Journal of English Education and Linguistics

An Analysis of Figurative Language in Michael Jackson Song Lyric

1
Dewi Sri Lumbangtobing, 2 Bloner Sinurat and 3 Herman*
1,2,3
English Language Education Study Program,Faculty of Teacher Training and Education,
Universitas HKB Nommensen
Email: dewi.lumbantobing@student.uhn.ac.id bloner.sinurat@uhn.ac.id herman@uhn.ac.id
Corresponding author: herman@uhn.ac.id*
Received on April, 28th, Revised on June, 8th, Published on July, 30th 2021

ABSTRACT
This research aims to find out the figurative language in Michael Jackson song lyrics. Therefore, the
researchers formulated a question as the problem. As follows: (1) what are the kinds of figurative language in
Michael Jackson’s song lyrics? (2) What is the dominant type of figurative language in Michael Jackson’s song
lyrics? This research used Perrine theories to analysis kinds of figurative language in Michael Jackson song
lyrics. There are 12 types of figurative language according to Perrine they are: simile, metaphor,
personification, apostrophe, synecdoche, metonymy, symbol, allegory, paradox, hyperbole/overstatement,
understatement, and irony. The researchers used qualitative design because data are collected by using
document in form of word and a procedure of systematic analysis of context text (words, phrase, sentences,
document, etc), analysis content by qualitative enable researchers to understand the text by grouping words that
have same meaning into categories. The researchers used ten song from the website Genius.com as an
instrument to find the data to be analyzed based types of figurative language. The researchers finding showed
that are 6 types of figurative language that found in Michael Jackson’s Songs namely: personification,
apostrophe, metaphor, hyperbole, simile and symbol. While, there are 6 types of figurative language weren’t
found in Michael Jackson’s Songs namely: synecdoche, metonymy, allegory, paradox, understatement, and
irony. After analyzing all the data the researchers found the types of figurative language are dominantly used in
Michael Jackson’s songs are hyperbole consists of 11 sentences (30%). It can be concluded that figurative
language can be found and learn in the songs.
Keywords: Analysis, Semantics, Figurative language, Song

ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bahasa kiasan dalam lirik lagu Michael Jackson. Oleh karena itu
peneliti merumuskan pertanyaan sebagai masalah. Sebagai berikut: (1) apa jenis bahasa kiasan dalam lirik
lagu Michael Jackson? (2) Apa jenis bahasa kiasan yang dominan dalam lirik lagu Michael Jackson ?.
Penelitian ini menggunakan teori Perrine untuk menganalisis jenis bahasa kiasan dalam lirik lagu Michael
Jackson. Ada 12 jenis bahasa kiasan menurut Perrine yaitu: simile, metaphor, personification, apostrophe,
synecdoche, metonymy, symbol, allegory, paradox, hyperbole / overstatement, understatement, and irony.
Peneliti menggunakan desain kualitatif karena data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan dokumen berupa kata
dan prosedur analisis sistematis teks konteks (kata, frasa, kalimat, dokumen, dll), analisis isi secara kualitatif
memungkinkan peneliti untuk memahami teks dengan mengelompokkan kata-kata. yang memiliki arti yang
sama ke dalam kategori. Peneliti menggunakan sepuluh lagu dari website Genius.com sebagai instrumen
untuk mencari data yang akan dianalisis berdasarkan jenis bahasa kiasan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan
bahwa ada 6 jenis bahasa kiasan yang terdapat dalam Lagu Michael Jackson yaitu: personifikasi, apostrof,
metafora, hiperbola, simile dan simbol. Sedangkan, ada 6 jenis bahasa kiasan yang tidak ditemukan dalam
Lagu Michael Jackson yaitu: synecdoche, metonymy, allegory, paradox, understatement, dan irony. Setelah
menganalisis semua data, peneliti menemukan jenis bahasa kiasan yang dominan digunakan dalam lagu
Michael Jackson adalah hiperbola terdiri dari 11 kalimat (30%). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa bahasa khiasan
dapat ditemukan dan dipelajari di dalam lagu-lagu.
Kata kunci: analisis, semantik, bahasa kiasan, lagu

P-ISSN 2614-7343 │E-ISSN 2621-5128 Vol. 4 No. 2 July 2021 123

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An Analysis of Figurative Language in Michael Jackson Song …

INTRODUCTION semantics is a study of the meaning as a

Language is the conventional spoken or branch of linguistics (Sitanggang, et al,
written symbol system used by people to 2020; Sinaga, et al, 2020). Linguists
communicate with each other. Language is traditionally analyze human language by
very important thing to our life because observing the relationship between sound
language has strong influence in the society and meaning. Meaning can be studied in its
relationship. People need language to directly spoken or written form through the
communicate, to interact and to get field of semantics. So, semantics is the study
information from other people. According to of meaning in language. We know that
Herman (2018:33), language is a system of language is used to express meanings which
sound symbol which has an arbiter character can be understood by others. But meanings
used by the member of social group to exist in our minds and we can express what
cooperate, to communicate, and to identify is in our minds through the spoken and
them (Lumbantobing, et al, 2020; Pardede et written forms of language (as well as
al, 2021; Thao, et al, 2021). Moreover, through gestures, action etc.) Figurative
Kurniawan (2014:91) added that, the main language is a part of semantic.
instrument in communication is a language. Figurative language is one type of
So, the conclusion about language is a literary work which emphasis on connotation
system of arbitrary symbols as a rather than denotation meaning. Generally,
conversation is used by all people to figurative language is language that used
communication her or his feeling, ideas, words or expressions with a meaning that is
experience, and knowledge in the form of different from the literal interpretation.
oral, written, or only a signal. As human According to Ekasani (2015:24), figurative
beings, we cannot separate ourselves from language is sometimes called metaphorical
involvement of social communication and language or simply metaphor, which works
interaction, which certainly makes ourselves to carry meaning beyond its literal meaning
impossible to live without language. (Manurung, et al, 2020; Panjaitan, et al,
In linguistics, the study that relates to 2020; Siburian, et al, 2020). Furthermore,
meaning is called semantics. Linguistics is Abrams (2009:118) gives keywords to get
divided into parts such as, syntax, understanding figurative language, that is
morphology, phonology, pragmatics, and apprehending the standard meaning of
especially semantics. According to Leech as words, in order to achieve some special
cited in Syafitri and Marlinton (2018:44), meaning or effect. So, when a speaker uses

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 Dewi Sri Lumbangtobing, Bloner Sinurat and Herman
An Analysis of Figurative Language in Michael Jackson Song …

figurative language, it means of indirect express a feeling, sense, idea, emotion or

statement that says one thing in terms of thought. When listening a song, sometimes
another. Figurative language is when you people do not focus on the lyric that used in
describe something by comparing it to a song. Usually people just like the song
something else. The concept of figurative because of the singer or maybe the music is
language is also difficult for struggling good. And sometimes when people try to
readers to understand, but all people need to focus on the lyric, they will find some
be able to identify and use it in reading. The difficulties in understanding the meaning of
purpose of figurative language is to capture the song lyrics. Especially, when the lyric
readers interest and to deliver the idea and used figurative language.
imagination in more entertaining way. The researchers want to concern about
Figurative language can be found in any how to classify the figurative language
source, such as in daily conversation, articles especially in Michael Jackson‟s songs
in newspaper, advertisements, novels, because there are so many figurative
poems. But, we can also find it in songs or languages could be analyzed by the
lyric song, especially English song. researchers. Michael Jackson is an American
Song is one of literary works that has the singer, songwriter, and dancer. Dubbed the
purpose for entertainment, enjoyment and "King of Pop", he is regarded as one of the
information. The lyrics (words) of songs are most significant cultural figures of the 20th
typical of a poetic, rhyming nature, though century. Jackson is the most awarded artist
may be religious verses or free prose. in the history of popular music. Actually in
Through the lyrics, the listeners will know fact so many people outside they do not
the meaning of the song. Sometimes, really understand about figurative language,
listeners find difficulties to understand what how to classify the type and explain the
a singer means in a song, because what meaning each figurative language.
conventionally says is not always the same Figurative language is sometimes difficult to
as what a singer intends to express. Song is a interpret for general listener, because they
piece of music with words that are sung, has have different capability, mainly in
a function to express the thoughts and figurative language in Michael Jackson‟s
feeling that has two elements such as lyric songs. Moreover, not everyone is able to
and music (Lubis, 2017:1). Song is interpret the true meaning of figurative
considered to be a system of communication language. Every song has many messages
with other people using sounds and song to and needs to analyze the meaning of the

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 Dewi Sri Lumbangtobing, Bloner Sinurat and Herman
An Analysis of Figurative Language in Michael Jackson Song …

song to understand the song. Figurative song lyrics and to know the most dominant
language is important to be understand since figurative language.
it is useful give more detailed and accurate E.g.: like a house of cards (Simile)
drifting through the wind
description of the meaning of the word.
(Personification)
From the phenomena, the researchers are one blow from caving in
((Hyperbole)
interested in conducting the study of
figurative language used in Michael From the example, the researchers found
Jackson‟s songs. that figurative language can be found the
Whereas, knowing the meaning of a lyric word 'like' in the sentence refers to someone
is important so that the message to be who has lack of spirit will be indicated like a
conveyed by the composer can be house of cards. It means even they can stand
understood by the listener. Figurative and run their life, but they do not have
language does not mean exactly what it says, strong foundation to keep them stand when
but it forces the reader to understand the facing the problems. Then, personification
meaning of the singer‟s song lyrics. As from the lyric above means someone who
example is in the lyrics of Michael Jackson‟s does not have any spirit in life, they do not
song entitled „Fall Again‟. have any goal in their life. And hyperbole,
E.g All this time away Is killing me the sentence shows the power of a blow that
inside (Hyperbole)
can broke house of cards in one blow. This
means how the problem will fall people
This sentence is included into hyperbole.
down when they have strong foundation,
The researchers feel that his time was killed
spirit, in running their life.
because his waiting and his hope for his love
There are many problems when someone
that no comes. It makes the researchers like
listening a song such as, there are many
killed slowly.
songs that have figurative meanings on it
The previous studies of figurative
which are difficult to interpret by the
language analysis on song have been
listeners, who have less ability in
conducted by some researchers. One of them
interpreting the meaning of figurative
was by Hariyanto (2017) entitled The
language. Based on the explanation the
Analysis of Figurative Language Used in the
researchers provided above, the researchers
Lyric of Firework by Katy Perry (A Study of
are interested in analyzing figurative
Semantic). She is analyzing the types of
language in Michael Jackson‟s songs. By
figurative language that were used in the
analyzing the figurative language of the

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 Dewi Sri Lumbangtobing, Bloner Sinurat and Herman
An Analysis of Figurative Language in Michael Jackson Song …

songs, readers or listeners will know the interpreting recorded material to learn about
functions or meanings expressed in the song human behavior. The material may be public
lyrics of Michael Jackson. Thus, the records, textbooks, letters, films, tapes,
researchers will carry out a study entitled diaries, themes, reports, or other documents.
"An Analysis of Figurative Language in The research is considered document or
Michael Jackson Song Lyrics". content analysis because it describes and
analyzes the song lyrics' data. Finally,
METHODOLOGY qualitative research would be appropriate to
In this research, the researchers used be used in finding, analyzing, and presenting
qualitative research design. According to the data of the research in a more detail way.
Creswell (2014:9), qualitative research relied The subject of the research is song lyrics
on text or image data and usually had unique of Michael Jackson‟s. The object of the
steps in analyzing the data and draw on research is Figurative Language found in
diverse designs. It delivered by the that Song Lyrics. The researchers then
description of words and languages in a identified and analyzed several songs on the
particular context. Qualitative research is album and looked for the types of figurative
more holistic and often involves a rich language found in them. It means that the
collection of data from various sources to data source is a kind of document.
gain a deeper understanding of individual According to Ary et al. (2010), the term
participants, including their opinions, „documents‟ here refers to a wide range of
perspectives, and attitudes (Sitanggang, et al, written, physical, and visual materials,
2019)). including what other authors may term
There are some qualitative research types artifacts. Document analysis can be of
such as basic interpretative studies, case written or text-based artifacts (textbooks,
study, document or content analysis, novels, journals, meeting minutes, logs,
ethnography, grounded theory, historical announcements, policy statements,
studies, narrative inquiry, newspapers, transcripts, birth certificates,
phenomenological. Based on the kinds of the marriage records, budgets, letters, e-mail
way to do qualitative research, this research messages, etc.) or of no written records
is a kind of document or content analysis as (photographs, audiotapes, videotapes,
the method to obtain the data from the lyrics computer images, websites, musical
of Michael Jackson‟s songs. The content performances, televised political speeches,
analysis focuses on analyzing and YouTube videos, virtual world settings,

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 Dewi Sri Lumbangtobing, Bloner Sinurat and Herman
An Analysis of Figurative Language in Michael Jackson Song …

etc.). There were ten songs that analyzed, Therefore, in this research the researchers
they are, 1) Heal the World, 2) Black or used method documentation with reading the
White, 3) Will You Be There, 4) Gone Too text, analysis and collecting.
Soon, 5) Remember the Time, 6) Earth Steps in data collection, 1) Browsing the
Song, 7) I Just Can‟t Stop Loving you, 8) website of Genius.com, 2) Finding the
Fall Again, 9) Beat It and 10) Human scripts of the song lyrics, 3) Copying the
Nature. song lyrics from the Genius. Com, 4)
In this research, Instruments are tool Reading and identifying figurative language
facilities that are used by any researchers in used of Perrine theories and 5) Collecting all
order to collect the data. Arikunto (2013: types of figurative language uses news as
134) stated that instrument in collecting data data.
is a tool that is used by researchers to help According to Flick (2009), qualitative
them in collecting data in order to make it data analysis is the classification and
more systematic and easy (Pakpahan et al, interpretation of linguistic material to make
2019). This research instrument is a script of statement about structures of meaning-
song lyrics downloaded from the suitable making in the material. After getting and
downloading link on the website collecting the data then the researchers took
Genius.com as an instrument to find the the next step which in to analyzing the data
data. Steps in analyzing the data, a) Classifying
This part is very important in any form types of figurative language used Perrine
of researchers. According to Ary et. al. theories and b) Calculating the percentage of
(2010), the most common data collection figurative language and the dominant types
methods used in qualitative research are of figurative language found in Michael
observation, interviewing, questionnaire, and Jackson‟s son lyrics. The researchers used
document or artifact analysis. As in Ary et formula of Sudijono (2004: 43) as cited in
al. (2010) explained, content or document Wijaya (2014: 24) to count the number of
analysis is a research method applied to types of figurative language.
written or visual materials to identify the P = F/n x 100 %
material's specified characteristics. Note:
In this research, the technique collective P = Percentage of types
data in qualitative used document method as F = Total frequency of types
the way to collect the data because the N = Total types of all categories / data
researchers collected the data from songs. Drawing the conclusion.

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An Analysis of Figurative Language in Michael Jackson Song …

Triangulation 4. Methodological Triangulation

In qualitative research, the researchers Methodological triangulation means the use
will reveal the data as the real life of the of multiple methods to study a single
subject. This qualitative research used some problem or program or in other words mean
methodologies. To make the data valid, involve using more than one method to
triangulation was employed. According to gather data, such interviews, observations,
Denzin (2009), triangulation is a way most questionnaires, and documents.
commonly used for increased validity in The researches chose to used data
qualitative research. In this case, the aim of triangulation to analyze this research, the
triangulation is to determine the truth about researchers collect songs Michael Jackson as
some social phenomenon, rather the purpose data source, make this research more
of triangulation is to increase one‟s accurate.
understanding of whatever is being
investigated. FINDING AND DISCUSSION
The researchers used descriptive method. Finding
Denzin (2009) stated that there are four basic In this chapter, the researchers
types of triangulation, those are, 1) Data classsified the data based on the types and
Triangulation; data triangulation means that most dominant of figurative language. The
use of a variety of data sources in a study, researchers found some various types of
data sources involve time, space (place), and figurative language and most dominant of
persons. the researchers used many data figurative language. For the types and most
sources or participant to get the accuracy of dominant, the researchers analyzed by using
data, 2) Investigator Triangulation; Perrine theory.
investigator triangulation means that used of Types of Figurative Language. The
several different researchers or evaluators or appendices show that there were some types
in other words means involve multiple on figurative language that used in Michael
researchers in an investigation and 3) Theory Jackson‟s Songs. There are 37 lyrics include
Triangulation; theory triangulation means in types of figurative language and the most
the use of multiple perspectives to interpret a dominant of figurative language. There are 9
single set of data or in other words mean personifications, 2 apostrophes, 3 metaphors,
involve using more than one theoretical 11 hyperboles, 10 similes and 2 symbols.
scheme in the interpretation of the The total data of the types of figurative
phenomenon. language are:

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An Analysis of Figurative Language in Michael Jackson Song …

Table 1 Frequency of Figurative Language according by Perrine theories. The chart can
in Selected Song Lyrics of Michael Jackson
be seen below:
No Types of f Percentage
Figurative
Language
1 Personification 9 24 %
2 Apostrophe 2 6%
3 Metaphor 3 8%
4 Hyperbole 11 30 %
5 Simile 10 27 %
6 Symbol 2 5%
Total Data 37 100 %

Based on the table above the

researchers found that there are 37 lyrics
include in types of figurative language and Chart 1 Figurative Language in Michael
Jackson’s Songs
the most dominant of figurative language
based on Perrine‟s theory, they are Based on the chart above, there are

personification consists 9 data. Apostrophes 100% data include in figurative language,

consists 2 data, metaphor consists 3 data, there are 24 % data in personification, there

hyperbole consists 11 data, simile consists are 6 % data in Apostrophe, there are 8 %

10 data and symbol consists 2 data. data in metaphor, there are 30 % data in
hyperbole, there are 27 % data in simile and
The Dominant Type of Figurative
there are 5 % data in symbol. The
Language
researchers can conclude that the dominant
In order to answer the research problem
type of figurative language used in Michael
in this research that has been formulated in
Jackson‟s songs is hyperbole with a total of
chapter 1, the researchers found the types of
11 data or 30 %
figurative language and the dominant type of
figurative language used in Michael Discussion
Jackson‟s songs. From the result of the
From the result of data analysis, the
analysis, the researchers find out the most
researchers concluded that by using theory
dominant of figurative language found in
Perrine the researchers found out the most
Michael Jackson‟s Songs with the title „Heal
dominant types of figurative language used
the World, Black or White, Will You Be
in selected song lyrics of Michael Jackson is
There, Gone too Soon, Remember the Time,
hyperbole. In the finding the data the
Earth Song, I Just Can‟t Stop Loving You,
researchers found types of figurative
Fall Again, Beat it, and Human Nature
language are simile, metaphor,

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 Dewi Sri Lumbangtobing, Bloner Sinurat and Herman
An Analysis of Figurative Language in Michael Jackson Song …

personification, apostrophe, synecdoche, Jackson‟s songs. Whereas in previous study

metonymy, symbol, allegory, paradox, the researchers to find out the figurative
hyperbole/overstatement, understatement, language used in the lyric of firework and to
and irony. analyze the contextual meaning of figurative
Based on the findings, the language in that song.
researchers found several similarities and The researchers concluded that as
differences in the result of previous studies follow: The first is personification used
and the results of the research conducted by consist in giving the attributes of human
researchers at this time. The results of being to an animal, an object, or a concept,
previous research with the title “The so that people can see that non-human things
Analysis of Figurative Language used in the seem like doing human‟s activity. The
Lyric of Firework by Katy Perry (A study of second is apostrophe which consists in
Semantic) of January 2017 Edition”. There addressing someone absent or dead or
are similarities and differences from the something non-human as if that person or
research. thing were present and alive and could reply
The similarity of this research with to what is being said. The third is metaphor
the other researchers are the first, both of the used to compare between things that are
researchers used descriptive qualitative as different. One thing represents another thing
research design. The second, both of the which is inanimate. The Fourth is hyperbole
researchers used document to collect data. who a statement can made emphatic by
But in this research also has the contrast overstatement. The fifth is simile the explicit
with the other researchers. The first contrast, comparison of two things, indicates by the
in this research the researchers found 6 types word or phrase such as like, as, then, similar,
of figurative language on Michael Jackson‟s resemble or seems. The last is symbol used
songs, namely: personification, apostrophe, as something that means more than what it
metaphor, hyperbole, simile and symbol. is. The meaning of any symbol whether an
While in previous study the researchers object, an action, or a gesture, is controlled
found 7 types in Katy Perry‟s song, they are by its context.
simile, metaphor, hyperbole, affiliation,
CONCLUSION
symbolic, paradox, and personification. The
Based on the data analysis, it is
second, the researchers to find out the types
found out the researchers concluded that the
of figurative language and the dominant type
Michael Jackson song consists of 37
of figurative language used in Michael

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 Dewi Sri Lumbangtobing, Bloner Sinurat and Herman
An Analysis of Figurative Language in Michael Jackson Song …

sentences that used figurative language. The researchers with more information about the
analysis has two problem of the research the figurative language in the lyrics of the
first is what kinds of figurative language Michael Jackson Songs. It is also hoped that
found in song lyrics of Michael Jackson‟s this will provide information to other parties
song and the last is what figurative language who are interested in reading this research.
is dominantly used in song lyrics of Michael
Jackson of figurative language that occur in
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