Building Construction

(CEng3093)
Lecture: 1 By Mewael G.

INTRODUCTION
INTODUCTION
GENERAL
 A construction is a process of constructing something by man
for one purpose or another. It may be a road, bridge, a dam, a
dwelling place, an airport, a commercial building, etc.
 A building can be generally considered as a structure consisting
of floors, walls and roofs erected to provide covered space for
Different uses such as residence, business, entertainment,
workshop, etc.
 Buildings come in a wide amount of shapes and functions, and
have been adapted throughout history for a wide number of
factors:

building materials available  ground conditions

weather conditions  specific uses
land prices  aesthetic reasons
INTODUCTION (cont…)
 Buildings serve several needs of society – primarily as shelter from
weather and as general living space, to provide privacy, to store
belongings and to comfortably live and work.
 The first shelter on Earth constructed by a relatively close
ancestor to humans is believed to be built 500,000 years ago by an
early ancestor of humans.
 The initial causes which forced man to look for shelter were:
 Fear of wild animals
 Seeking protection against the cold and the heat
 Seeking shelter against the rain and wind
 The desire for a place where everything belonging to the
family could be gathered
INTODUCTION (cont…)
 The main considerations in architectural design of buildings for all
purpose are:
 Climate and its effect
 People and their requirements
 Materials for construction and method of construction
 Regulations and building codes
 Requirements which must be satisfied for the construction of a modern
house are:
 A plot of land
 Permission from local authorities
 Materials for building
 Skilled labourers for the erection
 Finance
 Professionals, such as architects and engineers
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Building: is an assemblage that is firmly attached to the
ground and that provides total or nearly total shelter for
machines, processing equipment, performance of human
activities, storage of human possessions, or any combination
of these.
Building design: is the process of providing all information
necessary for construction of a building that will meet its
owner’s requirements and also satisfy public health, welfare,
and safety requirements.
Building construction: is the process of assembling
materials to form a building based on the building design.
BUILDING CLASSIFICATION
 Buildings can be generally classified in different groups depending
upon their occupancy of use or types of construction.

Classification Based On Classification Based On

Occupancy Types Of Construction
• Residential buildings • Type1: Fire-resisting
• Educational buildings construction
• Assembly buildings • Type 2: Non-combustible
• Business buildings construction
• Mercantile buildings • Type 3: Heavy timber
construction
• Industrial buildings
• Type 4: Ordinary
• Institutional buildings
construction
• Storage buildings
• Type 5: Wood frame
• Hazardous buildings construction
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON OCCUPANTS
1. Residential buildings: include houses
occupied by persons where living
accommodations are provided.
Ex. private residences, apartments,
dormitories, hotels, etc.

2. Educational buildings: include any

Building used for educational
instructions.
Ex. schools
3. Assembly buildings: include any
building where group of people gather
for amusement, recreation, social,
political, religious and similar purposes.
Ex. theatres, halls, places of worship, etc
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON OCCUPANTS (CONT…)
4. Business buildings: any building
which is used for the transaction of
business, for professional services and for
keeping accounts & records for similar
purpose.
Ex. Garages, barbershops, city halls,
courthouses, libraries, etc.
5. Mercantile buildings: any building
which is used as shops, stores, market,
and for display and sale of merchandise.
Ex. Shopping malls
6. Industrial buildings: any building or
structure in which products or materials
of all kinds are fabricated, assembled,
finished or processed.
Ex. Assembly plants
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON OCCUPANTS (CONT…)
7. Institutional buildings: any building
which is used for purposes such as medical
or other treatment or care or for penal or
correctional detention.
Ex. hospitals, prisons, etc

8. Storage buildings: any building which is

used for storage or sheltering of goods, used
for storage or sheltering of goods,
merchandise, agricultural products, raw
materials etc.
Ex. ware houses, barns, etc

9. Hazardous buildings: any building used

for storage, handling, manufacturing or
processing of highly inflammable,
combustible or explosive materials.
Ex. explosive storage
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION

 Buildings are classified on the basis of resistance to fire of the

elements of the buildings.

Type-1 Fire-resisting construction:

 Type of construction in which the elements of the building, which
include the floors, walls, columns and the roof itself, are non-
combustible.
 The building is sufficiently fire resistance that it with stands the
effect of fire and prevents its spread to other rooms.
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION (CONT…)
Type-2 Non-combustible construction:
 Construction in which the walls, partitions, structural elements etc. are
non-combustible with less fire resistance than Type 1.
Type-3 Heavy timber construction:
 Exterior walls are out of masonry or other non combustible material.
 Interior structural members, floors and roofs are constructed out of
timber either in solid or laminated forms.
Type-4 Ordinary construction:
 Exterior walls are out of masonry or other non combustible material.
 Interior structural members could be partially or wholly out of wood of
relatively smaller sections unlikeType 3.
Type-5Wood frame construction:
 Type of construction in which practically the whole of the building is
out of wood or other combustible materials.
COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING
 A building has two basic parts:
 Sub-structure
 Super structure
 Sub-structure: is the lower portion of the building, usually
located below the ground level, which transmits the loads of the
super-structure to the supporting soil.
 Super-structure: is that part of the structure which is above the
ground level, and which serves the purpose of its intended use.
 The basic component of a building include:
Foundations Walls Floor structures
Roof structures Building finishes
Doors, windows and other openings Vertical transportation
COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING (CONT…)
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
A building structure should satisfy the following basic
design and performance requirements
A. The structure should have adequate margin of safety
(factor of safety) in addition to that necessary to
support its normal loading.
B. It must have sufficient stiffness so that its distortion
does not offend the eye or reduce the efficiency of the
structure for its normal purpose.
C. The building should be planned to provide sufficient
comfort and convenience to the occupants of the
building.
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS (CONT…)

 To accommodate the basic functional requirements, a building

should satisfy the following requirements in its design and
construction works:
1. Strength and stability
 Any structural component of a building should be strong enough
to carry or support all possible types of loads to which it is likely
to be subjected.
 The Loads in a building are commonly classified as: dead loads,
super imposed or live loads and wind loads.
Dead loads: are static loads due to the weight of the respective
structural members, i.e. The wall partitions, roofs, slabs and all
other permanent fixtures in the building.
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS (CONT…)

Live loads: also called as super-imposed loads, consist of moving or

variable loads, due to people or occupants, their furniture,
temporary stores, machinery, etc.
Wind loads: are loads, which can cause uplift on a building and
reduce the pressure on the foundation on the windward side and
increase pressure on the leeward side. The effect of wind pressure
increases with the height of the building.
2. Dimensional stability
 Refers to the resistance to dimensional changes in building
materials and structures caused due to:
 elastic and plastic deformations as a result of applied loads
 expansion and contraction due to changes in temperature and
moisture content.
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS (CONT…)

3. Comfort and convenience

 Should be satisfied by proper planning of the buildings and its units.
 Optimum utilization of space
 Lighting considerations
 Orientation
4. Resistance to moisture penetration
 The presence of moisture in any building structure deteriorates the
materials strength, reduces durability and could cause partial or total
failure of the structure.
5. Fire protection
 A building structure should not ignite easily
 A building should provide means of fire escape
 A building should be designed to reduce the spread of fire
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS (CONT…)

6. Heat insulation
 The building should be designed in such a way to maintain
fairly constant temperature of the internal environment
independently of the varying climatic conditions externally.
7. Day light and ventilation
 Day lighting is essential to promote the activities carried in
The building and to create pleasant inside environment.
 Ventilation is essential to prevent undue concentration of
odours, fumes, dust, etc and maintain suitable condition for
the user of the building.
8. Sound insulation
 The insulation of noise is a very important requirement for
buildings such as hospitals, educational institutions, offices and
residential building located in noisy areas.
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS (CONT…)
9. Durability
 The durability of a building is defined as the time over which a building
remains serviceable and depends mainly on
 Type of building materials
 Environmental exposure
 Quality of workmanship
 Degree of maintenance, etc
10. Security
 Due considerations should be given in designing and constructing
external walls and openings to protect a building against burglary or
theft
11. Economy
 The designer must exercise economy at every stage of planning, design,
construction, maintenance and operation.
THE PROJECT LIFE CYCLE OF A BUILDING
 The project life cycle of a building may be viewed as a process
through which a building project is implemented from cradle to
grave.
PARTICIPANTS IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
 The practice of planning, designing, constructing, and operating
buildings is most usually a collective effort of different groups of
professionals and trades.
 Depending on the size, complexity, and purpose of a particular building
project, the project team may include:
 A client or an owner: Individuals, government, real estate
developers etc.
 financial institutions or other investors that provide the funding
 Local planning and code authorities
 Consultants or Licensed architects and engineers who provide
building design and prepare construction documents
 Contractors who provide construction services and install building
systems
 Marketing or leasing agents
 Facility managers who are responsible for operating the building.
Thank you !