Project Report

PROPOSAL FOR A NEW WATER
TREATMENT PLANT IN
CHERTHALA THALUK
A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Civil Engineering
Submitted by
GRAGER GOPINATH FIT18CE060
POOJA P MENON FIT18CE087
SIDDHARTH BIJU FIT18CE0101
MALAVIKA RAJESH SNG18CE022
Federal Institute of Science and Technology (FISAT)®

Angamaly 683577
Affiliated to
APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University
2022
PROPOSAL FOR A NEW WATER
TREATMENT PLANT IN
CHERTHALA THALUK
A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Civil Engineering
Submitted by
GRAGER GOPINATH
FIT18CE060

Angamaly 683577
Affiliated to
APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University
2022
Mookkannoor(P.O), Angamaly-683577
Certificate
This is to certify that this project report titled “PROPOSAL FOR A NEW
WATER TREATMENT PLANT IN CHERTHALA THALUK ” is
the bona fide work of GRAGER GOPINATH, FIT18CE060, submitted
to the APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech)
in Civil Engineering during the academic year 2018-2022.
Ms.Rajalakshmi T.R. Dr.Jji Antony

Asst. Professor Professor & Head
Dept. of Civil Engineering Dept. of Civil Engineering
Rinu J Achison
Asst. Professor(Sr.Gr.)
Dept. of Civil Engineering
Place:
Date:
Abstract
The district of Alappuzha seems to be moving towards a drought-like
situation with wells, ponds and tube wells drying up following a drastic drop
in rainfall. Alappuzha municipality and surrounding grama panchayats are
reeling under an acute shortage of drinking water. All areas of Alappuzha,
especially coastal areas are facing acute shortage of water. Wells, ponds and
bore wells are now unable to meet the needs of people. For the proposal of a
new water treatment plant, certain characteristics of the water bodies have
to be tested. Our project deals with the testing of water is water bodies for
desired water quality parameters such as BOD,pH, turbidity,total suspended
solids etc. The mapping of critically polluted and safer areas were done so as
to increase the efficiency of the proposed water treatment plant. Our project
deals with the improval of quality of life of people by providing a method of
provision of drinking water.
i
Acknowledgements
Its my immense pleasure to thank the management and our respected
Principal Dr.Manoj George for providing the fine team of Professors at
Department of Civil Engineering, FISAT and the facilities required for the
completion of this work. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude
to Dr.Jiji Antony, Head of Department, for her valuable support and
encouragement. I sincerely thank my guide Mrs.Rajalakshmi T.R, Assistant
professor, Department of civil engineering, FISAT for her continuous
guidance, knowledge and support. Her generosity in willingness to impart
knowledge along with providing extensive advice, is purely commendable.
In particular, my special thanks to my parents and my friends for incessant
love, support, motivation and for providing a favourable environment, which
have helped me push to all the way here. Most importantly, I would like
to honour God, who gave me the wisdom and knowledge to complete this
project.
GRAGER GOPINATH
POOJA P MENON
SIDDHARTH BIJU
MALAVIKA RAJESH
ii
List of Figures
1.1 Water pollution in Alappuzha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.1 Border image of study area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.1 Turbidity 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4.2 Turbidity 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.3 Turbidity 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.4 Turbidity 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.5 Turbidity 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.6 Chlorophyll-a 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.7 Chlorophyll-a 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.8 Chlorophyll-a 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.9 Chlorophyll-a 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.10 Chlorophyll-a 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.1 Turbidity of water in Alappuzha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

5.2 Total Suspended Solid in water in Alappuzha . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand of water in Alappuzha . . . . . . . . 25
5.4 pH of water in Alappuzha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.5 Coloured Dissolved Organic Matter of water in Alappuzha . . . 27
5.6 Biological Oxygen Demand of water in Alappuzha . . . . . . . . 28
6.1 Border image of study area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
iii
List of Tables
3.1 Population Forecasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3.2 Population Forecasting(Contd.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
iv
Abbreviations
FDM Finite Difference Method
FEA Finite Element Analysis
GSM Grams per Square Meter
MEMS Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems
MPI Message Passing Interface
v
Notations
a Ground motion acceleration in g
amax Maximum ground motion acceleration in g
γ Unit weight of soil
γw Unit weight of water
γxymax Maximum shear strain
τ Shear stress
τav Average shear stress
vi
Contents
Abstract i
List of Figures iii
List of Tables iv
Abbreviations v
Notations vi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Water Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Categories of Water Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.3 Effects of Water Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.1 Expected outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 Literature Survey 6
3 Methodology 12
3.0.1 Data collected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.0.2 Software used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.0.3 Design of Treatment Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.0.4 Population forecasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.0.5 Study area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4 Experimental Investigations 16
4.1 Turbidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.2 Chlorophyll-a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5 Sample Data 22
5.0.1 Turbidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.0.2 Total Suspended Solid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.0.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.0.4 pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.0.5 CDOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.0.6 Biological Oxygen Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6 Results and Discussions 29

6.1 Inference for Turbidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.2 Inference for Chlorophyll-a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.3 Critical Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7 Conclusions 31
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
viii
PROPOSAL FOR NEW WATER TREATMENT PLANT 1
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 General
Alappuzha (or Alleppey) is a city on the Laccadive Sea in the southern
Indian state of Kerala. It’s best known for houseboat cruises along the rustic
Kerala backwaters, a network of tranquil canals and lagoons.According to
a study carried out by the Alappuzha unit of the Kerala State Pollution
Control Board (KSPCB), private tanker lorries are discharging a whopping
25 lakh litres of waste water on a daily basis in different parts of the district
including in waterbodies, in the absence of proper septage waste management
systems in place. This, according to the report, has polluted groundwater and
waterbodies with bacteriological contamination. The presence of high levels of
coliform bacteria was found even in drinking water sources of the Kerala Water
Authority (KWA). Alappuzha’s water is severely polluted because people
dump raw sewage, silt and garbage into it. This has led to water being
undrinkable and the population have to rely on illegal and expensive sources
Water pollution happens when toxic substances enter water bodies such as
lakes, rivers, oceans and so on, getting dissolved in them, lying suspended in
the water or depositing on the bed. This degrades the quality of water In our
project we are planning to find the ways in which we can detect and estimate
the different water quality parameters and determine the areas that can be
utilised for the proposal of a new water treatment plant.
1.1.1 Water Pollution

Water pollution occurs when harmful substances—often chemicals or
microorganisms—contaminate a stream, river, lake, ocean, aquifer, or other
body of water, degrading water quality and rendering it toxic to humans or
the environment. Water is uniquely vulnerable to pollution. Known as a
“universal solvent,” water is able to dissolve more substances than any other
liquid on earth. It’s also why water is so easily polluted. Toxic substances
from farms, towns, and factories readily dissolve into and mix with it, causing
water pollution.
B.Tech. Project, 2022 Dept. of Civil Engg., FISAT

1.1.2 Categories of Water Pollution

Groundwater
When rain falls and seeps deep into the earth, filling the cracks, crevices,
and porous spaces of an aquifer (basically an underground storehouse
of water), it becomes groundwater. Groundwater gets polluted when
contaminants—from pesticides and fertilizers to waste leached from landfills
and septic systems—make their way into an aquifer, rendering it unsafe
for human use. Ridding groundwater of contaminants can be difficult to
impossible, as well as costly.
Point source
When contamination originates from a single source, it’s called point source
pollution. Examples include wastewater (also called effluent) discharged legally
or illegally by a manufacturer, oil refinery, or wastewater treatment facility, as
well as contamination from leaking septic systems, chemical and oil spills, and
illegal dumping.
Nonpoint source
Nonpoint source pollution is contamination derived from diffuse sources. These

may include agricultural or stormwater runoff or debris blown into waterways
from land.
Surface water
Surface water is what fills our oceans, lakes, rivers, and all those other blue bits
on the world map.Nearly half of our rivers and streams and more than one-
third of our lakes are polluted and unfit for swimming, fishing, and drinking.
Nutrient pollution, which includes nitrates and phosphates, is the leading type
of contamination in these freshwater sources. While plants and animals need
these nutrients to grow, they have become a major pollutant due to farm waste
and fertilizer runoff. Municipal and industrial waste discharges contribute their
fair share of toxins as well
The project deals with the assessment of water parameters of the Vembanad
lake and to determine the areas that can be utilised for the design of a new
water treatment plant.

Figure 1.1: Water pollution in Alappuzha
1.1.3 Effects of Water Pollution

When pollutants such as pesticides, fertilizers, trash, and septic systems find
their way into an aquifer, they make water unsuitable for human consumption.
Water pollution can harm people via several different paths including the
following three ways.
• Drinking water polluted by sewage
• Consuming water that contains chemical contaminants
• Consuming microplastics that are in polluted water
Such contaminated water reaches people via inappropriately managed urban,

industrial, and agricultural wastewater which is allowed to enter surface water
or groundwater. This leads to the chemical pollution and biocontamination
of drinking water of hundreds of millions of people every year, increasing the
rates of water-related disease morbidity and mortality.
• Drinking Water Polluted by Sewage: Sewage was traditionally

dumped directly into surface water (rivers, lakes, ocean) under the
mantra “dilution is the solution”. From there, polluted water seeps
into groundwater, resulting in even longer-lasting contamination.In the
developed world, water pollution by sewage has been sharply reduced,
with most sewage going to water treatment plants. But in the developing
world where there is insufficient treatment capacity or a lack of regulatory
enforcement against polluters, sewage dumping remains a major problem.

Breakdowns in treatment systems from accidents, war, natural disasters,

or lack of maintenance cause regular discharge of sewage into water
supplies.
• Consuming Water That Contains Chemical Contaminants:Chemicals

such as solvents, disinfection byproducts, pesticides, heavy metals, and
radionuclides such as radium are examples of drinking water pollutants
that can create long-term water pollution. Runoff of agricultural water
contaminated with pesticides and fertilizers consistently finds its way into
both surface and groundwater. Industrial chemicals and heavy metals
find their way into the water supply, though more so in the developing
world.The toxic effects of water pollution pose significant health risks
if ingested. Chemical toxins in water are causative factors for cancer,
neuroendocrine disruption, cardiovascular, hepatic, and renal problems,
as well as various reproductive health issues.
1.2 Objectives
The objectives of our project are as follows:
• To study the spatial and temporal variation of turbidity/ concentration

of chlorophyll-A for the past 5 years.
• To establish correlation between turbidity/concentration of chlorophyll-

A with reflectance.
• To analyze the water quality of Vembanad lake.
• To identify the critically polluted areas.
• To identify an area which faces water scarcity and propose a water

treatment system for that area.
1.3 Scope
The scope of our project are as follows:
• Identification of the lesser and most polluted parts of the study area.
• Identification of the peak periods of pollution.

• To estimate various water quality parameters for the determination of

the same.
• Design of water treatment plant customized for the unique scenario.
1.3.1 Expected outcomes

The expected outcoes of the project are:
• To review various studies conducted to analyse the water quality using

remote sensing technique.
• To establish and validate correlations between:
– Turbidity
– Reflectance
– Chlorophyll-a and reflectance
• Expertise in ArcGIS.
• To examine spatial and temporal variation of certain characteristics of

water such as turbidity and chlorophyll-a.
• To analyze the status of pollution at site.
• To find the critically polluted area of the lake
• To propose a measure for the improvement of water quality at the critical

area.

Chapter 2
Literature Survey
This chapter deals with literuature references
• Hossain et al. (2021)The Tennessee River in the United States is one

of the most ecologically distinct rivers in the world and serves as a
great resource for local residents. However, it is also one of the most
polluted rivers in the world, and a leading cause of this pollution is
storm water runoff. Satellite remote sensing technology, which has
been used successfully to study surface water quality parameters for
many years, could be very useful to study and monitor the quality
of water in the Tennessee River. This study developed a numerical
turbidity estimation model for the Tennessee River and its tributaries
in Southeast Tennessee using Landsat 8 satellite imagery coupled with
near real-time in situ measurements. The obtained results suggest that a
nonlinear regression-based numerical model can be developed using Band
4 (red) surface reflectance values of the Landsat 8 OLI sensor to estimate
turbidity in these water bodies with the potential of high accuracy. The
accuracy assessment of the estimated turbidity achieved a coefficient of
determination (R2) value and root mean square error (RMSE) as high as
0.97 and 1.41 NTU, respectively. The model was also tested on imagery
acquired on a different date to assess its potential for routine remote
estimation of turbidity and produced encouraging results with R2 value
of 0.94 and relatively high RMSE.
• Watanabe et al. (2018) Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is a

photoactive fraction of organic carbon that can be detected via remotely
sensed data (proximal and satellite). The retrieval of the absorption
coefficient of CDOM (aCDOM) in reservoirs is important because it is
related to the carbon budget and is a possible source of greenhouse gas
that is emitted from aquatic ecosystems. In this context, we divided this
study into three steps: (1) evaluating four retrieval algorithms for aquatic
CDOM proposed for different types of waters; (2) recalibrating the
algorithms using field data; and (3) adjusting new algorithms based on
Landsat 5 TM bands. This research aimed to evaluate the use of Landsat

5 TM images for retrieving aCDOM in oligotrophic inland waters. The

best performing model in the literature exhibited a normalized root
mean square error (NRMSE) value of 29.5 percent and a mean absolute
percentage error (MAPE) value of 25.4 percent, showing that some
models proposed for marine water may be applied to specific inland
waters. After recalibration, the best result was NRMSE = 29.9 percent
and MAPE = 24.8 percent. The Landsat 5 TM bands yielded accurate
results (NRMSE = 26.2 and MAPE = 33.6 percent ), which indicated
the potential for using Landsat data to monitor the bio-optical properties
in inland waters.
• Kuhn et al. (2019)Rivers and other freshwater systems play a crucial

role in ecosystems, industry, transportation and agriculture. Despite
the >40years of inland water observations made possible by optical
remote sensing, a standardized reflectance product for inland waters is
yet forthcoming. The aim of this work is to compare the standard USGS
land surface reflectance product to two Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 aquatic
remote sensing reflectance products over the Amazon, Columbia and
Mississippi rivers. Landsat-8 reflectance products from all three routines
are then evaluated for their comparative performance in retrieving
chlorophyll-a and turbidity in reference to ship-borne, underway in
situ validation measurements. The land surface product shows the
best agreement (4 percent Mean Absolute Percent Difference) with
field measurements of radiometry collected on the Amazon River and
generates 36 percent higher reflectance values in the visible bands
compared to aquatic methods (ACOLITE and SeaDAS) with larger
differences between land and aquatic products observed in Sentinel-
2 (0.01sr1) compared to Landsat-8 (0.001sr1). Choice of atmospheric
correction routine can bias Landsat-8 retrievals of chlorophyll-a and
turbidity by as much as 59 and 35 percent respectively. Using a more
restrictive time window for matching in situ and satellite imagery can
reduce differences by 5–31 percent depending on correction technique.
This work highlights the challenges of satellite retrievals over rivers
and underscores the need for future optical and biogeochemical research
aimed at improving our understanding of the absorbing and scattering
properties of river water and their relationships to remote sensing
reflectance.

• Pizani et al. (2020)The low operational cost of using freely available

remote sensing data is a strong incentive for water agencies to
complement their field campaigns and produce spatially distributed maps
of some water quality parameters. The objective of this study is to
compare the performance of Sentinel-2 MSI and Landsat-8 OLI sensors
to produce multiple regression models of water quality parameters in
a hydroelectric reservoir in Brazil. Physical-chemistry water quality
parameters were measured in loco using sensors and also analysed in
laboratory from water samples collected simultaneously. The date of
sampling corresponded to the almost simultaneous overflight of Sentinel-
2B and Landsat-8 satellites which provided a means to perform a fair
comparison of the two sensors. Four optically active parameters were
considered: chlorophyll-a, Secchi disk depth, turbidity and temperature
(the latter using Landsat-8 TIR sensor). Other six optically non-
active parameters were also considered. The multiple regression models
used the spectral reflectance bands from both sensors (separately) as
predictors. The reflectance values were based on averaging kernels of
30 m and 90 m. Stepwise variable selection combined with a priori
knowledge based on other studies were used to optimize the choice of
predictors. With the exception of temperature, the other optically active
parameters yielded strong regression models from both the Sentinel and
Landsat sensors, all with r2 > 0.75. The models for the optically non-
active parameters produced less striking results with r 2 as low as 0.03
(temperature) and as high or better than > 0.8 (pH and Dissolved
oxygen).
• Effendi et al. (2015)The assessment started by an introduction of how

water forms the chief constituent of the ecosystem and economy, for
instance, in the form of rivers, lakes, glaciers etc.There could be incidents
of rapid pollution of water due to an accident in a water body, where in
a rapid water quality assessment tool is required to find out the pollu-
tion level, and that’s where the water pollution index comes into play.In
order to simplify the expression of water quality status, calculation of
water quality index which minimizes the data volume to a great extent
is used and it is based on a number of physio-chemical and bacteriolog-
ical parameters.The Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) needs to assess
all aspects of the environment both biotic and abiotic around Dramaga

campus and they aimed to rapidly determine river and lake water quality
status around Dramaga campus by applying water pollution index.For
the water quality status to be assessed by water pollution index, it was
calculated by the following measures method referring to the Minister of
Environment Decree No. 115/2003 on Guidelines for Determination of
Water Quality Status:
1. Selection of parameters that exist in the water quality standard.

2. Calculation of Ci/Li for each parameter for each sampling location.
Ci is measured water quality parameter, Li is standard water quality
for each parameter.
3. The usage of value (Ci/Li) measurement if the value is smaller than
1.0, and the use of (Ci/Li) new if the value of
(Ci/Li) measurement greater than 1.0. (Ci/Li) new = 1.0 + P log
(Ci/Li) measurement
4. Determination of the average value and the maximum value of the
overall Ci/Li [(Ci/Li)R and (Ci/Li)M].
5. Determination of water pollution index and comparing it with the
criterias on the table of pollution index and water quality status
criteria.
As a result of the study to obtain a raw description of the water quality of

River Ciapus, River Cihi deung and lake in the near of Dramaga Campus
of IPB, 29 water quality parameters were measured and compared to a
threshold water quality class III for fisheries and animal husbandry.Water
quality standard stipulated in Government Regulation of Indonesia (GR)
No 82 /2001 on Water Quality and Water Pollution Management was
applied in assessment of river water quality and has 48 freshwater
water quality parameter including physical parameter, inorganic chem-
ical parameter, organic chemical parameter, microbiology, and radioac-
tivity.The 4 classes of water quality within this GR are, class 1 potable
water sources, class 2 water recreation, class 3 fisheries and animal
husbandry, class 4 agriculture.Provincial government monitors regularly,
the river water quality 3 times/year and the Storet Index or Water
Pollution Index is normally applied in analysis and interpretation of

river water quality.The WQI portrays the composite influence of different

water quality parameters and communicates water quality information to
the public and legislative decision makers and is an important a unique
rating to depict the overall water quality status in a single term.WQI
was also used to perform the study of the samples collected by Banerjee
and Srivastava (2009), Effendi et al. (2015), it was analyzed for 11 pre-
identified variables.They conclude that the average surface water quality
surrounding IIE-Pantnagar was found to be satisfactory in terms of it’s
portability after conventional treatment and disinfection.Another report
of water quality index usage by Kumar et al (2014) stated that based
on the WQI results majority of the samples are falling under excellent
to good category and suitable for drinking water. Any number of water
quality measurements can serve, and have already been used, as indica-
tors of water quality but we can conclude that there is no single measure
that can describe overall water quality for any one body of water, let alone
at a global level.As such, a composite index that quantifies the extent to
which a number of water quality measures deviate from normal, expected
or ‘ideal’ concentrations may be more appropriate for summarizing water
quality conditions across a range of inland water types and over time.The
water quality index was mainly designed to provide numbers so that
various waters can be compared directly with one another, to determine
the water quality changes with time, to find out waters of both "good"
and "bad" quality, and to provide values which managers and other
nontechnical personnel can be used more easily to characterize water
quality.The conclusion of the study was that, for the samples collected
from 5 stations in River Cihideung, River Ciapus, and Lake of PPLH, all
water quality parameters met water quality standard class III for fish-
eries and animal husbandry as stipulated in Government Regulation No
82/2001.Application of water pollution index towards 5 sampling sites
denotes good water quality status with water pollution index ranging
from 0.728 to 0.892.
• Usali and Ismail (2010)The use of remote sensing and GIS water
monitoring and management has been long recognised.Potential
application and management is identified in promoting concept of
sustainable water resource management.Water is valuable natural

resources that essential to human survive and the ecosystem health.Since

the past few decades, the increasing of an anthropogenic activities
especially in industrial area has effects to water bodies.It is a global issue
and it is very important to check water quality.In situ measurements and
collection of water samples for subsequent analysis are currently used to
evaluate water quality.Thus the technologies such as remote sensing and
GIS are very useful as tool in evaluating and monitoring water quality.In
Malaysia, there were two main causes of water pollutants identified
namely land development for industry and natural – resources activity
involving opening new agricultural area and logging.These activities
allow soil erosion to the water increase mixture, turbidity and organic
matter and river sedimentation problem.Remote sensing and provides
effective tools in monitoring of water quality parameter aid with in situ
measurement data.One major advantage remote sensing observations
over traditional measurements for water quality monitoring provides both
spatial and temporal information of surface water characteristics.It is
widely used for water quality studies in coastal and inland lakes.

Chapter 3
Methodology
The methodology of the project are as follows:
• Identification of water quality assessment parameters
• Collection of data from concerned authorities
• Validation of predicted model is done
• Modelling is done using existing empirical relationships
• Satellite images of the study area is collected from USGS site and
processed
• Mapping and Studying of spatial and temporal variation using ArcGIS
• Find the critically polluted area of the lake
• Find an area which faces water scarcity
• Obtain census data of the past 5 decades and use it to forecast population
after 40 years.
• Design a water treatment plant for that area
3.0.1 Data collected

The data that has been collected for the project are as follows:
• Satellite image data collected from USGS site
• Samples collected from various points and tested in lab
• Census data collected from the census directory

3.0.2 Software used

The software being used for the mapping of various water quality parameters
is ArcGIS.It is a geographical information system (GIS) software that allows
handling and analyzing geographic information.It is a cloud-based mapping
and analysis solution.Used to make maps, analyze data, and to share and
collaborate.ArcGIS is a family of client software, server software, and online
geographic information system (GIS) services developed and maintained by
Esri. ArcGIS was first released in 1999 and originally was released as
ARC/INFO, a command line based GIS system for manipulating data.
ARC/INFO was later merged into ArcGIS Desktop, which was eventually
superseded by ArcGIS Pro in 2015.[4] ArcGIS Pro works in 2D and 3D for
cartography and visualization, and includes Artificial Intelligence (AI).
3.0.3 Design of Treatment Plant

The treatment plant being proposed for the project is a rapid sand filter.The
rapid sand filter or rapid gravity filter is a type of filter used in water
purification and is commonly used in municipal drinking water facilities as part
of a multiple-stage treatment system.Rapid sand filters are typically designed
as part of multi-stage treatment systems used by large municipalities. These
systems are complex and expensive to operate and maintain, and therefore
less suitable for small communities and developing nations. The filtration
system requires a relatively small land area in proportion to the population
served, and the design is less sensitive to changes in raw water quality, e.g.
turbidity, than slow sand filters.Rapid sand filters use relatively coarse sand
and other granular media to remove particles and impurities that have been
trapped in a floc through the use of flocculation chemicals—typically alum.
Since media other than silica sand can be used in such filters, a more modern
term is "rapid filtration" instead of "rapid sand filtration."[5][6] The unfiltered
water flows through the filter medium under gravity or under pumped pressure
and the floc material is trapped in the sand matrix. Mixing, flocculation and
sedimentation processes are typical treatment stages that precede filtration.
Chemical additives, such as coagulants, are often used in conjunction with the
filtration system.
It is a type of filter used in water purification and is commonly used in
municipal drinking water facilities as part of a multiple-stage treatment system.
They required smaller land areas compared to slow sand filters.For a population

of 795129, 95.41 million litres of water is required per day.This demand can be
met by adopting 2 filter units, each of dimension 15m x 10m.Use 200 laterals,
each of 6.4cm diameter at 15cm c/c, each having 12 perforations of 13mm with
125cm diameter manifold
Design of Sedimentation Plant
• Allows suspended particles to settle out of water or wastewater as it flows

slowly through the tank, thereby providing some degree of purification
• For the predicted population, a tank of dimensions 72m x 66m x 6m is

required
3.0.4 Population forecasting

Using census data of the past 50 years, forecast the population after 40 years
can be forecast ed.
Table 3.1: Population Forecasting

Year Population
2011 542657
2001 518555
1991 477819
1981 434680
1971 379626
Using geometric increase method, the population after 40 years was found
to be 795129.
Table 3.2: Population Forecasting(Contd.)

Year Population Increase in population every decade Percentage increase in population
2011 542657
2001 518555 24102 4.44
1991 477819 40736 7.85
1981 434680 43139 9.02
1971 379626 55054 12.66
3.0.5 Study area

The study area for the project has been chosen as Vembanad lake.

Figure 3.1: Border image of study area
• Coordinates: 9°35N 76°25E
• Primary inflows: Achenkovil, Manimala, Meenachil, Muvattupuzha,

Pamba, Periyar
• Primary outflows: Several canals
• Geometry
– Max. length: 96.5 km (60.0 mi)

– Max. width: 14 km (8.7 mi)
– Surface area: 2,033 km2 (785 sq mi)
– Max. depth: 12 m (39 ft)
– Surface elevation: 0 m (0 ft)

Chapter 4
Experimental Investigations
The results obtained are as follows:
4.1 Turbidity
Figure 4.1: Turbidity 2018



4.2 Chlorophyll-a
Figure 4.6: Chlorophyll-a 2018



Chapter 5
Sample Data
5.0.1 Turbidity
The turbidity of water in Alappuzha was found to range from 0.1 to 2.8. The
peak value of turbidity was found near oil tanker jetty and near Punnamada
lake. The minimum value of turbidity was found near the wider part of the
Punnamada lake. In general there was a increase of turbidity value near jetties
and harbours. The different values of turbidity in different regions of the
selected area is shown in the map given in figure 5.1.
5.0.2 Total Suspended Solid

The total suspended solids (TSS) of water in Alappuzha ranges from a
minimum value of 0.1 to a maximum value of 12. The higher values was
seen towards the northern direction (Oil tanker jetty) and decreases towards
the southern direction and reaches the minimum value near Shanmugham boat
jetty. An increase in value was seen near Punnamada lake. The different values
of TSS in different regions of the selected area is shown in the map given in
figure 5.2.
5.0.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand

The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of water in Alappuzha was below the
permissible limit of 250mg/l. Higher COD was seen at the both northern and
southern ends of lake where the
5.0.4 pH
Ranges from 6.6 to 7.8 Within the permissible range as per IS 10500 Increase
towards the northern side Decreases gradually towards the south

Figure 5.1: Turbidity of water in Alappuzha

Figure 5.2: Total Suspended Solid in water in Alappuzha

Figure 5.3: Chemical Oxygen Demand of water in Alappuzha

Figure 5.4: pH of water in Alappuzha

Figure 5.5: Coloured Dissolved Organic Matter of water in Alappuzha
5.0.5 CDOM
CDOM ranges from 3-14mg/L It is found to be low in the northern side of the
lake Found to be high in the southern side i.e, near Punnamada lake area
5.0.6 Biological Oxygen Demand

It ranges from 8.9 to 17mg/L It is found to be increasing towards the southern
part of the lake and low at the northern and southern ends.

Figure 5.6: Biological Oxygen Demand of water in Alappuzha

Chapter 6
Results and Discussions
6.1 Inference for Turbidity

• Turbidity is found to be less before monsoon and greater after monsoon.
• Cannot be used for drinking purpose without proper treatment as

turbidity is higher than acceptable limit.
• Pre-monsoon turbidity is found to be more concentrated towards

the northern direction of the lake.
• Post-monsoon turbidity is spread almost evenly.
• Higher near the banks of jetty.
6.2 Inference for Chlorophyll-a

• Found to be increasing towards the southern direction of the lake.
• Less concentration near the city areas and jetties.
6.3 Critical Area

• Using multi-criterion analysis, all the above mentioned parameters are
combined to obtain a single map showing the critical area.
• Water from this critical area is more polluted
• Both the ends are found to be more polluted
• Water near jetty, punnamada jetty and oil tanker jetty are more polluted

Figure 6.1: Border image of study area

Chapter 7
Conclusions
Due to the increasing rate of pollution as well as the presence of pollutants, the
water quality of river bodies are decreasing. Due to this factor, the drinking
water scarcity is a huge issue in the district of Alappuzha. In this study, a
proposal for a new water treatment plant is set forward. For this, the water
quality parameters of Vembanad lake has been studied such as the turbidity,
BOD level and so on. From the experimental studies,the critically polluted as
well as the critically safer area has been identified. For the treatment plant,
the design of a sedimentation plant of dimension 72m x 66m x 6m has been
designed. The design of a rapid sand filter comprising of 2 units of dimension
15m x 10m has been done. With the help of the same, drinking water from
the critically safer areas can be supplied to the areas having water scarcity.

Bibliography
[1] AKM Hossain, Caleb Mathias, and Richard Blanton. Remote sensing of
turbidity in the tennessee river using landsat 8 satellite. Remote Sensing,
13(18):3785, 2021.
[2] Fernanda Watanabe, Enner Alcântara, Marcelo Curtarelli, Milton Kampel,

and José Stech. Landsat-based remote sensing of the colored dissolved
organic matter absorption coefficient in a tropical oligotrophic reservoir.
Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 9:82–90, 2018.
[3] Catherine Kuhn, Aline de Matos Valerio, Nick Ward, Luke Loken,
Henrique Oliveira Sawakuchi, Milton Kampel, Jeffrey Richey, Philipp
Stadler, John Crawford, Rob Striegl, et al. Performance of landsat-8 and
sentinel-2 surface reflectance products for river remote sensing retrievals of
chlorophyll-a and turbidity. Remote Sensing of Environment, 224:104–118,
2019.
[4] Fernanda MC Pizani, Philippe Maillard, Adrielly FF Ferreira, and

Camila C de Amorim. Estimation of water quality in a reservoir from
sentinel-2 msi and landsat-8 oli sensors. ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry,
Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Sciences, 5(3), 2020.
[5] Hefni Effendi, Yusli Wardiatno, et al. Water quality status of ciambulawung
river, banten province, based on pollution index and nsf-wqi. Procedia
Environmental Sciences, 24:228–237, 2015.
[6] Norsaliza Usali and Mohd Hasmadi Ismail. Use of remote sensing and gis
in monitoring water quality. Journal of sustainable development, 3(3):228,
2010.

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PROPOSAL FOR A NEW WATER

Federal Institute of Science and Technology (FISAT)®

APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University

Federal Institute of Science and Technology (FISAT)®

APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University

Ms.Rajalakshmi T.R. Dr.Jji Antony

1.1 Water pollution in Alappuzha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3.1 Border image of study area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

4.1 Turbidity 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

5.1 Turbidity of water in Alappuzha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

6.1 Border image of study area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

3.1 Population Forecasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

List of Figures iii

6 Results and Discussions 29

1.1.1 Water Pollution

B.Tech. Project, 2022 Dept. of Civil Engg., FISAT

1.1.2 Categories of Water Pollution

Nonpoint source pollution is contamination derived from diffuse sources. These

B.Tech. Project, 2022 Dept. of Civil Engg., FISAT

Figure 1.1: Water pollution in Alappuzha

1.1.3 Effects of Water Pollution

• Drinking water polluted by sewage

• Consuming water that contains chemical contaminants

• Consuming microplastics that are in polluted water

Such contaminated water reaches people via inappropriately managed urban,

• Drinking Water Polluted by Sewage: Sewage was traditionally

B.Tech. Project, 2022 Dept. of Civil Engg., FISAT

Breakdowns in treatment systems from accidents, war, natural disasters,

• Consuming Water That Contains Chemical Contaminants:Chemicals

• To study the spatial and temporal variation of turbidity/ concentration

• To establish correlation between turbidity/concentration of chlorophyll-

• To analyze the water quality of Vembanad lake.

• To identify the critically polluted areas.

• To identify an area which faces water scarcity and propose a water

• Identification of the peak periods of pollution.

B.Tech. Project, 2022 Dept. of Civil Engg., FISAT

• To estimate various water quality parameters for the determination of

• Design of water treatment plant customized for the unique scenario.

1.3.1 Expected outcomes

• To review various studies conducted to analyse the water quality using

• To establish and validate correlations between:

• To examine spatial and temporal variation of certain characteristics of

• To analyze the status of pollution at site.

• To find the critically polluted area of the lake

• To propose a measure for the improvement of water quality at the critical

B.Tech. Project, 2022 Dept. of Civil Engg., FISAT

• Hossain et al. (2021)The Tennessee River in the United States is one

• Watanabe et al. (2018) Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is a

B.Tech. Project, 2022 Dept. of Civil Engg., FISAT

5 TM images for retrieving aCDOM in oligotrophic inland waters. The

• Kuhn et al. (2019)Rivers and other freshwater systems play a crucial

B.Tech. Project, 2022 Dept. of Civil Engg., FISAT

• Pizani et al. (2020)The low operational cost of using freely available

• Effendi et al. (2015)The assessment started by an introduction of how

B.Tech. Project, 2022 Dept. of Civil Engg., FISAT

1. Selection of parameters that exist in the water quality standard.

As a result of the study to obtain a raw description of the water quality of

B.Tech. Project, 2022 Dept. of Civil Engg., FISAT

river water quality.The WQI portrays the composite influence of different

B.Tech. Project, 2022 Dept. of Civil Engg., FISAT