FLYWHEEL Considering Arms & Hub Hoop

Mw MR 1- 0.1 MR SH PVAZ
Newton's Second Law
= =

9C
F Mw = 1.1 MR
Bending
m
=

90 go Density of Rim
Sb PVAZITZD
Moment of inertia
=

MR
p= gcnzt
I MRZ k = 1/2 - solid disk IT Dmbt
Total stress
=

k = 1 - rim type
9C Material lb/in³ kg/m³ '
ST =
345h t 4 Sb
Flywheel Effect Cast Iron 0.26 7200
For elliptical arms
FRZ =
Mgo RZ Cast Steel 0.284 7850
Bending moment of arms
9C Width - Thikness Ratio
M T D- DH
Angular velocity
=

by =
0.6 -

Z
D
W 21in
Bending stress of the arms
=

60
V = rw
Radius of Gyration
Dtd
Kinetic energy
I
T D- DH
R= a
=
4
Sa =

NZD
34T = M

KE =Yz
M

9C
1/2=1/2 IWZ =
8.68×10-4 DOZ -
Did .tt
in 2- = IT bats a =D 35s
'
3

Torque 4 85th
KE =
Yz M V =
MCFYAZ
Gc Gc 1- = I W = Ix Major axis = 2a ; Minor axis = 2b = a

Coefficient of Fluctuation
T
Bursting force/Hoop tension
Energy for punching SH Fb
Cf =
I = V2 -

V1 =
Fb= SH bt

Cs Va E
=L Ftp
by

STABILITY Additional notes

F
Circular:
Centrifugal Force Ssu =

itdtp
Fp = 80 dtp tons
Mw V2
>

Fc =
Steel Ssu: 44,000 psi
9cR 49,000 psi

CLUTCH Old (Uniform Wear) Cone clutch

Fa f- Farf Nc
p= + =
Nc=
Ff =
f Fa ; # Disc -9
1T¥ D -
d Sind

Single Plate Clutch Nc = 2 D=

Fa Depends if
1- = f- Fa Rf Nc A
New or Old
New (Uniform Pressure)
Fa d
zd
D -

Sina
Fa
1- =
f- Pit D- d ☐4+d Nc =

Fn
=

zb
p=
Engaging Force
IT
DZ.DZ Dtd
4
rf
=
4
Fe Fn sinx 1- 0.25 fcosx
T = f- Farf Nc =

Fa
Pmax
Additional notes
=

DID } and
IT D d
F- fp D ?d2
-

Nc
4 3. DZ DZ 2
Nc Fw = Draw
-

SR
Bar Pull
=

Fa Nw
3
pf = ☐ -
d
}
Pave =

IT Dm D- d
3 DZ -
DZ 2 Pw FWVW
NTRANS =
PT
=

PT
Face width (Disc Clutch) Fa
Pmax =

d
=D it
? D d
-
-

☐
2
 Spring constant
SPRING F dwG
Circular Square Rectangular
K
=c
__ =
2.4 KWFC kwFC3btl.8t
Shearing of spring 8 8 no s
* dwz b2 2btZ
Smax =
-8k€ G = 11.5x10^6 psi 8FC3nc 5.575 Fine 2.45 FDM> Nc
g
ITDWZ
Clash allowance dwG bG Gt > b- 056T
Hooke's Law CA = 8s -
Sw Conical spring Round wire
0-5
Ks =
I +
8W Dmm
8=2

.tl?mzDmftDmiebbdw4Gkw=4c
c not Dm

Wahl's Factor Clearance

Cc Conical spring Rectangular wire
=
I c- s
+0.615
-

4C -4 C Nc

.tl?mzDmftDmz2b3t3GkB=4ct2
8=0.71 ncfb't -12 Dm

Bergstrasser's Factor Free length

1-
f=Lst8st 0.158s Single Multiple Multiple Semi-
Elliptical
Rectangle Triangle
4C -3 Critical axial load
GFL GFL GFL 18 -5L
Spring Index 4- 12 FCR =
k tf KL
s
b -12 nbt2 nbt2 bt22ngt2nf
C = Dm = Do dw =
Di tdw KL =
tf
41=13 61=1-3
-

41=1-3 121-13
dw dw dw Dm g
bt3E nbt3E nbt3E bt3E2ngtZnf
Type of Total # Solid Free
Springs in series
Length
E = 30x10^6 psi
end of Turns Length I 251-2
keg
=

Ground nc (nc ) d (P x nc) I "

g=
+ + 3tE
K, Kz
Plain nc (nc + 1) d (P x nc)+dw
Springs in Parallel Semi-Elliptical Leaf Spring
S&G nc + 2 (nc + 2) d (P x nc) +2dw
LO Z
Loj
1-
(P x nc) +3dw keg
=

nc + 2 (nc + 3) d (
t
Square Ki kz t =
=
ks
-

t
g 2 3

Critical frequency Stress in graduated leaves

-

Coil or pitch angle 4° -

12°
'
2 Sf
✗ =
tan
" P
dw 66902
Sg =

f= 3
ITDM
21T DmZhc Pw Hole Diameter
Effective wire length
Shock Factor (Potential E.) DHOLE =
Do t 0.1 Dw

ltdmnc
L=
Wh +8 = 1--8 Natural frequency
Torsional deflection 2
f- =
W

16 FCZNC 180 F
=
It I + Zkh 21T
=
✗
IT w W
DWZG
Deflection/Elongation Shock Factor (Kinetic E.) W= K
M
f = 8FC3nc F = V2
dwG W 908
 ROOM TEMP T,

Stress & Strain Thermal Strain HEATED -2

-

• Mr

2 types of material: D
-
Be

- Ductile D- = IT D2 8
- Brittle te !
4 a

No NAGKAROON NG ELONG DAHIL

For Ductile Material

.

For Brittle Material SAPAGBABAGO NG TEMPERATURE

Sy ULTIMATE

bit on
STRENGTH •

smax q C- A t -

C- = K tz t ,
-

Su
3
'
UPPPEOR # ELD
,
- FAILURE 8 =
k t = K tz -
t,
NECKING OCCURS
2
'
Fracture
•
y
K' L COEFFICIENT
µ

OF
? i. 8 =
1 THERMAL Expansion
Stress

e- g
ELASTIC -
Proportional Limit .
LIMIT 2 g-
•
LOWER YIELD
.
.

POINT

Thermal stress
Stress

NECKING OCCURS

PROPORTIONAL LIMIT
SAFE ONE
§ =
KL I 8 = SL
;
••
;
•

Strain Strain E
SL =
KL I
E

Strain i. S = KE T
C- = 8 m
KSTEEL =
11.5 ✗ 10-6 m :c
ft
=
6.5×10-6
ft -
'

F
Modulus of Elasticity True Strain F
(based on Hooke's Law) € In
EMG'G STRESS
In Ao
In A
= =

, =
TRUE STRESS F A
-

D F Ao
Ee
-

D- = IT D2 8
Ao AREA
=
BEFORE DEFORMATION
4
! as

N o te
NAGKAROON NG E LONG DAHIL
A =
AREA WHERE LOAD IS APPLIED

SA tension & COMPRESSION

Types of Stress
S ✗ C- •
s =
EE
Tensile Stress
TSA FL
E = = =
ST FT
f- =

8
•

C- AS
AT
L

Compressive Stress
S = FL
AE
Sc = Fc
•
f-
Ac
E- STEEL =
30×106 Psi
=
207 Gpa

E Aluminum
=
10×106 Psi Shearing Stress
1301-1
=
69 Gpa
•••q
Fs
Shear Modulus of Rigidity & •

•
Ss =

Poisson's Ratio M As
•
AREA SHEARED
G = E

2
Bearing Stress
Itm
D

µ SB FB
GSTEEL = 11.5×106 Psi =
0.30 =

tp
,

=
806Pa
AB

Gaurminum =3 . ✗ 106 Psi

,
µ =
0.35 F
=
25.56Pa
 Maximum Stress
Pure Torsional Stress Theory For solid circular For hollow circular
Ss 32M Do
.
Sf = 32M
Sf =

St I
0.559
St =
Ss =
Sys =
ITD 3 IT
Do
"
Did

J
-

-
D FS FS
For solid square

SS
6M
St or DESIGN OR ALLOWABLE S
STRESS BASED ON TORSION f =
2
b h
OR SHEARING

Sys YIELD STRESS BASED ON Note! n

Bansaw blade
Height or thickness
SHEARING .

0.6 or 0.5 OF THE YIELD STRESS

R F R
PULLEY
Sy DEPENDENT UPON THE MAT 't .

USED
Ba or

BANDSAW
FS FACTOR OF SAFETY .
BLADE

Sf
Ss = I =
To = th =
E

-
J
C L R
p

Polar Section Modulus Combine Torsional & Bending

M

l
J
!
mo
=

p D
C

Polar Moment of Inertia

(Second Moment of area)
For solid circular For hollow circular

Ss = 16 Te Ss = 16 le Do
IT 173 IT 1704 -
Did

Sf = 32 Me g =
32 Me Do
'
f-
IT D IT 1304 -
Di
't

For solid circular T2 m2

For hollow circular Te = t

me =
M t Te
2
Ss = 161 Ss = 16T Do
IT 133 "
IT Do -
Did Always choose the LARGER Diameter!
For solid square
3T
Sf =

Combine Axial and Bending

? m
bh
W

Pure Flexural or Bending Stress D &

F

SB
M
si m
Sf = =
m = Mc
- T l
mo
p
-
D C
For solid circular For hollow circular
te !
No Isa lang dapat lagi ang
Max Bending moment S = F t
Mc S = F t
Mc
-
- -

L
-

A t A
Mass moment of inertia
S = 4F 32M S = 4F 32M Do
± ±
Hd2 ITd3 IT DOZ -
Di ' IT Do
"
Dill

Tension/Elongation
Compression/Shortening
Combine Axial & Torsional Subjected to heavy transverse load
I
D in

µ
"
F D= t.TV k ,

p .
y Ib
,
Ss
Ss ,
Psi

maximum limit of linear deflection of line

Maximum shearing stress caused shaft: 0.01 inch per foot length
by Torsion and Tensile loads
No bending action except own weight
Ssmax =

Sgt 't I
1- =
8.95 D
23

Maximum compressive stress caused Subjected to bending by pulley

by Torsion and Compressive loads
2
3
' 1- = 5.2 D
Scmax =
Sf t S2
ft in

Maximum Resultant stress caused If the size of the shaft ( diameter ) is required but
by Torsion and Tensile loads no material and design stress given
"

Smax =

Sf t Sgt t SSZ
Smax =
4000 psi MAIN TRANSMISSION

Smax =
6000 psi LINE SHAFT
Maximum Resultant stress caused Smax =
8500 psi COUNTER SHAFT
by Torsion and Compressive loads
'
P D
Syd
n
hp
Sg
=

Smax = -

+ Sf ,
main Transmission
80

Torsional deflection or angle of t wist

p= D3n
, hp LINE SHAFT

For solid circular For hollow circular 53.5

① It 180 IL 180
①
=
× =
×
JG IT
JG IT p= D3n
38
> hp COUNTER SHAFT

0=32 TL 180 32 TL 180

f =

ITZDYG IT
?
Do
" -
Did G
Octahedral Shear Stress Theory or Maximum
Use L = 20D if not given and θ = 1 Distortion Energy Theory
/

Empirical Formula Oc = 32 M't 34 12

IT 133
allowable t wist not exceeding
0.08 degree per foot length Pure Torsion and Bending Loads considering
""
'
4 Shock and Endurance ( or Fatigue ) Factors
D= 0.29 T D= 4.6 Ph

Ss 16kt I 32km M
Sf
= =

IT D3 133
allowable t wist not exceeding IT

0.26 degree per meter length

" "
" 4
D= 2.26 T) D= 125.7 Pn Ss = 16kt'T Do Sf =
32km M Do

IT 1304 Did -
IT Do
" -
Did

allowable t wist not exceeding

1 degree per 20 D length
"
43
Pn
3
D= 0.1 T D= 4
Variable stress (No discontinuity in shaft) Safe line
Soderberg line

For Ductile For Brittle Goodman line

Gerber line
Sm Sa Sn
fi
µ,
Sm Sa
ly Design point
.
= + =
1 sm
.
Sy Sn Su Sn

sa

Sm = Smax -15min Sa = Smax -5min

2 2
Sy n

Sn = 0.4 Su Sy
su
N

Use if T.P.I.G.C. Soderberg line

- is a straight line joining the endurance limit
to the yield strength of a tested specimen
Variable Stresses considering
changes in section and/or shape Goodman Line
FILLET -It is a straight line joining the endurance limit to the ultimate
RADIUS strength of a tested specimen

A
-

D d

Soderberg's Equation
1 Sm Sa
=
+ kf
'Discontinuities' or 'stress raisers' cause local N Sy Sn
increase of stress referred to as " stress
concentration factor ".
Goodman's Equation

Theoretical stress concentration factor (Kt) Sm

I =
+ kf Sa
µ Su Sn
Kt = Ssmax
Ss
Ssmax =
kiss Gerber's equation
Ssmax
=
KT 16T
2
ITD } I Sm Sa
=
+ kf
Su Sn
Fatigue-strength reduction factor (Kf)
- factor based on ultimate stregth of mat'l
Critical speed (own weight)
Kf =
I t
q Kt -1

Wc= 4.27×106 D Nc =
4.46×106 D
Lz 12
Notch sensitivity factor (q)

1
q= Critical speed (load @ midspan)
of
It

Wc =
5761=-1--9 Tad Sec
,

3
Sa table kinukuha Given sa Prob
.
W
B-

Critical speen (load @ either a or b)

Wc =
36 Elgt
Pag may fillet or groove ang shaft matik
may notch sensitivity factor (q)
AZBZW
 Polar moment Mass moment
Max Moment Slope Deflection of inertia of inertia
4 ñD4
IT ☐

32 64
M PLZ

a:mpa"s;
PL
•

1- 31=-1 IT Do
" -
Did IT Do
" -
Did

32 64

PAZ bh3 bh
an 6 12
21=-1

::mn÷s÷:=
> >
1-
boho bi his boho bi his
6 12
2 2
}
M PL PL 40 P
3
bh
•

2 8 El 36
1-

4
• . . . . . . . . .
g w

2 61=-1
1-

N
W m
2 4
M

pmpaypaz,az£°
Wg
• . . . . . .
.
w
241=1
1-

: :÷:÷:÷÷÷:i÷÷÷=_
a b GEL P
=\
2- 9 3L
•

Pb b2
1-

2
p
at

161=-1

w Nm 2
4
M w 8 5W
8 241=-1
L

2
4
o o o o o o o
f
M w 3601=-1 2.5W
wL3 384 El
1-

£
5wL3 4
•
•
µ or • or
µ
•
.
M W g w

12 192 El
 Ke ys
Sp lin es
Co uplin gs
 Compression bet ween Bolt & Flange
Piliin ang Sy ng weakest mat'l either Bolt or Flange

①
""
g

Fc
AREA COMPRESSED
FLANGE A =
hg
2T

1- = F H Sc = It = 21
2
hgnpg Hh9nB

Shear stress in shaft Shearing in the hub or flange

AREA SHEARED
"

☐
→
FS
A IT
Dg
=
FLANGE

HUB

Ss = Sys = 0.55g = 161 Fs .

Fs FS 1TD3
2T

Shear stress in the key T = FD Ss = D =

2T
2
ITDZG IT D3g
KEY
3

Use this if the problem is going crazy

•

.
•
Fs
☐
"" B
AREA SHEARED
N 1.5 SMOOTH LOADING

SHAFI A = b N 2 2.25 MINOR SHOCK LOADING

N Up to 4.5 SEVERE SHOCK LOADING

21
1 b. = 44 d
§ Ss d 21
1k Fs
= = = .

b db 2 .
t =
'
lad
0.55g 3. 1.2 1.5 d 1.2
=
THEORETICAL
'

FS
4.) t of sq .
KEY ;t=b 2

Compressive stress bet ween Shaft/Key/Hub

Shearing in Spline
Piliin ang Sy ng weakest mat'l either Key/Hub/Shaft
213
" d
Fsd Ss spline 21s

'E
Ts
= =
=

qq.qg.to
:

z b d b

BEFORE
:
Fc

t Ts = T ✗ 1.1 Ss = 21×1.1
HUB
AREA COMPRESSED
Ms dblhs
SHAFI
A =
§

21 Compression in Spline Pressure normal to the area contact

I = Fd Sc = d =
41 417
z t dt
To =
F Dtd " = Dtd = 4T
Sy 2
4 t
Fs ☐+d t

Shear stress in bolt Tc =

T so = 41

ns Dtd t Ms
AREA SHEARED A =
IT h2
q•••
4

t
21
I =
FH SSB =
H
=
81
2 IT HHZITNB d D

4
h2nB
t
?⃝
?⃝
Be l ts
 Open belt
DRIVER SIDE HAS THE MOST TENDENCY Angle of wrap D- D= IT
-20
TO SLIP DUE TO LESS ANGLE OF WRAP D- =
IT ± D -
d ⑤ D= IT +20
BETWEEN BELT & PULLEY C
M
Length of belt
Abt? =

bt
2
*
1- =
(Dtd) t 2C t D -
d
2 4C

F. = Sd bt Sd -400 JF
-

Psi Crossed belt

,

1=2
Pt
Angle of wrap
Note :
① =
IT + Dtd
d D
C
d NET BELT PULL
n Length of belt
F =
Fi -

Fz
2
Fi IT
1- =
(Dtd) t 2C t Dtd
2 4C

If the problem is going crazy!

d
PT
217Th 21T f- ( n
=

60
=
2
For leather belt Sd =
400 ✗ J.F.
, psi
60
For rubber belt Sd =
350 ✗ J.F.
psi
Pt =
21T ( Fi -
Fz n
,

60

lb
PLEAT in}
=
HER 0.035
OPEN BELTING pag 10
-

lb
/ in }
GRUBBER 0.045
= -
to

walang sinabi -

-
5
5
10
ha HO
-

ce Sho Ma Ha
30
-

•
Fi =
Sd ( bt)
Coefficient of friction
Belt Tension Ratio Leather on iron or steel f =
0.3
0.4
Leather on paper pulley f =
0.5
Fi Fc
ef
-
-

Fz -

Fc
When an idler pulley is installed
WHERE :
def -0
'

ef0
'

Fc P / bt) V2 Fi Fz It % Increase =
-

= N =

9C Fi -
Fz 0 ef -0 -

AND ; efO
V=ñdn driver Power transmitted with the
60 presence of frictional losses

Peripheral velocity considering the slip

slippage Pd ① Pt ① PD
f- LOST f- LOST

driver:
driver Vd =
IT dn 1- % slip)
Pt =
Pd I -

% frost
60

Pp
Pt
=

ITDN
Driven: XD =
It % slip I -
% frost
60
 V - belt

Number of belts

NB =
Design Hp

Adj . Rated Hp

Design hp

Design Hp= PT service Factor

Adjusted rated Hp

17dg .

Hp
=
Rated Hp K -0 KL

ko =
Arc of contact factor
KL =
Length of correction factor

Rated Hp
°O°

Rµp = A 103 -
C
-
e V2 V
V 106 103
kdd

a= 4.737
C =
13.962
e =
0.0234

Pitch length of v-belt

2
1- = IT ☐ + d t 2C t D -
d
2
4C

Center distance bet ween sheaves

c = Dtd d ← USE IF STANDARD

+
2
LENGTH OF V -
BELT

IS NOT GIVEN
Center distance bet ween sheaves
sheaves (Corrected)
USE ONLY IF STANDARD
B + B2 -32 D d
2
c. in LENGTH V
-

=
OF -
BELT
,
16 IS GIVEN

B = 4L -
6.28 Dtd in
,
 Ba nd
B r a k es
 ""
BAND DESIGN TENSILE STRESS

"
St =

bt

Fz BREAKING FORCE
MAXIMUM LINING PRESSURE
900

, Fi F
Drum Pmax =
=

b R
b D
1- EVER
ARM 2
FIXED PIN

Torque BELT TENSION RATIO Differential band brake

T = F D Fi
= eff
2
Fz
D
T =
F
,
-
Fz 2

NET BELT PULL

FREE BODY DIAGRAM ① C. W .

F Fz FB =
BREAKING
,
FORCE FREE BODY DIAGRAM ① C. W .

0 Fz PB
F,
0
a-

b- b

a c
PIVOT POINT
-

Mo of
-

5
-

Ot
- -
=
Mo

Fi (a) t FB C -

Fz b =0

FB (b) -

Fz( a) = 0

FB = Fz b -
F, a

C
FB = Fz A

b
If F. (a) Fz (b ; FB -_
negative
it means that it 's self -

locking .

FREE BODY DIAGRAM ① C. C. W

①
.

FREE BODY DIAGRAM C. C. W

Fi FB BREAKING
.

Fz
FORCE F PB
,

1=2 O

O
b

a- a c

b-
I
-

Mo OI
-
-

PIVOT POINT
-

Mo =o t -

Fz a t FB C -

F, (b) =D

(b) FB F, b Fz a
FB (a)
-
=
-
F = 0
,
C

FB = F a If F. (a) Fz (b ; FB -_
negative
,
b it means that it 's self -

locking .
Po wer
Chai n
 Length of chain

Approximate
2
PND Nd
1- = 2
§ ND Nd pitches
-1 -

+ + ,

2 40C

Exact
2

1- 2C Cost ND Nd d NDI Nd
= -1
pitches
-

+ + ,
180
Roller chains d 2

Sind =
PD -
Pd
RC no .
2C

Pitch = ✗
"

8
If pitch is not given

Silent chains P 900 }

hd
"
SC no . ✗ Pitch = ✗ 8

Number of strands
Pitch diameter of sprocket
Design Hp
Ns =

P
Dd =
Dp = P
Hp capacity strand
sin 180 Sin 180
Nd ND
Design Hp
Hp PT 5. F.
=

Outside diameter of sprocket

Hp capacity per strand
Ddo= P 0.6 1- cot 1¥
Design Hp
Hp / strand =

Dpo =P 0.6 1- cot 1¥ Multiple strand factor

Multiple strand Factor

Chain speed

V =
Pnd Nd =
Phi> ND

Center distance Hp capacity per strand

Average good CD:
PZ V 26-25 cos ¥8 v1.41
Dd
Hp / strand =

23.7
'

C =
☐☐ + 1050
2
PMC code:
Width of silent chain

p 2- Z Design Hp
C = 2L -

ND -
Ndt 2L -

ND -
Nd 0.81 ND -
Nd W =

g
Hp / in of chain width

" "
copy
Hp per inch of chain width

Aplin = Pv
, -
V

53 425 Nd -
8

Maximum sprocket bore

For roller chain

Nd = 4d 5 P 1in
+
p

Nd = 4 d 4 13=1.25 2.5
+
p

For silent chains

Nd =
4d t 6 P= 2in
p

Tension chain linkages

Allowable Load = 1900102

Po we r
S c re ws
 1¥ Efficiency of the power screw
÷

I EOR = Pout ✗
100%
Pin
b

WV
p =

N
• LITTER
60

WL 60
=

21T TER M
60

- =
wt

21T TER

Total external torque

ÉOR =
WL

TER =
TTF + TCF 21T F R

Frictional torque on thread Mechanical Advantage

Ttf =
W Dm tant COSO tf RAISING IN
2 cos 0 -
ftanx Eor
= MA = F

VR Zitr

Ttf =
W Dm tant cos -
f
LOWERING
2 cos 0 tftanx
Pitch
t
Frictional torque on collar p=
thread inch
} }
Ttf =
fw Doc -
Dic

3 Do} -
Did Lead
1- =
NT P inch / thread
,

Efficiency of the power screw

Lead Angle
E- OR = tana cos /o
-
ftanx

fc Dmc f- tana
tanscosotf t cos /O tana
-

Dm IT Dm

Mean diameter of square thread (approximate)

EOL = tanxcosotftanx
f t fc Dmc f- 1- and P
tanscoso -

cos /O +
Dm =
Do -

Dm 2

P
Normal pressure angle Dm =
Di +
2

BUTTRESS 45°
30°
AMERICAN STANDARD

TRAPEZOIDAL 15°

ACME 14.5°
SQUARE 0°
 Se t
Sc re w
 Initial tightening torque
C = 0.2 AS RECEIVE
1- =
CD Fi c =
0.1 LUBRICATED

Working strength of bolt

Sw =
St 0.55 D2 -
0.25 D

Diameter of set screw

l

2.3
d = 50 p

Dsn

Internal pressure
Transmitted power
Pc = Fc
L
D
Ac p =
n
4.6

Force per bolt

Shaft Diameter
FEB = Fc
3
NB D=
2

8. 95

Stress per bolt

Depth of tap
FEB
SB
=

As Brittle : H = 1. 5d

Ductile : H =D

Design tensile stress

Sd = Sy = FE

FS As

If the problem is going crazy D 0.75

'
k
SD = Sy As
G

32
FE =
Sy As
G

If the problem is going crazy D 0.75

0.418
Sd = C As C for :

1.41g
Carbon Alloy :
5000ps ;
Fe =
C AS Alloy steel
i
15,000 psi
Bronze :
1,000 psi
G ea r s
Spu r
Gea r
Common Nomenclature Circular Pitch
Dp a
pitch Diameter of pinion
pitch Diameter of Gear Pc IT
Pc
Dg T
a
S
= =
t

Pd
C
"
Center to Distance

Np
.
Number of teeth of Pinion Pc =
ITM Pc =
2T t B

Ng
.
Number of teeth of Gear
Pc =p D
Pressure angle
•

Rotative speed of Pinion

.

hp
Rotative speed of Diametral pitch
.

ng Gear

Pd Diametral Pitch English

.

M
"

Module Mks Sl Pd = N Teeth in

,

Pc a
circular pitch D
PB Base
"
Pitch

addendum Pd
"
a =
IT

d
"

Deddendum Pc

IND Working Depth

.

I
Total Depth
a
TD Pd =

• M
b Face width
"
T Tooth Thickness
"

S Space width Clearance

"

B Backlash
d
K

c clearance c = -
a

"

DB Base circle Diameter c =

TD -

WD

Root diameter of
a

Dgr Gear

Root diameter of Pinion Addendum

"

Dpr
Dgo
.
Outside Diameter of Gear

Dpo
.
Outside Diameter of Pinion a = 1 For stub tooth
a
Fillet radius Pd a= 0.8
rf
Pd
YR Velocity Ratio a M
"
=

GR a
Gear Ratio

Pt .
Power Transmitted Dedendum
TT a
Torque transmitted
Ft a
Tangential or transmitted Force a.) -0=20 -
250 ; D= 1.25
Pd
Fs .
Separating Force
F a
Tooth
pressure b.) -0=14.50 ; d =
1.157

FB Beam Pd
Fatigue strength
a

S a
safe stress base on weaker Matt c .
stub tooth ; d =
I

Y .
Modified Lewis Form Factor Pd

Kf .
Strength reduction factor
Fi . Increment or Variable load Outside Diameter
Fw . Wear load

Ratio Dp
Q Factor
Dpo t Za
a
=

K Wear load Factor Dgo Dg t 2A

. =

NSF .
Service Factor

Fd
.

Dynamic Load
"
La Line of action

contact ratio
a
CR
Root diameter Center to center distance

Dpr =
Dp -
2d External Gearing
Dgr
=
Dg -
2d
C. = Dgt Dp Ng t NPM
c. =

2 2
Whole depth
Nst Np Ng t Nppc
c. =
1- D= atd c. =

2 Pd 21T
1- D= Zatc
1- D= WDTC Internal Gearing

Working depth C =
Dg -
Dp

IND =
Za

IND = TD -
c Velocity ratio

Tooth thickness VR =
hp
ng
1- = Pc -
B
2 Gear ratio/ Gear tooth ratio

Tooth space GR = Ng =
Dg
Np Dp
Fs
•

s= T t B

Power transmitted F FT

Backlash
PT = TT n
.PT
B =
0.030 0.040 9549000
•

Pd Pd

0.035 if T.P.l.G.co PT TT n
Pt
USE FT Xp
= =
.

Pd 63025

Torque transmitted
Face width
USE 1. T.P. 1. G. C. TT = FT DP
2
2.5 Pc b 4Pa b=3Pc

b= 10 Force bet ween mating teeth can be resolved

8 b 12.5 Pd at the pitch point P into t wo components:
pd Pd

Sin ① Fs Cosa FT tan D- Fs

=
;
'
-- =
,

FT
Pressure angle F f-

200 •
Metric
14.50 •

English Force exerted by the tooth of pinion to the tooth of

gear along the line of action
Base circle diameter
f- =
FSZ 1- 1=1-2
DBP =
Dp cos

DBG =
DG cos
Beam fatigue strength of the teeth Checking for Failure Based on Fatigue
modified LFF .

FB = S b Y Y FB =
NSF FD
Try
=

Kf Pd

Use this Pag

Dynamic load (continuous service) -

Walang sinabi
Factor deep . on

machinery error
Fd =
Ft t Fi

Fd =
Ft t O 05 Ym
- Ft t C -
b
'
12
O 05 Vm t
-
Ft t c. b

Base pitch
Dynamic load (intermittent service)
PB = Pc cos -0

Commercially cut Gear O -

2000 f-
pm
Length of action
Fd =
Ft 600 t Vm

RB P2 Rgo2
2 ?
600 LA =
Rpo -
t -

RBG -
casino

carefully cut Gears 2001 3999 fpm Contact ratio

'
Fd =
Fi
1200 t Ym CR =
Rpo
2 -

RBP t Rgo2 -

RBG
? -
casino
1200
Pc COS 0

Precision Cut Gear 40009

I

?
Fd =
FT 78 t Hm
78

Commercially bobbed and shaved teeth

"
2
Fd =
FT 50 t Vm
50

Wear load

Fw =
Dp b Q k

Fw 2139
Dpb K
=

Dpt Dg

Fw b 2 Ng k
=
Dp
Npt Hg
He lic al
Ge ar
Common nomenclatures Diametral
plane

Line tangent
to the helix
Face width
①n "
Normal Axial
Pressure angle y
plane

①
.
b =
2Pa
Iyer saunrgqeangle
.

" " ma . ...

µ .
, D= pa , ,,p , .ae
. .

4
Normal Force
R
Fn
"

'

FT Tangential transmitted
.
or Force
t b t
Fs .

Separating or radial Force

Pc

Axial Force Normal circular pitch

'
Fa i
Pon

Normal circular Pitch

'
Pon

Pdn
.
Normal Diametral pitch Pcn = Pc cosy Pon Pdn =
IT

Components of force Normal diametral pitch

C

.!gBpo.
Pdn = IT Pdn = N

Fn Pecos 4 DCOSY
b
-

n
g
q

× Fs a Fa Pdn = Pd
cosy

iBook
a
FT

Axial pitch
Fn ×
Fs
Fs Fa

on 4 0
Pa = Pc Pa = IT
X FT FT
tan 4 Pdtanll
Pcn Pa ITD
Formulas Pa = =

tan ON =
tano cosy since Ntanll

Normal force Strength of helical gears

Fs = S by
FN = FT
cos on cosy Kf Pdn

Equivalent number of teeth

Tangential or Transmitted Torque
Ne = N
FT = Pt 60
Cos 34
IT
Dpnp
Dynamic load on helical gear
FT =
FNCOS On COSY
Fd = Ft t Fi

0.054 FT t C boos'll cosy

Fd Ft
-

Axial Force
=
t
'
k
0.054 t ft t C. b costly
Fa =
Fn cos on Sin 4
Wear load
Separating Force Fw =
Dp b Q k

cosy
Fs =
Ft tano
Wo rm
Ge ar
Common Nomenclature Formulas

A •
Lead angle tan On =
tano Cosa
4 Helix angle
.

on a
Normal angle Cost =
Pan
pressure
P
D- •
Pressure angle
center to center distance
•
C

Dw
•
Pitch Diameter of worm
Conditions for worm and worm gear to mesh
Dg Pitch Diameter of gear
•

Xw =
4g
Speed Ratio
"
VR
4W =
Xg
nw
•
Rotative speed of worm
Paw =
Pcg
ng
•
Rotative speed of gear

Number of teeth of
•

Nw worm

Ng
•
Number of teeth of gear Center to center distance bet ween
Pon
"
Normal circular pitch worm and worm gear
circular pitch
•
Pc
•

Normal diametral C Dwt Dg

Pdn pitch =

" 2
Pd Diametral pitch
Pa Axial pitch
•

Pc •
Circular Pitch Speed ratio
1-
•
Lead
Ds
Ftw Tangential Force VR
ltwgw hng Kdfw
• =
"
on worm = = =

Dw tant
Fto Tangential Force
•
on
gear
Fs Separating Force of I gear
•
worm

Fn
•
Normal Force Lead angle of the worm
Power input
•
pin

tan X L
output
•
Pout Power =

of A Dw
Pitch line velocity
•
Vw worm

Vg Pitch line of gear

•

velocity
Vs
•

Sliding Velocity Helix angle of worm

f Coefficient friction
•
of
tan 4 A Dw
•

Ew Efficiency of =
worm

FP .
Friction Power t
•
b Face width
Diameter of
A

Dow Outside worm

X t U =
900

Lead
L =
Nt Paw

Axial pitch
Pa = I

No of thread
.
in
Tangential or transmitted force Ew =
PT -
FP ✗ 100%
Pt

On worm =
I -
FP

Pin =
F- Vw Pi

Ftw = Pin
YW =
I -
f- Fn Vs

On gear FTW Vw

FTW Vw
Ftg =
•

µ
coso-ncosx-fs.int Cos -0ns in ✗ 1- f- cost
Yg Vg

R
Separating / Radial Force a •

V5 Vw

Fs = FTW Sinon

Cos On Sink tfcosi cos a

= 11W
Vs

Fs
=
FTG Sinon

COSO-ncosR-fs.int tana =
Yg
Vw

Normal Force
Ew = tana cos on -
f- tana

Fn =
Ftw cos On 1-and t f

cos -0N Sind t f- cosh Face width

b =
'
12 Dwo
Fn = FTG

cos D- n Cosa -
fsinir Outside diameter of worm

Strength of worm gear two =

Dw t Za

FB = 5 BY Pitch diameter of worm (Empirical)

Pdn
0.875
Dw= (

Dynamic load on worm gear 2.2

Fd =
FT 1200 1-
Vg Wear load
1200 Fw =
Dg bk

Efficiency of the worm gear Thermal capacity

Ew= Pout ✗ 100% D- =

I -
e Pin
Pin

=
FTG VG Normal pressure angle
Ftw Vw

=
FTG 1- and
FTW
Be ve l
Ge ar
Common Nomenclature Pitch angle @ =
go

addendum angle
•
✗

Pinion Gear
8 Dedendum
'

Angle
1-
•

Length of cone tan8p

= DP tan 8g =
Dg
On
•
Normal Pressure Angle Dg Dp
Transverse Tangential Force RP Rg
'
Ft or =
=

Fn
•
Normal Force 129 Rp

Fa
'
Axial Force Np =
149
=

Radial Force Ng NP
Fs Separating
•
or

-1 "
I
Xp Pitch angle of 8p tan
8g=tan
•
Pinion =
mg
8g
•
Pitch angle of Gear Mg
OR
p& B Face angle
'
,

'
W Cutting Root
angle Xp
'
Rg 8g
"
Rp
-

or =
cos
=
cos

Np
•
Number of teeth of Pinion L

Ng
'
Number of teeth of Gear

mg
•
Gear Ratio / Speed Ratio Pitch angle @ 90°

Dg
•
Pitch Diameter of gear
Sin
Pitch Diameter of pinion tan8p= Xp 8g
=
Dp +
•

Pitch Radius of Pinion mgtcos

RP
•

Rg
'
Pitch Radius of Gear
•

Angle Between shafts Face width

PT
•
Power transmitted b = I
3

Torque
•

TT transmitted
V
'
Pitch line Velocity Face angle
'
b Face Width
p= Jp t x B. =

8g + ✗

FB
•
Beam fatigue strength
Fd
'

Dynamic load Cutting or root angle

W =
8 -
S
Addendum angle Dedendum angle
Working depth Total depth
tans
it
tana =
a =

IND = 2 TD =
2.188 0.002
+
Pd Pd

Length of cone
1- =
Rp 't RGZ
Beam fatigue strength Dynamic Load
Normal or Actual Force Turning or tangential force FB =
Sb Y L b Fd 600111m
Ft
-
=

Pd L 600

FT PT 63025
FT hp
=

Fn =
,

cos on dzP np Formative number of teeth

tan D- = Np
Axial or thrust force Separarting force Ng
Fa =
Fn sin -0N Sinop Fs =
Fn sin -0h Cos 8p
He =
Np
Fa =
Ft tan on Sinop Fs =
Ft tan -0N Cos Xp
COSQ
Pre ss u re
Ve ss e l
Thin walled cylindrical Hoop stress of thick-walled cylinder
Pressure vessel
SH =
Sa t ri2ro2 pi -
Po
t 0.07 r
'
roz tri 2
Di

Maximum internal shear stress

Tangential/Circumferential/ Based on inner diameter
Hoop/Girth stress
Sti = Pi ro 't rile -
2Poro2

St = Didi St = Pi di ro2 -
riz
;
2T an

Sto = 2Piri2 -
Po ro2tri2

Bursting force rod -

ri
2

F- =
Pi dit Compressive/Collapsing stress

Longitudinal/Axial/Diametral stress Sc = Po do
2T
Didi Didi
St St
= =

4T 4th Thick walled cylinder of ductile material

Closed ends
Bursting force
t =
Do St l -
2M P
-
I

FB =p; IT did 2 S I -1M P

Thick walled cylinder of ductile material

Stress in thin walled Closed ends
spherical vessel
+ =
Do St l -
M P
-
,
St
=
Didi " St
=
Didi 2 S -
HMP
'

4T 4th

Thick walled cylindrical

Pressure vessel
Sa

ti "" " "

Lame's Equation

/ µ
a
.

t =
di Stt Pi
-
I .t t # t
St
.

2 -
Pi

Axial/ Longitudinal stress on thick-

walled cylinder
'
Sa = Piri - Pora
' 2
ro -
ri
Cu tt ing sp ee d/time
To ol life
Milling Tool life

Cutting speed =
Adn Taylor 's equation

Feed Rate =
Feed tooth no .
of teeth rotative speed Vc Tn = C

Length to be cut
Time of Milling = . mm
Taylor 's modified equation
Feed rate
.mn/minVcThDxgY--c
Drilling

Cutting speed =
Adn

Feed Rate =
Feed mmlrev rotative speed

time of Depth to be drilled

drilling
=

Feed Rate

Spherical area of indention for

Shaper Brinell's hardness test
Feed mm stroke
D= R2 T2
Feed Rate =
rotative speed HR 2 R - -

stroke ra,

Length to be cut BHN Load

cutting time = =

Feed rate Area

Power hacksaw
FEED RATE =
MATERIAL REMOVAL RATE
Feed mm stroke
Feed Rate =
stroke ra,
rotative speed

Length to be cut
Cutting time =

Feed rate

Welding

Length to be weld
Welding time =

welding rate

Volume gas consumption

V= Vo t Ya
C o lu m s
Slenderness ratio b. Intermediate column

K, = te te
30 120
k k

Radius of gyration For solid circular column J.B Johnson's formula

"
I D Sy L K
K = =
For = FN =
Sy A l -

A 4 4cal E
"
I = ITD A =
IT D2 2 3.5

64 4

Design of piston rod

a. Long or slender columns
Euler's formula
Le 120
K ?
EA
for = FN = IT
2
Le k

Euler's formula
Rankine's formula
For = FN = CITZ EA
Z
Le K Fc
Fc,z= FN =

2
N Factor of It a Le k
: 3.5
Safety
a= So
ITZE

Note
pampagulo lang
"
Min San
''
•
c at Factor
yung
of safety

test if short
•

or long column

using slenderness ratio

Relations bet ween the equivalent length

and actual length for the end conditions

Le =L Both ends are hinged

Le =
2 Both ends are fixed
te =
0.707L One end fixed another end hinged
Le =
2L One end fixed another end free

Values of end fixity coefficient ( c )

for the given end conditions

C = I Both ends are hinged

C. =
4 Both ends are fixed
C =
2 One end fixed another end hinged
C =
0.25 One end fixed another end free