M SP KNO W L EDGE O F FI C I A L

POWER

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SHARING
What is Power Sharing?
Power-sharing is a system of political arrangements in which power is shared b/w
Different Organs, Different Levels of Govt. & Different Communities and Sectors.

Why Power Sharing is Desirable ( Useful ) ?

Prudential Reason - (i) It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict b/w Social groups.
(ii) It ensures that every Community get Representation
Moral Reason - (i) Power Sharing is the spirit of democracy.
(ii) It decreases the chances of Dictatorship

Forms of Power Sharing

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Among Different Organs of Govt.

It is the Horizontal Division of Power It ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power.

Each of them checks and balances their Powers Executive, Judiciary, Legislature

Supreme Court, High CHECK Parliament, State Legislative

Couts, Session Courts, etc. BALANCE Assemblies

Prime Minister, President, Police Forces

Power Sharing Among Different Levels of Govt.

It is a system of power sharing among governments at different levels. For example,
the Central Government, State Governments, Municipality, Gram Panchayat etc.
The Constitution lays down the powers of different levels of government.
 POWER M S P K N O W LE DGE O F F IC IA L

SHARING
Power Sharing Among Different Social Groups.
Power can also be shared among different religious and linguistic groups.
‘Community Government’ in Belgium is a good example of this type of power-sharing. The system
of reserved constituencies in India is another example.
Such an arrangement is used to give minority communities a fair share in power, who otherwise
would feel alienated from the government.

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Power Sharing Among Power among Political
Parties, Pressure Groups, and Movements.
There is a competition among different parties, which in turn ensures that power does not
remain in one hand and is shared among different political parties representing different
ideologies and social groups.

Incedent of Belgium and Sri Lanka

Belgium Sri Lanka

In Belgium - Dutch Speaking -59% In Sri Lanka - Sinhala Speakers -74%
- French Speaking - 40% - Tamil Speakers - 18%
In Brussels - Dutch Speaking - 20% Sinhala Speakers (74%) - Buddhism
(Capital) - French Speaking - 80% Tamil Speakers (18%) - Mostly Muslims

THEY SOLVED THE ISSUE BY: THEY FOLLOWED MAJORITARIANISM:

The Union Govt. was formed with 50% representation In 1956, Sinhala was declared the Only Official
of each Community Language of Sri lanka
State Govt. was formed in Brussels with 50% Majoritarianism: When a country is totally
representation of each Community governed by the majority, and minorities ignored
A Community Govt. formed to deal with social issues Result: Civil War Happened, A lot of people died,
and conflicts. and Tamil People Abolished.

CHAPTER ENDS...
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 MSP KNOWLEDGE OFFICIAL
FEDERALISM

What is Federalism?
Federalism is a System of Government in which the power is divided into two or more levels
of government ( Sasta, Sundar, Tikau Definition)

Features of Federalism
There are two or more levels Every Tier of Govt. has its
(or tiers) of Government specific list of Works

Constitution defines the Field of Works & Only one level of govt. can not change or edit
The Various Powers of Every Level of Govt. Fundamental provisions of the Constitution

In Case of Conflict b/w Central govt. & State All the levels of Govt. have their fixed
Govt. Judiciary solves the Problem and specified revenue sources.

Its main objective is to promote Unity and Integrity

Giving Equal Opportunities to every Social Group.

Coming Together and Holding together Federations

Coming Together Federation Holding Together Federation
In this, Independent states come together In this, large country decide to divide
on their own to form bigger unit powers b/w States and the National Govt.
They can increase their Security by Union Govt. tends to be more powerful
Adding their Resources and Services then State govt.
Example - USA and Australia Example - India and Belgium

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 M SP KNO W L EDGE O F FI C I A L

FEDERALISM

What makes India a Federal Country?

India have 3 Tiers of Govt. - Central, State and Local Govt.
Every level of Govt. have their Specific Field of Work

Union List State List Concurrnet List

Has subjects of National Importance Has subjects of Local and State Has subjects of Common
Importance Interest
Union Govt. alone can make laws
State. Govt. alone can make laws Both the Centre and State
Ex.- Defence, Banking, Foreign
Ex.- Police, trade, commerce, can frame laws
Affairs etc.
agriculture and irrigation Education, Forest, Trade
India is a Holding Together Federation

Only One level of Govt. cannot Change or Edit the Fundamental Provisions of the Constituion

In case of Conflict b/w Union and State Govt. Supreme Court Solves the Issue

Language Policy of India

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Their is No National Language in India
State Govt. can choose its own Official Language, Mostly Hindi is used as Official Language

22 Major Languages were Scheduled in The Constitution

National Level Exams are conducted in All 22 Languages

In Case of File Sharing b/w two govt. then "English" is used as the medium

Decentralisation of Power
In 1992, Constitution Amended to Give Powers to Local Govt.

Regular Elections made Mandotary (Village - Panchayat, City - Municipality)

Seats are reserved for the Backward Classes - SC, ST, OBSs

At least one-third of all positions are reserved for women.

Independent State Election Commission formed
Proper Funds were given to Local govt. by State and Union Govt.

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 DEVELOPMENT
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What is Development ?
Development means to progress in order to achieve a certain goal. These goals are
different for different people or groups of people. Development can involve any area
of specialization such as health, finance or education.

DEVELOPMENT FOR ONE CAN BE DESTRUCTION FOR OTHER

Example:
The Formation of Dam is Development for the So, Different People have their
people in Cities, who are going to get proper water Different Developmental Goal, and
some times they are destruction for
and Electricity Supply, but at the same time, it is
others too.
destruction for the Villages, Tribal Communities
living at the place where the dam is going to be made

National Development
HOW DO WE COMPARE
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Govt. looks for Common Developmental

Goals, so that a large no. of people got
benefited, For Ex. - National Security, Road
DIFF. COUNTRIES??
Ways, Electricity Supply, these are the
common basic needs of every citizen. PER CAPITA INCOME
The Per capita income or average income

Public Facilities measures the average income earned per person

in a given area (city, region, country, etc.) in a
Money in your pocket can not buy all the specified year. It is calculated by dividing the
goods and services that you may need to area's total income by its total population.
live well
World Bank compares the countries by Per
That is - Freedom, Security, Good Roadways, etc.
Capita

Health Comparisons Per Capita Income =

Total Income
Total Population

BMI (Body Weight in Kgs Limitations - It does not Shows the ground
Mass Index) = Square of Height (in m) reality, as its the average.

LITERACY RATE
HDR ( Human Development Report ) Literacy rate of Population is defined
Published by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) as the percentage of literates to the
Compares countries on the basis of :- population age 7 years or above
Educational Level
Health Status
Per Capita Income MSP KNOWLEDGE OFFICIAL
DEVELOPMENT
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NET ATTENDANCE RATIO

INFANT MORTALITY RATE
Net attendance ratio is defined as the ratio of
the number of persons in the official age-group The No. of Students dying before the completion
attending any educational institution in a of 1 year, out of 1000 live children born in that
particular class-group to the total number year
persons in the age-group. Data is disaggregated
by Social Groups.

Sustainability of Development?
Making sure that, Resources we have currently,
can be preserved for future generations.

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 Economy
SECTORS OF INDIAN

The Sectors of Economy?

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It is also called - Industrial & Manufacturing Sector
It is also called - Agricultural and Related Sector
In this, the Raw materials are converted into
In this, the basic raw materials of Products is
proper products ( ie - Aaloo se Chips Banta hai ;)
produced.
Eg - Cotton, Milk, Crops, Fruits, etc. Eg - Shirt (from Cotton), Butter, Chips etc.

PRIMARY SECTOR SECONDARY SECTOR

GDP - Gross Domestic Product TERTIARY SECTOR
It is the value of all final goods & Services produced It is also called - Service Sector
within a country during a particular Year. In this, the various services is provided, like -
GDP of GDP of transportation, Medical, Education, All 9 to 5 jobs ;)
GDP
GDP of Country Secondary Tertiary No new products formed
Primary
Sector Sector Sector Eg - Shirt is now sold on Shops, Hospitals, etc.
Only Final Goods & Services are added.

WHICH SECTOR CONTRIBUTE LARGER IN ECONOMY?

1970' 2011'
Why??
HISTORY Govt. Developed Banks, Hospitals, Schools etc.
Primary Sector Primary Sector (Top) Tertiary Sector (Top) Thus Contributing to Tertiary Sector
Secondary Sector Secondary Sector Secondary Sector As income rised, people started spending
Tertiary Sector Primary Sector money on malls, Theaters, Dramas etc. -
Tertiary Sector
Again Contributing to Tertiary Sec.
New Technology Developed -
Computers, Smartphones, Web,

NOW, WHY PRIMARY SECTOR LOSE AND WHY Youtube, Social Media etc.
Thus due to all the reasons, contribution
TERTIARY ACTOR GROWN SO FAST? of Tertiary sectors to the economy
increased.

What is Disguised / Under Employment ?

Disguised employment is a kind of jobs in which some people visibly
employed but are unemployed in such a situation there are people engaged in
work than required.
For Ex.- In a small field 10 people are working but their is only need of 4 workers. MSP KNOWLEDGE
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 Economy
SECTORS OF INDIAN

How can jobs be Created ? On the Basis of Ownership

Govt. can provide loans - for New Startups
Transportation Facility should be increased
PUBLIC SECTOR
Proper Electricity Supply Govt. Controlled Main Agenda - Public Welfare
Education should be made easy to reach for all Ex. - Govt. Schools, Hospitals, Railways

Tourism should be increased

Govt. Should introduce various programs like -
PRIVATE SECTOR
Owned by Individuals Main Agenda - Earn Profit
NREGA - National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005
Ex. - Private Schools, Institutions, etc.
(100 Days Guaranteed Employment)
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What is Organized & Unorganised Sector (Employment) ?
ORGANISED SECTOR UNORGANISED SECTOR
They are registered with govt. and have to Not Registered Buisnesses / No Supervision
follow rules and regulations of Government.
They have JOB Securities No Job Securiteis
Fixed working hours & Proper Wages No Proper Rules and Regulations
Have Paid Holidays & Good Working Conditions No Fix Hours and Wages
Have Pension Facilities too. No Pension Facilities
Ex - Govt. Jobs, Banks, Schools Ex - Farming, Dhaba etc.

How to improve Unorganised Sector (Rural / Village) ?

IN RURAL (VILLAGE) AREA IN URBAN (CITIES) AREAS
Govt. Should Provide Cheap Loans Make Strict Laws against Labour Exploitation
Govt. Should Provide Good Quality Seeds Set Minimum wages criteria
Improve Irrigation Facillities Set Maximum Working Hours
Proper Electricity Supply For Poors provide low rates products
Good Transportation Facilities Provide Good Living Condition

Why Water & Electricity are not totally Private?

Private Institutions first agenda is to earn Profit, so PRICE WILL RISE, and poor can't afford

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MSP Knowledge Official
 Resource and
Development
CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY

Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs , provided It is
technologically accessible , economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as
Resources.

Classification of Resources?
On the basis of Origin

Living Things (Ex- Humans, Non-Living Things (Ex -

Plants & Animals etc.) Soil, Minerals, Water etc.)

On the basis of Exaustability

Resources which can be renewed or reproduced by Resources which take millions of years in their formation.
physical, mechanical and Chemical Processes, like - They may exhaust by excessive use such as petrol, coal ,
Solar Energy, Water, etc. fossil fuels

On the basis of Status of Development

Resources which are surveyed and their quantity and Resources which are found but yet not utilized
quality is determined for utilization. Ex- coal mines. . e.g: -sun and wind energy in deserts

These have potential to satisfy human needs but These resources can be utilized with help of existing
technology but are kept for future requirements eg:
humans don't have technology to access these. Eg:
water can be used to generate more hydroelectricity .
Extracting Hz and Oz from H2O.

On the basis of Ownership

Resources owned privately by individuals . Resources which are accessible to all

e.g : plot , house, car wells etc. Ex. - public parks, playgrounds, picnic spots etc
 Resources which are regulated by international institutions. Or
Resources which are within the political Oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the exclusive zone
boundary and oceanic area upto 12 nautical belongs to open ocean and no individual country can utilize them
miles from the coast belong to the nation. without the concurrence of these international institutions.

SUSTAINABLE It means development should take place without damaging the environment
and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of future
DEVELOPMENT generations

AGENDA 21
It is a declaration signed by the world leaders in 1992 at UNCED, which took places at Rio
de Janeiro. It aims at archiving global sustainable development.

Resource Planning in India

Resource Planning means identification and It is important in a country like India,
quantification of the available resources which has enormous diversity in the
along with their development - availability of resources.
There are regions which are rich in certain Ex.- Arunachal Pradesh has a lot of water but
types of resources but are deficient in other lacks in infrastructural development.
resources. This calls for balanced resources Rajasthan has solar and wind energy but lacks
planning at national state. in water resources.

Process of Resource Planning

This is a technique or skill of proper utilization of resources . Resource planning consists of three stages -

Identification and inventory of resources - Involves surveying, mapping and

measurement of characteristics and properties and properties of resources.

Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate - Technology , skill

and institutional set up for implementing resource development plants

Matching -The resources development plans

with overall national development plans.

LAND RESOURCE India's geographical area comprises :

Plains 43% Mountains 30% Plateau 12%

The decrease in the quality of land due to human and natural activities which makes it unfit
for cultivation is known as Land Degradation.
CAUSES OF LAND DEGRADATION
Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help
Overgrazing in -Gujarat, Rajasthan, M P. etc.
Control on overgrazing
Over Irrigation in Punjab, Haryana and UP
Control on mining activities
Over mining in Chattisgarh and Odhisha
Planting of shelter belts.
Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents.

ALLUVIAL SOIL
Widely Spread, Mostly in Northern Region
Bhangar Soil Old alluvial , more concentration of Kanker nodules and is less fertile
Khadar Soil New alluvial , less concentration of Kanker nodules and is more fertile .
Alluvial soil consists of potash, phosphoric and lime
Ideal for sugarcane , paddy , wheat and other cereal and pulse crops.

BLACK SOIL (Regur Soil) LATERITE SOIL

In the areas of heavy rainfall and high temperature
Black In Colour, Suitable for Cotton
Humus content is low as bacteria die in high temperature
Covers the North-Western Deccan Plateau, the
Found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya
plateau of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and
Pradesh and hilly areas of Odisha and Assam.
Chattisgarh
Calcium Carbonate, Magnesium, Potash and lime. It is useful for growing Tea and coffee. Red laterite soil
Black In Colour, Suitable for Cotton in Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh is suitable
for growing cashew nut.

RED AND YELLOW SOIL ARID SOIL

Develops on crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall. Ranges from red to brown in colour. Sandy in
Covers the southern and eastern part of Deccan plateau, texture and saline in nature
parts of Chattisgarh and Odisha and piedmont zone of Due to dry climate and high temperature, the
Western Ghats. soil lacks in humus and moisture content.
After proper irrigation facilities itis cultivable
Soil develops a red colour on diffusion with iron in crystalline
and metamorphic rocks. Yellow in hydrated form. Lies in the western part of Rajasthan.

FOREST SOIL
Found in hilly and mountainous areas where
sufficient rain forests are available.
The soil texture varies according to the mountain
environment where they are formed.
 Agriculture
CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY

Agriculture is a primary activity that produces the food we eat and raw material for industries. Two-third of
the population of India is engaged in agriculture

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Primitive Subsistence Farming
It is done on a small patch of land with help of primitive tools and family labour.
It is also called Slash and Burn Agriculture In this agriculture, tribals /farmers clear
a patch of forest land and burn it for their agricultural practice and then leave the
patch idle for a few years. This allows nature to replenish the fertility of the soil.

Intensive Subsistence Farming JHUM CULTIVATION DIFF. NAMES :

Jhumming - North Eastern India
It is done on the land of high population pressure. Dipa - Baster and Ad N Islands
High doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation Mi Ipa - Mexica and Central America
Roca - Brazil
are used to obtain higher production.
Ray - Vietnam
Ma sole - Central Africa
Commercial Farming
The main feature is that high doses of modern inputs like high yielding variety IHYV) seeds,
chemical fertilisers, pesticides, and insecticides used to obtain higher productivity.

THE PLANTATION is a type of commercial farming in which only a single crop is grown on a large-scale,
using capital intensive input with the help of migrant labourers. A good network of transport,
communication, proper market facilities are required for this . Eg: - Tea in Assam and coffee in Karnataka.

3 Major Cropping Season of India

RABI CROPS KHARIF CROPS ZAID CROPS
These crops are sown b/w October Crops are sown at the onset of These crops are sown
to December and are harvested b/w monsoon a season (may-June) and are between Rabi and Kharif
April to June harvested in September -October. season (March-June).
Eg: watermelon, muskmelon,
Ex: wheat, Barley , Peas, Gram and mustard. Eg: Paddy , Maize, Jowar,
cucumber,
 Major Crops of India
RISE
India 2nd largest producer of rice in World after China

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It is the most important and staple food crop of the majority of Indians.
It requires high rainfall above 100cm) and high temperature (above 254 to grow.
It can be grown in low rainfall areas with help of proper irrigation
Major rice producing stales are West Bengal, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Jharkhand, UP, Tamil
Nadu, Assam, Kerala etc.

WHEAT
It is the main food crop in north and northwestern part of country
This Rabi crop requires a cool season and bright sunshine at the time of ripening .
Rainfall should be between 50 to 75cm
There are two important wheat growing zones in country
Ganga Satluj Plains
Black soil Region in Deccan
Major wheat producing States are UP , MP, Haryana, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan

PULSES MAIZE
It is a crop which is used both as food and fodder
India is largest producer and consumer of pulses.
It is a kharif crop but also Rabi crop in Bihar.
It is the main source of protein in a vegetarian diet.
It requires temperature between 25C - 27°C
Major pulses grown in India are Urad, Azhar, Moony,
It grows well on old alluvial soil
Masur , Peas and Aram.
Major maize producing States are up, Madhya
Pulses need less moisture and survive dry climate. Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, KarnaHea
Being leguminous crops, all these are grown as
rotational Coop to restore the soil fertility by fixing
nitrogen (Except Arhar)
MILLETS
Also called coarse grains
Jowar, Baja and Ragi are important
millets grown in India .
Have high nutritional value .

Food Crops Other than Grains

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OIL SEEDS
Oil seeds cover about 12% of total cropped area of India
Major oilseeds grown in India are Groundnut, mustard , soya bean, linseed, Colton seeds, Castor seeds
Some of them are used as raw material of soaps , cosmetics and ointments.
India is the second largest producer of groundnut after China . (It is Kharif crop)
Gujarat is the largest producer of groundnut, followed by Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu .
Major pulses producing States are UP, Rajasthan, MP , Maharashtra and KarnaHea .
TEA
India is the second largest producer of tea in world after China
It is a beverage crop which was initially introduced by Britishers and example of plantation crop.
Tea bushes require warm and moist frost - free climate all through the year.
Major tea producing States are Assam , hills of Darjeeling , West Bengal , Kerala, Uttarakhand, Tripura,
Meghalaya.

SUGARCANE
This is a tropical as well as subtropical crop that requires almost a year to grow
It can be grown on a variety of soils, as long as they are fertile and well-drained.
It requires a hot and humid climate to grow with a temperature between 2K-272 and annual rainfall between
75- 100cm.

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Position of India is second in world .
It is the main source of sugar, Aur, Khandsaoiete. India is the second largest producer of sugarcane in
the world after Brazil.
Major sugarcane producing States are up Maharashtra, Punjab, Haryana, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.

COFFEE
Indian coffee is known forits good quality and is incitemand in all overthe world.
India has the Arabian variety which was Pritially brought from Yemen.
In India for the first time the cultivation of coffee was done on Baba Budan Hills .
major coffee producing stales are Karnatka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu .

HORTICULTURE CROPS
These include the cultivation of both fruits and vegetables .
India is the second largest producer of these after China.
India produces both tropical and temperate fruits .
Mangoes of Maharashtra, UP , WB Oranges of Nagpur and Cheorapunjee
Important vegetable produces of India are pea, cauliflower, onion, cabbage , tomato , brinjal and potato.

Non Food Crops

RUBBER
Rubber is mainly an equatorial crop, but under special conditions, it is also grown in tropical areas
It is the main raw material for many industries like autotypes and tubes, tyres, belts and hoses, footware e te
It is mainly grown in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands .

FIBRE CROPS
Colton, Jute ,hemp and natural silk are the four major fibre crops grown in India
The first three are plant products while silk is obtained from cocoons of the silkworms .
Rearing of silk worm for production of silk fibre is known as sericulture .
COTTON
It is the main raw material for cotton textile industry .
It grows well on drier parts of black soil in Deccan , it takes 6-8 months to mature
India is the second largest producer of cotton in world after China
It requires high temperature , light rainfall or irrigation , 210 frost - free days and bright sunshine for its growth .
Major cotton producing States are Maharashtra , Gujarat, MP, Haryana, Punjab, UP etc.

JUTE
Also called Golden fibre.
This fibre is very strong, due to its roughness, it is used to make gunny bags, mats, ropes,yarn,
carpets and other artefacts
It grows well on well - drained fertile soils in floodplains .
Major jute producing States are W.b. ; Odisha, Bihar, Assam, Meghalaya.

INSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL REFORMS TO HELP FARMERS

Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, fire and diseases, the establishment of Grameen Banks for
providing loan facilities at lower rates of interest.
Kisan credit card (KCC) and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are some other schemes introduced by
the government for benefits of farmers

The government also announces Minimum Support Price (MSP) to check exploitation of farmers by middlemen
and speculators

Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on the radio and
television.
Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), agricultural universities veterinary
services and animal breeding centres, horticulture development and weather forecast were given priority to
benefit Indian farmers.

Under globalisation, particularly after 1990 , the farmers in India have been exposed to next challenges . Despite
being an important producer of rice , cotton , rubber, tea , coffee , jute and spices our agricultural products are not
able to compete with the developed countries because of the highly subsidised agriculture in those countries.

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