READING &

WRITING SKILLS
EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT CLAIMS
IN WRITTEN TEXT
Module
3
LESSON 1:
CLAIM OF
FACT
As a critical reader, you may encounter texts that
exhibit specific claims. Some can be directly stated
while others can be mentioned indirectly. It is
important to know how you can identify them and
how you can distinguish the type of claims a
written text has. These are the key concepts and
skills you have to learn in this lesson.
WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
Reading engagement becomes very productive when
learners like you have to be conscious in giving sound
reactions about the text. This is a manifestation that
your attachment towards the reading materials
becomes intense. Consequently, you are reaching the
stage where critical reading happens. As critical
readers, you can assess texts that exhibit specific
claims such as claim of fact, claim of value, and claim of
policy.
After going through this lesson, you are
expected to:

1. identify claims explicitly or implicitly made

in a written text;
2. determine the key elements of explicit
and implicit claims;
3. differentiate claim of fact, claim of policy
and claim of value from each other; and
4. identify claims of fact, policy and value
presented in written texts.
 WHAT’S IN
After learning about the properties of a well-
written text, analyzing the stand or argument of
a text would be your next step. Here, you are
encouraged to illustrate a good level of
understanding of the written text through
verification, affirmation, and assertion. This
undertaking leads to bits of information
covering a discourse called claims.
 WHAT'S NEW
Examine the pictures below and write one direct and one indirect
observation for each.
Claims are synonymous to belief, argument, assertion, or
stand.
According to (Tiongson 2016, 20-21), a good claim should
be:

Men are better in Math than women.

argumentative and debatable

specific and focused
interesting and engaging
logical
These information can be explicit or implicit.

An explicit claim is directly and clearly stated in the text. It is

when you can easily point out the information in the passage.
Meanwhile, an implicit claim is indirectly expressed in the text
and you need to look for clues or make inferences to understand
its meaning.
There are three types of claims in written texts. One of which is
the claim of fact. Simply, this claim is a statement that reports,
describes, predicts, make causal claims, or whether something
is a settled fact.
Extinction of animals is due to human
activities.
WHAT’S MORE
A. Read the text and write down E if the piece of information is explicit or write down I
if it is implicit.

1. The teacher congratulated Rosie.

2. Rosie stood on stage and delivered her speech.
3. Rosie was full of happiness.
4. Rosie was a hard-working and intelligent student.
5. The parents of Rosie promised to celebrate her success.
B. Put a check mark (/) if the statement is a claim of fact and put a
cross mark (X) if it is not.

1. The Department of Education shows its readiness on the ‘new

normal’ in the teaching and learning process.
2. Curfew must be enforced by parents to their children.
3. Vaping can have same side effects as smoking.
4. The closing of Philippine borders to tourists is one way to slow
down the spread of COVID-19.
5. Doing videos in TikTok is more exciting than vlogging.
6. Research says that people can reduce stress by
taking a nap.
7. It is more beneficial for a child to grow up speaking
more than one language than knowing only his or her
mother tongue.
8. National ID system should now be implemented in
the Philippines.
9. Neil Armstrong made a history as the first man to
walk on the moon.
10. Watching K-Drama is the best form of
entertainment.
WHAT I HAVE
LEARNED
On a separate sheet, copy and complete the
table below by listing the needed information.

3 THREE new things that you have learned today.

2 TWO things that you will work on for improvement.
1 ONE thing that you should review before moving on to the next lesson.
 WHAT I CAN DO
On a separate sheet of paper, write a 150-word paragraph on a topic about
“Social Media: Benefits and Drawbacks”. In this essay, you are REQUIRED
to use claims such as claim of fact which you learned from the lesson.
INDICATE the claim(s)you used and write it at the bottommost part of your
paper.You are free to encode and print it on a bond paper. A rubric is
attached for your reference on checking the essay. The highest point that
you can get for each criterion is five (5). Otherwise, if the description for
each criterion is not met, you will get four (4) points. This writing activity
will have a total score of 20.
LESSON 2:
CLAIM OF
POLICY
In this lesson, you are expected to learn how to
determine another type of claim in a written
text. Claim is described as a debatable set of
words or a concept that allows the source to
influence the receiver for acceptance. It is
equated to an opinion, idea, or assertion.
 WHAT’S IN
Claim has been associated with words such as belief,
argument, assertion or stand. It can be classified according
to method and nature. Explicit claim and implicit claim are
types of claim based on method. On the other hand, claim
of fact, claim of policy and claim of value are types of claim
based on nature.
In the last module, you have learned that claim of fact is an
argument that is based on reality, it considers time (past,
present, and future). Now, we’re moving on to the claim of
policy.
 WHAT’S NEW
Loop a word from the table which you think is the most significant one. Be
able to relate it to the main concept of this lesson.
WHAT IS IT
Claim of policy is the argument where actions
should be carried out. Basically, it is perceived as a
relatively direct statement. This claim can also be
called claim of solution because it suggests and
supports policies and solutions, and the action to
be taken is based on the results. You will know if a
statement is a claim of policy if there is an action
to be done or a solution to be taken.
 WHAT’S MORE
Analyze each statement below. Then answer the guide questions on a
separate sheet.
 WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
Complete the sentence by writing down the letter
of the correct word.
A. Should
1. Claim of policy is also called claim of solution B. Result
because it proposes ____________ to solve the existing C. Intervention
problem. D. Comparison
2. ______________ is the main element of claim of policy. E. discipline
3. The suggested action is based on the identified F. problem
______________. G. action
4. “Ought”, “must”, and _____________ can be directly H. love
or indirectly stated in the claim.
5. In claim of policy, one can notice the possible
solution because there is an existing __________________.
 WHAT I CAN DO
Pretend that you are one of the officers of
the Supreme Student Government (SSG) in
your school and you are tasked to write a
report about your school. The report should
contain three current problems or concerns
experienced by students like you. So, a
possible solution for each problem should
also be proposed. Merge your identified
problems and solutions to produce three
claims of policy. Be guided by the rubric that
follows.
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!
Don't hesitate to ask any questions!
ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES
On a separate sheet, write ‘CP’ if the given statement is a claim of
policy and ‘NCP’ if not.

1. Anti-Text Scam Bill should be passed as law to protect the people.

2. Euthanasia also known as mercy killing is against the Law of God.
3. We should not support nor do Euthanasia or mercy killing in the
Philippines because it is still an act of killing.
4. Abortion should not be legalized in the Philippines because every
child is a gift.
5. Every child has the right to be born whether he/she is made out
of love or anything else. Doing abortion is doing a criminal act.
LESSON 3: CLAIM OF
VALUE
In this lesson, you are going to learn more
about another type of claim – something that
allows the readers to decide what should or
should not be valued. It is beyond facts and
beyond policies but surely appeals to your
emotions and justifications. Later in this
lesson, you are expected to be able to identify
different types of claims from a written text.
 WHAT’S IN
Previously, you have learned that claim of policy is an argument that offers
solutions based on the identified problems. Action is its main core; thus,
its end result is when a certain action has been taken or implemented.
However, other than taking actions, making justification is also as
important. So, this will be the focus of this lesson. On a separate sheet,
write the answer to the riddle to reveal the mystery word.
You caught me first at home but over the years, you formed me in
school.
 WHAT’S IN
Claim of value is an argument based on morality, belief,
ethics, or philosophy. It is influentially stated by combining
limited facts and proving them as either good or bad by
targeting the reader’s emotion.
It is also called claim of judgment because the reader has to
decide whether the argument or proposition is right or
wrong or has to be accepted or rejected. In other words, this
type of claim is more appealing to the reader’s subjectivity.
If the argument challenges the decision making or
judgment leading to acceptance or rejection of the reader,
then it is considered to be a claim of value.
 WHAT’S MORE
Answer the three questions relative to the listed issues. Write your answers
on a separate sheet.
A. Does it appeal to your judgment?
B. Is it right or wrong?
C. What type of claim is this?
1. Bullying will never be right.
2. Security is more important than privacy.
3. In the midst of pandemic, restriction is much better than individual
freedom.
4. Fake news is not worthy of our attention.
5. Discriminating our front liners who save our lives does not make sense.
 WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
Write the letter of the word which completes the
statement. Use a separate sheet.
A. result
1. Claim of value appeals to __________. B. evaluation
2. Words like good or __________ allow us to recognize claim of C. emotion
value. D. bad
3. Claim of value is also called __________ because it persuades E. action
the readers to decide whether to value or not an argument. F. judgment
4. Morality, philosophy, belief, or __________ are references of G. problem
claim of value. H. ethics
5. Acceptance and rejection must be done with claim of
value after the argument undergoes thorough comparison
and __________.
 WHAT I CAN DO
On a separate sheet, write an acrostic poem
about the essence of claim of value.

V-_____________________________________________________.
A-_____________________________________________________.
L-_____________________________________________________.
U-_____________________________________________________.
E-_____________________________________________________.
Be guided by the rubric below.
ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES
On a separate sheet write ‘CV’ if the statement is a claim of policy and
write ‘NCV’ if not.
_
_____ 1. Mercy killing is objectionable because it is still an
act of killing.
_____ 2. Self-restriction during the pandemic is better
than individual freedom.
_____ 3. Discrimination has no place in a good society
because it weakens its moral fiber.
_____ 4. Hallucination is the side effect of using marijuana.
_____ 5. According to studies, smoking causes lung
cancer.
 ASSESSMENT
Write the letter of the best answer on a separate sheet.
1. The following are characteristics of a good claim EXCEPT
a. argumentative and debatable
b. specific and focused
c. interesting and engaging
d. fun and entertaining

2. Coronavirus is now classified as a pandemic. What type of claim is this?

a. claim of judgment
b. claim of policy
c. claim of value
d. claim of fact
3. Jeremiah is happy because he gets good grades. Which question from
the list below is explicit?
a. Who is Jeremiah?
b. Where is Jeremiah?
c. What did Jeremiah feel after seeing his grades?
d. What did Jeremiah do to be able to get a good grade?

4. Tears came out of Rhianne’s eyes when her teacher announced the honor
students. Which question from the list below is implicit?
a. What was announced?
b. Who announced the honor students?
c. What was the name of the girl who cried?
d. Why did Rhianne cry?
5. What specific claim asserts some empirical (experience/ observation-
based) truth?
a. claim of fact
b. claim of value
c. claim of policy
d. claim of judgment

6. Which of the following statements is an example of a claim?

a. Ruiz believes that change has come.
b. Filipinos need to exercise their right to vote.
c. Annie thinks that we should have a universal health care.
d. All of the above
7. Which of the following types of claim leads to action?
a. claim of judgment
b. claim of policy
c. claim of value
d. claim of fact

8. Which among the claims is claim of policy?

a. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is the reason behind the
existence of a respiratory ailment called coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).
b. With what is happening in the world now, we should spend more on
research.
c. Coronavirus disease is now considered to be a pandemic.
d. Coronavirus disease was first discovered in China.
9. All characteristics are true about claim of fact EXCEPT
a. Something that can be proven or disproven with facts
b. Argues about the definition of something
c. Argues for or against a solution or policy
d. Argues whether something is a settled fact

10.Which of the following question is intended for claim of policy?

a. What action can be taken?
b. Is it right or wrong?
c. Is it true or untrue?
d. Is it a yes or no?
11.This question is intended for claim of value.
a. What action can be taken?
b. Is it right or wrong?
c. Is it true or untrue?
d. Is it a yes or no?

12. Giving vaccines to children without sufficient scientific studies is wrong.

What specific claim is the given statement?
a. claim of value
b. claim of policy
c. claim of cause
d. claim of fact
13. Which among the claims is a claim of value?
a. Marijuana pertains to major parts taken from the Cannabis sativa or
Cannabis indica plant such as seeds, dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds.
b. Marijuana has adverse effect if it will be used for recreational purposes.
c. Marijuana should be legalized for medical purposes.
d. Marijuana can be used to treat insomnia.

14. Which is not the reference of claim of value?

a. philosophy
b. fiction
c. ethics
d. belief
15. In claim of policy, which modal verb should not be used?
a. have to
b. should
c. must
d. could