‫إدارة اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﺣﺎﺳوﺑﯾﺔ‬

‫ ﻋﻠﻲ ذﯾﺎب‬.‫م‬.‫د‬

Dr.-Ing. Ali Diab Computer Networks Management

Computer Engineering and Automation Research Group

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel Self-Organization

Page 1
Integrated HW/SW Systems Group 26 March 2020 1
‫ﻧظرة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺣﺗوﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة‬

‫• أﻫﻣﯾﺔ إدارة اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬

‫• طﺑﻘﺎت اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬

‫• ﻣﺎﻟﻣﻘﺻود ﺑﺈدارة اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ )‪(Network Management‬؟‬

‫• أﻫداف اﻟﻣﻘرر‬

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‫أﻫﻣﯾﺔ إدارة اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬

‫‪4‬‬
‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻹﺗﺻﺎﻻت اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻛﯾﺔ‬

‫‪5‬‬
‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻹﺗﺻﺎﻻت اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻛﯾﺔ‬

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‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻹﺗﺻﺎﻻت اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻛﯾﺔ‬

‫‪7‬‬
‫إﻋدادات اﻹﻧﺗرﻧت‬

‫‪8‬‬
 ‫ﺗطور اﻹﻧﺗرﻧت‬

The first billion was reached in 2005. The second billion in •

2010. The third billion in 2014

http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users/
9
 ‫ﺗطور اﻹﻧﺗرﻧت ﻓﻲ ﺳورﯾﺎ‬

‫• ‪ 8.114‬ﺟﻬﺎز ﻣﺗﺻل ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺗرﻧت ﺣﺗﻰ ‪2010‬‬

‫• اﻟﺟﻣﻬورﯾﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﺳورﯾﺔ ﺗﺣﺗل اﻟﺗرﺗﯾب ‪ 133‬ﻣن أﺻل ‪ 231‬دوﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟم‬

‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام اﻹﻧﺗرﻧت‬

‫• ‪ 5,883,822‬ﻣﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎم ‪2016‬‬

‫‪(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Intern‬‬
‫)‪et_users‬‬

‫‪10‬‬
 ‫ﺗطور اﻹﻧﺗرﻧت ﻓﻲ ﺳورﯾﺎ‬

5000 20

% of the population
Internet users (*100)

4000
15
3000
10
2000

1000 5

0 0
2000 2003 2006 2009 2000
2012 2003 2006 2009 2012
Years Year

11
‫ﻧﻣو اﻹﻧﺗرﻧت‬

‫‪12‬‬
 ‫ﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻹﻧﺗرﻧت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ‬

A screenshot of a 3D model of the vBNS network which connects universities and laboratories in
the USA -
http://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/m.dodge/cybergeography/atlas/topology.html13
 ‫ﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻹﻧﺗرﻧت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ‬

These striking images are 3D hyperbolic graphs of Internet topology. They are created using the
Walrus visualisation tool developed by Young Hyun at the Cooperative Association for Internet Data
Analysis (CAIDA) -
http://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/m.dodge/cybergeography/atlas/topology.html 14
 ‫ﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻹﻧﺗرﻧت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ‬

These striking images are 3D hyperbolic graphs of Internet topology. They are created using the
Walrus visualisation tool developed by Young Hyun at the Cooperative Association for Internet Data
Analysis (CAIDA) -
http://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/m.dodge/cybergeography/atlas/topology.html 15
‫طﺑﻘﺎت اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬

‫‪16‬‬
‫طﺑﻘﺎت ‪OSI‬‬

‫‪17‬‬
‫طﺑﻘﺎت ‪OSI‬‬

‫‪18‬‬
TCP/IP ‫طﺑﻘﺎت‬

19
 TCP/IP ‫طﺑﻘﺎت‬

TCP/IP Layer Tasks Protocol Examples

Telnet, rlogin, FTP, SMTP,

Application Application specific
SNMP, HTTP, etc.

End-to-end flow of data

Transport between application TCP, UDP
processes

Routing of packets between

Internet IP, ICMP
hosts

Network Hardware interface (

PPP, Ethernet, IEEE 802.x,
Interface packet transfer be-tween
Hardware ARP
network nodes)

20
 TCP/IP ‫اﻟﺗﻐﻠﯾف ﺿﻣن طﺑﻘﺎت‬
user data

Application

appl.
user data
Transferring data using TCP

header

TCP
TCP
application data
header
20
TCP segment
IP
IP TCP
application data
header header
20
IP datagram Ethernet
20...65536 bytes Driver

eth IP TCP eth

application data
header header header trailer
14 20 20 4
Ethernet frame
Ethernet: 46...1500 bytes 21
‫ﻣﺎﻟﻣﻘﺻود ﺑﺈدارة اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ) ‪Network‬‬
‫‪(Management‬؟‬

‫‪22‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻌرﯾف اﻟـ ‪ITU‬‬

‫)اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣل‬ ‫ظروف‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬ ‫أداء‬ ‫• اﻹﺷراف ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫)‪((operation‬‬

‫)اﻹﻋداد‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻧد‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻛم‬ ‫• اﺗﺧﺎذ إﺟراءات ﻓورﯾﺔ‬

‫)‪((configuration‬‬

‫• اﺳﺗﺧدام ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺑﺣدﻫﺎ اﻷﻗﺻﻰ )اﻹﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻔﻌﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﻛﻠﻔﺔ اﻷدﻧﻰ )‪cost-‬‬
‫‪((effectiveness‬‬

‫• اﻟﺗﺧطﯾط ﻟﻸﺣداث اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﯾﺔ )اﻟﺗطوﯾر )‪((development‬‬

‫• اﻟﺗﺧطﯾط ﻟﻠﺣﺎﻻت اﻟطﺎرﺋﺔ )اﻟﻣﺧﺎطر )‪((risk‬‬

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‫أﻫداف اﻟﻣﻘرر‬

‫‪24‬‬
 ‫أھداف اﻟﻣﻘرر‬

‫• ﺗزوﯾد اﻟطﻼب ﺑﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﺣدﯾﺛﺔ ﺣول إدارة اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت‬

‫• ﻓﻬم ﻣﺗﻌﻣق ﻟﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﺣل اﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛل اﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻬذا اﻟﻣﺟﺎل‬

‫• اﻟﺗرﻛﯾز ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫– ﻓﮭم ﻣﺑﺎدئ اﻹدارة‬

‫– ﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت وطراﺋق إدارة اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬

‫– اﻟﺗﺣدﯾﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻣﯾﺔ ﺿﻣن ھذا اﻟﻣﺟﺎل‬

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‫ﻣﻘدﻣﺔ‬

‫‪26‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺣﺗوﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة‬

‫• أﺳﺎﺳﯾﺎت‬
‫– اﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛل اﻟﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت‬
‫– ﻣﺎﻟﻣﻘﺻود ﺑﺈدارة اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ؟‬

‫• ﺗواﺑﻊ إدارة اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬

‫إدارة اﻟﺧطﺄ )‪(Fault Management‬‬ ‫–‬
‫إدارة اﻹﻋدادات )‪(Configuration Management‬‬ ‫–‬
‫إدارة اﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎت )‪(Accounting Management‬‬ ‫–‬
‫إدارة اﻷداء )‪(Performance Management‬‬ ‫–‬
‫إدارة اﻷﻣن )‪(Security Management‬‬ ‫–‬

‫‪27‬‬
‫أﺳﺎﺳﯾﺎت‬

‫‪28‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛل اﻟﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت‬

‫• ﻓﻘدان اﻹﺗﺻﺎل )اﻟوﺻﻠﺔ‪ ,‬اﻟﻌﻘدة‪ ,‬ﻣﻧﻔذ اﻟرﺑط‪ ,‬اﻟﺦ(‬

‫• ﻋﻧوان ‪ IP‬ﻣﺿﺎﻋف )‪(Duplicate IP addresses‬‬

‫• اﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛل اﻟﻣؤﻗﺗﺔ )‪(Intermittent‬‬

‫– ﻣﻧﻔذ اﻟرﺑط ﻣﻊ ﻗﻧﺎة ﻧﻘل ﻣﺷﺗرﻛﺔ‬

‫• اﻟﻘﺿﺎﯾﺎ اﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺈﻋدادات اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ )‪(Network configuration issues‬‬

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 ‫اﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛل اﻟﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت‬

‫• ﻣﺷﺎﻛل ﻏﯾر ﻣﻌروﻓﺔ اﻟﺳﺑب )‪(Non-problems‬‬

‫– اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ ﻣﺟﮭوﻟﺔ اﻟﺳﺑب‪ ,‬واﻟﺣل ﻋﺎد ًة ﺑﺈﯾﻘﺎف اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل وإﻋﺎدة اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل‬

‫• ﻣﺷﺎﻛل اﻷداء )‪(Performance problems‬‬

‫– اﻟﺗﺳﺑب ﺑزﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﺗﺄﺧﯾر اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ و ﺑطﺊ اﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺗﮭﺎ‬

‫‪30‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻣﻘﺻود ﺑﺈدارة اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ؟ )ﺗﻌرﯾف اﻟـ ‪(ITU‬‬

‫)اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣل‬ ‫ظروف‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬ ‫أداء‬ ‫• اﻹﺷراف ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫)‪((operation‬‬

‫)اﻹﻋداد‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻧد‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻛم‬ ‫• اﺗﺧﺎذ إﺟراءات ﻓورﯾﺔ‬

‫)‪((configuration‬‬

‫• اﺳﺗﺧدام ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺑﺣدﻫﺎ اﻷﻗﺻﻰ )اﻹﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻔﻌﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﻛﻠﻔﺔ اﻷدﻧﻰ )‪cost-‬‬
‫‪((effectiveness‬‬

‫• اﻟﺗﺧطﯾط ﻟﻸﺣداث اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﯾﺔ )اﻟﺗطوﯾر )‪((development‬‬

‫• اﻟﺗﺧطﯾط ﻟﻠﺣﺎﻻت اﻟطﺎرﺋﺔ )اﻟﻣﺧﺎطر )‪((risk‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻣﻘﺻود ﺑﺈدارة اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ؟‬

‫• اﻟﻬدف‬
‫– ﺿﻣﺎن ﺣﺻول ﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧدﻣﺎت اﻟـ ‪ IT‬ﺑﺎﻟﺟودة اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗوﻗﻌوﻧﮭﺎ ﻟﮭذه اﻟﺧدﻣﺎت‪.‬‬

‫• ﺗﺗﺿﻣن إدارة اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬

‫– ﻧﺷر وﺗﺣﻘﯾق اﻟﺗﻛﺎﻣل واﻟﺗﻧﺳﯾق ﺑﯾن اﻟـ ‪ Hardware‬و اﻟـ ‪ Software‬و اﻟﻌﻧﺻر اﻟﺑﺷري ﻟﻣراﻗﺑﺔ‪,‬‬
‫ﻓﺣص‪ ,‬إﻋداد‪ ,‬ﺗﺣﻠﯾل‪ ,‬ﺗﻘﯾﯾم واﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﺑﺎﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ وﻋﻧﺎﺻرھﺎ وﻣﺻﺎدرھﺎ ﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾق ﻣﺗطﻠﺑﺎت اﻷداء ﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل‬
‫اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ظروف اﻟﻌﻣل اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ و ﺑﺎﻟﺟودة اﻟﻣﻧﺷودة و ذﻟك ﺑﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻌﻘوﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺗواﺑﻊ إدارة اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬

‫‪33‬‬
 Top-Down ‫ﻧظرة‬
Network
Management

Network Network Network

Provisioning Operations Maintenance

Planning Fault Management / Service Restoration Fault Management

Design Configuration Management Trouble Ticket

Administration
Performance Management / Traffic Management
Network Installation
Security Management
Network Repairs
Accounting Management
Facilities Installation
Reports Management & Maintenance
Routine Network
Inventory Management Tests

Data Gathering & Analyses

Figure 1.21 Network Management Functional Groupings

34
 ‫اﻟﻣﺑدأ اﻟوظﯾﻔﻲ ﻹدارة اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬
Network

Users

Management Configuration Data

Decision

TT Restoration
New Performance & Traffic Data
Technology

Engineering Group Operations Group I & M Group

NOC
- Network Planning & -Network Installation &
Design - Network Operations Maintenance

Fault TT

Installation

Figure 1.22. Network Management Functional Flow Chart

35
 ‫ﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت ﻣﺣددة‬/‫ﺗواﺑﻊ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺧدﻣﺎت‬

(Capacity Planning Management) ‫• إدارة و ﺗﺧطﯾط اﻟﺳﻌﺔ‬

(Strategic Planning) ‫• اﻟﺗﺧطﯾط اﻹﺳﺗراﺗﯾﺟﻲ‬

(Operations Support Management) ‫• إدارة ودﻋم اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل‬

(Programmability Management) ‫• إدارة ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺑرﻣﺟﺔ‬

36
 ‫إدارة اﻟﺧطﺄ )‪(Fault Management‬‬

‫• ﯾﻘوم ﺑﺈدارة اﻷﺧطﺎء اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺻل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺷﻛل‬
‫ﻣوﺛوق و ﻓﻌﺎل‬

‫• ﺗﺗﺿﻣن ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ إدارة اﻟﺧطﺄ اﻟﺧطوات اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬

‫– اﻛﺗﺷﺎف وﺟود اﻟﺧطﺄ )‪(Detecting the problem symptoms‬‬

‫– ﻋزل اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ اﻟﺣﺎﺻﻠﺔ )‪(Isolating the problem‬‬

‫– ﺣل اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ )‪ (Fixing the problem‬اﻟﻣﻛﺗﺷﻔﺔ ﺑﺷﻛل أﺗوﻣﺎﺗﯾﻛﻲ إن أﻣﻛن أو ﯾدوي‬

‫– ﺗﺳﺟﯾل ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻛﺗﺷﺎف اﻟﺧطﺄ و ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ إﺻﻼﺣﮫ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻠف ‪Log‬‬

‫‪37‬‬
 ‫إدارة اﻹﻋدادات )‪(Configuration Management‬‬

‫• ﺗراﻗب ﺗواﺑﻊ إدارة اﻹﻋدادات اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‪ ,‬أداﺋﻬﺎ ٕواﻋداداﺗﻬﺎ‪ ,‬وﺗﻘوم ﺑﺗﺧزﯾن ﻫذﻩ‬
‫اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋدة ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻋدادات ) ‪configuration‬‬
‫‪(management database‬‬

‫• ﺗﺳﻣﺢ ﺻﯾﺎﻧﺔ ﻗﺎﻋدة اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻋدادات ﻟﻣدراء اﻟﻧظﺎم ﺑﺗﺗﺑﻊ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺗﺎد اﻟﺻﻠب )‪ ,(hardware‬اﻟﺑرﻣﺟﯾﺎت )‪ (software‬و ﻣﺻﺎدر اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬
‫اﻷﺧرى )‪(other network resources‬‬

‫‪38‬‬
 ‫إدارة اﻹﻋدادات )‪(Configuration Management‬‬

‫• ﯾﻣﺗﻠك ﻛل ﺟﻬﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣﺗﻧوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻣرﺗﺑطﺔ ﺑﻪ‪ ,‬ﻣﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫– ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻹﺻدار اﻟﺑرﻣﺟﯾﺔ ﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل‪ ,‬اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت اﻟﺑرﻣﺟﯾﺔ‪ ,‬ﺑرﻣﺟﯾﺎت اﻹدارة‪ ,‬اﻟﺦ‪.‬‬

‫– ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت إﺻدار اﻟﻌﺗﺎد اﻟﺻﻠب ﻟﻣﻧﺎﻓذ اﻟرﺑط )‪ (interfaces‬و ﻣﺷﻐﻼت اﻟﻌﺗﺎد اﻟﺻﻠب‬
‫)‪(hardware controllers‬‬

‫– ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﺗواﺻل )‪ (Contact information‬اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺷﯾر إﻟﻰ اﻟﺟﮭﺔ اﻟواﺟب اﻹﺗﺻﺎل ﻣﻌﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺎل ظﮭور ﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﮭﺎز ﻣﺎ‬

‫– ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ )‪ (Location information‬اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺷﯾر إﻟﻰ اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ اﻟﻔﯾزﯾﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺟﮭﺎز‬

‫‪39‬‬
 ‫إدارة اﻹﻋدادات )‪(Configuration Management‬‬

‫• ﻣﺛﺎل ﻋن ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت إدارة اﻹﻋداد )‪ (CM Information‬اﻟﻣرﺗﺑطﺔ ﺑﺟﻬﺎز ﯾﺗم‬

‫إدارﺗﻪ )‪(Managed Device‬‬

‫‪40‬‬
 ‫إدارة اﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎت )‪(Accounting Management‬‬

‫• ﺗﻘﯾس ﺑﺎراﻣﺗرات اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ )‪(Network utilization parameters‬‬

‫ﻹدارة وﺗرﺗﯾب اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﯾن اﻟﻣﻔردﯾن و ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺎت اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﯾن ) ‪User‬‬
‫‪(groups‬‬

‫• ﺗُﺧﻔض ﻣﺷﺎﻛل اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﺣد اﻷدﻧﻰ‬

‫• ﺗزﯾد اﻟﻌداﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻣن ﻗﺑل اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﯾن ) ‪fairness of user‬‬

‫ﻧﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪ (access‬ﻟﻠﺣد اﻷﻗﺻﻰ‪ ,‬ﻷن ﻣﺻﺎدر اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾﺗم ﺗﻘﺳﯾﻣﻬﺎ ﺑ ً‬
‫– ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ )‪(Network capacity‬‬

‫– ﺣﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﯾن )‪(User needs‬‬

‫‪41‬‬
 ‫إدارة اﻷداء )‪(Performance Management‬‬

‫• ﯾﺣﺎﻓظ ﻋﻠﻰ أداء اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺑﻣﺳﺗوﯾﺎت ﻣﻘﺑوﻟﺔ ﻋﺑر ﻗﯾﺎس و إدارة ﻣﺗﻐﯾرات اﻷداء‬
‫اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ) ‪(various network performance variables‬‬

‫• ﺗﺗﺿﻣن ﻣﺗﻐﯾرات اﻷداء اﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﯾﺔ )‪ ,(network throughput‬زﻣن‬

‫اﻹﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ )‪ ,(user response times‬اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻘﻧﺎة ) ‪line‬‬
‫‪ ,(utilization‬اﻟﺦ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺗﺗﺿﻣن ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ إدارة اﻷداء اﻟﺧطوات اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬

‫– ﺟﻣﻊ اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺑﺎراﻣﺗرات اﻷداء اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬
‫– ﺗﺣﻠﯾل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗم ﺟﻣﻌﮭﺎ ﻟﺗﺣدﯾد ﻣﺳﺗوﯾﺎت اﻷداء اﻟﻣﺳﻣوﺣﺔ‬
‫– ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻋﺗﺑﺎت اﻷداء اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻛل ﻣﺗﻐﯾر ﻣن ﻣﺗﻐﯾرات اﻷداء‪ ,‬ﺑﺣﯾث أن ﺗﺟﺎوز ھذه اﻟﻌﺗﺑﺎت ﯾﺷﯾر إﻟﻰ‬
‫وﺟود ﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ ﯾﺟب اﻹﻧﺗﺑﺎه إﻟﯾﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬

‫‪42‬‬
 (Performance Management) ‫إدارة اﻷداء‬

Performance
Console Window Help
Action View Favorites
Tree Favorites
Console Root
System Monitor 100
Performance Logs and Alerts
80

60

40

20

10
Last 3.000 Average 16.154 Minimum 2.000
Maximum 63.000 Duration 1:40
Color Scale Counter Instance Parent Object Computer
1.000 % Processor Time _Total --- Processor \\LONDON
1.000 % Processor Time explorer --- Process \\LONDON
1.000 % Disk Time 0 C: D: --- PhysicalDisk \\LONDON
1.000 Page/sec --- --- Memory \\LONDON
1.000 Bytes Received/sec Default FTP Site - - - FTP Service \\LONDON

43
 ‫إدارة اﻷداء )‪(Performance Management‬‬

‫• ‪Reactive‬‬
‫– ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﺻﺑﺢ اﻷداء ﻏﯾر ﻣﻘﺑول‪ ,‬أي أن ﻋﺗﺑﺔ اﻷداء )‪ (user-defined threshold‬اﻟﻣﺣددة ﻗد ﺗ ّم‬
‫ﺗﺟﺎوزھﺎ‪ ,‬ﯾرد اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺟﺎري إدارﺗﮫ ﺑﺈرﺳﺎل ﺗﻧﺑﯾﮫ إﻟﻰ ﻧظﺎم اﻹدارة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ) ‪network‬‬
‫)‪(management system (NMS‬‬

‫• ‪Proactive‬‬
‫– ﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻣﺣﺎﻛﺎة ﻟﻠﺗﻧﺑؤ ﺑﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﺗﺄﺛر ﺑﺎراﻣﺗرات اﻷداء )‪ (performance metrics‬ﺑزﯾﺎدة ﺣﺟم‬
‫اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ و زﯾﺎدة ﻣﺻﺎدرھﺎ )‪ُ .(network growth‬ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻣﺣﺎﻛﺎة ﻟﺗﻧﺑﯾﮫ ﻣدراء اﻟﻧظﺎم‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﺷﺎﻛل اﻟﻣﺗوﻗﻊ ﺣدوﺛﮭﺎ ﻗﺑل اﻟﺣدوث اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻟﮭﺎ‪ ,‬وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻔﺎدي ﺗﺄﺛﯾر ھذه اﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﯾن‬

‫‪44‬‬
 ‫إدارة اﻷداء )‪(Performance Management‬‬

‫• آﻟﯾﺔ ﻋﻣل طرﯾﻘﺔ ‪ Reactive‬ﻹدارة اﻷداء )‪(Reactive PM‬‬

‫– ﺗراﻗب وﺣدة اﻹدارة ﻣﺗﻐﯾرات اﻷداء اﻟﻣوﺟودة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺟﺎري إدارﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﻣرار‬

‫– ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﺗم ﺗﺟﺎوز ﻋﺗﺑﺔ أداء ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ‪ ,‬ﯾﻘوم ﻧظﺎم إدارة اﻷداء ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ )‪ (NMS‬أو اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺟﺎري‬
‫إدارﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻛﺗﺷﺎف وﺟود ﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷداء‬

‫– ﻋﻧد اﻛﺗﺷﺎف اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ ﻣن ﻗﺑل اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺟﺎري إدارﺗﮫ‪ ,‬ﯾﻘوم ھذا اﻟﺟﮭﺎز ﺑﺈرﺳﺎل إﺷﺎرة ﺗﻧﺑﯾﮫ إﻟﻰ ﻧظﺎم‬
‫إدارة اﻷداء ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ )‪(NMS‬‬

‫– ﯾﻘوم ﻧظﺎم إدارة اﻷداء ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ )‪ (NMS‬ﺑﺎﻹﺟراء اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳب‪ ,‬ﻛﺗﻧﺑﯾﮫ ﻣدﯾر اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل‬

‫‪45‬‬
 Windows ‫إدارة اﻟﻣﻬﺎم ﻓﻲ ﻧظﺎم‬

Windows Task Manager Windows Task Manager

Windows Task Manager File Options View Help
File Options View Windows Help
File Options View Help
Applications ProcessesPerformance
Applications Processes
Applications Performance
Processes Performance
CPU Usage CPU Usage History
Task Image Name PID CPUStatus
CPU Time Mem Usage
Building Schematic -
System Idle ProcessPaint
0 96Running
4:52:37 16 K
System 8 00
Memo to Supervisor - WordPadRunning 0:00:27 2123%
K
smss.exe 168 00 0:00:00 344 K
Calculator
csrss.exe 196 00Running
0:00:20 1,820
MEMK Usage Memory Usage History
winlogon.exe 220 00 0:00:09 4,408 K
My Computer
services.exe 148 00
Running
0:00:14 8,228 K
lsass .exe 160 00 0:00:32 15,768 K
svchost .exe 472 00 0:00:00 2,648 K
spoolsv .exe 492 00 0:00:00 10 1600K
4,184 K
mspaint .exe 624 00 0:00:04 352 K
msdtc .exe 704 02 0:00:00 3,428 K
Totals Physical Memory (K)
inojobsv .exe 808 00 0:07:46 5,704 K
Handles 5932 Total 130612
dfssvc .exe 824 00 0:00:00 2,336 K
Threads 381 Available 27740
svchost .exe 840 00 0:00:00 3,416 K
Processes 30 System Cache 50704
ismserv .exe 864 00 0:00:00 5,348 K
llssrv .exe 880 00 0:00:01 3,860 K Charge (K)
Commit Kernel Memory (K)
ntfrs.exe 928 00 0:00:09 1,108
TotalK 101600 Total 22804
regsvc.exe 968 00 0:00:00 844 K
Limit 310892 Paged 15704
Peak 116896 Nonpaged 7100
Show processes from all users End Process
End Task Switch To New Task...
Processes: 30 CPU Usage: 3% Mem Usage: 101600K / 310892K

Processes: 30 CPU Usage: 6% Mem Usage: 103452K / 310892K

Processes: 30 CPU Usage: 2% Mem Usage: 103500K / 310892K 46
 ‫إدارة اﻷﻣن )‪(Security Management‬‬

‫• اﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﺑﺎﻟﻧﻔﺎذ )‪(Access control‬‬

‫– ﯾﺗم اﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﺑﺎﻟدﺧول ﻟﻣﺻﺎدر اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ )‪ (network resources‬و ﻣﻧﻊ اﻹﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻐﯾر ﺻﺣﯾﺢ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺷﺑﻛﺔ )اﻟﻣﻘﺻود واﻟﻐﯾر ﻣﻘﺻود( و ﻣﻧﻊ اﻹﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻐﯾر ﻣرﺧص ﻟﮫ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﺣﺳﺎﺳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫– ﯾﺳﺎﻋد ﻣدراء اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻓﻲ ﺧﻠق ﺑﯾﺋﺔ آﻣﻧﺔ )‪ .(secure network environment‬ﯾﺗﺿﻣن ھذا‬
‫• ﺗﻘﺳﯾم ﻣﺻﺎدر اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻟﻣﺻﺎدر ﻣرﺧﺻﺔ وﻏﯾر ﻣرﺧﺻﺔ و ﺗﺧﺻﯾص ﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﯾن ﻟﻛل ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬
‫• ﻣراﻗﺑﺔ و وﺿﻊ ﻗواﻋد و ﺗﺳﺟﯾل اﻟدﺧول ﻟﻠﻣﺻﺎدر ﻓﻲ ھذه اﻟﻣﻧﺎطق‬

‫• ﻣراﻗﺑﺔ اﻷﻣن )‪(Security monitoring‬‬

‫– ﺟﻣﻊ اﻷﺣداث اﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻣن )‪(Security event collection‬‬
‫– ﺗﺣﻠﯾل ھذه اﻷﺣداث ورﺑطﮭﺎ ﺑﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ و ﺗوﻟﯾد اﻹﻧذارات‬
‫– ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ اﻹﻧذارات‬

‫‪47‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﺣﺗﯾﺔ ﻹدارة اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬

managing entity agent data

managing managed devices contain
data managed device managed objects whose
entity
data is gathered into a
Management Information
agent data Base (MIB)
network
management
managed device
protocol

agent data

agent data
managed device

managed device

48
 ‫ﻧظﺎم إدارة اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ )‪(Network Management Systems‬‬

‫• ﻧظﺎم إدارة اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ))‪ (network management system (NMS‬ﻋﺑﺎرة‬

‫ﻋن ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻷدوات اﻟﻣوﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﻣراﻗﺑﺔ واﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﺑﺎﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ) ‪network‬‬
‫‪(monitoring and control‬‬

‫• ﺗﻌﺗﻣد ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻣوذج ﻣدﯾر – ﻋﻣﯾل )‪(manager-agent‬‬

‫– ﯾرﺳل اﻟﻣدﯾر طﻠﺑﺎ إدارة ﻟﻌﻣﯾل أو ﻟﻌدة ﻋﻣﻼء‬

‫– ﯾﻘوم اﻟﻌﻣﯾل ﺑﺗﻧﻔﯾذ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﻣطﻠوﺑﺔ و إﻋﺎدة اﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ‬

‫– ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻛﺗﺷف ﻋﻣﯾل ﻣﺎ ﺧطﺄ ً‪ ,‬ﯾرﺳل ﺗﻘرﯾراً ﻟﻠﻣدﯾر‬

‫‪49‬‬
 ‫ﻧظﺎم إدارة اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ )‪(Network Management Systems‬‬

‫• ﯾﺗواﺟد ﻓﻲ ﻧظﺎم إدارة اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ واﺟﻬﺔ رﺳوﻣﯾﺔ )‪ ,(GUI‬ﯾﺗم ﻋﺑرﻫﺎ إﻧﺟﺎز ﻛل‬
‫اﻟﻣﻬﺎم اﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻹدارة‬

‫• ﯾﺗواﺟد اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن أﻧظﻣﺔ إدارة اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬

‫– أﻧظﻣﺔ ﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ‬
‫• ‪HP OpenView, IBM NetView, Sun Net Manager, Cisco works and etc.‬‬

‫– ‪Open source‬‬
‫• ‪OpenNMS , Nagios and etc‬‬

‫‪50‬‬
Simple Network Management Protocol
(SNMP)

51
 ‫ﻣﺣﺗوﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة‬

‫• أﺳﺎﺳﯾﺎت )‪(Fundamentals‬‬

‫• ﻣودﯾل اﻟﺗﻧظﯾم )‪(Organization Model‬‬

‫• اﻟﻧظﺎم و اﻟﺧدﻣﺎت )‪(System & Services‬‬

‫• ﻣودﯾل اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت )‪(Information Model‬‬

‫‪52‬‬
(Fundamentals) ‫أﺳﺎﺳﯾﺎت‬

53
 ‫ﻧظرة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ )‪(Overview‬‬

‫• ﺑروﺗوﻛول ‪ SNMP‬ﻫو ﺑروﺗوﻛول اﻹدارة اﻷﻛﺛر اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﺎً‬

‫• ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﻧذﻛر ﺑروﺗوﻛول ‪ ,SNMP‬ﻓﺈﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﺷﯾر إﻟﻰ إدارة اﻹﻧﺗرﻧت ) ‪Internet‬‬

‫‪(management‬‬

‫• ﻣودﯾﻼت اﻹدارة ﻓﻲ ﺑروﺗوﻛول ‪SNMP‬‬

‫– ‪Organization Model‬‬

‫– ‪Information Model‬‬

‫– ‪Communication Model‬‬

‫‪54‬‬
 (Overview) ‫ﻧظرة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬

SNMP ‫• ﻣودﯾﻼت اﻹدارة ﻓﻲ ﺑروﺗوﻛول‬

Organization Model –
‫ اﻟﻌﻣﻼء و اﻟﻣدﯾر‬,‫• ﺗﺣدد اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ﺑﯾن ﻋﻧﺎﺻر اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬
(Hierarchical architecture) ‫• ذات ﺑﻧﯾﺔ ھرﻣﯾﺔ‬

Information Model –
ASN.1 syntax ‫• ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬
SMI (Structure of Management Information •
MIB ( Management Information Base) •

Communication Model –
syntax ‫ﺗﻧﻘل اﻟـ‬ •
SNMP over TCP/IP •
‫إﻧﺟﺎز ﺧدﻣﺎت اﻹﺗﺻﺎل ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻟرﺳﺎﺋل‬ •
Security framework community-based model •

55
 (Managed LAN) ‫ اﻟﺟﺎري إدارﺗﻬﺎ‬LAN ‫ﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬

NMS on subnet 192.168.252.1 manages the router and •

the hubs on subnet 172.16.46.1 across the backbone
network

56
 (System Information) ‫ ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﻧظﺎم‬:Hub ‫ﺟﻬﺎز‬

hub ‫• اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗم اﻟﺣﺻول ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ ﻣن اﻟـ‬

hub ‫• اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﺗﻌﻛس ﻣﺎ ﻫو ﻣﺧزن ﻓﻌﻠﯾﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟـ‬

Title: System Information: 172.16.46.2

Name or IP Address: 172.16.46.2
System Name:
System Description: 3Com LinkBuilder FMS, SW version:3.02
System Contact:
System Location:
System Object ID: .iso.org.dod.internet.private.enterprises.43.1.8.5
System Up Time: (2475380437) 286 days, 12:03:24.37

57
 (System Information) ‫ ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﻧظﺎم‬:Router ‫ﺟﻬﺎز‬

Title: System Information: router1.gatech.edu

Name or IP Address: 172.16.252.1
System Name: router1.gatech.edu
System Description: Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
: IOS (tm) 7000 Software (C7000-JS-M), Version
: 11.2(6),RELEASE SOFTWARE (ge1)
: Copyright (c) 1986-1997 by Cisco Systems, Inc.
: Compiled Tue 06-May-97 19:11 by kuong
System Contact:
System Location:
System Object ID:
iso.org.dod.internet.private.enterprises.cisco.ciscoProducts.cisco 7000
System Up Time: (315131795) 36 days, 11:21:57.95

58
‫ﺟﻬﺎز ‪ :Hub‬ﻋﻧﺎوﯾن اﻟﻣﻧﺎﻓذ )‪(Port Addresses‬‬

‫• اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗم اﻟﺣﺻول ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ ﻣن اﻟـ ‪hub interfaces‬‬

‫• اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﺗﺷﯾر إﻟﻰ اﻟـ ‪ interface‬اﻟﻣوﺟودة ﻓﻲ اﻟـ ‪hub‬‬

‫• ‪ Link address‬ﻫو اﻟـ ‪MAC address‬‬

‫• اﻟﺳطر اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻫو اﻟـ ‪serial link‬‬

‫‪59‬‬
 (Port Addresses) ‫ ﻋﻧﺎوﯾن اﻟﻣﻧﺎﻓذ‬:Router ‫ﺟﻬﺎز‬

Information acquired by NMS on the router interfaces •

Index refers to the interface on the router •
LEC is the LAN emulation card •
Ethernet 2/0 interface refers to the interface card 2 and port 0 in •
that card

60
 (Internet Management History) ‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ إدارة اﻹﻧﺗرﻧت‬

Advanced Research Project Agency Network :1970 •

Internet control Message ‫ ﻗﺎﻣت ﺑﺗﺻﻣﯾم ﺑروﺗوﻛول‬ARPANET •

Protocol (ICMP)

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) •

1990 SNMPv1 –
1995 SNMPv2 –
1998 SNMPv3 –

‫• ﻣﺳﺗﻧدات ﻓﻲ اﻹﻧﺗرﻧت‬
Request for Comments (RFC) –
IETF STD Internet Standard –
FYI For your information – 61
(Organization Model) ‫ﻣودﯾل اﻟﺗﻧظﯾم‬

62
(Simplified Hierarchical (2-Tier)) ‫اﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻬرﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﺑﺳﯾطﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬ ‫• ﯾﺻف ﻣﻛوﻧﺎت ﻧظﺎم إدارة‬

NMS MIB SNMP Manager

‫• ﺗرﻛز ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗواﺑﻊ و اﻟوظﺎﺋف و ﺗوزﯾﻌﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﺣﺗﯾﺔ‬
agent agent
Managed Objects

(Objects) ‫• اﻷﻏراض اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗم إدارﺗﻬﺎ‬ Unmanaged Objects

‫ ﻛـ‬,‫ﻫﻲ ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﻋﻧﺎﺻر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬

hubs, bridges, routers, etc.
A simplified hierarchical
(2-tier) setup

63
‫اﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻬرﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﺑﺳﯾطﺔ ))‪(Simplified Hierarchical (2-Tier‬‬

‫• ﯾوﺟد ﺑرﻣﺟﯾﺎت ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﻋﻣﻼء )‪(agents‬‬

‫ﯾﺗم ﺗﻧﻔﯾذﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻏراض اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗم‬ ‫‪MIB‬‬ ‫‪SNMP Manager‬‬
‫إدارﺗﻬﺎ‬

‫• اﻟﻣدراء )‪ (Managers‬ﯾرﺳﻠون طﻠب‬

‫اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻣﻼء‪ ,‬ﯾﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠون‬
‫‪agent‬‬ ‫‪agent‬‬
‫‪Managed Objects‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‪ ,‬ﯾﻌﺎﻟﺟوﻧﻬﺎ وﻣن ﺛم ﯾﺧزﻧوﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪Unmanaged Objects‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋدة اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬
‫اﻹدارة )‪(MIB‬‬
‫‪A simplified hierarchical‬‬
‫‪(2-tier) setup‬‬

‫‪64‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ ذات اﻟﻣدراء اﻟﻣﺗﻌددﯾن )‪(Multiple Managers‬‬

‫• ﯾﺳﺗﺟﯾب أي ﻋﻣﯾل ﻷي ﻧظﺎم إدارة‬ ‫‪MIB‬‬ ‫‪SNMP Manager‬‬ ‫‪SNMP Manager‬‬

‫ﯾﺗواﺻل ﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام ﺑروﺗوﻛول‬
‫‪SNMP‬‬

‫اﻟﻣﻘدم ﻣن ﻗﺑل ﺷرﻛﺔ‬

‫ّ‬ ‫• ﻧظﺎم إدارة اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬ ‫‪Managed‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺗﺑر أﻓﺿل ﻧظﺎم ﻟﻠﻘﯾﺎم ﺑﺈدارة و‬ ‫‪agent‬‬
‫‪Object‬‬
‫ﻣراﻗﺑﺔ و اﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﺑﺈﻋدادات اﻷﺟﻬزة‬ ‫‪Managed Objects‬‬

‫اﻟﻣﺻﻧﻌﺔ ﻣن ﻗﺑل ﻧﻔس اﻟﺷرﻛﺔ‬

‫‪Managers may have restricted‬‬
‫‪access to managed objects‬‬

‫‪65‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺛﻼﺛﯾﺔ )‪(3-Tier Architecture‬‬

‫• ﯾﻘوم ﺑﺎﻟﺣد ﻣن اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾرﻏب‬ ‫‪MIB‬‬ ‫‪SNMP Manager‬‬ ‫‪SNMP Manager‬‬

‫اﻟﻣدﯾر ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺻول ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ‬

‫‪RMON‬‬ ‫‪(Remote‬‬ ‫• ﯾﻌﻣل‬

‫)‪ Monitoring‬ﻛﻣدﯾر و ﻛﻌﻣﯾل‬ ‫‪Managed‬‬
‫‪agent‬‬
‫‪Object‬‬
‫– ﯾﺟﻣﻊ اﻟـ ‪RMON (Remote‬‬ ‫‪Managed Objects‬‬

‫)‪ Monitoring‬اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻣن اﻷﻏراض اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗم‬

‫‪RMON Probe‬‬
‫إدارﺗﮭﺎ‪ ,‬ﯾﺣﻠل ھذه اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت و ﯾﻘوم ﺑﺗﺧزﯾﻧﮭﺎ‬
‫‪Managers may have restricted‬‬
‫‪access to managed objects‬‬
‫– ﯾﺗﺑﺎدل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت و اﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﯾﺎت ﻣﻊ اﻟﻣدﯾر‬

‫‪66‬‬
 (Proxy Server) ‫ﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻹدارة ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام‬

‫ ﺑﺗﺣوﯾل اﻟـ‬Proxy server ‫• ﯾﻘوم اﻟـ‬

‫ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﺔ ﻣن‬non-SNMP data
‫ إﻟﻰ‬non-SNMP objects
‫ ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ورﺳﺎﺋل ﻣﺗواﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑروﺗوﻛول‬MIB SNMP Manager Proxy Server
SNMP

Managed
agent Wireless LAN
Object
Managed Objects
unmanaged
Objects

67
(System & Services) ‫اﻟﻧظﺎم و اﻟﺧدﻣﺎت‬

68
 (System Overview) ‫ﻧظرة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺣول اﻟﻧظﺎم‬
SNMP Manager SNMP Agent

Manage- SNMP Manager SNMP Agent

ment Application Application
Data Application

GetNext-Request
GetNext-Request
Manages objects

Get-Response
Get-Request

Get-Request
Set-Request

Set-Request

Get-Response
Trap

Trap
SNMP Manager SNMP agent
SNMP messages
UDP UDP

IP IP

DLC DLC

PHY PHY

Network
Physical or
Medium
Internet

69
 (System Architecture) ‫ﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻧظﺎم‬

Management Network Elements (NEs)

Station Host Router

Manager Agent Agent

SNMP Network SNMP SNMP
UDP
Management
Protocol UDP ... UDP
IP IP IP
DL SNMP DL DL

Network

70
 (SNMP Operation) SNMP ‫آﻟﯾﺔ ﻋﻣل ﺑروﺗوﻛول‬

Management
Station
Request PDU
Time

Agent Response PDU

Managed
Node PDU: Protocol Data Unit

71
 (SNMP Services) SNMP ‫ﺧدﻣﺎت ﺑروﺗوﻛول‬

‫• أرﺑﻊ ﺧدﻣﺎت‬
Get, Set, GetNext, Trap –

SNMP ‫• ﺧﻣس رﺳﺎﺋل ﻟﺑروﺗوﻛول‬

GetRequest, SetRequest, GetNextRequest, GetResponse, Trap –

Get, Set, GetNext Request

Manager Get Response Agent(s)

Trap

72
 (SNMP Services) SNMP ‫ﺧدﻣﺎت ﺑروﺗوﻛول‬

Get Request
Get Manager Agent
Get Response

GetNext Request
GetNext Manager Get Response Agent

Set Request
Set Manager Get Response Agent

Trap Request
Trap Manager Agent

73
‫ﺧدﻣﺎت ﺑروﺗوﻛول ‪(SNMP Services) SNMP‬‬

‫• ‪Get Request‬‬
‫– ﯾﻌﯾد ﻗﯾم اﻟﻐرض و ﯾﺿﻌﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟـ ‪ MIB‬اﻟﻣوﺟودة ﻓﻲ ‪.agent‬‬

‫• ‪Get-Next Request‬‬
‫– ﯾﻌﯾد ﻗﯾم اﻟﻐرض اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ و ﯾﺿﻌﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟـ ‪ MIB‬اﻟﻣوﺟودة ﻓﻲ ‪.agent‬‬

‫• ‪Set Request‬‬
‫– ﯾﻌدﯾل ﻗﯾم اﻟﻐرض و ﯾﺿﻌﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟـ ‪ MIB‬اﻟﻣوﺟودة ﻓﻲ ‪agent‬‬

‫• ‪Trap Request‬‬
‫– ﯾرﺳل اﻷﺣداث اﻟﻐﯾر ﻋﺎدﯾﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻣدﯾر‬

‫‪74‬‬
(Information Model) ‫ﻣودﯾل اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬

75
 (Information Model) ‫ﻣودﯾل اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬

Structure of Management Information (SMI) •

(RFC 1155, RFC 1212)
•
Managed Object •
Scalar –
Aggregate or tabular object –

Management Information Base (RFC 1213) •

76
 (Managed Objects) ‫اﻷﻏراض اﻟﺟﺎري إدارﺗﻬﺎ‬

Object

Object Object
Type Instance

Name:
Syntax: Encoding:
OBJECT
ASN.1 BER
IDENTIFIER

Object Type Object Instance

77
Network ) ‫ﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت إدارة اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬
(Management Protocols

78
‫ﻣﺣﺗوﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة‬

IntServ •

RSVP •

DiffServ •

79
IntServ
 Integrated Service Architecture (IntServ)

RFC 1633 ‫• ﻣﺣدد ﻓﻲ‬

(real-time applications ) ‫• ﯾﻬدف إﻟﻰ ﺗزوﯾد ﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت اﻟزﻣن اﻟﺣﻘﯾﻘﻲ‬

(QoS guarantees) ‫ﺑﺿﻣﺎﻧﺎت ﺣول ﺟودة اﻟﺧدﻣﺔ‬
‫ أي ﯾﺗم إرﺳﺎل‬.‫ ﻻ ُﺗﻌطﻲ ﺿﻣﺎﻧﺎت ﻟﺟودة اﻟﺧدﻣﺔ‬,‫ ﻛﻣﺎ ﺟرى ﺗﺻﻣﯾﻣﮭﺎ ﺑﺷﻛل أﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬,‫– ﻻﺗﻘدم اﻹﻧﺗرﻧت‬
best effort ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻋﺗﻣﺎداً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺑدأ‬

Per-flow QoS model •

flows ‫ إﻟﻰ‬traffic ‫ اﻟـ‬IntServ ‫– ﯾﻘﺳم‬
5-tuple “IP ‫ ﻣﺣدد ﺑـ‬flow ‫ و ﻛل‬,‫ ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﺗدﻓق ﻣن اﻟﺑﺎﻛﯾﺗﺎت ﯾﺗطﻠب ﺟودة ﺧدﻣﺔ ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬flow ‫• ﻛل‬
source address, IP destination address, protocol, TCP/UDP source port
and TCP/UDP destination port”

81
 ‫)‪Integrated Service Architecture (IntServ‬‬

‫• اﻟراوﺗرات اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗدﻋم ﺧدﻣﺔ اﻟـ ‪(IntServ-enabled router) IntServ‬‬

‫ﺗدﻋم ﺗﺎﺑﻌﯾن أﺳﺎﺳﯾﯾن‬
‫– ‪Traffic control‬‬
‫– ‪Resource reservation‬‬

‫• ‪Traffic control‬‬
‫– ‪Packet scheduler‬‬
‫• ﯾدﯾر ﺗوﺟﯾﮫ اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻋﺑر ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺻﻔوف )‪(queues‬‬

‫– ‪Packet classifier‬‬
‫• ﯾﻘوم ﯾﺗﺻﻧﯾف اﻟﺑﺎﻛﯾﺗﺎت اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ‬

‫• ﯾﺗم ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ اﻟﺑﺎﻛﯾﺗﺎت اﻟﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻧﻔس اﻟﺻﻧف ﻧﻔس اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﺣﺗﻰ ﻟو ﻟم ﯾﻛوﻧوا ﺗﺎﺑﻌﯾن ﻟﻌدة ‪.flows‬‬

‫• ﯾﺗم ﺗﺻﻧﯾف اﻟﺑﺎﻛﯾﺗﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻛل ﻣوﺟﮫ ﺑﻧﺎ ًء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﯾﯾر ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺿﻣن ﻛل ﻣوﺟﮫ ‪(routers may‬‬
‫‪classify their traffic differently‬‬
‫‪82‬‬
 ‫)‪Integrated Service Architecture (IntServ‬‬
‫– ‪Admission control‬‬
‫• ﯾﺣدد ﻓﯾﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟطﻠب اﻟﺟدﯾد ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾﺗم ﺗﺧدﯾﻣﮫ أو ﻻ ﺑدون اﻹﺳﺎءة ﻟﻠطﻠﺑﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗم ﺗﺧدﯾﻣﮭﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﯾﺎ ً‬
‫• ﯾﺗم وﺿﻊ ھذه اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛل ﻣوﺟﮫ‪ ,‬ﻟﯾﻘوم ﺑﺎﺗﺧﺎذ اﻟﻘرار ﺑﻘﺑول اﻟطﻠب اﻟﺟدﯾد أو رﻓﺿﮫ‬

‫‪Resource reservation‬‬ ‫•‬

‫– ﯾﺗم ﺗﻧﻔﯾذه ﺑواﺳطﺔ ﯾروﺗوﻛول ﺧﺎص ﻟﻠﺣﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ flow-specific states‬ﻓﻲ اﻟطرﻓﯾﺎت و ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻛل ﻣوﺟﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ طول اﻟطرﯾق ﻣن اﻟﻣرﺳل ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل‬

‫– )‪Standard protocol is the Resource reSerVation Protocol (RSVP‬‬

‫‪83‬‬
 Integrated Service Architecture (IntServ)
(mostly implemented via
IntServ-enabled Reservation Management
router
Backbone part

setup agent agent

software)

Routing Admission
agent control

Routing Traffic control

database database
Forwarding part
(mostly built via

Output driver
Input driver
hardware)

Packet
Classifier
scheduler

Internet forwarder

84
 Integrated Service Architecture (IntServ)
• Handles each packet passing the system (involves a
(mostly implemented via
IntServ-enabled
hardware assist)
Reservation Management
router • Includes three
Backbone part

main
setup components agent
agent
• an input driver, an Internet forwarder and an output driver
software)

• The Input driver is an input queue

RoutingforwarderAdmission
• The Internet
agent the packetscontrol
• Forwards based on their IP headers.
• Implements a classifier to classify incoming packets and
forward them following that to the adequate output driver
• The output driver is, in practice,Traffic
Routing control
a packet scheduler
database database
Forwarding part
(mostly built via

Output driver
Input driver
hardware)

Packet
Classifier
scheduler

Internet forwarder

85
 Integrated Service Architecture• (IntServ)
Creates data
structures to
control the
(mostly implemented via
IntServ-enabled Reservation Management
router forwarding
Backbone part

setup agent agent

part
software)

Routing Admission
agent control

Routing Traffic control

database database
Forwarding part
(mostly built via

Output driver
Input driver
hardware)

Packet
Classifier
scheduler

Internet forwarder

86
 Integrated Service Architecture (IntServ)
(mostly implemented via
IntServ-enabled Reservation Management
router
Backbone part

• Implements a routing setup agent agent

protocol (e.g. IP) and
software)

constructs a
Routing Admission
database to assist in
agent control
taking routing
decisions
Routing • Decides whether
Traffic control
database a new request
database
can be
Forwarding part

accommodated
(mostly built via

Output driver
or not
Input driver
hardware)

Packet
Classifier
scheduler

Internet forwarder

87
 Integrated Service Architecture (IntServ)
(mostly implemented via
IntServ-enabled Reservation Management
router
Backbone part

setup agent agent

software)

• implements a
Routing • Admission
used to manage the work of
protocol to reserve
agent the router
control
resources (base • Should be able to
protocol is the • Modify classifier and packet
Resource Routing Traffic
scheduler control
databases
database • Create database
new admission
ReserVation Protocol
(RSVP) ) control policies
Forwarding part
(mostly built via

Output driver
Input driver
hardware)

Packet
Classifier
scheduler

Internet forwarder

88