1.

Which graph represents the change in cell surface area to volume ratio with increasing
cell diameter?

2. The image shows a phagocytic white blood cell as seen with a transmission electron
microscope.

Which features can be found both within this cell and in a photosynthetic bacterium?
A. Chloroplasts
B. Multiple nuclei
C. 70S ribosomes
D. Lysosomes
3. Which is an essential feature of the Davson–Danielli model of membrane structure?
A. A phospholipid monolayer with intrinsic and extrinsic proteins
B. A layer of protein sandwiched between two layers of lipid
C. A phospholipid bilayer with intrinsic and extrinsic proteins
D. A layer of lipid sandwiched between two layers of protein

4. Which process(es) occur(s) by osmosis?

I. Uptake of water by cells in the wall of the intestine
II. Loss of water from a plant cell in a hypertonic environment
III. Evaporation of water from sweat on the skin surface
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

5. What type of molecule is formed by the chemical reaction shown in the diagram?

A. Dipeptide
B. Disaccharide
C. Diglyceride
D. Cellulose
6. Water has a specific heat capacity of 4.2 J g–1 K–1 at room temperature, a latent heat
of vaporization equal to 2257 J g–1, and a boiling point of 100 °C. What are the
specific heat capacity, latent heat of vaporization and boiling point of methane?

7. What is common to RNA and DNA?

A. Thymine
B. Nitrogenous bases
C. Histones
D. Deoxyribose

8. Yeast cells, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were incubated with and without glucose at
three different temperatures for a period of four minutes, during which the rate of CO2
production was measured with a CO2 sensor.
 What conclusion can be drawn from the results of this experiment?
A. Yeast uses lipids rather than glucose in respiration at low temperatures.
B. Addition of glucose has a greater impact on rates of cell respiration at lower
temperatures.
C. Rates of cell respiration increase with temperature.
D. More glucose is produced at higher temperatures.

9. The diagram shows a neural synapse in the central nervous system of a honey bee
(Apis mellifera).

How do neonicotinoid pesticides cause paralysis and death of honey bees?

A. They destroy I.
B. They bind to II.
C. They inhibit the release of III.
D. They block the activity of IV.

10. Which process is common to photosynthesis and cell respiration?

A. Photolysis
B. The Calvin cycle
C. The Krebs cycle
D. Chemiosmosis
11. The diagram shows the human female reproductive system.

What is produced by structure X?

A. FSH
B. X chromosomes
C. Fertilized eggs
D. Estrogen and progesterone

12. The electron micrograph shows a section through part of an animal cell.

Which process is occurring on the structures labelled X?

A. The Krebs cycle
B. The link reaction
C. Glycolysis
D. Phosphorylation of ADP
13. The image shows a transverse section through a collecting duct in a vertebrate kidney.

How is the movement of materials across the wall of the collecting duct affected by the
release of ADH from the pituitary gland?
A. There is increased movement of water in the direction of arrow I.
B. There is increased movement of sodium in the direction of arrow I.
C. There is increased movement of water in the direction of arrow II.
D. There is increased movement of sodium in the direction of arrow II.

14. The image shows a light micrograph of tissue stained with a dye that binds to the
nucleic acids in a cell.

What is the major purpose of the tissue depicted in the image?

A. Absorption of digested food
B. Production of insulin
C. Spermatogenesis
D. Fertilization
15. What type of molecule is formed by the chemical reaction shown in the diagram?

A. Dipeptide
B. Disaccharide
C. Diglyceride
D. Cellulose

16. Water has a specific heat capacity of 4.2 J g–1 K–1 at room temperature, a latent heat
of vaporization equal to 2257 J g–1, and a boiling point of 100 °C. What are the
specific heat capacity, latent heat of vaporization and boiling point of methane?

17. Where do hydrogen bonds form?

A. Between the slight negative charge of hydrogen and slight positive charge of
oxygen within a water molecule
B. Between the slight positive charge of hydrogen and slight negative charge of
oxygen within a water molecule
C. Between the slight positive charge of hydrogen and slight negative charge of
oxygen in different water molecules
D. Between the slight negative charge of hydrogen and slight positive charge of
oxygen in different water molecules
18. The diagram shows two polysaccharides, formed from condensation of many glucose
molecules.

What are the names of X and Y?

19. What characteristic shows that this steroid molecule is a lipid?

A. It is made of carbon rings.

B. It has a very low proportion of oxygen to carbon.
C. It contains OH groups as do fatty acids.
D. It is made only of nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen.
20. What are the most frequently occurring elements in living organisms?
A. calcium, phosphorus, iron and sodium
B. calcium, sodium, nitrogen and phosphorus
C. carbon, phosphorus, oxygen and nitrogen
D. nitrogen, carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

21. What is involved during oxidation?

A. The loss of electrons
B. The gain of electrons
C. The gain of hydrogen
D. The loss of oxygen

22. Which can be explained by the solvent properties of water?

A. Sodium chloride is transported as Na+ and Cl– in blood.
B. Movement of water occurs under tension in the xylem.
C. Water is the coolant in sweat.
D. Ice floats on liquid water.

23. Why is sweat a good coolant for the body?

A. The arterioles that transfer water to sweat move closer to the skin surface when it is
hot.
B. Breaking H bonds between water molecules in sweat requires energy from body
heat.
C. Sweat contains minerals such as sodium chloride.
D. Sweat is non-polar.

24. Which property of water accounts for its moderating effects on the Earth’s atmosphere?
A. Cohesive
B. Thermal
C. Transparency
D. Adhesive

25. Which properties explain the ability of water to dissolve solutes?

I. Polarity of water molecules
II. High specific heat capacity of water
III. Hydrogen bonding
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III
26. What property of water makes it suitable as a coolant?
A. It takes a lot of energy to increase the temperature of water.
B. It takes a lot of energy for water to evaporate.
C. Water molecules are cohesive and stick to the skin.
D. Water is a good solvent so it can transport heat from the body.

27. What is a consequence of the specific heat capacity for liquid water, ice and water
vapour?

A. Less energy is needed to warm water vapour than liquid water.

B. Salt dissolves more readily in liquid water than in ice.
C. Small insects can walk on liquid water.
D. Ice floats on liquid water.

28. Which statement about water is correct?

A. The atoms within a molecule of water are held together by hydrogen bonds.
B. Water has a low heat capacity allowing enzymatic reactions to happen at a wide
range of temperatures.
C. Water molecules are polar, therefore fatty acids do not dissolve.
D. Ice has a higher density than liquid water, therefore some organisms can live under
the ice.

29. What property of water makes it a good evaporative coolant?

A. High latent heat of evaporation
B. Relatively low boiling point
C. Volatility
D. Transparency

30. Which of the following is true about a polar amino acid and cellulose?
A. Both are polysaccharides.
B. Both contain nitrogen.
C. Both are hydrophobic.
D. Both contain hydrogen atoms.
31. Which statements correctly explain properties of water?
I. Water is a useful medium for metabolic reactions as many substances dissolve in
water.
II. Water is useful as a coolant as it takes a small amount of heat energy to change its
temperature.
III. Water molecules are cohesive which helps water transport in the roots and stems of
plants.
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

32. Which of these molecules is a disaccharide?

A. Galactose
B. Sucrose
C. Cellulose
D. Ribose

33. Which type of reaction is the breakdown of starch into sugars?

A. Denaturation
B. Reduction
C. Catabolic
D. Condensation

34. Which molecule is a polysaccharide?

A. Glucagon
B. Glucose
C. Glycerol
D. Glycogen

35. Which are functions of lipids?

A. Hydrophilic solvent and energy storage
B. Hydrophobic solvent and membrane potential
C. Thermal insulation and energy storage
D. Thermal insulation and hydrophilic solvent
36. What process occurs when fatty acids combine with glycerol to make a triglyceride?
A. Condensation
B. Decarboxylation
C. Denaturation
D. Hydrolysis

37. Which sugars are examples of a monosaccharide and disaccharide?

38. Which of the following is a function of cellulose in plants?

A. Storage of fat
B. Formation of mitochondria
C. Storage of energy
D. Formation of cell walls

39. What is decreased when lactase is added to milk?

A. Sweetness
B. Disaccharides
C. Calcium
D. Monosaccharides

40. What contributes to the structure of an enzyme?

A. Sequence of bases linked by hydrogen bonds
B. Sequence of substrates linked by condensation reactions
C. Sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
D. Sequence of polypeptides linked by hydrolysis reactions

41. Which process causes ADP to change to ATP?

A. Hydrolysis
B. Protein synthesis
C. DNA replication
D. Anaerobic cell respiration
42. Which gas produces most of the bubbles in bread dough?
A. Oxygen
B. Methane
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Water vapour

43. What describes anaerobic cell respiration?

A. Glucose break down to pyruvate
B. Carbon dioxide fixation
C. No ATP formation
D. Occurs in the mitochondrion

44. In cell respiration, what is the name of the process where glucose is broken down into
pyruvate?
A. Electron transport chain
B. Krebs cycle
C. Link reaction
D. Glycolysis

45. What is formed from glucose during anaerobic cell respiration?

A. Lactate and ATP in cytoplasm
B. Carbon dioxide and water in mitochondria
C. Lactate and carbon dioxide in mitochondria
D. Carbon dioxide and water in cytoplasm

46. What substance is produced from glucose during anaerobic respiration in all organisms?
A. Carbon dioxide
B. Ethanol
C. Lactate
D. Pyruvate

47. How do cells capture the energy released by cell respiration?

A. They store it in molecules of carbon dioxide.
B. They produce glucose.
C. The energy is released as pyruvate.
D. They produce ATP.

48. Which of the following is part of the process of cellular respiration?

A. Changes in the volume of the thoracic cavity
B. Exchange of gases across the surface of the alveoli
C. Exchange of gases across the surface of capillaries
D. Glycolysis
49. Which process produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose?
A. Anaerobic respiration in a yeast cell
B. Aerobic respiration in a bacterial cell
C. Glycolysis in a human liver cell
D. The formation of lactic acid in a human muscle cell

50. What happens during the pathway of glycolysis?

A. Glucose is broken down into pyruvate.
B. Carbon dioxide is produced.
C. More ATP is consumed than is produced.
D. Lactic acid is produced.

51. Which of the following processes produces CO2?

I. Glycolysis
II. Alcohol (ethanol) fermentation
III. Lactic acid production
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II only
D. I, II and III

52. Which of the following is the best definition of cell respiration?

A. A process needed to use energy, in the form of ATP, to produce organic compounds
B. A process used to provide oxygen to the atmosphere
C. A controlled release of energy, in the form of ATP, from organic compounds in cells
D. A controlled release of energy in the production of food from organic compounds

53. What is an allosteric site?

A. The area on an enzyme that binds the end-product of a metabolic pathway
B. The area on a competitor molecule that inhibits an enzyme reaction
C. The site on an enzyme where the substrate binds
D. The active part of a non-competitive inhibitor of an enzyme reaction

54. What describes non-competitive inhibition?

A. Inhibiting molecule does not resemble substrate and binds to an area other than
active site
B. Inhibiting molecule resembles substrate and binds to active site
C. Inhibiting molecule does not resemble substrate and binds to active site
D. Inhibiting molecule resembles substrate and binds to an area other than active site
55. Which equation shows a chemical reaction that occurs during anaerobic cell respiration?

56. The graph shows the rate of an enzymatic reaction versus the substrate concentration,
in the absence or presence of an enzyme inhibitor.

Which condition is indicated by lines Y and Z?

57. How does a competitive inhibitor interact with an enzyme?
A. It binds to the active site, denaturing the enzyme.
B. It binds to the active site, preventing substrate binding.
C. It binds to an allosteric site, causing conformational change of the enzyme.
D. It binds to the allosteric site, causing competition with the substrate.

58. What effect would adding an enzyme have on energy changes during the reaction?

A. Reduce energy change I

B. Reduce energy change II
C. Increase energy change II
D. Increase energy change III

59. Which is correct for the non-competitive inhibition of enzymes?

Why is oxaloacetate a competitive inhibitor?

A. It causes a conformational change to the active site.

B. It binds to the enzyme away from the active site.
C. It is structurally similar to succinate.
D. It is structurally similar to succinate dehydrogenase.

The graph below shows energy changes during a chemical reaction that occurs without a
catalyst. What would change if the reaction was catalysed by an enzyme?

A. The initial energy level (I) would be higher, speeding up the reaction.
B. The maximum energy level (II) would be higher, speeding up the reaction.
C. The maximum energy level (II) would be lower, speeding up the reaction.
D. The final energy level (III) would be lower, speeding up the reaction.
The diagram represents an allosteric enzyme.

Where would the following inhibitors be most likely to bind?

The following graph shows energy changes with and without enzymes during a chemical
reaction. Which letter represents the activation energy required to carry out this reaction
without an enzyme catalyst?
This reaction occurs in mitochondria.

What explains that this reaction enables energy to be converted into a usable form?
A. The oxidized NAD+ will transfer the energy from the C6 compound to ATP.
B. The chemical energy stored in the C6 compound is used to reduce NAD+ allowing
ATP production.
C. Energy stored in the CO2 molecule will generate an electron gradient.
D. The C6 compound is reduced and the energy resulting from the removal of one
carbon is used to oxidize NAD+.

The diagram shows a mitochondrion. Which letter indicates the structure where ATP
synthase is located? C

Which process requires oxygen in aerobic cell respiration?

A. Oxidation of triose phosphate
B. Reduction of hydrogen carriers
C. Maintaining an oxygen concentration gradient in mitochondria
D. Accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

Where in a eukaryotic cell does the Krebs cycle take place?

A. In the cytoplasm
B. Between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondria
C. In the matrix of the mitochondria
D. On the surface of the cristae
When is energy released in a cell?
A. ADP combines with inorganic phosphate.
B. ATP releases inorganic phosphate.
C. NAD+ combines with hydrogen.
D. NAD+ releases hydrogen.

The diagram represents the Krebs cycle.

What processes are occurring at I and II? D

What happens during oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate?

A. Reduction of NAD+ and oxidation of CO2
B. Oxidation of NADH and production of CO2
C. Reduction of NAD+ and production of CO2
D. Oxidation of NADH and reduction of CO2

In the mitochondrial electron transport chain, what is the last electron acceptor?
A. CO2
B. H2O
C. O2
D. NAD

What is the link reaction in aerobic respiration?

A. Pyruvate is carboxylated, acetyl reacts with coenzyme A, reducing NADH + H +
B. Pyruvate is decarboxylated, acetyl reacts with coenzyme A, forming NADH + H+
C. Pyruvate reacts with coenzyme A, forming NADH + H+
D. Pyruvate is decarboxylated, reacting with coenzyme A, reducing NADH + H+

What is chemiosmosis?
A. Coupling of ATP synthesis to the electron transport and proton movement
B. Phosphorylation of glucose in the mitochondrial matrix
C. H+ ions moving down a concentration gradient into the mitochondrial matrix
D. Activation of ATPase in order to synthesize ATP
In the following diagram of a metabolic pathway, which letter represents acetyl CoA? C

What happens for each glucose during glycolysis?

A. Four ATP are used.
B. Two three-carbon compounds are formed.
C. Two NADPH + H+ are formed.
D. Two pyruvates are decarboxylated

What is the role of NADH + H+ in aerobic cell respiration?

A. To transfer hydrogen to the electron transport chain
B. To reduce intermediates in the Krebs cycle
C. To accept electrons from the electron transport chain
D. To combine with oxygen to produce water

The diagram represents components of the cristae in mitochondria. Which arrow indicates
how protons ( H+ ) move to generate ATP directly? C
37. The diagram represents a sarcomere. Which structure is myosin? (B)

38. What is normally found in the urine of a healthy individual?

A. Glucose
B. Red blood cells
C. Proteins
D. Sodium ions

39. The pregnancy test for humans is based on detection of the hormone HCG. What is the
reason for detection of this hormone indicating pregnancy?
A. HCG is involved in milk production.
B. HCG production is blocked by negative feedback during menstruation.
C. HCG is produced by an embryo.
D. HCG is released during the acrosome reaction.

39. What sequence shows the route taken by nitrogenous wastes in insects from their
production in
body cells to their removal from the insect’s body?
A. Hemolymph → Malpighian tubule → hindgut → rectum
B. Hindgut → hemolymph → kidney tubule → bladder
C. Malpighian corpuscle → nephron → ureter → bladder
D. Neonicotinoid → rectum → antagonistic muscles → anus
38. The diagram shows structures involved in contraction of a sarcomere.

What is X?
A. Myosin filament
B. Sarcomere
C. Actin filament
D. Myofibril

40. What function is maintained as a result of the release of HCG?

A. Production of milk by the mammary glands
B. Release of oxytocin by the posterior pituitary gland
C. Production of FSH by the anterior pituitary gland
D. Production of progesterone by the ovary

38. What is the role of calcium ions in muscle contraction?

A. To enable actin to expose binding sites on myosin
B. To bind to troponin, exposing binding sites on actin
C. To prevent an action potential in the muscle membrane
D. To bind to tropomyosin, blocking binding sites on actin
39. The pregnancy test for humans is based on detection of the hormone HCG. What is the
reason for detection of this hormone indicating pregnancy?
A. HCG is involved in milk production.
B. HCG production is blocked by negative feedback during menstruation.
C. HCG is produced by an embryo.
D. HCG is released during the acrosome reaction.

38. What is normally found in the urine of a healthy individual?

A. Glucose
B. Red blood cells
C. Proteins
D. Sodium ions

39. The diagram shows a section through a seminiferous tubule. C

40. The graph shows three hormones circulating during pregnancy in the rat, with birth
occurring at 22 days. D

22. Which statement applies to an axon at rest?

A. There is no electric potential difference between the external and internal surfaces of the
plasma membrane.
B. The external surface of the plasma membrane is positive relative to the internal surface.
C. The external surface of the plasma membrane is negative relative to the internal surface.
D. The internal surface of the plasma membrane has a much higher concentration of
sodium ions.

23. Which structural feature enables saltatory conduction?

A. Nodes of Ranvier between Schwann cells
B. Na+ channels under Schwann cells
C. K+ channels under Schwann cells
D. Sodium–potassium pumps under Schwann cells
29. Sulfanilamide inhibits an enzyme that catalyses a reaction involving PABA, an
intermediate in the synthesis of folate in bacteria. The structures of sulfanilamide and PABA
are shown. D

The graph shows the rate of reaction with increasing substrate concentration and with fixed
low concentration of different types of inhibitors. Which line on the graph represents the
effect of sulfanilamide? (A)

35. What process occurs in both mitosis and meiosis?

A. Formation of chiasmata
B. Reduction division
C. Separation of chromatids
D. Exchange of alleles between non-sister chromatids
30. What molecule functions as the final electron acceptor in the mitochondrial electron
transport chain?
A. Oxygen
B. ATP
C. Reduced NAD
D. Reduced FAD