INNOVATIVE PROJECT

Kinematics of machines

FINAL PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY:

NAMAN KUMAR (2K20/ME/165)

Nikesh soni (2k20/ME/174)
Under the supervision of
PROF. DS. Paras kumar

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

 Topic - A Review on Application based on Crank and
Slotted Lever Quick Return Mechanism

Abstract - A quick return system converts rotating motion

into reciprocating motion. It consists of two different
velocities for its strokes for example working and return. This
mechanism is used in machines, for example, shapers and
power-driven saws for giving the reciprocating cutting tool a
slow cutting stroke and a quick return stroke with a constant
angular velocity of the driving crank. Crank and slotted lever
mechanism is one of the famous mechanisms for quick return
motion to obtain reciprocating motion.

1. INTRODUCTION
When one link is fixed in a mechanism, the chain is called as
mechanism. It could be utilized for transmitting or
transforming motion. A mechanism with four links is called as
simple mechanism, where as mechanism with more than four
links is called as complex mechanism. A mechanism that
transforms rotary motion into reciprocating motion at
variable rate for its two strokes viz., working stroke and idle
stroke is known as quick return mechanism. As the time
taken by return stroke is less as compared to its working
stroke, it is called as quick return mechanism. This
mechanism is generally utilized in machine tools like shaping
machines, screw press, powerdriven saws, mechanical
actuators, revolver system etc. This mechanism comprises of
an arm connected to a rotating disc that moves at a
controlled uniform velocity. Unlike the crank, the arm of the
mechanism runs at a different rate than the plate.
1.1Crank and slotted lever quick return
mechanism

Links used in this mechanism:

1. Slider
2. Crank
3. Frame
4. Slotted Lever
Pairs:
Frame & Slotted lever – turning pair
Frame & Crank – turning pair
Crank & Slider – turning pair
Slider & Slotted lever – Sliding pair

This mechanism is widely utilized in shaping machines, slotting

machines as well as in rotary internal combustion engines. In this
mechanism (fig. 1), the link AC (i.e. link 3) creating the turning pair is
fixed, as given in Fig. The connecting rod of a reciprocating steam
engine is associated with link 3. The driving crank CB revolves with
constant angular velocity about the fixed centre C. AP is oscillated
about the pivoted point A due to the sliding block which is
connected to the crank pin at B and slides along the slotted bar AP.
The motion is transmitted by a short link PR from AP to the ram
which conveys the tools and reciprocates along the line of stroke
R1R2. The line of stroke of the ram (i.e. R1R2) is perpendicular to AC
formed.

Fig. 1.1 Crank and slotted lever quick return motion mechanism

During extreme positions, the cutting tool is at the end of the stroke
and, AP1 and AP2 are tangential to the circle. When the crank rotates
from the position CB1 to CB2, the forward stroke or cutting stroke
takes place (or through an angle β) in the clockwise direction. When
the crank rotates from the position CB2 to CB1, the return stroke
takes place (or through angle α) in the clockwise direction. The crank
has constant angular velocity, hence The time ratio is given by -
Length of stroke is given by:-

Applications (Engineering Significance) :

Quick return mechanism is used in different machines

throughout the engineering industry

1. Shaper

2. Air Compressor

3. Mechanical cutter

4. Screw Press

5. Power-driven saws
 6. Mechanical Actuators

7. Revolver Mechanism

1.1.1 The use of quick return mechanism in Shaper :

Quick return mechanism has applications in various fields.

Quick return action is used in shaping machines to minimize
the total process time, while its controlled forward action is
used for clean and perfect cuts required for shaping.

The quick return mechanism saves time. The cutting

process is carried out only during the forward stroke and the
speed of the cut is varies according to metal being cut. No
cutting is done during the return stroke, so the time taken by
the return stroke is less as compared to its working stroke.
For making the job quicker, freeing up the machine sooner
for the next job and increasing profits.
 Fig. 1.1.1 Quick return mechanism in shaper

1.1.2 The use of crank and slotted link mechanism in

air compressor :
An air compressor converts electrical energy in to kinetic
energy in the form of air which is held in a highly compressed
form before release. We can use the energy released when
the compressed air is let out for inflation, cleaning under
pressure, turning, generating torque, driving or other similar
movement by force. The working principle of an air
compressor’s is similar to an internal combustion unit. A
crankshaft moves a piston through a connecting rod, in a
linear fashion along the length of a cylinder in which it fits
comfortably. As the piston moves upwards, air is drawn in
through an open valve, providing sufficient space for a high
volume of air. The valve closes as the piston moves down
and the air is compressed. The latter has kinetic energy as it
gains high pressure because of the limited space in which it
has been forced. The valve opens again to release the
energy. The power is increased in proportion as the air goes
up. All air compressors must have back up systems to release
extra pressure in the event of function in the valve
mechanism.

Fig. 1.1.2 Crank and slotted link mechanism in air compressor

1.1.3 Mechanical Cutter using crank and slotted

lever mechanism :

The structure of this machine is simple to execute. As such

we are planning the agri-shaper machine to reduce human
efforts and save time. The working standard behind the
activity of straight forward mechanical cutting machine is
four bar component particularly crank and slotted lever
mechanism. The crank wheel is turned by the engine during
the pulley belt assembly. The turning development the crank
wheel is changed over into to and fro movement by the
coupling join by using the slider. The to and fro movement at
the opposite finish of the coupling joint is changed over into
responding movement to the sharp edge by using guide
opening. Design thinking is becoming critical for the well-
being of the society and the nation.
Fig. 1.1.3 Mechanical cutter using crank and slotted lever
mechanism

2. DISCUSSION

During the early-nineteenth century, cutting methods

involved hand tools and cranks, which were often lengthy in
duration. Joseph Whitworth changed this by creating the
quick return mechanism in the mid-1800s. Using kinematics,
he determined that the force and geometry of the rotating
joint would affect the force and motion of the connected
arm. From an engineering standpoint, the quick return
mechanism impacted the technology of the Industrial
Revolution by minimizing the duration of a full revolution,
thus reducing the amount of time needed for a cut or press.
Reciprocating motion for operating the tool of a shaping
machine etc. In which the return is made more rapidly than
the cutting stroke so as to reduce the idling time.
Modelling
A virtual CAD model was designed in Solidworks 2020 to
analyze the motion generated by the Whitwroth Quick
Return Mechanism as shown in Figure 4. Different parts were
designed with accurate dimensions. Two cranks, two sliders,
one slotted lever and one main stand were modelled and
assembled in Solidworks 2020. The connections of joints and
sliders were defined to obtain the motion of the
mechanism[5]. The frame of the mechanism was made of
80/20 aluminum framing, connected with commercially
available brackets.

Fig.4:-Model setup of Whitworth quick return mechanism

Different parts generated were assembled together to
analyze the motion of the mechanism as shown in Figure 5-7.
Fig.5:-Main stand part generated and slotted sleeve and the
crank and slider assembly

Fig.6:-Crank connecting the slider and slotted lever

Fig.7:-Full assembly of the crank slider mechanism

The model generated represents the quick return

mechanism. The center crank is rotated about the x-axis and
the relative motion of the slider (connected to the stand) is
observed. The movement of the mechanism in a complete
cycle of front and backward stroke is obtained. The motion of
the model was analyzed on ANSYS software as shown in
Figure 8. This analysis includes graphs that represent these
values with relation to the angle of the crank. These
functions were used to analyze the mechanism at the highest
and lowest positions of the crank.
Fig.8:-Working motion of quick return mechanism

Fig.9:-Stress contours developed in the slotted lever

RESULTS
Using Mathematical model of kinematic analysis and ANSYS
data is analyse for the variable length of each link, in that
analysis velocity of slider (link-6) which is output of quick
return mechanism is change with change of length of each
link but total output ratio of velocity is remain constant, in
that analysis only with change of height of slider (link-6)
velocity ratio is change [6].

The motion of the model represents the characteristics

properties of the quick return mechanism. The stress
contours developed in the slotted lever, throughout the cycle
are shown in Figure 9.

Position
The position of crank (shown in the Figure modelling) is
considered at 0 deg, then the position of the of the slider is
shown in the graph below. The slider’s position analysis is
done. The movement variation according to the angular
position is obtained as shown in Figure 10.
Fig.10:-Graph between displacement of slider and crank’s
angular position

Velocity- From the above graph, the velocity obtained is

maximum at around 200 degrees from the starting position.
A smooth curve is obtained for the relative velocity. Using
the position analysis and the motor specifications, the
velocity of the transmission pin between the slider link and
the crank was determined. This was used to find the velocity
of the slider link and slider block as shown in Figure 11.

Fig.11:-Graph between velocity of slider relative to the stand

and angular position

Acceleration
Using the velocity and position analyses, the linear and
angular acceleration of the slider link was determined. Due
to the nature of the mechanism, the graph of the
acceleration of the slider link is the same shape as the graph
of the acceleration of the slider block as shown in Figure 12.
 Fig.12:-Acceleration of slider link
Force
The force exerted in the front and return stroke of the slider
is analyzed. The graph in (Figure 13) shows that at the front
stroke (around 150 degrees) force exerted is maximum,
which comes to zero and beyond 200 degrees the force
generated in the return stroke is depicted.

Fig.13:-Graph between Force generated by the slider and

angular position

Now as per the design of quick return mechanism the

relative velocity and output force is required to maximum, So
from the dynamic analysis of quick return mechanism force
output is analyzed for the future application of the
mechanism.

3. CONCLUSION
Quick return ratio is limited to strength of the material. By
incorporating stronger materials, QRR can be increased.
Backlash can be minimized by choosing closed tolerances and
proper assembly techniques. With increase in slider height
QRR increases. Friction at the interface of guide ways and
ram can be minimized by using turcite tape. Ram velocity
varies from zero at beginning, maximum at middle of the
stroke and zero at the end.

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Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 53(9), 1689–
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