Selamawit Teku - Post Defense - Thesis Paper

Housing condition of Industrial park workers’; The case of Hawassa Industrial Park
Housing condition of Industrial parks workers
The case of Hawassa Industrial park
By: SELAMAWIT TEKU JEGO

March, 2019 GC
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This thesis is submitted to the graduate Program Director of Ethiopian Institution of

Architecture, Building Construction and City Development (EiABC) Addis Ababa University,
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Masters of Science Degree in Housing and
Sustainable Development
Title of Thesis:
“Housing condition of Industrial park workers: The case of Hawassa Industrial park “
Author: SELAMAWIT TEKU JEGO
Date: March, 2019 GC
Approved by the Examining Board:
Imam Mahmoud Hassen (MArch) ______________________ ________________________

Advisor Signature Date
________________________ ________________________ ________________________

External Examiner Signature Date
________________________ ________________________ ________________________

Internal Examiner Signature Date
________________________ ________________________ ________________________

Chair Person Signature Date
Declaration
II
I, the undersigned, declare that this thesis is my own and is an original work and has not been
presented in a degree in any other university, and that all sources of material used for the thesis
have been duly acknowledged, following the scientific guidelines of the Institute.
Student`s Name: SELAMAWIT TEKU JEGO
Email: Lewedesta2012@gmail.com
Signature: _________________________
Certification
Here with, I state that SELAMAWIT TEKU JEGO has carried out this research work on the topic
“Housing condition of Industrial park workers: The case of Hawassa Industrial park “
under my supervision and it is sufficient for submission for defence.
Imam M. Hassen (MAArch)
Signature: ___________________________
Date: __________________________
ABSTRACT
Hawassa industrial park is one of the early developed industrial parks (inaugurated on June 2016
GC) found in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Regional State (SNNPR) of Ethiopia.
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The park is specialized in garment production, and currently has 12,600 employees of which 10,000
are operators (low payed and nonprofessional employees) and 2,600 are professionals and
expatriates. The number of employees are expected to grow to 60,000 in the next five years. Most
workers have come from different rural area of SNNPR. There is none enough housing provided.
The study focuses on housing condition of the low payed IP workers, unlike different studies made
were related to industrial parks development economic impact and heath related issues. It
assessed the physical, economic and social aspect of the housing condition of industrial park
operation workers and analysed the socio-economic impact of the housing condition on the lives of
these workers. The study finally forwarded possible solutions to the problems identified.
The housing study was made on two purposively selected case sites (Adis Ketema and Dato Odahe
areas of Hawassa industrial park employees living in both case study sites were interviewed and
key informants ; Federal , regional and Zonal officials related to the study, landlords, Hawassa city
administration, SMFI, the local micro finance institution were primary data sources to get an all
rounded data.
The study found out that the workers live in rental houses borderline affordable, however the
housing scheme that is currently providing for HIP workers, aside from its inadequacy in terms of
numbers has challenges of financial viability for the landlords. It also has limitations in fulfilling
basic physical requirement of residence. Over crowdedness and lack of privacy was noted in these
houses. But in spite of the poor housing quality and less services availability, large number of
workers preferred to rent rooms in new expansion areas of the city: the rural neighbourhoods. The
workers social and economic life has also been negativity affected due to their housing condition.
The study finally recommended to the federal, regional and HIP system should do. Housing the IP
workers need supported housing development with in and on the satellite towns would share the
load. The housing development should not only be provided but must be integrated with services
and infrastructures.
Key terms: Industrial park, Hawassa Industrial Park, Housing condition, adequate housing, Socio-
economic impact of housing condition
Acknowledgements
First and most of all thanks to God for this great life, for his strength in all good or hard
times. And I thank my parents, for your courage to keep on my study, even in very tough
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journey (losing my dear mom, Desta Duke) am dedicating it to my dear mom. A big shout
out to my father, sisters and brother for supporting me a lot. Especially for my brother
Mulualem Teku, for his academic advices and editorial works thank you very much.
I really would like to thank my advisor Imam M.Hassen, for his patient and guidance with
my situation when doing the thesis. You gave me courage through the time we worked. I
thank you for your inputs and resources you delivered.
I also would like to thank Hawassa Industrial park workers and the city and regional
Housing development and administration officials and professional for your welcoming
services and getting resources needed.
Finally, my hanks go to my classmates and close friends for your supports. You have
pushed me up. Thank you and God bless you.
Selamawit Teku Jego
March, 2019 GC
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Abbreviations
Etb – Ethiopian birr
EIC – Ethiopian Investment commission
IP – Industrial park
HIP – Hawassa Industrial park
HIPD – Hawassa industrial park development
HR – Human resource
IPDC – Industrial park development corporation
MoUDH - Minister of urban development and housing, (Ethiopian)
SNNPR - Southern nations and nationality people region
SMFI - Sidama micro finance institution
TVET – Technical and vocational education training
Local terms
‘Birr’ – Ethiopian currency
‘Chika bet’ – thatch and mud mix wall
‘Dankil’ depression – The lowest place in Ethiopia
‘Equb’ – Social money saving system which the collected saving will get turn by turn
‘Idir’ – Social money saving for emergency times
‘Ras Dashen’ – The highest peak mountain in Ethiopia
Kire - The garment fiber
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List of tables
Table 2.1 Data collection techniques
Table 4.1 Hawassa city Administration Sub cities and Kebeles
Table 4.2 Kebeles of built housing in “Adis Ketema” sub city
Table 4.3 IP induced housing profile in “Adis Ketema” sub city
Table 5.1 Socio-economic data of the respondents (IP Workers and House renter)
Table 5.2 Safety and security issues of the respondents (IP Workers)
Table 5.3 Physical infrastructures Housing of IP workers in ‘Adis Ketema’ sub city
Table 5.4. Building materials of the housing in ‘Adis Ketema’ area
Table 5.5 Physical infrastructures Housing of IP workers in ‘Dato’ area
List of figures
Fig 2.1 HIP workers dominant residing areas
Fig 2.2 Research study framework diagram
Fig.3.1 Plan and section of typical inset back-to-back houses
Fig 3.2. Typical back-to-back house features
Fig 4.1 Location of Hawassa city
Fig 4.2 Location of Industrial parks in Ethiopia
Fig 4.3 Hawassa city and the sub cites
Fig 4.4 Built housing units per HH compound
Fig 5.1 Location of HIP and study area (google image 2018)
Fig 5.2 Fig 5.2 Study area location
Fig. 5.3 Street pattern of ‘Addis Ketema area’
Fig. 5.3 Street pattern of ‘Addis Ketema area’
Fig 5.4 Picture of Adis Ketema street
Fig 5.5 Figure ground of ‘Addis Ketema’
Fig. 5.6 Location of studied housing in ‘Addis Ketema” area
Fig 5.7 IP induced rental housing in ‘Addis Ketema’ sub city
Fig5.8 Location of compound studied
Fig 5.9 The compound pictures
Fig 5.10 The studied compound in ‘Adis Ketema’
Fig5.11 (Left) Traditional kitchen and waste collection area
Fig 5.12 (Right) Toilet
Fig.5.13 Floor plan of HIP rental house
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Fig 5.14 HIP rental room interior pictures

FIG 5.15 – Figure ground of ‘Dato Ohahe’ study area
FIG 5.16 Street pattern of ‘Dato’ study area
Fig.5.17 Location of sample interviewees in ‘Dato area’
Fig 5.18 Rental prices in ‘’Dato area’’
Fig 5.19 Physical condition of the housing in ‘’Dato area’’
Fig. 5.20 ‘Dato Odahe’ are rental houses pictures
Fig.5.21 Location of sample compound study
Fig.5.22 The compund studied
Fig. 5.23 Amanesh house compound
Fig.5.24 Amanesh house
Fig. 5.25 Toilet ans shower space
Fig 5.28 Water supply comparison
Fig. 5.29 Cooking energy source comparison
Fig. 5.30 Bathroom serve comparison
Fig. 5.31 waste disposal system comparison
Fig. 5.32 Roof structure condition
Fig. 5.32 Doors and windows condition
Fig. 5.34 Floor structure condition
Fig. 5.35 wall structure condition
Fig 5.36 House rent comparison of the two-study areas
Fig 5.39 Future aspirations of the workers who want to stay in Hawassa city
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Table of contents
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... iii
Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................... vi
Local terms................................................................................................................................... vi
List of tables ................................................................................................................................ vii
List of figures............................................................................................................................... vii
Chapter 1- Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 General Background ............................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Problem statement ................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Objectives of the study ........................................................................................................... 2
1.3.1 General objective .............................................................................................................. 2
1.3.2 Specific objectives ............................................................................................................. 2
1. 4 Research questions ................................................................................................................ 2
1.5 Scope and limitations of the study ......................................................................................... 3
1.5.1 Scope of the study ............................................................................................................... 3
1.5.2 Limitations of the study ....................................................................................................... 3
1.6 Significance of the study ......................................................................................................... 3
1.7 Organization of the study ....................................................................................................... 3
- Research design and methodology .................................................................................... 5
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 5
2.2 Research method selection ................................................................................................ 5
2.3 Case selection criteria ......................................................................................................... 6
2.4 Sampling selection and Technique ..................................................................................... 7
2.4 Source and Type of Data ..................................................................................................... 8
2.5 Data Collection Techniques ................................................................................................ 8
2.6 Data Analysis Techniques.................................................................................................... 9
2.7 Data reliability and validity ................................................................................................... 10
2.8 Research design diagram ...................................................................................................... 11
Literature Review ................................................................................................................ 12
3.1 Definition of Industrial park .................................................................................................. 12
3.2 Brief History of Industrial Parks ............................................................................................ 12
3.3 Socio-economic impact of industrial park ............................................................................ 13
3.4 Definition of Housing ............................................................................................................ 14
3.5 Parameters to study housing condition ............................................................................... 15
3.6 International workers office (ILO) Workers housing standard ............................................. 16
3.7 Urban development and housing challenges of developing countries ................................ 16

3.8 Industrial parks and housing challenge ................................................................................ 18
3.9 Best housing for industrial workers in Vietnam ................................................................... 21
- Contextual review ............................................................................................................. 23
4.1 About Ethiopia ...................................................................................................................... 23
4.2 Ethiopia Economy ................................................................................................................. 24
4.3 Historical background of industry sector in Ethiopia ........................................................... 24
4.4 GTP II and industrial sector ................................................................................................... 25
4.5 urbanization in Ethiopia/ Ethiopian housing strategy .......................................................... 27
4.6 History and development of ‘Hawassa’ city ......................................................................... 27
4.7 SNNPR Government urban housing provision policy and strategy ...................................... 29
4.8 Housing options in ‘Hawassa’ city ........................................................................................ 30
4.9 ‘Hawassa’ industrial park ...................................................................................................... 31
4.9 A) Employment process of the operation workers in HIP .................................................... 33
4.10 Housing scheme for Hawassa Industrial park workers ....................................................... 34
4.11 Future housing scheme plan for HIP .................................................................................. 36
4.11 Summary of the literature review ...................................................................................... 36
Chapter 5 - Data presentation and data analysis ................................................................................ 38
5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 38
5.2 Socio-economic data collected ............................................................................................. 39
5.3 Case one - HIP Induced housing condition (in Adis Ketema sub city) .................................. 41
Life story 1: Miss Hiwet Worku ................................................................................................... 46
5.4 Case -Two: Housing condition study of the IP workers in ‘Dato Odahe’ area ...................... 49
Life story 2: Miss Amanesh Arba “Dato Wefcho sefer” area ...................................................... 53
5.5 Comparison of the two study sites ....................................................................................... 56
5.6 The housing condition analysis ............................................................................................. 56
5.7 Aspiration of the IP workers to their job and stay in Hawassa city ...................................... 60
Chapter 6- Summary of findings and recommendation ..................................................................... 61
6.1 Housing condition of HIP operation workers’ summery ...................................................... 61
6.1.1 Physical condition of the housing ................................................................................... 61
6.1.2 Economic condition of the housing ................................................................................ 61
6.1.3 Social condition of the housing ....................................................................................... 63
6.2 The socio-economic effect of the housing condition ........................................................... 63
6.3. Summary of Findings of the study ....................................................................................... 64
6.4 Recommendations ................................................................................................................ 67
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6.4 A- Recommendation to Federal level ................................................................................... 68

6.4 B- Recommendation to regional government and city administration ................................ 68
6.4 C- Recommendation to HIP .................................................................................................. 69
References .................................................................................................................................. 70
Annex 1 – Standard questioner for IP workers........................................................................... 73
Annex 4- Key informant (HIP Transport service) questioner ...................................................... 85
Annex 5 – Applicants screening form for HIP (Gedeo Zonal office) ........................................... 87
Annex 6 House rent agreement paper between house owners and IP workers ....................... 89
Annex 7 Adis Ketema IP induced housing construction phase progress report paper .............. 90
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Chapter 1- Introduction
1.1 General Background
All nations strive for economic development. It is imperative for developing countries in order to bring
better income and quality of life, Industries play pivotal role in this regard. Many developing countries
have started witnessing large industries moving from agricultural economy. Ethiopia, as a developing
nation, has been growing its GDP with development of industrial parks as one of the strategies for
economic development.
This stride in turn has wider implications, both positive and negative, such as creating job
opportunities as well as large-scale urban migrations. Moreover, the industry employees have
difficulties in getting adequate accomodation.
Industrial park development has both advantages and disadvantages. As expected, risks of industrial
park business and speed of tenant arrival is critical (K. Ohno 2017). Add few more points, possibly
related to housing problem. Government usually look at different options for factory workers housing.
According to the study made in Latin America (Duncan, Causes of inadequate housing in Latin America
and the Caribbean 2005) , the causes of inadequate housing include: poverty, low-income levels and
unemployment, lack of access to land, housing supply constraints, urbanization, insecure property
rights for land and housing, poor government policies and regulatory frameworks, displacement
through planning evictions, natural disasters, war and lack of access to financing.
The national economic development direction need to integrate adequate accommodation in order
to realize the vision. Securing liveable housing for workers in industries is important to continue to
benefit from IP developments in different part of the country.
1.2 Problem statement

Ethiopian Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) aims at sustaining the rapid and multifaceted growth
with different strategies. One of the strategies is to create favourable conditions for the industry so as
to play key role in the economy. The agriculture-led development is gradually shifting toward an
industry-led one. As one strategy, industrial parks with specialized productions are being established
in different parts of the country. One of the pioneer industrial parks is Hawassa industrial park (HIP)
specialized in textile production. It is one of the biggest parks inaugurated in June 2016.
According to the current statistics of Hawassa Industrial Park (HIP) Office, there are 12,600 factory
workers in the park as of now, of which 10,000 are operators and the remaining 2,600 employees are
composed of professionals and expatriates working in various industries. These workers are employed
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through a selection process spear-headed by seven zonal selection stations located in different zones
within SNNPR.
The workers are provided with 536 rental housing units which can accommodate only 25 % of the
workers of the current employees. These house are planned to be a room for four workers which will
be rented only from three to five years. The houses are closer to the transport service lines, therefore
preferred by the industry park workers for rent. Accommodation wise, the housing is planned for four
people per room (3m x 4m) whose rental fee amounts to 1000 birr per month. The aforementioned
housing units are the only ready accommodation but the remaining (75 % i.e. more than 7000 IP
operator workers) live in various rental houses scattered across the city.
The housing problem, I believe, is a serious one that affects how people live and enjoy their dwellings
relating to social interactions. The problem could thus affect various aspects such as political, social
and/or economic. The workers have to find housing with affordable price and good access to services.
These different factors affect the way the live and the housing condition they prefer to live in.
1.3 Objectives of the study

1.3.1 General objective
This study is mainly aimed at assessing the industry parks workers housing condition of regional
towns by focusing on Hawassa Industrial park workers’ housing. It also purposes to provide
recommendations on possible solutions for the operator workers of the industrial park.
1.3.2 Specific objectives

As part of the general objective, the study has the following specific objectives:
➢ To assess the prevailing housing condition of Hawassa Industrial park operator
workers.
➢ To assess the socio-economic impact of the housing condition.
➢ To recommend directions to solutions for the identified problems.
1. 4 Research questions
This research endeavour attempts to answer the following key questions:
A. How is the housing condition of the operator workers of Hawassa Industrial park?
B. What are the socio-economic effect of the housing condition on these workers?
C. How could the housing problem be addressed?
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1.5 Scope and limitations of the study

1.5.1 Scope of the study
The geographic scope of this study is restricted to Hawassa city, Southern state (SNNPR), Ethiopia,
particularly the Hawassa Industrial park. The housing study has involved two sub cities:
i. Addis Ketema sub city
ii. Hawella Tula sub city (Dato area) and
The thematic scope of the study focuses on the housing condition of the operator workers of Hawassa
industrial park, the majority of the working force of the park. It seeks to investigate the housing-
related social and economic conditions of the workers.
1.5.2 Limitations of the study

The study is constrained by the following limitations.
➢ IPDC could not share the needed documents but the data was collected through
interviews and information gathered from key informants/officials and local resources.
➢ The lack of readily available resource on adequate housing standards (quantified area
standards per person), be it of universally accepted or nationally set, was a challenge.
➢ The absence of directly-related research material on the topic was yet another challenge.
1.6 Significance of the study

As stated earlier, this study investigates how Industrial parks workers housing condition are from HIP’s
case study. The contribution of such study is deemed very important. As various projections indicate,
Ethiopia is one of the fastest developing economies in Africa and beyond. It has made its national
ambition to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and eventually make poverty a thing
of the past. One promising national direction set out in this regard is establishing industrial parks in
different parts of the country. HIP is one such park and more are yet to be unveiled. Being one of the
forerunner parks in the country, HIP can be seen as a model for others to follow. Any research
endeavour around it, therefore, is of high importance. I believe that this pioneer study will unearth
important issues and solution strategies related to housing useful not just for Hawassa city but also
for other existing as well as upcoming industrial parks in the country. Moreover, it is our sincere hope
that this early study will serve as a stepping stone for future researchers to build on it and address
more issues beyond our scope.
1.7 Organization of the study

The thesis is organized into six chapters as follows.
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• The first chapter is a general introduction to the study which discusses the problem of the
study, objectives of the study, pertinent research questions that are to be answered by
the research, the scope and limitations of the study.
• The second chapter discusses the research methodology applied. This chapter describes
the methodology, research design, criteria the case study was chosen and why the specific
methodology was employed.
• The third chapter is literature review. It addresses relevant and related issues and
concepts around the study from international experiences.
• The fourth chapter review contextual study and literatures. It reviews about Ethiopian
industrial development history and strategies of development. Under this it describes
about Hawassa industrial parks and the housing scheme induced by the HIP. It also
discusses reflection of the author on the reviewed literatures.
• The fifth chapter is about the data presentation and data analysis of the study. The
collected data of the study will be presented clearly and analysed according with the
research questions of the study with the set of parameters.
• The last chapter is on discussion, summary of findings and recommendations. This part
starts with discussion of the study and the major findings of the research and concludes
with workarounds and recommendations for the housing problem of industrial parks.
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- Research design and methodology

2.1 Introduction
The chapter describes how the study is designed with the framework and the method of choice for
the study; The methods relay on documents and published materials from internet and key
informants, while simultaneously conducted semi-structured interviews from data collection.
A plethora of literature agree that research design is a systematic plan to study a scientific problem
which defines the study type, research question, as well as the data collection method and the analysis
plan. Research design is the framework that has been created to seek answers to research questions.
In developing a research, the method which best suited to the study is selected based on the problem
statement, type of the research question to be answered. The methodology selected should also
correspond to the objectives of the study and the problem.
2.2 Research method selection

In common practices of research, research design is divided into five broad categories: descriptive,
historical, experimental, case study and comparative study. ‘The selection of one from these different
types of research methods has to be rational, convincing and suited to the topic. In this regard there
are three major factors used in the selection of research methodology: the types of questions to be
answered or the research content, the extent of control over behavioural events, and the degree of
focus on contemporary as opposed to historical events or the time frame’ (Yin 2003)
“The type of questions to be answered or the research content is the first and main criteria.
Researches concerned with answering: WHO, WHAT (partially) and WHERE questions that are more
concerned with the outcomes that could be number of frequency or incidences or identifications shall
be investigated through documents, archival analysis and surveys. Whereas, researches concerned in
answering the questions HOW? WHY? and WHAT (partially) that are concerned about the underlying
issues or operational links or the deeper meaning of a subject matter shall be studied using a case
study, history or experiments methodologies (Yin 2003).
This specific study shall assess the housing condition of Hawassa industry park operational employees
with the aim of analysing the socio-economic impact the housing condition has on the IP workers
Thus understanding the living condition of industry workers, and the impact it has on their lives in
socio economic dimensions calls for a case study method, which will be better suited to understand
the underlying socio-economic issues and causative links to housing condition.
Researchers use research methodology that is either quantitative or qualitative. Some research also
uses a mixed methodology of the two. Quantitative research measure magnitude with pre-
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determined responses, categorized with numerical aggregation in summaries where responses are
clustered and is characterized with statistical samples while qualitative researches aims to describe a
situation with no pre-determined responses categories which results are illustrative or explanatory
and of individual response. (Christopher n.d.)This study uses qualitative study since it deals with,
process, interests and roles that are related personal sense of life or experience and difficult to
quantify. Furthermore, case studied were studied to have comparative analysis of the two cases
housing condition and its socio-economic impact on the lives of IP workers.
2.3 Case selection criteria

Large number or population are employees in Hawassa Industrial park; of which mass amount come
from small towns and rural area from SNNPR. These population live in different parts of the city and
in near towns in rental houses. To select the study case site various criteria were used in order to
have right area….
The main focus in selecting the case were, to study the housing condition in different part of the city,
location, physical status varieties, its economic condition, social condition existing in the
neighbourhood or among the HIP operation workers livelihoods. In the pilot study different part of
the city where the workers residing were studied. It showed that the workers residing area were
locations were proximate to HIP, and were located in peripheries and new expansions of the city;
Adis Ketema and Dato Odahe area from the North of the city and to the Southern part ; DMC area,
Tula are, Alamura (Referral) area, Adisu Gebeya area were identified to be the housing areas of the
workers.
The two case sites were selected with these main criterias;
• Case 1- Housing developed for IP workers area; Adis Ketema; The housing was developed
with Industry Park development corporation (IPDC) in collaboration of Hawassa city
administration launched a rental housing scheme for Industry Park workers in existing
private residences.
• Case 2- From other rental housing area preferred by IP workers; Where large workers service
bus was dropping; Dato Odahe area was selected. During the pilot study of this research there
were different localities where the workers were residing. Many service buses came to Dato
area which is not common in other area.
The sampling type employed is ‘purposive sampling’ with set of frames to the identified study samples.
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A
Legend
B A. Addis Ketema area
B. Dato Odahe area
C. Chefe Kotijabesa, DMC area
D. Alamura and Adisu Gebeya area
D Figure 2.1 HIP workers dominant

residing areas in the city
2.4 Sampling selection and Technique

The samples were selected from HIP workers’ different residential areas. Pilot survey done by the
researcher in the residential areas in Hawassa, showed where significant number of industry workers
reside. Adis Ketema and Dato Odahe area from the North of the city and to the Southern part; Tula
area, Alamura (Referral) area, Adisu Gebeya area were identified to be the housing areas of the
workers.
The housing study therefore, were centred around two different areas of the city: ‘Addis Ketema’ sub
city and ‘Hawella Tula’ sub city ‘Dato Odahe’ area. In Adis Ketema area, the workers must share a
room to four workers and in a compound, they live from twelve to sixteen workers. The sample size
was made maximum of two interviewees per compound and in Adis ketema area, there were fifteen
compounds were randomly selected while eleven compounds in Dato Odahe site; samples were
selected. From each case sites there were 25 operators’ workers and 5 rental house owners (landlords)
were interviewed with a total of 60 interviews from the two areas. In addition to this, 10 relevant
people were interviewed in HIP (such as officials and IP bus drivers), IPDC, Hawassa City Housing
Development & Administration and one zonal office (i.e. Gedeo zone Trade and Industry Bureau) with
standard questionnaire. The total number of interviewees thus adds up to 70 persons.
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2.4 Source and Type of Data

Each data collected was set out to answer the research question accordingly. The primary data sources
were mainly IP workers, officials from regional, zone and federal offices. The observation made in
different hours of the day and was systematic and secondary data were collected from relevant
documents from published and unpublished sources such as websites, books, written documents from
governmental offices which are related to the study, google maps, brochures, reports, journals volume
and from different digital media information.
The collected data types were both primary and secondary data. The primary data was collected from
IP workers, their landlords and key informants in Federal, regional, zonal and city level officials. The
workers were interviewed at their houses in order to understand and experience the situation under
the study. The other source of data, secondary data, were collected from relevant literatures from
international and contextual reviews. Other related documents from officials as reports or plans and
strategies documents were used.
2.5 Data Collection Techniques

The primary data were mainly qualitative data collected through different methods and various forms.
These were no-structures and semi-structured one to one interviews, observations, measurement,
pictures; and documentation though sketching, mapping and photography. The method of collecting
the data were formal and informal discussion with primary sources at different levels; such as
employees and transport service users and drivers, residents in the areas studied. There were three
types of structured questionnaires were distributed to 70 interviewees in Hawassa city and one case
from zonal office in the aforementioned areas (see appendix 1 to 4 for details). It is summarized in the
following table.
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Research questions Data type Data source Data collection techniques
How is the housing Both - Household survey - Interview

condition of the operator primary and - IP Operators - Questionnaires
workers of Hawassa secondary - House renters - Sketches and Mapping
Industrial park? data - IPDC - Observation
- ‘Hawassa’ city officials
- Hawassa city map
What are the socio- Both - Household survey - Interview
economic effects of the primary and - IP Operators - Questionnaires
housing condition on secondary - House renters - Literature reviews
these workers? data - Literatures
- Key informants
How could the housing Both - Collected Data IP - Analysis
problem be addressed? primary and Operators, officials - Literatures
secondary - Literatures review of
data best practice
- Existing policy
Table 2.1 Data collection techniques
2.6 Data Analysis Techniques

Qualitative Data Analysis is described as ‘the range of processes and procedures whereby we move
from the qualitative data that have been collected, into some form of explanation, understanding or
interpretation of the people and situations we are investigating’. The collected data are interpreted
and analysed predominantly through qualitative analysis techniques. It employs approaches
including but not limited to content analysis and comparative analysis of the gathered data with
existing literature. Content analysis; the procedure for the categorization of verbal or behavioural
data for the purpose of classification, summarization and tabulation, can be done on two levels.
Either In descriptive way (what the data is) or in in interpretative way (what was meant by the data).
(Christopher n.d.) Comparative analysis is used to compare the two study site characters and try to
explain, understand the situation and bring meaningful conclusions.
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The housing condition study will study from their neighbourhood to the housing rooms the workers
are living in (space); with parameters concerning the physical, social and economic conditions. In the
physical condition studies; building material used, condition of it, the available or missed services
and infrastructure. The social condition in the other hand will be studying their interaction, safety
and security problem. The last issue in studying the housing condition will deal with the economic
condition, income, expenditures categories and their effects will be presented and analysed. The
analysis will be made individual of the two case sites and comparing the impression of each site
characters.
2.7 Data reliability and validity

The study was made mainly focusing to the thematic scope; Hawassa city, but other sources of data
were collected from Addis Ababa, the federal IPDC to zone office related to the IP workers
recruitment process from Dilla town. Data from these sources were cross checked for its validity and
reliability.
The reliability is a central concept in measurement. It basically means consistency of data. (Abate
2017). The study pilot survey started with survey made in different part of the city;(Adis Ketema,
Dato Odahe, Referral area, Chefe area and DMC area). This was measured through continual
checking of the data from primary sources until the repetitiveness and familiar data appeared. The
validity was checked through cross checking and triangulation of the data.
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2.8 Research design diagram

The research framework is designed as the following diagram.
Research questions
Literature review
Data/Case study
And contextual review
Analysis
Findings and conclusion

d
Recommendation
Fig 2.1 Research study framework diagram
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Literature Review
3.1 Definition of Industrial park
The industrial park concept is not a novel one. In fact, it has been around for decades and has grown
during the last twenty-five years (Bonde-Henriksen 1982). A study made in America by Industrial
Development and Manufacturing Record, however, indicates that they have not evolved in a steady
progression. Their emergence was motivated by concepts of regional policies and they were found in
crisis areas of Great Britain in 1930s (Vidová1 2010). By 1960, there were already 46 industrial parks.
Industrial park is defined as a track of land set aside for industrial purpose under the private
management and control of developers or investors. Typically, it includes many designated sites.
(Bonde-Henriksen 1982) explains an industrial park as carefully planned, low-rise buildings located in
a landscape setting of wide lawns, interconnected by broad boulevards. Generally, the property has
all the characteristics of an ideal industrial site, including installed utilities, highly accessible highways
and rail connections, and finished grading.
On the other hand, the Ethiopian Industrial Park proclamation (T. F. Ethiopia 2015) defines an
industrial park as:
“An area with distinct boundary designated by the appropriate organ to develop comprehensive,
integrated, multiple or selected functions of industries, based on a planned fulfilment of infrastructure
and various services such as road, electric power and water, one-stop shops and have special incentive
schemes, with a broad view to achieving planned and systematic, development of industries,
mitigation of impacts of pollution on environment and human being and development of urban
centres, and includes special economic zones, technology parks, export processing zones, agro-
processing zone, free trade zones and the like designated by the Investment Board’’.
3.2 Brief History of Industrial Parks

The cornerstone of industrial parks can be found in Great Britain, a country where factory production
spread and the first industrial zones were founded. According to the journal by Jarmila Vidová, these
were set up by multiple production units. The first factories arose somewhat accidentally. Their later
occurrence, however, represents an organized deed that followed certain ideas of urban planning and
regional concepts. The first industrial park, Trafford Park, was established by a company named Ship
Canal and Docks near Manchester in 1896 (Vidová1 2010) .
12
The development of industrial parks underwent several steps of evolution. This progression is often
described in terms of generations of industrial parks. The first generation of industrial parks which
were built in 1970s, for instance, had different look compared to other generations. It was
characterized by assembly halls and storages rather than simplistic architecture. The area of
administrative buildings took just about 10-15% of the total area of the parks. In the period between
1975 to 1985, industrial parks were offices used by companies dealing with science, technologies and
businesses, and they occupied a much larger space. On the contrary, the second-generation industrial
park was characterized by a more challenging and complicated architecture. Furthermore, the third-
generation industrial parks were built since the second half of 1980s. The characteristic features of
this generation include: elastic use of an area and a wide portfolio of services, an increase in the
number of administrative staff as well as the leasing out of more space for IT-related offices.
Coming closer to our time, the fourth generation of industrial parks which began to arise from the
mid-1990s is characterized by administrative buildings and a wide portfolio of services. Companies
located in the parks used high-end technologies, storage houses were usually located outside the park
itself and there was an increase in the importance of recreational areas connected to the park that
were used by people working in them. Since the second half of the 1990s, industrial parks have been
an integral part of an international network of cooperating parks (Vidová1 2010) .
3.3 Socio-economic impact of industrial park

Studies of the experiences of countries in various continents reveal that industrial parks have played
significant roles in changing the socio-economic status of the nations. In this section, we will present
some of our literature findings.
Industrial parks attempt to accelerate the process of reforming the economy; the central institutions
focus on supporting the use of technology to modernize the industry that would lead to the
diversification of activities and achievement of sustainable industrial development (Meşter Liana-
Eugenia n.d.). On the other hand, they usually face challenges in the market system, as the
imperfection of the market of some institutional system from national and regional administration
hampers companies’ access to information, knowledge, new technology and financial resulting in
increased business risk and directly affecting the progress towards achieving development goals. For
their respective countries, industrial parks may be considered as a solution to overcome these
problems in an attempt to accelerate the economic development by attracting innovative businesses
that can generate jobs, higher incomes, therefore more resources to institutions. This aside, industrial
parks can exploit the local potential in supporting knowledge-based business development and
13
outlines an environment where companies can interact with each other supporting knowledge
suppliers, hence facilitating business and local development.
As an advantage pertinent to the national economy, industrial parks have concentration of various
activities and services which can influence investors’ decision to switch to regions. Successful
industrial parks can, therefore, become centres of growth and innovation, supporting local
development and boosting the national economy.
Yet other merits of industrial park development are enlisted below:
• It avoids joblessness by creating new job opportunities

• It improves local productivity and maintaining a competitive environment in the respective
country.
• Producers operating in the parks get great benefits at lower costs.
• It brings concentration of investments.
• It grows productivity and competitiveness in both national and international markets; these
will force for high efficiency and transformation.
• It is an important factor for any economy to actively participate in the global economic
system.
• Through the industrial park development new technologies and innovations are transferred
• Industrial parks can provide a favourable environment for the development of concentrated
firms but also for the local development.
Contrary to the aforementioned advantages, the development of industrial park has some demerits:
• If not managed successfully, it can affect the environment from its by-products.
• It could harm the health and security of the workers.
3.4 Definition of Housing

Housing is often regarded as one of the basic human needs. It ranks second after food and thereafter
clothing. In different literatures, it is defined in terms of physical and social aspects. There are
discussions on housing mainly with respect to its affordability, sustainability and liveability. To start
with the dictionary meaning, the English Dictionary for Advanced Learners defines housing in two
ways: (i) as the buildings in which people live and (ii) as the job of providing houses to people to live
in.
In other scholar, the value of housing here was described from the residents’ preference and choice
to their economic status.
14
Housing is treated as a mass-produced consumer product, human use values must be substituted for
material values. It also states thet ; housing problems were defined as functions of mismatches
between people’s socio-economic and cultural situations and their housing processes and products;
and as functions of the waste, misuse, or non-use of resources availbale for housing. It argues that
housing should not be stated in terms of standards unit deficts, housing solutions can no longer be
proposed in termns of unt production or productivity . (Turner 1976)
Furthermore, housing can be defined as a unit of the environment that has profound influences on
the health, efficiency, social behaviour, satisfaction and general welfare of the community. It reflects
the cultural, social and economic values of a society since it is the best physical and historical evidence
of the civilization of a country (Omole 2010). Attributing to the World Health Organization (WHO), the
same author describes housing as a residential environment which includes the physical structure
used for shelter, all necessary services, facilities, equipment and devices needed or desired for the
physical and mental health and social well- being of the family and individuals. Accordingly, housing is
neither a mere shelter nor household facilities alone. It is an essential need that links such individuals
and his family to the community in which s/he is involved in. Therefore, environmental amenities like
waste disposal, water supply, road access and location services implied by the special links between
necessary economic and social infrastructure like education, health and recreation are all parts of the
package of services designated as housing (Omole 2010).
3.5 Parameters to study housing condition

Studies on housing condition use different parameters to evaluate the status of the housing. Housing
condition is identified through physical and socio-economic study of the housing.
According to a study made in slum area (Omole 2010), housing condition was assessed with various
components of the buildings; the building material, age of the building, structural condition of the
house, level of household facilities and infrastructure available within the neighbourhood. In the
study socio-economic data were presented with the following parameters: sex, age group, (>30, 10-
20 and < 10 years old), marital status (Single, Married, widowed or separated), educational status
(no formal education, primary, secondary or tertiary), income level and household size. And the
housing, condition was studied through, building material types (wall, roofing and finishing
material), age of the building (<10 years, 10-19, 20-29, 30-39 and >40 years) building materials listed
(roofing and walling),
According to (Nor Rashidah Zainal*, Gurmit Kaur, Nor ‘Aisah Ahmad & Jamaliah Mhd. 2012) , low
cost house in terms of the housing design, in Malaysia the minimum standard of built up are OF 550-
660 square feet, two bedrooms, a living-room, a kitchen and bathroom.
15
And the physical aspect of the house (design, size, materials used) the surrounding areas (location,
landscape, availability of public amenities and services) were listed in the housing condition study.
3.6 International workers office (ILO) Workers housing standard

The international labour office; has workers housing as part of employment contract meet different
characters. It priory recommend the housing to be adequate and listed the standards the housing
structure has to ensure; “structural safety, reasonable level of decency, hygiene and comfort”. The
document has also listed the standards: “ a separate bed room for each workers, adequate head
room, providing full and free movement, of less than 203 cm, minimum inside dimensions of a
sleeping space should be at least 198 cm by 80 cm, beds should not be arranged in tiers of more
than two, bedding materials should be reasonably comfortable, bedding and bed frame materials
should be designed to deter vermin, separate accommodation of the sexes, adequate natural light
during the day time and adequate artificial light, a reading lamp from each bed, adequate ventilation
to ensure sufficient movement of air in all conditions of weather and climate, heating where
appropriate, adequate supply of safe potable water adequate sanitation facilities, adequate drainage
, adequate furniture for each worker to secure his or her belonginess, common dining rooms,
appropriately situated and furnished laundry facilities and finally lists reasonable access to
telephone or other modes of communications, with and charges for the use of these services being
reasonable amount, rest and recreation rooms and health facilities where not otherwise available.”
(https://www.ilo.org n.d.)
3.7 Urban development and housing challenges of developing countries

Urbanization can be defined in different ways but from a literature it is defined as “a process of
population concentration. It proceeds in two ways: the multiplication of points of concentration and
the increase in size of points of concentration” by referring other source. In this section urban area is
was explained from through demographically and functionally. The “demographic definition of
urbanization is restricted to factors such as population size and density, the economic functional
definition refers to the territorial concentration of productive activities (industries and service)
rather than population.”” A population that is urban is one in which vast numbers of people are
clustered together in very small areas called towns and cities.” (Tegenu 2010)
Looking at urbanization of developing countries, its growing fast for better economic development
and this change crowd the urban spaces infrastructure and services. From the report by UN-
HABITAT, over the next 25 years, over 2 billion people will add to the growing demand for housing,
16
water supply, sanitation and other urban infrastructure services. Closer to 3 billion people, or about
40% of the world’s population by 2030, will need to have housing and basic infrastructure services.
(UN-HABITAT 2005)
” Rapid urbanization in the developing world is the most unprecedented phenomena of the world’s
development in the past few decades. The pace of urbanization has exceeded many developing
cities capacity to absorb the needs of a growing population, despite all innovations and efforts. One
of the main pressing problems is to provide adequate housing for all, particularly for the poor. “”
(HABITAT 2008)
Poor housing conditions are a global problem, but conditions are the worst in developing countries.
Referring to the report of UN-HABITAT (2003), there are 1 billion people live in life-and health-
threating homes. This is said that it takes one third of the world urban population, while the
developing world has a substantial proportion of the urban population living in inadequate housing
condition. (HABITAT 2008)
The report also points out the challenges for housing and shelter, exists in a context of
unprecedented global growth, the reality in most developing countries is said that there is
widespread poverty and inequality in cities, with millions of people living in slums without adequate
housing.
Adequate housing is defined from physical and economic aspects of housing. From the global report
on human settlements (1996), some parameters to qualify adequacy of housing were identified. (U.
N. UN-HABITAT 1996)
Accordingly, housing conditions study was made under four main aspects:
• The quality of housing-including its size relative to the number of inhabitants, the quality
of construction and its extent of provision for water supply, electricity, sanitation and
drainage
• Housing tenure- the proportion of house-holds who as legally recognized owners or
renters, have protection against sudden or arbitrary eviction
• The quality of housing (relative to the number of the households)
• Housing accessibility – the proportion of people able to buy, rent or in the other ways
obtain adequate quality housing, of special interest in this whether those with low
income or those unable to earn an income (for instance the elderly) are to find adequate
shelter.
According to the report on Latin America and Caribbean causes of inadequate housing, there are
some points mentioned for the rise of inadequate housing. These are: (Duncan, Causes of
Inadequate housing in Latin America and the Caribbean n.d.)
17
• Poverty, low household income and unemployment

• Problems in Access to land
• Housing supply constraints
• Urbanization/rural-urban migration
• Insecure land tenure
• Inefficient government policies or regulatory frameworks
• Displacement (planned eviction, natural disaster and war)
• Challenge of ‘Access to housing finance’
As stated in the report by the Habitat III Issues Paper 20-Housing, (Barcelona Urban Thinkers Campus
2015) a number of conditions to consider shelter as “adequate housing” are listed. These elements
• Security of tenure: housing is not adequate if its occupants do not have a degree of tenure security
which guarantees legal protection against forced evictions, harassment and other threats.
• Availability of services, materials, facilities and infrastructure: housing is not adequate if its
occupants do not have safe drinking water, adequate sanitation, energy for cooking, heating,
lighting, food storage and refuse disposal.
• Affordability: housing is not adequate if its cost threatens or compromises the occupants’
enjoyment of other human rights.
• Habitability: housing is not adequate if it does not guarantee physical safety or provide adequate
space, as well as protection against the cold, damp, heat, rain, wind or other threats to health and
structural hazards.
• Accessibility: housing is not adequate if the specific needs of disadvantaged and marginalized
groups are not taken into account.
• Location: housing is not adequate if it is cut off from employment opportunities, health-care
services, schools, childcare centres and other social facilities, or if located in polluted or dangerous
areas.
• Cultural adequacy: housing is not adequate if it does not respect and take into account the
expression of cultural identity.
3.8 Housing affordability

Housing affordability is defined differently; but broadly it is “the cost of housing services and shelter
– both from renters and owner occupiers – relative to a given individual’s disposable income while
there is no universal definition for this term , housing affordability can be hard to pin in practice,
especially in terms of defining the appropriate graphic scope for housing markets suitable definitions
of representative reference individuals and households, and their changing circumstances over time”
18
(Bieri 2012). Housing affordability consider; i) how much non-housing expenditure limited by how
much is left after paying for housing or ii) in addition to ‘income affordability’, they distinguish
between ‘purchase affordability’ (the ability to borrow funds to purchase a house).
Affordability is the ability to pay and choose to pay. There for Affordable housing does not force the
household to spend beyond their capability and willingness. Here “Capability implies income;
willingness alludes to choose “ (Kamete 2001). Affordable housing is vary from one jurisdiction to
another; it traditionally defined as housing cost (including rents, mortgages, property taxes and
insurance, maintenance and basic utilities) no more than 30% of household income or budgets,
(Kamete 2001) but some experts recommend including other costs. ‘Affordability is an important
indicator of access to housing especially by low income groups in developing world.
3.9 Industrial parks and housing challenge

Industrial housing: Industrial revolution in the 19th c mainly in Britain brought changes in the cites
urban spatial plan and features. Some of the cities provides housing for industrial workers. The
housing types that emerged in these areas appear to have set the pattern for the cellar dwellings,
courts and back-to-back houses.
• Case study of industrial housing: ‘’Lancashire’s back-to-backs, ‘’

The back-to-back house is one of the defining features of industrial towns during the 19th century.
(Timmins 2013)
Fig.3.1 Plan and section of typical inset back-to-back houses
These housing types have been associated particularly, but not solely, with handloom weaving. In
each of these towns, substantial numbers of cottages were erected that were equipped with cellar
19
loom shops projecting above ground-floor level in order to admit natural light. As typical example, at
Preston, about 250 out of more than 1,000 handloom weavers’ cottages built there were back to
backs.
This housing types or cottages were single-fronted terraced dwellings, with two domestic rooms
above the loom shop; the rooms of those were approximately 11ft2, occupying an area of 121ft2
(11.2m2).
Other than in the major towns, the back-to-back houses in Lancashire on which historians have
commented are associated mainly with factory workers, though short rows of back-to-backs
provided with hand weavers’ loom shops.
Affordable housing is variy from one jurisdiction to another; it traditionally defined as housing cost
(including rents, mortgages, property taxes and insurance, maintenance and basic utilities) no more
than 30% of household income or budgets.
(Kalugina 2016)
The block was built on a valley side that sloped down steeply from the main road onto which it
fronted. For each pair of houses, it is suggested, the uppermost of the rear rooms belonged to the
front house and the back-to- earth room to the rear house. Some natural light entered the back-to-
earth room through a window well. With this configuration, each house had three rooms. Advantage
arose by having two-storeyed rather than three-storeyed dwellings; the latter would have had the
inconvenience of two stairways and the reduction in living space that resulted. (Timmins 2013)
Fig 3.2. Typical back-to-back house features
According to the book, (Timmins 2013) these houses were found in cheap rental house and their
forms were explained as follows.
20
• Two-roomed, two-storeyed examples may have predominated, but more spacious and
better-appointed types were also built
• In some cases, these were again two-storeyed, with a downstairs living room/kitchen and
two bedrooms
• However, two-storeyed back-to backs were sometimes contained within three-storeyed
blocks, in effect creating interlocking dwellings, with back-to-earth cellar rooms being
incorporated.
• Three-storeyed back-to-backs were also built, making use of attic space for bedrooms.
3.10 Best housing for industrial workers in Vietnam

A report on housing for employee, suggests that for mass number of workers whose incomes are
low to afford better housing, there are some solutions. Accordingly, from many seminars and
professionals have effort to find appropriate solutions. “Some solutions have been found, as re-
planned residential area for employees associated with industrial zones, investors can lease land of
State Own to build housing for rent, to develop the social housing with the rights and obligations for
tenants, buyers ... Many other solutions are being further studied and proposed, such as to develop
housing funds for employees, operating form the instalment purchase” (Lien n.d.)
Singapore and Hong Kong were reported as the two famous countries in solving of social housing for
employees. These were made possible through, since the 1960s, Singapore has established the
important institutions in planning and developing low-cost housing. Since 1960, Singapore has
established Development Agency housing specialist in charge
of land planning funds, construction and loans for buyers of low prices housing. They also
established the Central Government Savings Funds, these funds are responsible for directing the
organization of recruitment, which contribute 13% and employees contribute 20% of the monthly
salary to the fund as a savings amount to buy houses. (Lien n.d.)
The housing had four essential ingredients:
• The importance of neighbourhood, (many urban professionals long suspected, that, in the
quest for the design of inclusive and sustainable cities, the careful bottom-up design of neigh
boyhoods matters a lot!)
• The smart use of urban density, (carefully designing the height and proportion of buildings in
relation to one another.)
• An integrated approach to housing—from planning and design, through land assembly and
construction, to management and maintenance (the lead role across the housing value
chain) and the final point was
21
• The housing had Long-term and strong political commitment. (The popular and political
support for public housing in Singapore is strong and stable. And this has meant a high level
of public subsidies to HDB this was S$1.19 billion) (JHA 2018)
22
- Contextual review
4.1 About Ethiopia
Ethiopia is located at the crossroads between Africa, Asia and Europe (located in North -East of
Africa). Ethiopia is one of the oldest independent nation on the planet. The country is linked with six
countries. Ethiopia has a land size of 1,140,330 km2 (435,186 sq miles). Ethiopia is the largest land-
locked country situated in the horn of Africa. In addition, it is the second-most populous country in
the Sub-Sahara Africa.
It is the second most populated nation in Africa with population of 94 million (2015 est), and 13th in
the world. The young and productive age accounts for 60% of the population. Ethiopia is considered
as a gate way to Africa as it is a seat for AU, ECA and many international organization: the political
capital for Africa.
Ethiopian is a federal democratic republic composed of 9 National Regional states which are based
on ethnic territories: These are Afar region, Amhara region, Benishangul-Gumuz region, Gambela
region, Harari region, Oromia region, Tigray region, Somali region and Southern Nations nationalities
and Peoples’ region, and two Administrative states (Addis Ababa city administration and Dire Dawa
city council). (U. Ethiopia 2016)
Fig 4.1 Location of Hawassa

city
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4.2 Ethiopia Economy

According to the report by UNICEF Ethiopia, “Ethiopian has experienced strong and broad-based
economic growth since 2004. The growth performance during the GTP I period was built on the fast
and sustained growth achieved during the preceding 7 years. As a result, real GDP growth during the
last 12 years averaged 10.8 percent per annum “ (U. Ethiopia 2016). The report also listed some of
the economic achievements, some are
• Ethiopia’s continued vulnerability to climatic and other external shocks, including those
related to global prices and inflation has compromised its efforts to reduce poverty. The
country’s overreaching development goal premiant the eradication of poverty through
“broad-based, accelerated and sustainable economic growth” that is also inclusive and
equitable. After rising to average of 10 % in 2015, inflation is likely to decline moderately in
2016, to 8.1 %.
• The current five-years development plan, the Growth and Transformation plan II (GTP II),
has objective to sustain the accelerated growth and establish a spring board for economic
structural transformation and thereby realizing the national vision of becoming a lower
middle-income country by 2025.
Ethiopia has the fastest growing economy with annual average GDP growth rate is 11% for the last
12 years as according to the report. (GAROMSA 2016)
4.3 Historical background of industry sector in Ethiopia

According to the literature by MOI, manufacturing industry in Ethiopia begun in the 1950 ‘s much
earlier than the Sub-Saharan African countries while modern industries began to emerge in the
second half of the 1950’s aiming at substituting imports. The early 1970’s introduced a central
planning system of economic management. (Industry 2013)
By the early 1970’s, Ethiopia’s industrialization policy included a range of fiscal incentives, direct
government investment and equity participation in private enterprises. The government’s policy
attracted considerable foreign investment to industrial section. For instance, in 1971/72 the share
of foreign capital in manufacturing industries amounted to 4l percent of the total paid-up capital and
many foreign enterprises operated as private limited companies, usually as a branch or subsidiary of
multinational corporations. The Dutch had a major investment (close to 80 percent) in the sugar
industry while Italian and Japanese investors participated in textiles; and Greeks maintained an
interest in shoes and beverages. Italian investors also worked in building, construction and
agricultural industries. (Industry 2013)
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4.4 GTP II and industrial sector

Ethiopian growth and transformation plan (GTP) is a five-year plan for different sectors and it has
been working since 2010/11 – 2014/15 as GTP I and GTP II is for 2016/17 to 2019/20 GC.
Objective of GTP II “…becoming a low middle-income country by 2025, through sustaining the rapid,
broad based and inclusive economic growth, which accelerates economic transformation and the
journey towards the country’s Renascence.” (Source: GTP II English version)
As one of the major departure of GTP II, “…emphasis will also be given to the development of export
oriented manufacturing industry, with the objective of transforming the structure of the economy to
enable the country to achieve the vision …”. As part of the strategy for bringing economic
development in Ethiopia, Industrial parks are developing in different regional towns with high job
opportunity bring mass migration and need strategy to accommodate the migrants.
From the report of Ethiopian Investment commission (EIC) incentive report on IP, With the vision to
make Ethiopia a leading manufacturing hub in Africa by 2025, the government places high focus on
industrial park development and expansion. IPs are developed with open investment area for the
private sector (domestic and FDI) located along key economic corridors, connected to ports by road
and electric-powered railways lines with close proximity to high labour force pool.
The IPD is anchored on the principles of:
- Specialized Parks: enhancing economy of scale and efficiency through the development of
specialized/clustered industrial parks;
- Export Promotion: government provision of industrial park incentives targeted at increased export
performance and competitiveness;
- Sustainability: maintaining high environmental standards through the use of renewable energy and
zero liquid discharge (ZLD) technology;
- Vertical Integration: enhancing forward and backward linkages in the economy; and
- Skills development and competitiveness: developing workers’ skills for enterprise competitiveness.
(Industrial parks in Ethiopia incentive package 2017).
The report listed out twelve (12) IPs in different parts of the country and the most of them are
described their specialities of production and areas they cover as follows.
25
- Adama Industrial Park: (Cluster/ Specialization: Textile & apparel, Footwear, Machinery
fabrication: Area: 10 million m2)
- Arerti IP: (Cluster/ Specialization: Building materials & furniture: (Area: 1mill m2)
- Bole Lemi Industrial Park (I and II): Cluster/ Specialization: Textile and apparel, leather and
leather products: (Area: 3.5 million m2)
- Debre Berhan IP (Cluster/ Specialization: Agro-processing) (Area: 10 million m2)
- Dire Dawa IP: (Cluster/ Specialization: Open for multiple sectors, focused on export as it is
the closest to port Djibouti ort Djibouti :(Area: 10 million m2)
- Hawassa IP-Eco-Industrial park (Cluster/ Specialization: Textile & apparel; (Area: 1.4 million
m2 (Phase 1))
- Kilinto IP (Cluster/ Specialization: Pharmaceuticals: (Area: 2.8 million m2)
- Kombolcha IP: (Cluster/ Specialization: Textile & apparel, Footwear & Leather products:
(Area: 10 million m2).
- Mekelle IP: (Cluster/ Specialization: Textile & apparel, Footwear & Leather products : (Area:
10 million m2)
2 (Phase 1Fig 4.2 Location of Industrial parks in Ethiopia

Source: EIC IP incentive Report
26
4.5 urbanization in Ethiopia/ Ethiopian housing strategy
From the report by Minister of urban development and housing, MoUDH, (Ethiopia is undergoing rapid
and dramatic urbanisation. The urban population is growing at over 5% a year, primarily driven by
migration to urban areas, which is likely to accelerate as economic opportunities in cities continue to
expand, and by the rise of new urban settlements. As elsewhere in emerging countries, migrants to
urban areas are attracted by the prospect of securing paid employment and by expectations of
improved health care, housing and education, which can be found in cities.
Of the total population of Ethiopia in 2015 (some 90 million), roughly 18 million, or 20%, are living in
urban settlements. By 2025, this number is expected to reach 30 million (roughly 27% of a total
population of 112 million). By 2035 the urban population will be around 49 million (some 37% of the
133 million total population). This means that the urban population of Ethiopia will increase
between 2015 and 2035 by some 31 million, and that the urban population increase accounts for
nearly 75% of the total population increase of 43 million during this period. Ethiopia is fast becoming
an urbanised society) (Ethiopian Urban Development Housing 2015)
Ethiopian minister of urban development and construction has set a strategy for urban housing in
the country. Accordingly, there are ‘four main strategies in housing development;
• ‘To guide the government intervention and participation of stakeholders in the sector,
• To Integrate and coordinate efforts to enable access to housing by the poor and mid income
level households.
• To Integrate the sector with employment creation.
• To encourage saving and arrange financial schemes ‘’ in addition to the strategies, the
ministry defined support package and scheme for the housing sector through Free land
supply, Taxation, Technical support, establish saving schemes, loan arrangement and
Undertake Capacity building. (construction 2013)
The ministry office has shown that housing development is not totally address by the government
but needs integration of employers with the employee, and encourages saving and financial scheme
for the sector development. As industrial park development brings higher number of population to a
city, it need to integrate housing in the industries development.
4.6 History and development of ‘Hawassa’ city

‘Hawassa’ city is located in the southern part of Ethiopia in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and
People’s Regional state. Located at a distance of 275 km from Addis Ababa, it is bounded by Lake
Hawassa on the West and north-west, Chelelaka swampy area on the east and south-east, ‘Tikur
27
Weha’ river on the north and ‘Alamura’ mountain on the south. Its astronomic location is 07˚03’ north
latitude and 30˚29’ east longitude.
Hawassa is a young city (just 56 years old) established with a good master plan. It is considered as one
of the well-developed cities in Ethiopia with a remarkable progress in the socio-economic
development with an integrated effort that involves government bodies, residents and various
organizations in the city and abroad. It is a beautiful city frequented by visitors from all around the
country and beyond.
Hawassa has progressively developed to Municipality level in accordance with proclamation number
51/2002 SNNPRS in May 20,1995 E.C. Since then, the municipality has been led by mayor,
accountable to the regional government. The city currently consists of eight (8) sub cities and 32
villages/kebeles each having its own administration office: Misrak sub city, Menhariya sub city, Tabor
sub city, Mehal Ketema sub city, Haik Dar sub city, Addis Ketema sub city, Bahel Adarash sub city and
Hawella Tulla sub city. The city administration categorized the sub cities and kebeles into two
groups as: Hawassa town (Misrak, Menharia, Tabor, Mehal Ketema, Haik Dar, Addis Ketema, Bahil
Adarash and Tulla town (Kebele 01) )and Hawassa city rural (the rest kebeles in Hawella Tula sub
city). (www.hawassaonline.com 2018)
Table 4.1 Hawassa city Administration Sub cities and Kebeles ; Source (Eshetu n.d.)
28
Fig 4.3 Hawassa city and the sub cites
4.7 SNNPR Government urban housing provision policy and strategy

CSA last report of 2007 shows that SNNPR has population (15.04 million) with 2.9 growth rate and
large rural area population. The state rank as second (having same growth rate to Oromia state)
after Gambella state which had 4.1 growth rate. From the total population of the state region, 89.7%
population lives in rural area. Of this rural population 25.6 % (3.5 million) are under the age group
from 15 to 29. (census 2008) .
29
The housing status of the state region, according to the manual prepared by SNNPR Housing
development and administration office, states that the two main problems identified in urban
housing development and administration of the region are,
• The imbalance between housing supply and demand

• Existence of high number of old houses and substandard houses
There causes of the problems were said:
• Rise of urban population
• Shortage of finance for housing development
• Low amount in preparation and provision of serviced land
• Low level of integrated infrastructure development
• Lack of construction resource provision and technology
• Less number of investors in housing development
• Not having modern land and land related resource registration
• Lack of strength in forming responsible institutionalized housing sector
• Poor strength in governmental housing administration
• No regulatory framework related to housing development and administration
The policy and strategy drafted by the SSNPR regional government in vision to see built affordable
housing in regional towns with standard, serviced infrastructure housing which are for the
community of different economic status,
The housing policy states the strategy to house different level of income group society especially for
the low income: these strategies are
1- Housing construction by government mobilization (IHDP)

2- Housing development by the private sectors (real estate,)
3- Cooperative housing
4- Housing development by government and private integration
5- Housing by interest and finance of Institutions (developmental institutions and enterprises)
6- Other housing development options
4.8 Housing options in ‘Hawassa’ city

From the data of official in Hawassa city housing development and administration unit, there are
different housing options in the city which most are implemented and very few under plan:
• Government induced housing (10/90, 20/80 and 40/60)
30
• Cooperative housing: (Currently delivered: 950 HH)

• Private housing development (lease)
• Real estate development (Currently two real estate are active with 21 HH and 24 HH)
• Private institutions housing for their employees
• Government with collaboration with institutions
• Governmental rental housing (“Kebele” house): 3826 HH
• Housing for inner city relocated community (Total in different sites: 880 HH)
• Condominium housing: 3538 HH in the city
• IPD related housing on wider private plot, service quarter rental houses (536 rooms)
• Governmental employee housing
• Teachers housing
4.9 ‘Hawassa’ industrial park

Hawassa industrial park was inaugurated in June 2016 GC. It was developed and supported by the
Ethiopian federal government specialized in textile and garment production. Its full operation kicked
off in February 2017, and now it has been 16 months ever since.
The park is developed under the national Industrial Park Development Corporation (IPDC) covering a
total area of 300 hectare; the current developed area is 1.4 million M 2. The number of employees (as
of this research) is 12,600 of which 10,000 works as machinery operators. These operators come
through a selection process conducted in seven zonal offices/stations in SNNPR.
A recent report from Intercept has investigated some of the prevailing issues and concerns over HIP
(http://www.Intercept.com). This happens to be the only investigative report we could find on the
park. The essence of the report is presented below as it has direct relevance to this thesis.
Ethiopia has set its eyes toward becoming a lower-middle-income country by 2025. In this regard, it
hopes to become a new hub for production of fast fashion. The establishment of the HIP is a small yet
pivotal leap towards reaching the goal. The HIP is a makeover of the garment industry hosting popular
apparel companies like PVH (home to famous brands such as Calvin Klein, Tommy Hilfiger, H&M, JC
Pen, etc). The park is praised for its structural elements including well-ventilated sheds, paved roads
(17 miles), the treatment plan that recycles 90% of the water. This is in contrast with the case in
countries like Bangladesh.
“The grass is always greener on the other side” they say. Though HIP looks rosy on the outside, it has
a different story on close inspection. First, the wage the workers are paid is poverty wage. The
international poverty line is $1.9 a day, about $57 a month. The factory operators are paid less than a
31
dollar a day (about 750 birr a month = $27). To put this in global perspective, the average monthly
salary of garment workers in Sri Lanka is $66, $136-$175 in Vietnam, $78-$136 in India and $170 in
Cambodia. Consequently, the minimum wage has forced some of the workers to rely on
supplementary money from their families to sustain them in the month, to live in rooms of minimal
facilities (e.g. bare, concrete rooms, four people sharing two thin mattresses on the floor). As a result,
many workers don’t see the job prospect as a long-term career opportunity. On the top of low pay,
the workers also complain of mistreatment/aggressiveness of the expat managers. In response to the
complaints, the managers often justify the low pay with either the inclusion of some benefits/extras
such as monthly food allowance or low productivity with the promise that the wage would increase
after productivity increases. In the garment sector worldwide, according to the report, it is far from a
given that increased productivity actually leads to wade increases.
Furthermore, the report also included safety-related concerns some of the workers (especially
women) shared. The workers often live far from the park because they could not afford closer
housing. This has forced them (particularly the night-shift workers) to walk for up to 30 minutes into
the interior and pitch-black part of the city. This in turn has resulted in incidents such as rapes and
psychological effects due to jeering and verbal abuse while walking the scary dark corners. As a result,
some companies made changes including the provision of transportation facility (but up to paved
roads only) and changes in the work shift.
The housing-related findings too merit a brief discussion. Stakeholders such as investors and the
government expect that the park will open job opportunities for 60,000 employees, just a quarter of
them have been housed. Due to the increased demands, this has resulted in a hike in housing prices.
The government initial strategy to address this was to integrate workers into the life of the city by
housing them among the population through the introduction of a microcredit scheme. In this
arrangement, a loan would be given to local families to cover 85% of the cost of building a small room
for rental in their respective compounds. An unforeseen challenge of this scheme is that once a worker
suddenly quits and returns to family (which is a frequent incident), the burden of paying the whole
rental amount rests on the shoulders of the rest of roommate(s). Cases such as locking the worker
until the corresponding employer intervened are not new stories. A potential strategy to address the
housing problem could be building dormitories for workers but this brings the notion that the
concerned stakeholders (e.g. the government, employers) be responsible for the workers, a risk they
seem not to take in order to avoid any blame.
The park has some implications to the city residents too. Some residents who had expected an
economic boost when the workers moved in are not happy with the contradictory reality since these
32
workers are paid very less. In fact, they complain that the cost of living has gone up for local residents
as a result. Moreover, some (particularly farmers) are threatened by the quest for farm land grabbing
in the name of expansion of the park. It has instilled the fear of losing land for this purpose. Although
the government pays compensation money for this, farmers voice that the money is not as sustainable
as the land.
4.9 A) Employment process of the operation workers in HIP

HIP employs operation workers through the ‘Human resource’ (HR) who is responsible to
communicate with different companies in the industrial park and facilitate the process. There will be
vacancies post announce for operation worker’s in different parts and inform the seven zonal ‘trade
and industries office; Halaba zone, Hadya zone, Kembata zone Gedeo zone, Gurage zone, SIdama
zone and Wolayta zones.) in SNNPR to register applicants. According to the study, all workers are
expected to come from SNNPR region. Some workers heard about vacancy through friends who
already are working in HIP. . According to the data from one of the regional office, Gedeo Zone, the
selection process starts by registration and felling forms (Annex 5). Applicants screening mainly
check for visual disability or hand and leg with no disability. And all applicants are female between
18 to 35 age group.
As described by Gedeo Zone trade and industry office, there are clusters to register applicants in the
six ‘weredas’ and the two cities administrations in Gedeo zone. These registered applicants are sent
to the zone office usually weekly or as convenient. After the lists came to the Zonal office, they then
will fill the forms here. They will be selected and sent for paper and practical exam in HIP on Tuesdays,
where the IP has schedule the day for Gedio zone applicants. At the time of the exam, official from
the zonal office bring the registered candidate to Hawassa and facilitate the process to get employed.
When they are employed, the human resource (HR) in HIP facilitate housing of there are vacant rental
rooms to be assigned. If there is no vacant room, they will stay temporary with friends of family for a
while and then search for rental housing in the city. Then the selected one will remain in Hawassa and
the officials who brought them will get back after facilitating the process. The newly employed workers
usually stay, at least the first month, with friends or relatives if any.
The entry point to the city usually are relatives, family of friends who takes them in in the first place.
They may come directly to the HIP job or some comes earlies in search for job from different part of
the country, especially SNNPR seven Zonal offices.
The operation workers, working hours has two shifts: from morning 6:00 AM to 2PM and from 2PM
to 11 PM. The workers get to the service station before an hour from the work shift starting time.
33
These getting into work and coming from hours are insecure and has many times exposed them to
thieves and burglars. The only day off is on Sundays.
4.10 Housing scheme for Hawassa Industrial park workers

In Ethiopia, Industrial park development corporation, IPDC, is responsible in developing and
managing industrial parks which are found in different parts of the country. IPDC when starting HIP,
started with housing strategy to develop housing in privately owned compounds in ‘Adis Ketema’
sub city through building service quarters in the compound with 3M by 4M size rooms. These rooms
were planned to accommodate 4 workers per room.
From the different sources of collected data sources, mainly from data from Sidama micro finance
institution official (SMFI), The IPD related housing was developed only in one sub city, Adis Ketema
sub city and started by the initiation of IPDC with the collaboration of SMFI. IPDC loan 24 million birr
to SMFI and let to administer the credit given to build service quarter in privately owned plot
residents in Adis Ketema Sub city which is closer to the Hawassa industrial park. The housing scheme
participant were 170 HH with in “Adis Ketema” sub city in two kebeles; Daka and Philadelphia. There
were sixty-seven (67) women and one hundred and three (103) men registered for the housing
scheme.
Kebele Number of units Percent

Number of
Daka 144 84.71%
units in each Table 4.2 Kebeles of built
Philadelphia 26 15.29%
Kebele housing in “Adis Ketema”
170
sub city
Built Housing units in per HH compound

1% 12%
47%
40%
Fig 4.4 Built housing units

per HH compound
1Housing unit 2Hounsing unit 3Housing unit 4Housing unit
SMFI was found in Dec 1994 GC, started as women’s development association from Irish fund for
‘Sidama development program’. On 1996 GC it changed to national organizational structure change
by legal proc.40/1999. it was legalised in 1998 GC.
34
From one of the services of the institution (Credit and Saving), rental house building loan (IP
worker’s housing), there were 536 service quarters build in the sub city.
Number of Built Housing Number of HH involved in Total HU Percentage

unit (HU) per compound the type of HU
1 2 2 0.37%
2 33 66 12.31%
3 72 216 40.30%
4 63 252 47.01%
170 536 100.00%
Table 4.3 IP induced housing profile in “Adis Ketema” sub city
The housing scheme for the IPD started on June 2016 GC by an agreement between, Hawassa
Industrial park, Hawassa city administration and SMFI initiated by IPDC. The objective of the
agreement was to share the housing demand induced by industrial park development; (In five years
60,000 IP workers will be employed)
There were 170 private house owners got the credit from June 2016 to July 2017 GC Total number of
housing units built are 536; The grace period for the credit was three months. The credit was
planned to be returned in three to five years’ time. They agreed to build from one to four housing
units per compound and one housing unit is rented for four industrial park works. Among these; 480
now rented for IP workers,48 rented for other residents and the rest 8 housing units are under
construction.
The loan from branch SMFI office in “Adis Ketema” sub city was made ready for the residents, under
the following nine requirements: (1) Request letter by the private house owners, (2) Bring a
collateral of site plan, (3) Support letter from ‘Kebele’, (4) Marriage certificate, (5) Four 3x4 size
photos, (6) Initial saving – 6 % of the required amount of money, (7) Service charge – 3%, (8) Pass
book for married couples of 15 birr and (9) Registration fee of 30 birr. But if the credit amount is
above 75,000 ETB; They ought to get the credit from the head office of SMFI.
The credit given was 34,000 ETB for each room, and to the maximum of 136,000 birr for HH building
4 rooms in their compound. This preference was made by the interest of land owners.
35
4.11 Future housing scheme plan for HIP

The IPDC has plan to develop housing for HIP workers who are planned to rise to 60,000 employees
in five years. According to the information from the IPDC official Hip was inaugurated on June 2016
GC, off the total area of 300 hectares, the current working area is 140 hectares. They have planned
to develop housing project in the area which covers 29 hectares.
There are three housing schemes which are planned by the IPDC for the coming five years.
i. Immediate solution – With the collaboration of SMFI

ii. Intermediate scheme – This is planes to develop pilot dormitories with 936 housing units per
block. In the building of this dormitories, there are 2 phases
PHASE -1 – will be implemented on 2 ha area (6 dormitory blocks), the housing typologies are
dormitory with studio type and ‘transitional rooms’ type. This includes studio and 1 bed rm.
Each block will have 18 housing units per floor and 72 units per block. The ground floor is let for
shops, dinning, kitchen and transitional rooms (6 housing units, which are provided for a family
types)
PHASE -2 Is to be implemented on 72 hectares.
These intermediate housing scheme is planned to take 5 months for each block and for all 6 blocks,
the project would take 1 year to be completed
Currently, it is on bid process.
iii. - Long term plan housing scheme with city hall. land is already reserved in HIP compound.
4.11 Summary of the literature review

One of the housing problem in cities comes from population migrating to urban spaces in search for
job. Industries development takes a good share in creating migration to urban areas.
Ethiopia, as one of the developing country planned for economic development to be lower middle-
income country by 2025. Industrial parks as a recent development takes different forms and are said
efficient way to manage energy and infrastructure and transform better the economy of a country.
In the other hand the economic opportunity of industrial parks need attention to balance the social
and infrastructures tension created in the city they exist or to areas nearby. From the basic human
needs shelter/housing is important issue that creates load on cities with industrial area.
36
Histories shows how cities where industries are developed or proximate experiences workers
accommodation challenges. Different strategies for housing includes, rental houses or dormitories
provided by the industries or the government.
Ethiopia as developing country set plan to “becoming a low middle-income country by 2025” and as
one of the strategy to develop the economy, Industrial parks have been developed in different
regions of the country. IP development attracts foreign investors and great job opportunity for the
citizens. These mass number of employees of IP came to the city from mostly rural areas and are
challenged to get used to the city life and get accommodation. Most of the challenges are related to
housing facility.
Hawassa IP operation workers housing study shows that there are very few housing (2000 workers
accommodation of 10,000) by the industry as a starting point. There are three housing schemes
which are planned to be developed in the coming five years. Until that the workers live in various
parts of the city where they find less house rent and closer to the transport line.
The working hours has been great challenge as it is too early (5PM) to get in and the second shift to
late (11 AM) to get home. This made it insecure as different crimes are happening.
The work place, time or shifts and residential services has to be coordinated in order to alleviate the
challenges.
37
Chapter 5 - Data presentation and data analysis

5.1 Introduction
Here under this chapter the empirical data collected through observations, discussions, interviews and
questionnaire of three different types (Annex 01) are presented. As it is stated in the methodology of
this report primary data were collected from interviewees of IP operation workers, rental house
owners, key officials of Hawassa city, one zonal (Gedeo zone) office, regional and federal offices. In
the primary data collection, especially a more in-depth interview was conducted with IP workers and
Hawassa city officials. Under the interview of key informants, in general, questions were structures in
a way to extract the information needed to deeply understand the case and answer the questions.
The study was made in Hawassa city, two selected area where the respondents residing. Namely,
‘Adis Ketema” sub city and ‘Hawalle Tula ‘sub city “Dato Odahe” area.
The data collected through the interview are presented in the following table. It shows three general
data types: the socio-economic data of the study group, the housing condition of the study and the
housing aspiration of the respondents to the problems identified.
“Dato” area
Hawassa Industrial park
“Adis Ketema” Sub city
Fig 5.1 Location of HIP and Study

area (google image 2018)
38
Dato Ohahe area
[Grab your reader’s attention with a

great quote from the document or
use this space to emphasize a key
point. To place this text box
HIP
anywhere on the page, just drag it.]
Adis Ketema
Sub city
Fig 5.2 Study area location
5.2 Socio-economic data collected

The data collected from the respondents (Hawassa industrial park workers and house renters) are
summarized in the following tables and graphs.
39
Socio-economic IP workers Percentage House Percent

data Categories (Of 50 renters age
workers) (5 HH)
Sex Male 8 16 % 3 60 %
Female 42 84 % 2 40 %
16-19 10 20 % 0 0
Age group 20-27 34 68 % 0 0
28-35 6 12 % 1 20 %
>35 0 0 4 80 %
Marital status Single 43 86 % 0 0%
Married 7 14% 5 100%
Below 10th grade 2 4% 1 20%
Educational 10th complete 33 66 % 1 20%
status 10+ college 15 30 % 1 20%
BA Degree 0 0% 2 40%
Below 1000 birr 27 54 % 0 0
Monthly Income 1000- 3000 birr 23 46 % 0 0
3001-6000 birr 0 0% 3 60 %
> 6001 birr 0 0% 2 40%
Idir 0 0% 5 100%
Social ‘Equb’ 21 42% 3 54%
interaction Other 11 22% 2 46%
None 18 32% 0 0%
Table 5.1 Socio-economic data of the respondents (IP Workers and House renter)
The respondents stress on the imbalance of their salary with the working hours.
From the socio-economic study of the research, the IP workers has listed safety and security
issues either in work place or in the neighbourhood they live in.
Data Questions asked IP workers responses Frequency (of Percentage

50 cases)
Has any crime been Yes 32 64 %
committed against you No 18 36 %
40
Robbery 24 75%
List of crimes Physical attack 6 19%
Safety Other 2 6%
and Is there a safety issue at Yes 38 76%
security your work place? No 12 24%
Chemicals smell of the 11 29%
What are the safety garment
issues at your work place Heat of the shade 18 47%
The garment fiber ‘kire’ 9 24%
What Health problem are Kidney infection and 50

you facing gastric sickness from
long hours standing and
working
Table 5.2 Safety and security issues of the respondents (IP Workers)
5.3 Case one - HIP Induced housing condition (in Adis Ketema sub city)
This section discusses about the housing condition of Adis Ketema sub city.
There were twenty-five respondents studied from fourteen compounds. The houses were rental
houses which were owned privately. The rental service quarters all are rented by four workers in a
room. This area is called 01 or ‘Selase’ area by the residents.
Adis Ketema sub city is one of the older sub city in Hawassa. It has regular street patterns and paved
asphalt main roads (From IP to SOS village) and other coble stone streets in the neighbourhoods. It is
among well services areas in the city. Taxi stations for the residents of the sub city is proximate: They
use ‘bajaj’ locally called three-wheel drive and other mini bus taxis for transportation.
41
42
Fig. 5.3 Street pattern of ‘Addis Ketema area’ Fig 5.4 Picture of Adis Ketema street
The figure ground shows that the area has

legible patters of the built structures. These has
relater with the regular street patterns.
Fig 5.5 Figure ground of ‘Addis Ketema’
The sample of the study were

taken purposive random
selected, which are the rental
houses of built for HIP workers.
A compound may have a
maximum of four rooms built to
two rooms to the minimum,
from a compound there one to
three interviewees carried
out.
0M 50M 75M 100M

100M
Fig. 5.6 Location of studied housing in ‘Addis Ketema” area
43
As IPDC housing scheme for the IP worker’s, the IP induced housing was built in ‘Adis Ketema’ sub
city which has five hundred thirty-six (536) rooms were built for the workers Each room were 3M by
4M: 12 m2 area. To rent these houses, the HR in HIP facilitate following if vacant rooms are available,
the workers can get the house sharing with four workers (a room is planned to accommodate four
residents) Rent price is fixed to be 1000 ETB per month sharing the rent to four person each pay 250
ETB.
The rooms are constructed since 2015 and finished from six months to a year time. The building
materials used were similar in all the compounds; Walls were HCB with paint finish, floors with
cement screed, roof CIS with fabric ceiling, the doors and windows were metal frames with glazing.
The housing built for the IP workers are described from different parameters to explain the physical
condition of the houses and the services to it. The housing study describes the services in the
compound and in the neighbourhood as follows; light source, cooking energy use, sanitary services
and waste disposal mechanisms of the IP workers in ‘Adis Ketema’ subcity, which was only survey of
IP induced housing cases in the sub city.
Data Parameter studied No. of respondent (of 25) Percentage

Electric power Hydroelectric power 25 100%
Cooking Charcoal- 16/30 14
Electric and charcoal 14/30 9
Pit latrine 25 100 %
Toilet None
Indoor – Self contained 0
Bathroom Shared 10 40%
facilities Not available 15 60%
Shared 5 20%
Kitchen facilities Outdoor – open courtyard 17 68%
Not available – (in rental room) 3 12%
Pipe water - Shared 21 84%
Water supply Underground water 4 16%
Waste Disposal Open space 8 32%
facilities Door to door collection 3 12%
Incarcerating/burning 14 56%
Table 5.3 Physical infrastructures Housing of IP workers in ‘Adis Ketema’ sub city
44
Building material Remark

Roof CIS
Door and Windows Metal frame with glass glazing Has same size for all rooms
Floor finish Cement screed Fine texture
Wall material Plastered and painted inside HCB Outer wall with no painting
wall with rough finish outside wall
Table 5.4. Building materials of the housing in ‘Adis Ketema’ area
Fig 5.7 IP induced rental housing in ‘Addis Ketema’ sub city
45
Life story 1: Miss Hiwet Worku

Miss Hiwet was born in ‘Aleta Wendo’ to the souther part of Hawassa: in Sidama Zone. She came
to Hawassa for the IP job when hearing the announcement in her area by the governmental
officials. She remembered when she came to Hawassa ; December 2018 GC ; with her father
escorted her when she first came. Her father is school teacher and her mother is a 10th grade
complete house wife. Hiwet is the first born to her family in five children. She has three sisters
and one brother who lives in Aleta wendo with her parents.
Hiwet has been working in HIP for six months now and as she said ‘the salary we herad was 650
ETB but now I get 1200 ETB and 100 ETB additional for overtime work. ‘she says she is happy so
far.
When she first came to Hawassa, she stayed around ‘Alito’ area with some friends’ rental house.
But they moved out to ‘Addis Ketema’ 01 areas for it is closer to HIP and from her friends’
suggestion. But she uttered that ‘the house rent was 500 ETB, we share for three but now it
becomes 600ETB. They increased 100 ETB after two months. “The house is in very poor
construction material and has no floor finish or proper wall finish.
‘It’s very difficult to live in this house but we’re waiting for better salary and upgrade the job’
The difficult thing she said she has found working in HIP is the work times. ‘The work shift starts
early morning at 6:30AM. But we wake up at 5:00 Am cook for breakfast and lunch and pack
some lunch. She said ‘we get to work in the shade. It is very big 700 or more workers are in
there. We work with follow ups. Sometimes the supervisors controlling is hard, they punish late
comers. Or if we move out to toilet and stayed a bit longer they come knocking the toilet doors.
They are annoying “said when telling how her work place experiences were. But she is fine with
the hardship in work place because she likes living in Hawassa.
Hiwet also said she want to stay in Hawassa for a longer time in HIP; at least for three years. And
then wants to move to other better job in the city. And she says” My parents encourage me a lot
especially my father advised me to work hard and learn to live in city. He wants me to get better
and win the situations. That is the reason why I am staying here. I want to get in to school and
upgrade. Want to have my diploma and then degree. Living in cities has many opportunities to
bet better in education and better job.
46
When Hiwet talked about her housing area condition “As you can see it has very bad quality. We
Fig5.8 Location of compound studied Fig 5.9 The compound pictures
Legend
1.Shower
2.Toilet
3.Traditional kitchen
4. Waste collection area
Fig 5.10 The studied compound in

‘Adis Ketema’
47
Fig5.11 (Left)
Traditional kitchen and
waste collection area
Fig 5.12 (Right) Toilet
Legend
A-Food storage
B- Sitting stools
C- Luggage
Fig.5.13 Floor plan of HIP rental house
Fig 5.14 HIP rental room interior pictures
48
5.4 Case -Two: Housing condition study of the IP workers in ‘Dato Odahe’ area
One of the study carried out area was Dato area which is found in ‘Hawalle Tula ‘sub city in Hawassa.
There are twelve kebeles in the sub city; and designated as ‘Hawassa city rural area’ It is recently
developed area to legalized ownership. The area has few taxi stations and irregular street patterns.
High number of IP operator workers live in this area. They live by sharing a room for two to four
workers to reside together. The study shows that this area is preferred by the workers for its low
rental price and its proximity to the HIP. The infrastructure of streets has low quality and has less
paved streets. At summer time when it is rainy, it is mud and difficult to access the sites.
FIG 5.15 – Figure ground of ‘Dato

Ohahe’ study area
The streets are irregular and not paved well.

Some local roads have dead ends and have
various block sizes. There are two man roads
where the HIP service bus pass on.
HIP Service bus line

Highway
FIG 5.16 Street pattern of ‘Dato’ study area
49
Fig.5.17 Location of sample interviewees in ‘Dato area’
The rental houses have different qualities. The housing conditions were studied with the following
parameters.
House rent price in dato area

<300 Birr
550 - 700 12%
Birr
36%
350-500
Birr
52%
Fig 5.18 Rental prices in ‘’Dato area’’
The physical condition of the housing was studied classifying to roof, wall, floor and door and
windows building materials. All the roof materials were CIS, but older and new condition were
evaluated. The wall material was all with mud and thatch traditional construction technique. But
some were plastered with concrete and painted; which were categorized as good wall quality. The
one categorized under medium wall quality has; plastered concrete wall with no painting finish. The
50
poor wall quality has no plastering of concrete but only mud and thatch plaster with fine texture
finish with the same material. For the door and windows evaluation, the doors and windows with
metal frame and glazed are grouped us good condition while the other group are for doors and
windows with wooden local product with lower cost are said to be medium quality.
Physical condition of the houses in Dato area

25
20
15
10
0
Roof condition Doors and windows Floor condition Wall condition
Very good Medium Poor
Fig 5.19 Physical condition of the housing in ‘’Dato area’’
The housing study shows that services in the compound and in the neighbourhood as follows
described light source, cooking energy use, sanitary services and waste disposal mechanisms of the
IP workers in ‘Adis Ketema’ subcity, which was only survey of IP induced housing cases in the sub
city.
51
Data Parameter studied No. of respondent (of 25) Percentage

Electric power Hydroelectric power 25 100%
Charcoal 11 45%%
Cooking Electric and charcoal 6 24%%
Wood and charcoal 8 32%
Pit latrine 25 100 %
Toilet None 0
Indoor – Self contained 0 0
Bathroom Shared 5 25%
facilities Not available 20 75%
Shared 5 20%
Kitchen Outdoor – open courtyard 8 32%
facilities Not available – (in rental room) 12 48%
Pipe water - Shared 13 52%
Water supply Underground water 4 16%
‘Bono’ water – communal water 8 32%
Waste Open space 12 48%
Disposal Door to door collection 3 12%
facilities Incarcerating/burning 10 40%
Table 5.5 Physical infrastructures Housing of IP workers in ‘Dato’ area
52
Fig. 5.20 ‘Dato Odahe’ are rental houses pictures
Life story 2: Miss Amanesh Arba “Dato Wefcho sefer” area

Amanesh Arba is 22 years old women who was born and raised in rural area from a farmer father
and a house wife mother. She came from Wolaita Zone “Dugna fango wereda “ ”‘Anka damot’
Kebele. She is the second among six children for the family with two brothers and three younger
sisters. The first child for her parent is a farmer, and the second brother help his parents at home
(age 17).
Amanesh says “ I came to Hawassa in 2014 GC around June. My friends usually talk about going out
from our rural area to cities. After completing TVET 10+2 class education I was losing hope to be
employed. I was at home with no job. I had friends who earlier came to Hawassa and suggested that
‘instead of staying in rural area without job, you should come, there are jobs here’. When I first came
she said ‘ I stayed with my aunt for almost three weeks. But I didn’t want to be burden for my aunt so
I moved out to my friends’ rental house” When she first came to Hawassa four years back, her first
employment job started working in Hawassa garment industry (which is old company) She worked
there for about two years.
She now lives with her roommate Abebech. But before this house she lived in 01 areas (IP
rental housing) for a month and then left the house. She said she left the house because of the
roommates she lived with whom she did not know, some steal things from each other. She heard
about ‘Dato’ area that the house rent is lower and moved to area renting the current house with her
friend with 500 ETB. Even though the rent share is the same with 01 house, she said ‘ I prefer to live
with my friend and some items we find here easily and with low prices. “Gulit” (small local markets)
are in the neighbourhoods.”. The rent price increase 100 ETB after three months for no reason.
She joined HIP in August 2017 with the help of her friends. She so far, worked in two
companies in HIP. She stayed for three months in the first company and changed to the current
company for 9 months now. When she talks about her job in HIP, she said ‘the salary is 900 ETB. It is
53
not enough, but I need money to sustain in anyway.’ ‘Even if I have a saving account but couldn’t
deposit no money so far’. She says most of the expenditure is on food. And they pay 600 ETB for
house rent. “I am staying to work in HIP, hoping to get things better. some informal information
comes, they say the salary rises with work experience. So am waiting for better salary.’ She said
when she explains how much interested to be working in HIP.
Every day at the industrial park work place was narrated by Amanesh “ I wake up every day
at 5AM and cook and ready myself. At 6Am I have to get to the service station so I get out from
home around 5:45 AM. The transport are not patient to wait us. so, we all get on time. work in starts
at 7AM and we work until lunch time 12PM. We have an hour lunch break. We have to get back at 1
PM. We then work until 3PM and get out with the service transport. “
“working standing for longer hours are very difficult, most workers get sick. Some even faint
on the floor and taken out to refresh. This happens because the shed is very hot and workers don’t
eat enough food.as they get earl morning. And the supervisors are very harsh, shouting and some
demoralize us “as she said. Her only day off is Sunday, on this day it’s family time and socialize. They
spend most hours of the day at home.
Amanesh finally suggested that the salary to be increased soon and the working hours or
shifts to be modified for safety issues. Most workers want to move out because of this and also are
moving out to work in different places informally and daily labour works.
Legend
Service bus drop
Studied Compound
V
V
54
Fig.5.21 Location of sample compound study Fig.5.22 The compund studied
Legend
1- Traditional kitchen
2- Toilet and shower
3- Tap water
Fig. 5.23 Amanesh house compound
Legend
1-Traditional kitchen
2- Toilet and shower
3-Cooking (with charcoal)
and laundry area
A. Store area
A B B. Food store
C. Sleeping space
D. Sitting stools
C D
Fig.5.24 Amanesh house Fig. 5.25 Toilet ans shower space
Fig.5.26
(Right)Sleeping
and sitting
space (C and D)
Fig. 5.27 (Left)

Storage spaces
(A and B)
55
5.5 Comparison of the two study sites

As one of qualitative data analysis, interpretation of the collected data to meaningful or
symbolic contents of the study were used to induce the data to some concept.
The data collected and presented target to answer the three research questions: i.e to identify
the housing condition, socio-economic impact and the final purpose was in order to suggest how
to address the housing problem. Accordingly, the analysis interprets the data to these three
contents.
5.6 The housing condition analysis

Under this, the housing services, physical conditions and the socio-economic impact of the
housing in the two studies sites are presented in comparison.
The physical services identified were, electric power supply, toilet facility cooking energy
sources, water supply, bathroom service and waste disposal system.
The physical condition of the houses are to be presented by evaluating the building structures:
roof, walls, doors and windows and floor, material status. And then the socio-economic impact
of the housing conditions will be discussed with the following three sub sections.
I- Physical infrastructures
In both study site the source of light were electric power and all housing in both sites had toilet
proviso. Other status of the physical infrastructures was compared as follows.
Water supply
30
20
10
0
Addis Ketema Dato Odahe area
Pipe water Under ground water Bono' water Fig 5.28 Water supply comparison
Cooking energy sources

20
15
10
5
0
Fig. 5.29 Cooking energy source
Charcoal Charcoal and wood Electric and charcoal
comparison
56
Bathroom service
25
20
15
10
5
0
Fig. 5.30 Bathroom serve comparison
Shared Not available
Waste disposal practice

15
10
0 Fig. 5.31 waste disposal system

comparison
Open space Door to door collection Burning
II- Physical condition of the housing

The housing building structures studies were the age of buildings, roof, wall ; doors and windows
and floor materials and qualities.
The Adis ketema were all built on 2015 GC with same materials and finishing. In the other hand
the second case study area has different housing status with different qualities and age of the
building structures.
CSI with ceiling CSI without ceiling Doors and windows

Metal frame with glazing Wooden
25
20
30
20 25
10 16
5
0 9
0
0
Addis Ketema Dato Odahe area Addis Ketema Dato Odahe area
Fig. 5.32 Roof structure condition Fig. 5.32 Doors and windows condition
57
Cement screed finished 30 25
Mud finish with no masonery tie 20 14

11
mud with masonery tie 10
0 0 0
25
0
11
11
HCB plastered and painted
6
Wooden with cement screed
0
Addis Ketema Dato Odahe area wooden mud plastered
Fig. 5.34 Floor structure condition Fig. 5.35 wall structure condition
III- The socio-economic effect of the housing condition

This part will be discussing on social and economic impact of the housing condition of the
two study cases. The social impact related to social interaction of the housing extending to
the neighbourhood, and under the economic impact of the housing: expenditures of food,
house rent, transport saving amount and other expenses that are directly or indirectly
related to housing and the neighbourhood under the study.
The housing in both case sites have social interactions among the workers, but there no
extended with the neighbourhood or house renters. All studies samples do not take part in
social institution like: ‘Idir’, ‘Equb’, ‘Mahber’ or other existing system in the neighbourhood.
As explained by the respondents, these is due to financial shortage and usually moving to
different rental houses would not let them to be part of the social institutions.
The other social issues studied and analysed were the safety and security issues related to the
housing in both sites. The listed crime committed against the respondents has same character in
both sites: Robbery, physical attack or other types. This was mainly due to the work shift hours.
The crime happens in the early morning time when going to work or; for the second shifts when
coming back from work. So, the main problem that exposed them were not he neighbourhood
but the work time shift. Both sites have witnessed this case.
The other main study was the economic impact of the housing. This was evaluated through the
income and expenditures of the respondents in both sites. This includes: income, expenditures of
food, house rent, transport, saving and other expenses in both sites. These are tried to find logics
of the economic situation of the housing effect.
58
Operation workers salary
650-750
1000-
ETB
1300 ETB
40%
45% Fig 5.36 House rent comparison of the two-
650-750 ETB study areas

800-900 ETB
15% 800-900 ETB
The diagram shows that the salary of HIP operation workers ranges from 650 ETB to 1300 ETB.
These variations are dues to the salary scale differences in the employing companies. Some
companies have fixed amount salary where as others consider over time workloads to pay. Some in
the other hand increase the salaries with work experience, from 6 months and above get increases.
Operation workers expenditures

other
Services 4%
6%
Transport
7% Food
45%
Food
House House rent Fig 5.37 House rent comparison of the two-
rent… Transport study areas
Services
other
The study shows that the expenses huge amount goes to food and house rent. this was
summarized taking all respondents amounts average, since the amounts have close digits.
Housing rent prices comparision

30 25
20
13
RESPONDANTS
9
10
0 0 0
0
Addis Ketema Dato area
1000 ETB 550 -700 ETB 350 - 550 ETB
59
5.7 Aspiration of the IP workers to their job and stay in Hawassa city
The study also tried to identify the aspiration of the works to reside in Hawassa city and interests to
work in HIP in the future. Respondents from both sites with mass number do not want to stay in HIP,
for mainly its low salary and workloads and shifts. In spite of their experiences in HIP, they most
want to stay in Hawassa city, as they believe there are job opportunities than their home towns and
rural areas. Under the following table summarize their aspiration and reasons to it.
Aspiration to stay in Responses Percentage Reasons to stay

Hawassa City
Liking the city now
Yes (35) 70% It is my dream city
Wanting to stay To better life and job opportunity in the city
To upgrade my education
It is expensive life
No (15) 30% Want to go back to where I came from
Am staying till I get my experience certificate
Table: 5.6 Aspiration of the workers to stay in HIP
How the 70% who wanted to stay in Hawassa are classified
45 %
Want to leave HIP
25 % -Who want to stay in HIP
and live in Hawassa 25 % Do 45 % Do not want to stay in HIP
not
25 % stay in HIP want to 25 % Want to stay in HIP
maximum for three stay in (Max 3 years) Fig 5.39 Future aspirations of
years then leave for HIP
other job in the workers who want to
Hawassa
stay in Hawassa city
60
Chapter 6- Summary of findings and recommendation

This chapter discusses summary of the study, findings of the study and recommendations provided.
The main purpose of this section is to state what the study found and performance of the data
analysis of the two case sites. It is organized in order to answer the research question and within the
following frame works. The housing condition are summarized according to the physical, economic
and social aspects. And the section discusses the summery socio-economic impact of the housing
condition. It will then describe the findings and recommendations of the study has suggested.
6.1 Housing condition of HIP operation workers’ summery

6.1.1 Physical condition of the housing
The physical condition studied the building materials physical infrastructures and services in the
house compound or in the neighbourhood.
The first study site: Adis Ketema area, showed that there were 536 rental rooms with same size (3M
by 4M; 12 sqm) shared to four workers. The construction materials used were painted and plastered
HCB walling material with metal frame doors and windows. They all have electric power for light
source and have shared toilets but the infrastructure problems were shower room, cooking area or
kitchen and waste disposal system. They workers use different source of energy for cooking
(charcoal mostly and wood sometimes).
The second study site, Dato Odahe area, shows that the houses the worker’s live in were rental and
but their sizes vary. The buildings were characterized with unfinished construction (especially ceiling
and flooring) with wood, mud and thatch mix walling some with cement screed wall plaster,
materials were used. The study grouped the physical condition of this specific site studied
categorizing into three groups: poor condition, medium and good condition; according to evaluating
the walling roof and flooring materials and the finishing materials used or absent. With all the
parameters, the housing had good roofing condition and medium doors and windows condition but
the floor and finishing materials were in poor condition.
6.1.2 Economic condition of the housing

All the housing was rental and the range they pay for rent were found to be from 30%- 38% 0f their
income.
A. The rental house in ‘Adis Ketema’, were constructed with the collaboration of IPDC and
Hawaassa city administration with participation of willing Hawassa city residents who own a
plot and have open land to construct the rental house for the HIP workers with fixed price;
61
1000 ETB per month. The strategy was to build these rooms and rent for four workers in a
room financed by IPDC, with 34,000 ETB credit money for every rental room.
The housing scheme in the Adis Ketema was a good start but mostly the operation workers find It
expensive; 1000 ETB which is shared among 4 roommates, whom they may not know each other.
Sometimes the roommate steal things from each other. This factor threatens the workers, and do
not want to stay in the HIP rental house. One of the roommate may leave the house any time and
the burden will be on the house owners who has to pay the credit to SMFI every month.
This housing scheme was good initiation to better the economy of the residents; as it upgrades their
asset and be income source onwards; own the rooms after three to five years of credit paying time;
and then potential will rent and get income after the credit is returned; For some who had no
regular income or employment especially for elder citizen the housing scheme made them happy.
The challenges for the owners were the continual moving out of the workers, are extending the
credit period (three to five years) and be free from renting IP workers. SMFI as a solution for the
problem the owners are facing to pay the credit monthly; they let one room to be rented out for
other resident other than IP worker. Some of the owners pay from their pockets in order to be free
from the credit.
These housing for the workers were relatively have better quality and fixed rent price. But the
individual rent share is higher (38% of their income). The workers get salary increase from six
months and above but depending on the company they work in. Thus, the affordability of the house
is difficult for most workers.
In addition to the house rent the Adis Ketema neighbourhood is well services area, lack small local
markets and shops where some household food items could be found in less prices. They have to
shop from main market of the city weekly.
B. The economic condition of the ‘Dato Odahe’ area shows that the rent prices lower but the
individual share was higher (42% maximum). But the food expenditures are lower here for
some local small markets “Gulit” are found in the nearby neighbourhoods. The workers
therefore spend. There was no transport problem to come from HIP and to the work.
The HIP induced the rental house in peripheral areas of new expansions of the city; where previously
were not legalized areas. There also include the rural areas of the city’ Tula’ area now has many
workers residing there.
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6.1.3 Social condition of the housing

The social condition of the house in ‘Adis Ketema’ identified the social activities and security issues
which came from the development of HIP or the workers impact in the neighbourhood.
The arrival of the workers to the neighbourhood has affected the security and some crime
commuted in the area; In both study sites, the residents witnessed that there is rise of robbery at
the peak hours (5 AM or 11 AM) when the workers are getting to their home or going to work times.
This usually happened between the distance from the service bus drop to their houses compound
the thief wait them around.
Social interaction of the resident with the house owners or to their neighbourhood was less due to
different factors. According to the responses from the workers; work shifts time has made them
inactive with the house owners or with the neighbourhood. The workers usually sleep after getting
out from work being tired of long standing hours at work place. The social interaction is less
extended with in the compound or in the neighbourhood.
Most house owners agree the state of workers continues moving out from the rented houses; for
different reasons; this resulted from house owners point of view was one of the factor which
created loose social interaction. The workers preference to rent the house were roommates choice,
wanting close friends or who came from same home town. The houses in ‘Adis Ketema’ lack social
strength, some steal from their roommates and sharing to four difficult for smooth social bond. They
usually therefore move out and rent in different peripheries area of the city to live with their close
friends.
6.2 The socio-economic effect of the housing condition

The study summery the housing condition affected the socio -economic condition of the workers.
The fact that they came from rural areas, adapting to new city lifestyle was a major challenge for
them. The houses spaces were comparatively confined and lacking services. And getting the services
are costly; especially buying water for household activities; the problem is intense in ‘Dato Odahe’
area.
The housing in ‘Adis Ketema’ strategy, to share a room to four, only considered the affordability but
it impacted the social condition of the residents. Most worker continuously moves out for the
inadequate space shared (3sqm/person). The insecurity between the roommates is the other social
thereat. In addition to this, the security problems from late night or early morning work shifts, has
been the social problem. There are robbers and thieves waiting for the workers when the get home
after getting off the bus. In the other hand the site has less access to market; no small local
63
markets” Gulit” (where food items and vegetations are found with less prices.). they go to the main
market with taxi.
The Dato site, has better social interaction between the roommates; these was because the workers
live with friends and fell secured to live together. The rent share but is high than the other study site.
They share a rent to two or three. They will have better relaxed space but they pay from 200 ETB to
300 ETB for the rent. The workers prefer to reside in low quality house with higher rent price than to
share to four. The other economic opportunity of this site is, there are local market “Gulit” in
number proximate to the neighbourhoods. Here food items can be found with little prices.
The housing condition impact on the economy of the workers’ can be summarized through
affordability of rent, expenditure of food mainly and other expenses which has risen from the
housing condition. The rental prices, even though they are 30-38% of their income which is border
line unaffordable, their overall wages are low compared to their expenditure on basic expenses such
as food. Therefore, the rent prices were not affordable and workers are struggling to pay. The
expenditures review was on rent, transport, food, health, saving and other parameters. The major
expenses were the rent and food expenses. The workers are thus looking for places were living and
rental expense are more affordable, and where they can have better social relationships. The
peripherals area, sometimes comparable rental prices for low physical quality of houses and less
proximity to work and other services and infrastructure, but they had lower cost of food items and
better control of who their room mates are and better social interactions.
6.3. Summary of Findings of the study

➢ Hawassa Industrial park operation workers are recruited from zonal offices or self-applicants.
These youths were girls and single marital status are required to apply. The age range was from
16 to 35 years old women.
➢ The HIP induced housing was dormitory rooms as hostels with made created less social
attachment. In fact, the workers are selected only if they are unmarried and do not have children
which already creates a temporary feeling as ultimately workers would want to marry and settle.
But this situation is not designed to create a settled neighbourhood.
➢ The HIP workers live in rental houses paying from 30 % to 38 % of their income which makes it
borderline affordable. The provided by HIP aside from its inadequacy in terms of numbers has
challenges of financial viability for the landlords. There were some services limitations in fulfilling
basic physical requirement of residence. Over crowdedness and lack of privacy was noted in
these houses.
64
➢ The industry park workers prefer to rent units based on social factors such as who their room
mates are, where their friends or people they know reside rather than the economic factors or
the physical condition of the houses. In spite of the poor housing quality and less services
available services availability, large number of workers preferred to rent rooms in informal rural
neighbourhoods in the outskirt of Hawassa than the rental housing scheme prepared for them.
➢ The study revealed that, the housing of the HIP workers were inadequate due to the following
major characteristics agreeing with international check points; mainly related to location (if the
housing cut off from employment opportunities), Tenure, services and other social services.
A. Both the study cases site housing tenure were rental. The insecurity of eviction is high in
rental houses. When comparing the two sites, insecure for eviction or rise of prices, is less in
the first site (Adis Ketema area) but higher in the second study area: ‘Dato Odahe’ area. The
house owners in the second case may increase rent price at any time or for any reason. But
‘Addis Ketema’ site housing is secure by the HIP and fixed the price and no eviction of
workers until the defined period is over.
B. Even though there are water and electrical services in both sites; but the quality of the
services were poor; with lack of some facilities, sanitation problem (no shower), no proper
drainage.
The physical quality of the housing in ‘Adis Ketema’ sub city has better construction and
material strength. They are built with professionals with in the municipality and supervision
of sub cities follow ups. It is well services in infrastructure: water, electricity, better road and
access pavements of the neighbourhood, but it has no separate cooking are planned, and no
shower room reserved. And the house is shared for four workers in 12 sqm area; which is
the space for cooking, sleeping, dining and dressing.
Whereas the physical condition of Dato are houses are poor with the listed lack of services
and less power of electricity. The construction material has poor quality and locally available
materials: thatch with mud mix mostly. The title deeds for the land owners were given with
in the last five years’ time. there were economic challenges to construct the rental houses
with better quality.
C. The city administration has no regulatory mechanism or legal framework to control to the
housing rent price; Especially for one of the study case; Dato area; even if the housing has
low physical quality, the rent price is rising from time to time.
Affordability of the rental house was less challenging the workers because they share the
room and rent costs with roommates.
65
➢ There was no housing development plan related to industrial park development in federal or
region level. Industrial parks are developed with little housing integration to it.
The housing development in ‘Addis Ketema’ sub city, was as dormitory rooms, a room to be shared
to four IP workers. Their roommates were left to be selected by the workers, but not of the time
they only can find a friend or two to be with. The rest roommates are assigned by the IP worker
when vacant rooms are available. These housing schemes were not planned to let the workers be
interactive with the neighbourhood they live in. No additional services were provide targeting the
arrival of the workers.
➢ The dormitories housing scheme lacked integration of services and infrastructure. The IPDC
housing scheme though about the provision of a room (physical provision) but it lacks socio-
economic integration to the houses. As explained by Turner (Turner 1976); Provision paradigm which
limited the social and economic opportunities of the resident, this relates to the housing scheme
here in HIP. The housing only has proper room to sleep in but no addition social services in the
compounds or in the neighbourhood they live in or economic opportunity which potentially create
attachment to the area they live in.
➢ The workers continuously moved out from one house to another; have less social
attachment to the neighbourhood they live in. The workers social and economic life has also been
negativity affected due to their housing condition. Even though the housing rent is shared 250 ETB per
person, they rent even to rent price but lower quality.
➢ The social interaction of the study was found to be poor; the instability of the workers and
the work shifts has affected their social life. The house owners have also said that they do not have
suitable time to site and be involved to social matters in the compound or in the neighbourhood.
➢ The housing shortage in the city which came from the arrival of the HIP workers has
activated peripheries and rural parts of the city (Referral hospital, area, Alamura area, Chefe Cote
Jebisa area, and others) for rental houses. According to the study these areas partly have got legally
title deed recently. The areas are characterized with local construction materials with unfinished
structures. But these type of low quality houses are let to rent since the workers migration.
➢ There areas used to be expansion and new lease area, which were inactive the workers
preference to rent the houses are more influenced by social factors still economic factors following.
In spite of the good housing provided they prefer to choose low housing quality and less as housing
is not only provided to be a shade but need to be integrated with social and economic factors
(Turner 1976). The economic opportunity to get food items with in small local markets in the
neighbourhood, and to have socially stable life, they prefer these areas (which are usually the
peripheries of the city;
66
➢ Many HIP workers leave their jobs because of the work culture and pressure at work place,
low payment and other economic issues to fit into the city life. But the study shows that the current
working population want to leave the industrial park but most of them still want to continue residing
in the city.
The housing condition findings:
• Physical condition: The area of the rental rooms in both sites, had maximum 4Mx4M and lowest
2.5MX 3 M which are all shared among three to four friends living together.
o The housings in both case study sites have no cooking space or kitchen and almost
all has no shower space provided.
• Social condition: The chance of getting the rental rooms in Adis Ketema is coming down as it is
only few numbers are available; The workers get the house if left out rooms or roommates has
moved out. This is rare to get the opportunity.
• Economic condition: The housing in both study sites most are difficult to affordable but the
preference to rent depends not on the rent price but other social and economic factors. The
workers prefer to live with friends they know than to live in better house with strangers.
o The house rent price is not affected by the proximity to the HIP. There are less rent
prices both near to the HIP and far away from the park. For there are transport
services to different area.
o The capacity to afford made the workers prefer less rent prices than housing quality
when renting the houses. The housing they prefer to live in lack finishing works,
especially floors and ceilings are not constructed. The works believe that they have
no much choice.
o The location of houses affects the cost of the rent, according to the rent prices in the
city. But in the area where IP workers prefer to live, the rent price is lower than
inner city rent prices; but higher than HIP built rental houses.
6.4 Recommendations
Development of industrial parks in Ethiopia are dynamic and going in speedy way. Along the
country’s main trade and transport access lines. This development is irreversible and the study of
Hawassa IP will be input from on how to accommodate the workers and sustain the development.
Stable workers will get skills and get the national target of development to higher level.
Housing the mass workers with intelligent strategies for the housing problem will keep the
development to up right and steady increase. Hereafter therefore the study recommends on to the
67
current strategy of the housing scheme and to other housing strategies, arising from the problems
and findings the study has brought.
6.4 A- Recommendation to Federal level

• From international best housing project practice experiences: mass housing project should
consider neighbourhood with inclusive composition; urban density has to carefully planned and
political commitment (national influence) is the main force to realize the strategies and projects.
As HIP will employee 60,000 in the coming five years the housing need national intervention.
There need to be nation housing development strategy related to industrial developments.
• There should be institutional set up for proper planning of Industrial park developments, but
integrated with cities plans, and having long term established settlements in mind. integrated
with housing coordinating regional and city administrative. They legality should be responsible
for follow ups, strategy development and make studies; to forecasted or identified problems.
• There should be institutional set up for proper planning of housing for Hawassa Industrial park
with well-coordinated efforts between the city, the Industry park and local authorities, Involving
the private sector in housing provision is a creative solution, however, this should be
comprehensively considered social dimension of housing condition including the integration of IP
workers with local people. They legality should be responsible for follow ups, strategy
development and make studies; to forecasted or identified problems.
• In order to reduce the impact of large number of industry workers on single towns, and also to
reduce cost of living, residences to industry workers could be divided in nearby satellite towns as
well as Hawassa itself.
• As planned by the IPDC the housing scheme phase; housing with in the HIP compound should
integrate housing with service and infrastructure facility and security of the workers.
• More studies should be made continuously about the effect of industrial parks to and measures
taken to find out which solutions work and which ones need improvements. The IPDC should
think in terms of continuous improvements as IPS are being built in large scale nationally in many
parts of the country.
6.4 B- Recommendation to regional government and city administration

• The housing development in regional states need to create workable financial scheme in
developing housing to the population of industrial parks.
• The city should have developmental plan integrating housing to HIP workers. The housing
scheme, as it was started should be worked with collaboration of the city administration and
better involvement. As these mass number of workers coming to the city, are potential economic
68
forces if targeted. This could be also integrating IP housing with other housing option the
government has designed.
• There should be integrated housing development; The workers not only need house to live in but
uses the services in the city; need services such as markets transport systems health services,
open spaces etc. which could improve the city economically and socially. There should be
alternative services targeted to the workers.
• The housing scheme developed or planned need continual follow ups and checking of its
workability.
The HIP housing in Adis Ketema, the house owners are having problems to pay the credit return
regularly due to the continues move outs of the workers. To help this, there should be cross
subsidized through some rooms to be rent out for other with the city rent price. This should lower
the rent price for IP workers and to live to three workers in a room. This strategy can be duplicated
to other sites in the city.
• The development of industrial parks crowd region cities housing and other services, therefore the
load should be shared to satellite towns. Contextualizing different rental housing scheme should
be duplicated with other parts of the city; especially to the peripheries and new expansion area
of the city. These areas have low income group of society. Most of the building structures in this
area are unfinished and low quality. The housing scheme can be practiced with extended credit
payback time and with less rent price in these areas which will benefit mutually the residents and
HIP workers. The workers not only need accommodation but groceries with less prices. Local
markets should be proximate to the housing sites.
• Most workers want to leave the HIP job but will stay in Hawassa city, this implies that there are
mass number of migrants who come to the city for job and all need housing. The city should set
strategies to benefit from the mass migrants.
• There should be bottom up strategy to house the workers. Integrating willingness of low-income
residents of the city in the housing scheme will help them attain an asset as well help the workers
secure housing with affordable rental prices.
6.4 C- Recommendation to HIP
• The IPs should restudy their model to make sure their plan is consistently appealing to local
workforce while remaining competitive
• The housing scheme which is planned to be developed in HIP should be integrated housing which
will increase the productivity of the workers. Most workers struggle to pay for house rent and
69
food, therefore integrating the work place with housing will decrease signing out of employees.
Integrating housing in the HIP will better the safety and security of the workers.
• Working hours has to consider housing accommodation: There should be resting spaces to pass
the peak hours and then go home then after. Or there should be rental houses / governmental or
private in distinct places where service drops the works on the spot.
70
References
Abate, Dr. Derbisa. 2017. Research Methdology. Addis Ababa: Mega publishing.
Barcelona Urban Thinkers Campus. 2015. Urban thinkers campus , housing i the city we need.
Barcelona: World urban campain.
Bieri, David S. 2012. “Housing affordability.” July.
Bonde-Henriksen, Nils,. 1982. Industrial park development: An overview and case study of Myles
Standish . University of Rhode Island.
census, Federal Democratic republic of Ethiopia population. 2008. “Summary and Statisticalr Report
of 2007 GC Population and Housing census.”
Christopher. n.d. “Qualitative Data Analysis.”
construction, Minister of Urban development and. 2013. “Urban housing Strategy of Ethiopia.” Addis
Ababa.
Duncan, Jennifer. n.d. Causes of Inadequate housing in Latin America and the Caribbean . Habitate
for Humanity Latin America & the Caribbean .
—. 2005. Causes of inadequate housing in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Eshetu, Berhanu. n.d. “Hawassa city Socio-economic Profile (1999-2001 E.C).” Hawassa.
Ethiopia, The Federal democratic republic of. 2015. Industrial park proclamation. Addis Ababa:
Federal Negarit Gazette.
Ethiopia, UNICEF. 2016. www.unicef.org>ethiopia.
Ethiopian Urban Development Housing, Ministry. 2015. National Urban Development Spatial Plan.
Addis Ababa: Egis International in association with IAU-IdF&Urba Lyon.
GAROMSA, Hailu Tefera. 2016. Highlights of Bussiness and Investment Opportunites inEthiopia .
Tokyo,Japan: Embassy of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.
Gebeyehu Abelti, Marco Brazzoduro, Behailu Gebremedhin. 1994. Houing conditions and demand
for housing in Urban Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: Central Statistical Authority (CSA).
HABITAT, UN. 2008. Housing for all: The challenge of affordablity,accessibility and sustainablity.
Nairobi: programme, UN-Human settlements.
ILO. n.d. https://www.ilo.org. Accessed April 2019.
2017. Industrial parks in Ethiopia incentive package. Addis Ababa: Ethiopian Investement
commission.
Industry, FDRE Ministry of. 2013. Ethiopian Industrial development strategic plan(2013-2025), . Addis
Ababa.
JHA, ABHAS. 2018. “(http://www.worldbank.org).” October.
Kalugina, Anastasia. 2016. “Affordable Housing Policies: An Overview.” Cornell Real Estate Review.
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Kamete, Amin Y. 2001. The quest for affordable urban housing: A study of approaches and results in
Harare, Zimbabwe. Harare: Carfax .
Lien, Le Thi Bich. n.d. “Housing for Employees in Vietnam.”
Meşter Liana-Eugenia, Bugnar Nicoleta-Georgeta. n.d. “THE ROLE OF INDUSTRIAL PARKS IN

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.” Oradea, Romania.
Nor Rashidah Zainal*, Gurmit Kaur, Nor ‘Aisah Ahmad & Jamaliah Mhd. 2012.
www.sciencedirect.com. July.
Ohno, Keinchi. 2017. “Hawassa Industrial park Impression from Japanese perspective.” Tokyo.
Ohno, Kenichi. 2017. “Hawassa Industrial park impression from Japanese perspective.” Tokyo.
Omole, Kayode Felix. 2010. “www.reseacrhgate.net/publication/228617021.” Contemporary

Management Research. December.
Tegenu, Tesgaye. 2010. Urbanization in Ethiopia: Study on Growth, Patterns, Functions and.
Stockholm.
2018. theintercept.com. July.
Timmins, Geoff. 2013. “Housing Industrial workers during 19th C.” Industrial archaelogy review 111 -
127.
Turner, Jhon F.C. 1976. Housing By people Towards Autonomy in Building Environments. New York.
UN-HABITAT. 2005. Financing urban shelter.
UN-HABITAT, United Nations Center for Human Settlements. 1996. “An urbanization world.”
Vidová1, Jarmila. 2010. “INDUSTRIAL PARKS - HISTORY, THEIR.” REVIEW OF ECONOMIC

PERSPECTIVES, Volume X. Issue 1, 41-58.
2018. www.hawassaonline.com . 20 February.
Yin, Robert K. 2003. Case study research Design and Methods. California: SAGE Publication.
72
Annex 1 – Standard questioner for IP workers

Name of Interviewer: _______________________________________________
Names of interviewee: ______________________________________________
1. Profile
1.1. Personal profile
• Age: ____________________Sex: _________________
• Marital status: (Single, Married, divorced, widowed, other)
• Family size ________________________________________________
• Educational background: _______________________________________________
• Other skill or training: __________________________________________________
• Where did you came from? ______________________________________________
• When did you come to Hawassa? _________________________________________
• Why did you come to Hawassa? __________________________________________
• How did you come to Hawassa? _________________________________________
• Did you come to Hawassa alone or with family? ____________________________
• If not Why? ___________________________________________________________
1.2. Family background: permaman

temporary
Relationsh
month in
Income /
Job type
ip in the
Remark
Gender
Marital
Special
status
Name
Skills
Age
birr
No.
HH
et
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2. Economic condition
2.1. Monthly Income: _____________________________
Other source of income _______________________________________________
What other activity do you do in Hawasa income generating or other?
____________________________________________________
2.2. Expenditure _________________________
73
Expenditure Daily Weekly (in Monthly (in Total Remark

(in Birr) Birr) Birr)
1. Transport
2. Food
3. Water
4. Electric
5. Health
6. House rent
7. Other
Total
3. Employment profile
3.1 Current company you are working in
____________________________________________________________________________
• Period of employment in the industry park
_____________________________________________________________________
• Period of employment in the current company
_________________________________________________________________
• The company special service to its workers:
__________________________________________________________________
o House allowance______________________Food
____________________________Health _______________________
Skill development / Training_____________Clothes
_________________________Other ________________________
• (If you changed job with in IP) Why did you change the company with in the Hawassa
industrial park?
___________________________________________________________________________
• For how long is your Plan to work in the industry park? ___________________________
• Pervious work experiences ___________________________________________________
3.2 How did you hear about the job? ________________________________________________
3.3 What did you hear about the job? ________________________________________________
3.4 What was your expectation when coming to work in the industrial park?
_____________________________________________________________________________
74
3.5 How did find you expectation after you become a worker in the industrial park?
_____________________________________________________________________________
3.6 What is the advantage of working in the industrial park?
3.7 What are the disadvantages of working in the industrial park?
_____________________________________________________________________________
3.8 What challenges did you face as the industrial park worker?
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. Housing profile
4.1. Where did you stay when you first arrive in Hawassa? (Mark on map)
___________________________________________
• The house tenure type? Private/ Kebele/ Informal/ other
_________________________________________________
• For how long did you stay there?
___________________________________________________________________
• How was the housing occupied? (Shared, private, other)
________________________________________________
• Why did you move out?
____________________________________________________________________
• How much did you pay for rent?
_____________________________________________________________
• What did you like about that house?
_________________________________________________________
4.2. Current house status
Location and address ____________________________________________________
How far is from transport/service drop (Map) _________________________________
Period of stay in this house _______________________________________________
Why do you choose the house? (Price, location, friends, renter’s problem other
_______________________________________________________________________
Housing living way: (Shared, individual, family/relative,other

____________________________________________________________)
What is the challenges of the housing? _____________________________________
Is the house rental? _____________________________________________________
How much do you pay rent at present? _____________________________________
75
(If the house is rental) Is there rent price change in the period? How?
__________________________________________________
4.2 Physical condition of the house
Area _________________________________________________
Wall material _________________________________________________
Floor material _________________________________________________
Roof material _________________________________________________
Ceiling material __________________________________________________
Number of other rental housing unit in the compound

_______________________________________________________________
4.3 Sketch of the compound and the house
4.4 Previous housing condition
How many houses did you move since you work in the industrial park?
_____________________________________________________________
Reason to move out: (Price, location, friends, other

_________________________________________________________________
Period of stay in the house _______________________________________________
Why did you choose the house? (Price, location, friends, other
________________________________________________________
Housing condition: (Shared, individual, family/relative, other

_________________________________________________________)
What is the challenges of the housing?

___________________________________________________________________
(If the house is rental) Is there rent price change in the period? How?
__________________________________________________
76
5. Social interaction
5.1 With whom do you live? Alone, Family, Friend I knew, Friend I become , other
___________________________________________
5.2 Do you have social group? Edir Equb Mahiber
Others
5.3 What is the basis for social interaction?
________________________________________________________________________
5.4 Do you have a communal space that you use for holidays and other ceremonies:
yes No
?_______________________________________________________________________
5.5 What are the benefits you get from the social interactions?
________________________________________________________________________
5.6 How do you spend your day offs/ weekends? (Is there habitual actions)
________________________________________________________________________
5.7 What are your suggestion to improve your social interaction?
__________________________________________________________
6. Safety and security
6.1 Has any crime been committed against you in the neighbourhood? Yes No
6.2 Has any crime been committed against people you know in the neighbourhood?
What?__________________________________________________________________
Where?_________________________________________________________________
When? ________________________________________________________________
6.3 Has any crime been committed related to your work going or coming time?
Yes No
What? __________________________________________________________
Where? ___________________________________________________________
When?__________________________________________________________________
6.4 Is there any safety or security issues at the work place?
________________________________________________________________________
7. Activity table to show their special activity through the day and the week?
7.1. Week days activity table
No. Time Activity Place/space of the activity Remark

1
2
3
4
77
5
7.2 Day offs activity table
No. Time Activity Place/space of the activity Remark

1
2
3
4
5
6
8. Public facilities
Service Location Means of Name of Frequenc Remark
transport service y of visit
Market
Grinding mill
Church/Mosque
Hospital / Clinic
School
9. Physical infrastructure
9.1. Cooking: Hydro Electric  Generator  charcoal  kerosene  fire wood 
animal dung  other 
9.2. Light: Hydro Electric generator  candle  kerosene  fire wood  biogas 
Other 
9.3. Source of drinking water: Private  communal/compound  public  spring
water  river  other 
9.4. Solid waste disposal system: Door to door collection  private 
other 
9.5. Gray water disposal system On the road  storm water ditch 
septic tank  other: 
9.6. Black water disposal: On the road  storm water ditch 
septic tank  other: 
10. Future plan future house discussion

10.1. Do you wish to remain living in Hawassa city? __________________why?
10.2. How do you wish your house to be in Hawassa city?
Location / Why? _________________________________________________________
78
Size/ Why ?_________________________________________________________

Infrastructure _______________________________________________
Other suggestions ______________________________________________________
How much rent would you afford? ____________________________________________
How much can you save? ____________________________________________________
11. Where do you see yourself in five years’ time? ________________________________

Education status______________________________________________________
Economic status______________________________________________________
Job _________________________________________________________________
Other _______________________________________________________________
11.1. Where do you want to live in the future? Why?
___________________________________________________________________________
11.2. In what type of house do you want to live?
___________________________________________________________________________
Why do you choose? __________________________________________________
When do you want to have a house?

____________________________________________________________________
How do you think you own a house in the future?
____________________________________________________________________
11.3. What kind of people do you want your neighbour to contain?
_____________________________________________________________
11.4. What kind of services do you want your neighbourhood to contain?
_______________________________________________________
79
Annex 2 – Questioner for House renters
Rental house owners Questionnaire:

1. Personal Profile
Head of household_________________________________________________________
House: number____________________________________________________________
Tenure type _______________________________________________________________
Period of stay in this house__________________________________________________
Family size __ Male Female ______________
Job - (Employment type) Governmental / Private / Self-employed / Unemployed / Other
__________________________________________________________________________
Family income _____________________________________________________________
Other source of income _____________________________________________________
Income before renting ______________________________________________________
Income before IP renters ____________________________________________________
2. Economic condition
2.1 Monthly Income: ______________________ Other source of income
Expenditure Daily (in birr) Weekly (in Monthly (in Remark

birr) birr)
8. Transport
9. Food
10. Water
11. Electric
12. Health
13. Other
__________________________________
2.2 Expenditure: _________________________
3. About the rental Houses

3.1. Do the house owners live in the compound? Yes  No  (If no
where do they live?) _________________________________
3.2. When was the rental housing in your compound was built?
______________________________________________________
3.3. How many rental housing are there in the compound?
___________________________________________________________
3.4. Do you have other rental housing other than in your compound?
Yes  No 
Where is it located? __________________________________________________
80
When was it owned? _________________________________________________

How many rental housing units does it have? _____________________________
How much is rented? ________________________________________________
3.5. Sketches of the compound and the houses
3.6. What is the source of the housing finance?

____________________________________________________________________
3.7. Do you have plan to build additional rental houses (or rooms)?
_________________________________________________________
3.8 Why do you want to build more rental house?
______________________________________________________________________________________
3.9 What kind of residents do you prefer to rent the house for? And why?
3.10 What is the challenge in building rental houses?
3.11 How do you solve the challenges you face in building the housing units?
______________________________________________________________________________________
3.12 Is there a rental price changes through time? Yes  No 
3.13 If there is rental price change, what causes the change?
___________________________________________________________________________
(Q. no. 4 TO 6 - ONLY FOR THE IPDC WITH SMFI BUILT HOUSINGS)
4 Participate in the process of the housing strategy for the industrial park worker’s?
4.1 Were you informed about the industrial park development before
implementation? Yes  No 
4.2 How did you hear about the housing strategy for the industrial park workers?
________________________________________________________________
4.3 What were you informed you had about the housing strategy for the industrial
park worker’s?
________________________________________________________________
4.4 Who informed you about the housing strategy?
________________________________________________________________
4.5 How was the support given by ‘Sidama micro finance institute’?
________________________________________________________________
4.6 What were you asked to bring in order to get the credit from SMFI?
________________________________________________________________
5 How did you participate in the process?
5.1 At the Initiation stage
________________________________________________________________
5.2 Planning stage
________________________________________________________________
81
5.3 Implementation stage

________________________________________________________________
6 How much credit money did you get from SMFI? _______________________________________________
6.1 How much is the interest rate? _______________________________________
6.2 How long is the total payment period? _________________________________
6.3 How many housing units did you build?
_______________________________________________________________
6.4 How much money do you return for SMFI monthly? ______________________
6.5 How much is each unit rented? ______________________________________
6.6 Are you returning the credit regularly? _________________________________
If not why?________________________________________________________
7. What are the advantage and disadvantage the housing scheme of the industrial park development?
a. Advantages____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
b. Disadvantages
_____________________________________________________________________________
c. What are the challenges of renting the house for the industrial park worker’s?
_______________________________________________________________________________
8. Impact of the IP workers in the neighbourhood; before and after their arrival into the neighbourhood
8.1 How did you resolve conflicts in the neighbourhood?

____________________________________________________________________________
8.2 Is there a market prices change from the basic commodities before and after the IP renters
arrived in the neighbourhood?
____________________________________________________________
8.3 Is there a business evolved since the IP workers arrived to the neighbourhood? What type of
business? _______________________________________________________________________
8.4 Is there service sufficiency/crowded ness now before and after IP renter (such as schools and
health services) __________________________________________________________________
9. Social interaction
Edir Equb Mahiber Others
9.1 What is the basis for social interaction? ________________________________________

9.2 Do you have a communal space that you use for holidays and other ceremonies:
yes No
________________________________________________________________________
82
9.3 What are the benefits you get from the social interactions?
________________________________________________________________________
9.4 How do you spend your day offs/ weekends? (Is there habitual actions)
________________________________________________________________________
9.5 What are your suggestion to improve your social interaction?
_______________________________________________________________________________
10. Are you happy the IP is situated here? Why? _______________________________________

10.1 What benefits have it brought to you? _______________________________________
10.2 What complains do you have? __________________________________________
10.3 Do you provide IP workers any other service? _______________________________
10.4 Do you now any one in your neighbourhood who provides services targeted to IP
workers, what is the service?
________________________________________________________
Annex 3- Key informant (officials’) questioner
Key Informant questionnaire: Study on Impact of Hawassa industrial park
1. Personal Profile
Position ____________________________________________________________________
Profession __________________________________________________________________
Length of work experience at this position ______________________________________
Other work experience ________________________________________________________
Education: __________________________________________________________________
Role in the position? _________________________________________________________
2. Process
a. Were you informed about the industrial park development before implementation?
_______________________________________________
b. How did you participate in the process? What was done?
I. ________________________________________________________________________
II. ________________________________________________________________________
c. What are the public facilities planned for the industrial park workers?
i. Housing options planned?--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
83
ii. Health facility for the industrial park workers (migrants to the city)?
______________________________________________________________________
iii. Transport service ______________________________________________________
iv. Other facilities developed for the industrial park workers
______________________________________________________________________
d. What was the process in development of Hawassa Industrial park related to your work department? :
i. Was there an existing situation study? Yes  No .
ii. If yes, which of the following are there?
1. Social study 
2. Economic study 
3. Physical (spatial) study 
4. Environmental study 
5. Historical (heritage) study 
If so, are these study documents available? Yes  No 
__________________________________________________________
iii. How is the local population reaction to the industrial park development?
1. At the Initiation stage
_______________________________________________________________
2. Planning stage
____________________________________________________________________
3. Implementation stage
____________________________________________________________________
e. What are the advantage and disadvantage of the industrial park development?
_______________________________________________________________________________
f. What are the expected risk to the industrial park development?
_______________________________________________________________________________
g. Is there follow ups (reports/documents) in the current status of the industrial park? Yes  No 
_______________________________________________________________________________
i. What are the current challenges of which are faced in the implementation of the
industrial park?
______________________________________________________________________
ii. What are the measures taken for the current challenges that are faced?
____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
h. What are the future plan related to the development of industrial parks ?
_______________________________________________________________________________
84
Annex 4- Key informant (HIP Transport service) questioner

KEY INFORMANT QUESTIONERIE – Transport service
1. Personal Profile
1.1 Where did you come from? _____________________________________________________
Did you come for IP work? _____________________________________________________
Position _____________________________________________________________________
Profession ___________________________________________________________________
Length of work experience at this position __________________________________________
Other work experience _________________________________________________________
Educational background: ________________________________________________________

Certificate or licence level: ______________________________________________________
1.2 Role in relation to IP workers housing? ________________________________________________
2. Working with Hawassa Industrial park

2.1 How many companies do have transportation service?_________________________________
2.2 Your employer company name? _________________________________________________
2.3 When did you get this job? ______________________________________________________
2.4 How did you get the job? _______________________________________________________
2.5 Who is your employer? ________________________________________________________
2.6 How frequent do you communicate with your employer or officials with in IP?
____________________________________________________________________________
2.7 What do you discuss with the employer? ___________________________________________
2.8 What is the job contract type? Permanent or temporary?
____________________________________________________________________________
3 Transport service
3.1 Where do you live? _____________________________________________________________
3.2 How do you get to your work place? ________________________________________________
3.3 What type of housing do you live in? (Private, rental, Kebele, institutional, other
)________________________________________________________________
3.4 What do you like about your current house? What do you dislike about it?
____________________________________________________________________________
3.5 What time do you start your job every day? __________________________________________
3.6 How many shifts do you work? ____________________________________________________
3.7 What are the shifts time? __________________________________________________________
85
3.8 How is your weekly work schedule?

_______________________________________________________________________________
3.9 What is your monthly work schedule? _________________________________________________
3.10 Who are using the transport service? _________________________________________________
3.11 How do you identify the employee of the IP using the service?
______________________________________________________________________________
3.12 What are the challenges of your job?
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. Working environment
4.1 How many employees use your service _______________________________________________
4.2 How many service stops/stations are there?__________________________________________
4.3 Where are the transport service stations? _____________________________________________
4.4 Which stations drop mass workers? _________________________________________________
4.5 What is the maximum number workers at a station?_____________________________________
4.6 Do the number vary when they are going to work or coming from work?_____________________
5. Safety and security
5.1 Has any crime been committed against you in the at you work? Yes  No 
• What happened? ____________________________________________________
• Where has it happen? ________________________________________________
• When has happened? _______________________________________________
5.2 Has any crime been committed against people you know related to the work?
Yes  No 
• What happened? ____________________________________________________
• Where has it happen? ________________________________________________
• When has happened? ________________________________________________
5.3 Is there any safety or security issues at the work place? Yes  No 
6. Future plan
6.1 For how long is your plan to work with IP ?
6.2 Do you want to live in Hawass? Why?
6.3 Which area of the city do you want to live? Why?
86
Annex 5 – Applicants screening form for HIP (Gedeo Zonal office)
87
88
Annex 6 House rent agreement paper between house owners and IP workers
89
Annex 7 Adis Ketema IP induced housing construction phase progress report paper
90

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Housing condition of Industrial park workers’; The case of Hawassa Industrial Park

Housing condition of Industrial parks workers

The case of Hawassa Industrial park

By: SELAMAWIT TEKU JEGO

This thesis is submitted to the graduate Program Director of Ethiopian Institution of

Author: SELAMAWIT TEKU JEGO

Date: March, 2019 GC

Approved by the Examining Board:

Imam Mahmoud Hassen (MArch) ______________________ ________________________

________________________ ________________________ ________________________

________________________ ________________________ ________________________

________________________ ________________________ ________________________

Student`s Name: SELAMAWIT TEKU JEGO

under my supervision and it is sufficient for submission for defence.

Imam M. Hassen (MAArch)

Selamawit Teku Jego

Fig 5.14 HIP rental room interior pictures

3.7 Urban development and housing challenges of developing countries ................................ 16

6.4 A- Recommendation to Federal level ................................................................................... 68

1.2 Problem statement

1.3 Objectives of the study

1.3.2 Specific objectives

1.5 Scope and limitations of the study

1.5.2 Limitations of the study

1.6 Significance of the study

1.7 Organization of the study

- Research design and methodology

2.2 Research method selection

2.3 Case selection criteria

D Figure 2.1 HIP workers dominant

2.4 Sampling selection and Technique

2.4 Source and Type of Data

2.5 Data Collection Techniques

Research questions Data type Data source Data collection techniques

How is the housing Both - Household survey - Interview

Table 2.1 Data collection techniques

2.6 Data Analysis Techniques

2.7 Data reliability and validity

2.8 Research design diagram

Findings and conclusion

Fig 2.1 Research study framework diagram

3.2 Brief History of Industrial Parks

3.3 Socio-economic impact of industrial park

Yet other merits of industrial park development are enlisted below:

• It avoids joblessness by creating new job opportunities

3.4 Definition of Housing

3.5 Parameters to study housing condition

3.6 International workers office (ILO) Workers housing standard

3.7 Urban development and housing challenges of developing countries

• Poverty, low household income and unemployment

3.8 Housing affordability

3.9 Industrial parks and housing challenge

• Case study of industrial housing: ‘’Lancashire’s back-to-backs, ‘’

Fig.3.1 Plan and section of typical inset back-to-back houses

Fig 3.2. Typical back-to-back house features

3.10 Best housing for industrial workers in Vietnam

Fig 4.1 Location of Hawassa

4.2 Ethiopia Economy

4.3 Historical background of industry sector in Ethiopia

Imam Mahmoud Hassen (MArch) __