Assignment-1

Why do we use Data Science in Healthcare?

According to a study, the data generated by every human body is 2 terabytes per day. This
data includes activities of the brain, stress level, heart rate, sugar level, and many more. To
handle such a large amount of data, now, we have more advanced technologies and one of
them is Data Science. It helps monitor patients’ health using recorded data.

With the help of the application of Data Science in healthcare, it has now become possible to
detect the symptoms of a disease at a very early stage. Also, with the advent of various
innovative tools and technologies, doctors are able to monitor patients’ conditions from
remote locations.

In earlier days, doctors and hospital management were not able to handle multiple numbers of
patients at the same time. And due to the lack of proper treatment, the patients’ conditions
used to get worse.

However, now, the scenario has changed. With the help of Data Science and Machine
Learning applications, doctors can be notified about the health conditions of the patients
through wearable devices. Then, hospital management can send their junior doctors,
assistants, or nurses to these patients’ homes.
Hospitals can further install various equipment and devices for the diagnosis of these patients.
These devices built on top of Data Science are capable of collecting data from the patients
such as their heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, etc. Doctors get this real-time data
of the patients’ health through updates and notifications in mobile applications. They can then
diagnose the conditions and assist the junior doctors or nurses to give specific treatments to
the patients at home. This is how Data Science helps in caring for patients using technology.

Benefits of Data Science in Healthcare

Data Science helps in advancing healthcare facilities and processes. It helps boost
productivity in diagnosis and treatment and enhances the workflow of healthcare systems.
The ultimate goals of the healthcare system are as follows:

 To ease the workflow of the healthcare system

 To reduce the risk of treatment failure
 To provide proper treatment on time
 To avoid unnecessary emergencies due to the non-availability of doctors
 To reduce the waiting time of patients

The Role of a Data Scientist in Healthcare

The role of a Data Scientist is to implement all techniques of Data Science for integrating it
into healthcare software. The Data Scientist extracts useful insights from the data to make
predictive models. Overall, the responsibilities of a Data Scientist in healthcare are as
follows:

 Collecting data from patients

 Analyzing the needs of hospitals
 Structuring and sorting the data for use
 Performing Data Analytics using various tools
 Implementing algorithms on the data to extract insights
 Building predictive models with the development team

Now, let’s discuss the major applications of Data Science in healthcare.

Medical Image Analysis

Medicine and healthcare together form a promising field for utilizing technological
advancements. The healthcare sector is acquiring new heights due to the advancements in
Data Science. It is helping in various aspects, and one of them is the analysis of medical
images. It is one of the most interesting areas of study in image recognition technology.

Data Science helps in the recognition of scanned images to figure out the defects in a human
body for helping doctors make an effective treatment strategy. These medical image tests
include X-ray, sonography, MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), CT scan, and many more.
Proper analysis of the images of these tests helps gain valuable insights for the doctors to
provide the patients with better treatment.
These are the general imaging techniques. But, the involvement of Data Science has made
these imaging techniques further revolutionize the healthcare industry. There are various
methods in Data Science that find the differences between the states of image and resolution
and check the orthogonality. Data Scientists are working on creating more advanced
techniques to improve the quality of the image analysis so that the patient’s data from an
image is extracted efficiently.

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There is a recent study published by Google AI on diagnosing skin diseases using Deep
Learning. The Deep Learning model is created in such a way that it can diagnose 26 diseases
related to skin with an accuracy of 97 percent. The diagnosis is performed using deep neural
networks, Machine Learning, and Data Science. Now, let us look at the three common
algorithms used in medical image analysis:

 Anomaly detection algorithm: This algorithm helps in identifying conditions such as

bone fracture and displacements.

 Image processing algorithm: The image processing algorithm helps in analyzing

images and enhancing and denoising them.

 Descriptive image recognition algorithm: It visualizes and extracts data from

images, interprets it, and makes use of it to form a bigger picture (for example,
merging the images of the brain scan and designating them accordingly)

These algorithms are successfully implemented by using supervised and unsupervised

algorithms.

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Predictive Analytics in Healthcare

In today’s world, information is one of the important factors in healthcare analytics. Due to
the lack of proper information about a patient, the condition can get worse. Thus, information
or data about the patient must be collected efficiently. This data can be anything from the
patient’s blood pressure, body temperature to sugar level. After collecting the patient’s data,
it is analyzed to search for patterns and correlations in it. This process tries to identify the
symptoms of a disease, the stages of the disease, the extent of damage, and many more.

Then, the predictive analytics model built on top of Data Science makes predictions on the
condition of the patient. Also, it helps in making strategies for the appropriate treatment that
should be given to the patient. Therefore, predictive analytics is a very useful technique and it
plays a major role in the healthcare industry.

The major benefits of predictive analytics in healthcare are given below:

 It helps in the management of chronic diseases.

 It efficiently monitors and analyzes the demand for pharmaceutical logistics.
 It predicts a patient’s condition and suggests preventive measures.
 It provides faster documentation of hospital data.
 It helps in efficiently utilizing doctors and other resources for the benefit of the
maximum number of patients.
 It predicts the future medical crises of a patient.

Thus, the application of Data Science in healthcare in the form of predictive analytics is
proving itself to be of great use.

Drug Research
As the world’s population is growing, there are many issues in the human body emerging
every now and then. This may be due to the lack of proper food, anxiety disorder, pollution,
physical illnesses, etc. It has now become a challenge for medical research institutes to find
medicines or vaccines for the diseases in a short time. Since, to find a formula for a medicine,
the researchers have to understand the characteristics of the causative agent, it may require
millions of test cases to do this. Then, after finding a formula, the researchers have to perform
further tests on the formula.
To go through the data of the millions of test cases mentioned above, in earlier days, it
required 10–12 years. But, now, with the help of various applications of Data Science in
healthcare, it has become a much easier task. The data from millions of test cases can be
processed within months or maybe in weeks. It helps in evaluating the efficiency of the drug
through data analysis. Hence, the successfully tested vaccine or medicine can be launched in
less than a year. This is all possible with the help of Data Science and Machine Learning.
Both have revolutionized the research and development sectors of the medicinal drug
industry. Next, we will see the application of Data Science in genomics.

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Data Science in Genomics

Genomics is one of the interesting areas of study in medical science. It is the study for the
sequencing and examination of genomes that consist of genes and DNAs of living beings.
The research on the genes of organisms facilitates high-level treatments. The aim of studying
genomics is to find the characteristics and irregularities in DNAs. Also, it helps find the
correlation between disease, symptoms, and the health condition of the person affected.
Further, the study of genomics includes the analysis of drug response for a particular type of
DNA.

Earlier, before the emergence of powerful data analysis techniques, the study of genomics
was a redundant and time-consuming task. This is due to the presence of millions of pairs of
DNA cells in the human body. But, now, the applications of Data Science in healthcare and
genomics have made this task easier. With the help of various Data Science and Big Data
tools, we can analyze human genes with less effort and time. These tools facilitate researchers
to find specific genetic issues and the drug that responds best for a specific type of gene.

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The tools used in the research of genomics are:

 MapReduce: MapReduce helps in processing huge amounts of genetic data. With the
help of MapReduce, the genetic sequences can be processed in lesser time.
 SQL: SQL helps in the retrieval of the genomic data from various databases and also
helps in the computation of this data.
 Galaxy: It is a GUI-based application used for biomedical research. To perform
research on genomes, we can do specific operations using Galaxy.
 Bioconductor: Bioconductors are used for the analysis of the genetic data.

Having knowledge of how DNA cells respond to a particular drug for a patient, doctors can
perform the treatment efficiently. The useful insights into the genetic structure help them
make effective strategies to cure a disease for a particular patient.

Virtual Assistance
The applications that are built using virtual assistance are a great example of the utilization of
Data Science. Data Scientists have built comprehensive platforms that give personalized
experiences to patients. The medical applications that use Data Science assist a patient in
identifying the disease by analyzing the symptoms. The patient just needs to enter his/her
symptoms and the application will predict the disease and condition of the patient. It will
suggest precautions, medication, and the treatment required as per the condition of the
patient.

Further, the application analyzes the data of the patient and creates a checklist of the
treatment processes that need to follow. Then, it regularly notifies the patient for taking
medicines. This helps in avoiding the situation of negligence that might make the condition
worse.

Virtual assistance has also proved to be useful for patients who suffer from Alzheimer’s,
anxiety, depression, and other psychological disorders. The treatment of these patients
becomes productive as the application regularly notifies them of taking required measures.
These measures include proper medication, exercise, and food intake. One of the examples of
virtual assistance is Woebot developed by Stanford University. It is a chatbot that helps
patients with psychological disorders in improving their mental health with the proper
treatment.

By looking at all these applications of Data Science in healthcare, we can say that Data
Science is one of the wonderful creations by humans.

Future of Data Science in Healthcare

Basically, there are four factors leading to rapid improvement in the healthcare industry:

 Technological advancements
 Digitalization
 Need for reducing treatment costs and duration
 Need for handling large population

Data Science has already started addressing all these to bring the desired effect. As Data
Science is already doing wonders for society, there is no doubt that its application in the
future will prove itself to be more invaluable. It will take the healthcare industry to further
heights. Doctors will get ample assistance and patients will get a more personalized
experience and perfect treatments.