Hypermedia Database

GROUP 2 MEMBERS
1. Nicholas Kipkirui 18/04003

2. Edwin Mugo 19/02513
3. Paul Maru 19/02603
4. Morris Gitonga 19/02548
5. Samwel Wambugu 18/05865
6. Brian Kirimi 15/02133
7. Isaiah Mogire 18/05865
8. Paul Chege 19/04357
HYPERMEDIA DATABASE
 A hypermedia database system is a system that integrates database models
and hypertext structures and in which it is possible to smoothly translate
from one model to another.
 A hypermedia database can also be defined as a computer information
retrieval system that allows a user to access and work on audio visual
recordings ,text ,graphics and photographs of a stored object.
EXAMPLES OF HYPERMEDIA
DATABASE
The Worldwide Web is a perfect example of a hypermedia database.
 The Web is a type of hypermedia database because it provides results for all
available media of a phenomenon.For example if a user types the word
“vehicle” on a search engine ,it gives results of various media that “vehicle”
falls under.Records of items are stored according to the subject of the file.A
hypermedia database may also provide hyperlinks to additional information
regarding a specified subject.The biggest advantage of hypermedia databases
as compared to traditional databases is that documents accessed via
organized links.
 Examples of Hypermedia Database products in today’s market are Visual
FoxPro and FileMaker Developer.These brands of software are excellent for
creating business and management content.Software applications that are
more directed to entertainment include Adobe Director , Adobe,MacroMedia
Authorware and Matchware Mediator.
 Hypermedia Database offers students great control of their environments.For
example,the idea has been used for foreign learning languages.A user clicks
on a word and listens to an audio of the word’s pronunciation.The database
can also provide animation ,images and video for the student to better
understand the foreign word.
Under the Worldwide Web ,D4W3 is a hypermedia database system which

is designed to address the management of HTML-based documents.
RESEARCH IN HYPERMEDIA AND

DATABASE
Several techniques have been proposed recently for the integration of hypertext
and databases. Some of them address the issue of building hypertext structures
over existing databases to provide more direct navigation through hyperlinks.
Some researchers use an SQL-like data definition language to map single relations
or relational views to node types. A node type is similar in nature to an entity type,
i.e., it models a real world object or concept in the hypertext relational and ER
schemata defined over the database contents. Its specification includes the
correspondences between relation attributes and node fields, as well as presentation
information. At run time, a node type produces two kinds of nodes: a composite
one for the whole relation, and a number of nodes corresponding to the tuples of
the relation. The same language is used to define link types among node types. A
WHERE-clause is used to constraint the creation of links during navigation.
Other researchers offer a declarative language to produce databases views
composed of node and link schemas, accessed through the WWW. Each node
schema is based on one object class or a set of inter-related object classes. The
content of the node is composed of a subset of the attributes of the class(es).
Foreign keys to other classes constitute link types to the corresponding nodes. Two
kinds of links are supported: reference links are indented to offer navigation
structure within the nodes, while inclusion links are indented to create nested
structures (part-of relationships). In addition, the specification of the relational
view includes presentation information. The above definitions form the input to a
cgi-script that produces HTML pages for the end-user. DHE would enhance the
existing views specified through the database application. The above approaches
leave the original client application intact, introducing a new interface that
provides hypermedia-based interaction with the database. On the contrary, DHE
overlays linking facilities within the original user interface application by means of
user interface wrappers.
HYPERMEDIA LINKING
Structural links: used to provide organisation in the information chunks ,(e.g.
Navigation through a hierarchy of chapters ,sections and paragraphs)
Associative links:semantic relationship between different information
elements(e.g a cross-reference to related information)
Referential links: between an item and an “elaboration” of the item.(e.g an
example or an explanation)
HYPERMEDIA APPLICATIONS
Wide variety of application areas:
– Small sizes: memos, letters, hypertext fiction, announcements, advertisements.
completely authored manually.
– Large size: service manuals, technical documentation, educational material,
archives, encyclopedia, libraries. information content often stored in databases.
many links often generated automatically (e.g. based on occurrence of words or
terms).
Hypermedia databases can be used in the following criteria:
I. Nodes and links
II. URL
III. Metadata
I.)Nodes and links
A hypertext system is made of nodes (concepts) and links (relationships). A
node usually represents a single concept or idea. It can contain text, graphics,
animation, audio, video, images or programs. It can be typed (such as detail,
proposition, collection, summary, observation, issue) thereby carrying
semantic information . Nodes are connected to other nodes by links. The node
from which a link originates is called the reference and the node at which a
link ends is called the referent. They are also referred to as anchors. The
contents of a node are displayed by activating links.
Links connect related concepts or nodes. They can be bidirectional thus

facilitating backward traversals. Links can also be typed (such as specification
link, elaboration link, membership link, opposition link and others) specifying
the nature of relationship . Links can be either referential (for cross-
referencing purposes) or hierarchical (showing parent-child relationships).
Activation of link markers display nodes.
II.)URL
The URLs can be used to point to data stored in tablets or in the repository
hierarchical folders of a database.
III.)Metadata
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Metadata is simply data about data. It means it is a description and context of the
data. It helps to organize, find and understand data. Here are a few real world
examples of metadata:
A spreadsheet
Spreadsheets contain a few metadata fields:
 tab names,
 table names,
 column names,
 user comments.
Relational database
Relational databases (most common type of database) store and provide access not
only data but also metadata in a structure called data dictionary or system catalog.
It holds information about:
 tables,
 columns,
 data types,
 constraints
 table relationships,
 and many more
ADVANTAGES OF HYPERMEDIA
DATABASE
Advantages are:
(a) Its structured design can improve authoring and browsing capabilities for large
hypermedia applications
(b) Nodes and links can be automatically generated under a certain condition
(c) Navigational data interface for DBMS is obtained, etc.For providing cost-
effective operations as hypermedia databases, we introduce a set-to-set linking and
the navigational functions, i.e., media-based navigation, schema navigation,
moving hot-spot navigation
DISADVANTAGES
a) The risk of getting disoriented can result in confusion rather than
understanding ,especially if the user jumps around between different nodes
in a more or less random manner.
b) Using a hypermedia system involves a certain cognitive overhead.The
problems is that the user has to interact with the system in order to
accomplish anything which can be more or less complex.
c)
REFERRENCES
Agosti, M. and Smeaton A. (1996). Information Retrieval and Hypertext, Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Boston.
Akscyn, Robert M., Donald L.McCracken and Elise A. Yoder (1988). KMS: A
Distributed Hypermedia System for Managing Knowledge in Organizations,"
Communications of the ACM, 31(7), 820-835.

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GROUP 2 MEMBERS

1. Nicholas Kipkirui 18/04003

Under the Worldwide Web ,D4W3 is a hypermedia database system which

RESEARCH IN HYPERMEDIA AND

Links connect related concepts or nodes. They can be bidirectional thus

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