following: 12M

a Describe Multiplexing techniques 4M
Ans Multiplexing is a technique by which different analog and digital streams of 2 M each
transmission can be simultaneously processed over a shared link. Multiplexing technique
divides the high capacity medium into low capacity logical medium which is explanation
then shared by different streams. Communication is possible over the air (radio
frequency), using a physical media (cable), and light (optical fiber). All
mediums are capable of multiplexing. When multiple senders try to send over a
single medium, a device called Multiplexer divides the physical channel and
allocates one to each. On the other end of communication, a De-multiplexer
receives data from a single medium, identifies each, and sends to different
receivers.

Different multiplexing techniques are

1.Frequency Division multiplexing

2.Time division multiplexing

Frequency Division Multiplexing: When the carrier is frequency, FDM is

used. FDM is an analog technology. FDM divides the spectrum or carrier

12 | 2 6
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

bandwidth in logical channels and allocates one user to each channel. Each user
can use the channel frequency independently and has exclusive access of it. All
channels are divided in such a way that they do not overlap with each other.
Channels are separated by guard bands. Guard band is a frequency which is not
used by either channel.

Time Division Multiplexing: TDM is applied primarily on digital signals but

can be applied on analog signals as well. In TDM the shared channel is divided
among its user by means of time slot. Each user can transmit data within the
provided time slot only. Digital signals are divided in frames, equivalent to time
slot i.e. frame of an optimal size which can be transmitted in given time slot.
TDM works in synchronized mode. Both ends, i.e. Multiplexer and De-
multiplexer are timely synchronized and both switch to next channel
simultaneously.

When channel A transmits its frame at one end, the De-multiplexer provides
media to channel A on the other end. As soon as the channel A’s time slot
expires, this side switches to channel B. On the other end, the De-multiplexer

13 | 2 6
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

works in a synchronized manner and provides media to channel B. Signals from

different channels travel the path in interleaved manner

b Compare IPV4 and IPV6 (any four point) 4M

Ans Any 4 correct
IPV4 IPv6 points1M each

Source and destination Source and destination

addresses are 32 bits (4 bytes) addresses are 128Bits (16
in length. bytes) in length.

No. addresses are limited to Larger addressing area

number of bits (32 bits)

Uses broadcast addresses to There are no IPv6 broadcast

send traffic to all nodes on a addresses. Instead, multicast
subnet. scoped addresses aroused

Fragmentation is supported at Fragmentation is not

Originating hosts and supported at routers. It is only
intermediate routers. supported at the originating
host

IP header includes a IP header does not include a

checksum checksum.

IP header includes options All optional data is moved to

IPv6extension headers

IPv4 has classful addressing Classless addressing scheme.

scheme, includes classes like
A,B,C,D and E.

Uses decimal dotted notation Uses hexadecimal notation

c Explain circuit switching networks with neat sketch. 4M

Ans Circuit switching is a connection-oriented network switching technique. Here, a 1 M for
dedicated route is established between the source and the destination and the diagram.
entire message is transferred through it. 3 M for
explaination
Phases of Circuit Switch Connection:

 Circuit Establishment: In this phase, a dedicated circuit is established

from the source to the destination through a number of intermediate
switching centers. The sender and receiver transmits communication
signals to request and acknowledge establishment of circuits.

14 | 2 6
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

 Data Transfer: Once the circuit has been established, data and voice are
transferred from the source to the destination. The dedicated connection
remains as long as the end parties communicate.
 Circuit Disconnection: When data transfer is complete, the connection
is relinquished. The disconnection is initiated by any one of the user.
Disconnection involves removal of all intermediate links from the sender
to the receiver.

The diagram represents circuit established between two telephones

connected by circuit switched connection. The blue boxes represent the
switching offices and their connection with other switching offices. The
black lines connecting the switching offices represent the permanent link
between the offices.
d Draw and explain TCP/IP model. 4M
Ans TCP/IP that is Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol has 1 M for
following features diagram.
3 M for
●Support for a flexible architecture. Adding more machines to a network was explaination
easy.
●The network is robust, and connections remained intact until the source and
destination machines were functioning. The main idea was to allow one
application on one computer to talk to (send data packets) another application
running on different computer.

Different Layers of TCP/IP Reference Model Below:

15 | 2 6
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

Fig: TCP/IP reference model

Layer 1: Host-to-network Layer

1. Lowest layer of the all.

2. Protocol is used to connect to the host, so that the packets can be sent over it.

3. Varies from host to host and network to network.

Layer 2: Internet layer

1. Selection of a packet switching network which is based on a connectionless

internetwork layer is called a internet layer.

2. It is the layer which holds the whole architecture together.

3. It helps the packet to travel independently to the destination.

4. Order in which packets are received is different from the way they are sent.

5. IP (Internet Protocol) is used in this layer.

6. The various functions performed by the Internet Layer are:

o Delivering IP packets
o Performing routing
o Avoiding congestion

Layer 3: Transport Layer

16 | 2 6
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

1. It decides if data transmission should be on parallel path or single path.

2. Functions such as multiplexing, segmenting or splitting on the data is done

by transport layer.

3. The applications can read and write to the transport layer.

4. Transport layer adds header information to the data.

5. Transport layer breaks the message (data) into small units so that they are
handled more efficiently by the network layer.

6.Transport layer also arrange the packets to be sent, in sequence

Layer 4: Application Layer

The TCP/IP specifications described a lot of applications that were at the top of
the protocol stack. Some of them were TELNET, FTP, SMTP, DNS etc.
1. Telnets a two-way communication protocol which allows connecting to a
remote machine and run applications on it.

2. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is protocol that allows File transfer amongst
computer users connected over a network. It is reliable, simple and efficient.
3. SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol) is a protocol, which is used to
transport electronic mail between a source and destination, directed via a route.
4. DNS (Domain Name Server) resolves an IP address into a textual address for
Hosts connected over a network.

5. It allows peer entities to carry conversation.6.It defines two end-to-end

protocols: TCP and UDP.
e Explain various IEEE communication standards. 4M
Ans A set of network standards developed by the IEEE. They include: 1 M for 1
standard each
 IEEE 802.1: Standards related to network management.
 IEEE 802.2: General standard for the data link layer in the OSI
Reference Model. The IEEE divides this layer into two sublayers -- the
logical link control (LLC) layer and the media access control (MAC)
layer. The MAC layer varies for different network types and is defined
by standards IEEE 802.3 through IEEE 802.5.
 IEEE 802.3: Defines the MAC layer for bus networks that use
CSMA/CD. This is the basis of the Ethernet standard.
IEEE 802.4: Defines the MAC layer for bus networks that use a token
passing mechanism (token bus networks).

17 | 2 6
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

 IEEE 802.5: Defines the MAC layer for token-ring networks.

 IEEE 802.6: Standard for Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs).
 IEEE 802.11 Wireless Network Standards: 802.11 is the collection of
standards setup for wireless networking.

5. Attempt any Two of the following: 12M

a Explain simplex, half duplex and full duplex modes in data 6M
communication.
Ans Transmission mode refers to the mechanism of transferring of data between two for each mode
devices connected over a network. It is also called Communication Mode. These 1M for
modes direct the direction of flow of information. There are three types of diagram 1M
transmission modes. for
explanation
They are:

 Simplex Mode
 Half duplex Mode
 Full duplex Mode
1. In Simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional, as on a one-way
street. Only one of the two devices on a link can transmit; the other can
only receive. The simplex mode can use the entire capacity of the
channel to send data in one direction.
Keyboards, traditional monitors and printers are examples of simplex devices.

2. In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit and receive, but not at
the same time. When one device is sending, the other can only receive, and
vice versa. The half-duplex mode is used in cases where there is no need for
communication in both directions at the same time. The entire capacity of the
channel can be utilized for each direction
-for example: Walkie-talkies.

3. In full-duplex mode both stations can transmit and receive data

simultaneously. The transmission medium sharing can occur in two ways,

18 | 2 6
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

namely, either the link must contain two physically separate transmission
paths or the capacity of the channel is divided between signals traveling in
both directions .One common example of full-duplex communication is the
telephone network. When two people are communicating by a telephone
line, both can talk and listen at the same time.

b Describe the principles of packet switching and circuit switching 6M

techniques with neat diagram.
Ans Circuit Switching: When two nodes communicate with each other over a Circuit
dedicated communication path, it is called circuit switching. There 'is a need of switching-3M
pre-specified route from which data will travels and no other data is permitted. 1 M –diagram,
In circuit switching, to transfer the data, circuit must be established so that the 2M
data transfer can take place. explanation:
Packet
Circuits can be permanent or temporary. Applications which use circuit
switching-3 M
switching may have to go through three phases:
1M- diagram,
 Establish a circuit 2M
explanation
 Transfer the data
 Disconnect the circuit

19 | 2 6
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

Circuit switching was designed for voice applications. Telephone is the best
suitable example of circuit switching. Before a user can make a call, a virtual
path between callers and called is established over the network.

Packet Switching: The entire message is broken down into smaller chunks
called packets. The switching information is added in the header of each packet
and transmitted independently.
It is easier for intermediate networking devices to store small size packets and
they do not take much resource either on carrier path or in the internal memory
of switches.

Packet switching enhances line efficiency as packets from multiple applications

can be multiplexed over the carrier. The internet uses packet switching
technique. Packet switching enables the user to differentiate data streams based
on priorities. Packets are stored and forwarded according to their priority to
provide quality of service.
c Explain configuration of TCP/IP protocol in network. 6M
Ans Before beginning configuration procedure, the following are the prerequisites. Step by step
 Network hardware is installed and cabled. . procedure -6M
 TCP/IP software is installed.
To configure your TCP/IP network, the following steps are followed:
 Read TCP/IP protocols for the basic organization of TCP/IP.

20 | 2 6
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

 Minimally configure each host machine on the network.

This means adding a network adapter, assigning an IP address, and assigning a
host name to each host, as well as defining a default route to your network. For
background information on these tasks, refer to TCP/IP network
interfaces, TCP/IP addressing, and Naming hosts on your network.

 Configure and start the intend daemon on each host machine on the
network. Read TCP/IP daemons and then follow the instructions
in Configuring the intend daemon.
 Configure each host machine to perform either local name resolution or to
use a name server. If a hierarchical Domain Name networks being set up,
configure at least one host to function as a name server.

 If the network needs to communicate with any remote networks, configure

at least one host to function as a gateway. The gateway can use static routes
or a routing daemon to perform inters network routing.

 Decide which services each host machine on the network will use.
By default, all services are available. Follow the instructions in Client network
services if you wish to make a particular service unavailable.

 Decide which hosts on the network will be servers, and which services a
particular server will provide.Follow the instructions in Server network
services to start the server daemons you wish to run.

 Configure any remote print servers that are needed.

 Optional: If desired, configure a host to use or to serve as the master time
server for the network.

6. Attempt any Three of the following: 12M

a Describe Bluetooth architecture technologies. 6M
Ans Piconet 3M
Bluetooth Architecture
(1M diagram,
Bluetooth architecture defines two types of networks: 2M for
1. Piconet explanation);
Scatternet-
2. Scatternet
3M(1M
1. Piconet diagram, 2M
• Piconet is a Bluetooth network that consists of one primary (master) node and for
seven active secondary (slave) nodes. explanation
• Thus, piconet can have up to eight active nodes (1 master and 7 slaves) or
stations within the distance of 10 meters.
• There can be only one primary or master station in each piconet.

21 | 2 6
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

• The communication between the primary and the secondary can be one-to-one
or one-to-many.

• All communication is between master and a slave. Salve-slave communication

is not possible.
• In addition to seven active slave station, a piconet can have upto 255 parked
nodes. These parked nodes are secondary or slave stations and cannot take part
in communication until it is moved from parked state to active state.
2. Scatternet
• Scattemet is formed by combining various piconets.
• A slave in one piconet can act as a master or primary in other piconet.
• Such a station or node can receive messages from the master in the first piconet
and deliver the message to its slaves in other piconet where it is acting as master.
This node is also called bridge slave.
• Thus a station can be a member of two piconets.
• A station cannot be a master in two piconets.

b Explain the process of DHCP server configuration. 6M

22 | 2 6
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

Ans Step by step

procedure- 6M
Configuring the DHCP Server

To configure the DHCP server:

1. From the Control Panel, go to Administrative Tools >> Computer

Management >> Services and Application >> DHCP.

2. From the Action menu, select New Scope.

The New Scope wizard is displayed.

3. Enter the following information as prompted:

 Scope name and description:

 IP address range (for example, 192.168.0.170 to 192.168.0.171)
 Subnet mask (for example, 255.255.255.0)
 Add exclusions (do not exclude any IP addresses)
 Lease duration (accept the default of 8 days)
 Router (default gateway) of your subnet (for
example, 192.168.0.1)
 Domain name, WINS server (these are not needed)
 Activate Scope? (select “Yes, I want to activate this scope now”)

4. Click Finish to exit the wizard.

The contents of the DHCP server are listed.

5. Right-click Scope [iPad dress] scope-name and select Properties.

6. In the Scope Properties box, click the Advanced tab.

7. Select BOOTP only, set the lease duration to Unlimited, and click OK.

8. Right-click Reservations.

The Controller A Properties box is displayed.

9. Enter the IP address and the MAC address for Controller A. Click
Add.

The Controller B Properties box is displayed.

23 | 2 6
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

10. Enter the IP address and the MAC address for Controller B. Click
Add.

The controllers are added to the right of the Reservations listing.

11. Right-click Scope [iPad dress] scope-name to disable the scope.

12. Click Yes to confirm disabling of the scope.

13. Right-click Scope and select Activate.

c Describe wireless infrastructure components in detail. 6M

Ans 4 components-
Wireless Network Infrastructures
11/2M each
The infrastructure of a wireless network interconnects wireless users and end
systems. The infrastructure might consist of base stations, access controllers,
application connectivity software, and a distribution system. These components
enhance wireless communications and fulfill important functions necessary for
specific applications.
1. Base Stations
The base station is a common infrastructure component that interfaces the
wireless communications signals traveling through the air medium to a wired
network? Often referred to as a distribution system. Therefore, a base station
enables users to access a wide range of network services, such as web browsing,
e-mail access, and database applications. A base station often contains a wireless
NIC that implements the same technology in operation by the user's wireless
NIC.
Residential gateways and routers are more advanced forms of base stations that
enable additional network functions.
As show in Figure a base station might support point-to-point or point-to-
multipoint communications.

24 | 2 6
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

Base Stations Support Different Configurations

Access Controllers
In the absence of adequate security, quality of service (QoS), and roaming
mechanisms in wireless network standards, companies offer access-control
solutions to strengthen wireless systems. The key component to these solutions
is an access controller, which is typically hardware that resides on the wired
portion of the network between the access points and the protected side of the
network. Access controllers provide centralized intelligence behind the access
points to regulate traffic between the open wireless network and important
resources. In some cases, the access point contains the access control function.
Application Connectivity Software
Web surfing and e-mail generally perform well over wireless networks. All it
takes is a browser and e-mail software on the client device. Users might lose a
wireless connection from time to time, but the protocols in use for these
relatively simple applications are resilient under most conditions.
Special application connectivity software is necessary as an interface between
a user's computer device and the end system hosting the application's software
or database.

25 | 2 6
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

Distribution System
A wireless network is seldom entirely free of wires. The distribution system,
which often includes wiring, is generally necessary to tie together the access
points, access controllers, and servers. In most cases, the common Ethernet
comprises the distribution system.

26 | 2 6