ENER G Y C O N S E R V A T I O N S P E C I AL I S T S

METAL AND
RUBBER LAYOUTS
International Association of Heat and Frost
Insulators and Allied Workers
9602 M L King Jr. Hwy.
Lanham, MD 20706
Phone: (301) 731-9101
 Table of Contents
Measurements Reducers
Segmenting a Baseline in Equal Parts.......... 1 Concentric Reducer................................... 53
Diameter/Radius/Circumference................ 2 Concentric Reducer International.............. 55
Ellipse Layout Band/Paper Method............. 3 Eccentric Reducer International................ 57
Miter Measurements...................................4 Hog Nose..................................................60

Tees Square To Round

Equal Square to Round....................................... 65
Bisecting................................................ 7 Square to Round Offset............................. 67
Trisecting............................................... 9
Unequal Head Gores
Unequal International...........................11 Tank Head Layout Gores........................... 71
Unequal Shortcut................................. 14 Standard Head Gores................................ 73
Oblong Bonnet......................................... 15 Swirl Layout Head Gores........................... 76
Elliptical Quarter Tee................................. 17
Equal Mono Tee......................................... 18 Rubber
Rubber Reducer (Concentric).................... 83
Gores Rubber Mono Tee...................................... 85
90˚ Radial Line Development.................... 21 Rolled Rubber Edge................................... 87
Elbow Gores with Equation....................... 23 90 Welded Elbow (Long Radius)................ 89
Elbow Butterfly......................................... 25 90 Welded Elbow (Short Radius)............... 90
Butterfly 90 Shortcut................................ 28 Rubber Reducing 90.................................. 91
Butterfly 90............................................... 29
Segmented 90.......................................... 30
Gore Pattern (Shortcut)............................. 32
Reducing 90s............................................ 33

Lateral Y
Negative Lateral Y Layout......................... 39
Lateral Y (Positive).................................... 41
Unequal Lateral Y and Body...................... 43
Rigid Material Lateral Y..............................46
Roof Drains............................................... 47
Pants .......................................................49
 Dividing a baseline into equal spac es

SEGMENTING A BASELINE IN EQUAL PARTS

Whatever your circumference is, you take the number of equal spaces you
want, and find a number that is greater than the length and divisible by the
number of equal spaces you want to achieve. Then put your ruler at an
angle with zero at the beginning of your circumference and to the number
you came up on the end of your circumference. Now put a mark at each of
the multiple amounts.

Example: Metal is 30” long and if you want 12 equal spaces. 36” is greater
than 30” and divisible by 12, so put your ruler on an angle from 0 – 36.
When you divide 36 by 12 you get 3”, so every 3” on your angled ruler put a
mark. Now just transfer those marks down to your baseline at 90 degrees.

Whatever your circumference is, you take the number of equal spaces y
want,
Step andbaseline
1: Draw find athenumber that
length of your is greaterForthan
circumference. the length
this example, our and divisible by th
circumference will be 30 inches.
number of equal spaces you want to achieve. Then put your ruler at an
Step 2: Draw vertical lines going up at each end of your circumference.
angle with zero at the beginning of your circumference and to the numbe
Step 3: Determine the number of segments you want. For this example, we will be doing
you
12 cameFind
segments. upa on thethat
number end of your
is larger circumference.
than your circumference andNow
divisibleput a mark at each
by the
number of segments that you need. So, we will be going with 36 (more than 30 and
the multiple amounts.
divisible by 12).

Step 4: Place your ruler on a slant, with one end at zero and the other end at 36. Since 12
Example: Metal is 30” long and if you want 12 equal spaces.
goes into 36 three times, we will be marking every 3 inches on our ruler.
36” is great
than 30” and divisible by 12, so put your ruler on an angle from 0 – 36.
Step 5: Make vertical lines going up from your baseline in through the marks you made.
When you divide 36 by 12 you get 3”, so every 3” on your angled ruler pu
mark. Now just transfer those marks down to your baseline at 90 degree

1
 Know
Know Diameter

ments you’ll need to (Distance across the center of a circle)

Know
DIAMETER / CIRCUMFERENCE / RADIUS

DiameterDiameter
There are three measurements you’ll need to know:
(Distance across the center of a circle) Circumference
(Distance across the center of a circle)
Diameter: (Distance across the center of a circle)
(Distance around the outside of the circle)

a circle)

Radius Radius
Radius (Distance from center offrom
(Distance circle)
center of circle)
(Distance from center of circle)
Radius: (Distance from center of circle to the outside)

e Circumference
Circumference
(Distance
the circle)(Distance around around
the outside the circle)
of the outside of the circle)
Circumference: (Distance around the outside of the circle)

NOTES:
Radius = ½ the diameter
Circumference = diameter X 3.14 (pi)

2
 Band/Paper Method

Step 5: Rotating the Band an

center line marks on the Maj
Minor axis lines the outer ma
your Ellipse

ELLIPSE LAYOUT BAND/PAPER

Ellipse layout METHOD
Band/Paper Method
Example: We’ll be making a 5 ¾ x 3⅛ ellipse

Example: We’ll be making a 5 3/4 x 3 1/8 ellipse Step 6: Use a Band or a flexib
to connect your reference po

Step 1: Draw crosshairs a few inches bigger than the

height and width of your ellipse.
Step 1: Draw Cross hairs a few inches bigger than
3⅛ the height and width of your Ellipse

Step 2: Mark the width of your ellipse on the horizontal

Step 2: Mark the width of your Ellipse on the
line and the height of your ellipse on the vertical line.
horizontal line, and the height of your Ellipse on
5¾
the vertical line.

Step 3: With a band or a piece of paper, mark the

distance from the center of your crosshairs to one of
the3:outer
Step With amarks on
band or yourofmajor
a piece paper axis.
mark the
distance from the center of your cross hairs to
one of the outer marks on your Major Axis.

Step 4: Rotate your band 90°, putting one of your

marks on the minor axis point and marking the center
point on your band.
Step 4: Rotate your band 90° putting one of your
marks on the Minor axis point and mark the
Steppoint
center 5: Byonrotating the band and keeping
your band. the center line
marks on the major axis and minor axis lines, the outer
Ellipse layout mark will make your ellipse.
Band/Paper Method

Step 6: Use a band or a flexible steel rule to connect

your reference points.
Step 5: Rotating the Band and keeping the
center line marks on the Major Axis and
Minor axis lines the outer mark will make
your Ellipse

Step 6: Use a Band or a flexible steel rule

to connect your reference points.

3
 O.D. of y

Step 2: U
portion o

Step 3: m
away fro
Measure
Determining How many Miters you’ll need for
Max distance is the ma
MITER MEASUREMENTS
your Sweep, or Tank Head


Step 4: T
your ove
length o
To get in
your insu
Determining How many Miters you’ll need for
Step 1: Swing an arc that will represent the
To get th
radius of
your Sweep, or Step 1: Swing an arc that will represent the insulated
Tank
insulatedHead
portion of the system that you’re

portion of the system that you’re making miters for.
making miters for (i.e., if you have a 36”


(i.e. if you have a 36” tank with two inches of insulation
tank with two inches of insulation, swing
an arc with a 38” radius, or if you’re making
swing an arc with a 38” radius or if you’re making
miters/gores for a sweep that is 6x1½
miters/gores for a sweep that is 6x1½ with a 42” CLR
with a 42” CLR, you’ll swing an arc that is
you’ll swing an arc that is equal to your CLR plus ½ the
equal to your CLR plus ½ the O.D. of your
Step 1: Swing an arc that will represent the insulated
O.D. of your covering)
covering).
portion of the system that you’re making miters for.
Step 2: Using a straight edge draw a line that touches a
(i.e. if you have a 36” tank with two inches of insulation
Step 2: Using a straight edge, draw a line
that touches a portion of your arc (tangent
portion of your arc. (Tangent line)
swing an arc with a 38” radius or if you’re making
line).
miters/gores for a sweep that is 6x1½ with a 42” CLR
Step 3: measure each side of your arc where it pulls
you’ll swing an arc that is equal to your CLR plus ½ the
Step 3: Measure each side of your arc
away from your tangent and there is only about ⅛” gap.
O.D. of your covering)
where it pulls away from your tangent
Measure the distance between those two points. (That
and there is only about 1/8” gap. Measure
Max distance is the max measurement you want for your miter)
Step 2: Using a straight edge draw a line that touches a
the distance between those two points.
portion of your arc. (Tangent line)
That is the max measurement you want
for your miter.

Step 3: measure each side of your arc where it pulls
away from your tangent and there is only about ⅛” gap.
Step 4: Take your max miter distance and divide it by
Measure the distance between those two points. (That
your overall insulated tank circumference or the overall
Max distance is the max measurement you want for your miter)
length of your insulated Heel.
To get insulated circumference multiply diameter of

Step 4: Take your max miter distance and
your insulated tank by Pi.

divide it by your overall insulated tank
To get the overall length of your heel multiply the

circumference or the overall length of your
radius of the heel (CLR+ ½ O.D.) by 1.57
Step 4: Take your max miter distance and divide it by
insulated heel.

your overall insulated tank circumference or the overall

length of your insulated Heel.
To get insulated circumference, multiply
diameter of your insulated tank by Pi.
To get insulated circumference multiply diameter of
your insulated tank by Pi.
To get the overall length of your heel,
To get the overall length of your heel multiply the
multiply the radius of the heel (CLR+ ½
radius of the heel (CLR+ ½ O.D.) by 1.57
O.D.) by 1.57.

4
NOTES

5
NOTES

6
 EQUAL TEE (BISECTING)

Equal Tee
Step 1: Draw a right angle. (Bisecting)
Step 2: Set your dividers to half of the outside diameter of the
pipe covering and draw a quarter circle from the apex.
1
0
2 Step 3: Divide the quarter circle into four equal segments and
label 0 through 4.
3

4
Apex

Step 4: Using a square, draw horizontal lines from the vertical

line through points 1, 2, and 3.

Step 5: Set your dividers using one of the measurements

0 1
2
on the arc.

4
Apex

Step 6: With this setting, walk your dividers across the

horizontal lines and mark as follows:
Line one, 1 time
Line two, 2 times
1 Line three, 3 times
0
2 Line four, 4 times
3 Step 7: Connect the outside marks on the
4
horizontal lines and cut out the pattern.
Apex

Step 8: This pattern is used for both the body

and bonnet. Remember to incorporate a lap
when transferring the pattern to metal.
Pattern

7
 2 of 2

EQUAL
Step 9: Use TEE
the (BISECTING) continued
pattern as shown for
the bonnet. Add for
Step 9: Use the pattern
notchesasfor
shown for the bonnet. Add for notches for a water shed
a water
when necessary.
2 of 2
shed when 2 of 2
necessary.
Step 9: Use the
Step 9: Use the
pattern as shown for
pattern as shown for
the bonnet. Add for
the bonnet. Add for
notches for a water
2 of 2 notches for a water
shed when
shed when
necessary.
necessary.

Step 10: Mark the center of

the metal. Use the pattern for
Step 10: Mark the center of the metal. Use the pattern for the body.
the body.

Step 10: Mark the center of

Step 10: Mark the center of
the metal. Use the pattern for
the metal. Use the pattern for
the body.
the body.

of
for

International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Asbestos Workers © Version 1 20

International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Asbestos Workers © Version 1 2003
International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Asbestos Workers © Version 1 2003
8
EQUAL TEE (TRISECTING)

Equal Tee
Step 1: Draw a right angle.
(Trisecting)
Step 2: Set your dividers to the radius of
your covering and draw a ¼ arc.

Step 3: With your dividers still set to your

radius, trisect your ¼ arc.

Step 4: Measure out a ¼ of your

circumference from your apex.

Step 5: Using a square, draw a horizontal

line through the mark on the lower portion
of your arc.

Step 6: Set your dividers to one of the

measurements on your ¼ arc.

Step 7: Walk your dividers over 2x on the

upper horizontal line, and make a mark.

Step 8: Connect the 3 points of reference

as shown in the figure to the left. Cut out.
This is your Pattern.

Step 9: Use the pattern as shown for the

bonnet. Add for notches for water shed
when necessary.

9
 EQUAL TEE (TRISECTING) continued

Half Bonnet Half Half Bonnet with Laps

with Bonnet
Laps Half Bonnet with Safety
with Laps Half Bonnet with
HalfSafety
Bonnet with Safety
edges edges
edges

Half Bonnet with laps Half Bonnet with safety edges

Step 10: Mark the center of the metal. Use

Step 10: Mark Step
the
the10:
center 10:
pattern Mark
ofthefor
the thebody.
the center of the
Step Mark
metal. center
Usebody. of thefor the body.
the pattern
metal. Use the pattern for the
metal. Use the pattern for the body.

Circumference Circumference of covering

of covering
Circumference of covering

10
 UNEQUAL TEE (INTERNATIONAL)

1 of 4 Unequal Tee Unequal Tee

nes Step 1: Set up 90° angles and draw lines
B and C from International
Baseline (A). This develops
Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Asbestos Workers © Version 1 2003

Apex #1 and Apex #2.

Draw two-quarter circles.

Quarter Circle #1 is drawn (from 1st apex)

after setting dividers to lA the outside
diameter of the larger pipe including insu-
lation.
Quarter Circle #2 is drawn (from 2nd apex)
after setting dividers to Vi the diameter of
the smaller pipe including insulation
g
Step 2: Divide the smaller quarter circle into
4 equal parts.
cle
Step 3: Extend the division lines through
the points on the smaller quarter circle
ugh (parallel to the baseline) across to the larger
e quarter circle.

Step 4: On the first reference drawing,

draw a line perpendicular to the baseline,
from any point between the quarter circles.
This line will be used as a measuring line to
g, the points on the larger quarter circle.
line,
Step 5: To begin the stretchout, set your
dividers using one of the equal segment
measurements on the arc of the smaller
ger quarter circle.
Transfer setting to the strechout line and
1 2 3 4 5 4 3
our mark off nine equal marks
nt
er

nd

11
Heat and Frost Insulators and Asbestos Workers © Version 1 2003
UNEQUAL TEE (INTERNATIONAL) continued

Draw new lines through new marks,

perpendicular to baseline.

Set dividers to marks on the layout.

Step 6: Measure from this new line over to

#1 and transfer this measurement to the
strechout on both #1’s.

Complete this process for the remaining

numbers.

Step 7: Connect marks to form half pattern.

If the bonnet is done in 2 pieces, on one
half, add one equal setting on each side
for laps.

12
 3 of 4 UNEQUALUnequal
TEE (INTERNATIONAL)
3Tee
of 4 continued Unequal Tee

3 of 4 And add a 3/8 inch safety edges on Unequal Tee

each side of the other half. Add a 3/8 inch safety edges on each side
Add notches for a watershed when of the other half.
necessary. Add notches for a watershed when
necessary.

3 of 4 Unequal Tee
le Pattern Hole Pattern
e Pattern

Step 8: For the hole pattern layout drawing,

le Pattern draw a baseline with a perpendicular line
rising from the center and both ends.
Using the reference drawing Figure 1,
Step 8: For the hole pattern layout
transfer the measurements of the arc on
drawing, drawLayout
a baseline with a
Drawing the largeLayout Drawing
quarter circle to the baseline.
perpendicular line rising from the center
and both ends.Layout Drawing Step 9: Using the reference drawing Figure
2, set dividers from the baseline to where
Using the reference drawing Figure 1,
each line intersects the large quarter circle.
transfer the measurements of the arc on Transfer to the corresponding points
the large quarter circle to the baseline. on each side of centerline on the layout
drawing. Add notches for a watershed
Step 9: Using the reference drawing when necessary.
Figure 2, set dividers from the baseline to
Layout Drawing
where each line intersects the large
quarter circle. Transfer to the
corresponding points on each side of
centerline on the layout drawing. Add
notches for a watershed when necessary.

4 of 4 Unequal Tee

Insulators and Asbestos

International
WorkersAssociation
© Version 1of2003
Heat and Frost Insulators and Asbestos Workers © Version 1 2003

nsulators and Asbestos Workers © Version 1 2003

13

Unequal Tee Shortcu

Step 1: On your jacketing draw a line the length of your circumference

For this short cut you
Step 2: Break up your circumference into 4 equal parts.

UNEQUAL TEE (SHORTCUT)

1. O.D. of large cov
2. Circumference o
Step 3: label each point 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. (Don’t forget to add lap)

Step 1: On your jacketing draw a line the length of your circum

Step 2: Break up your circumference into 4 equal parts.
For this shortcut you’ll need 2
Step 3: label each point 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. (Don’t forget to add la
measurements

Unequal Tee Shortcut

1.:O.D. of large covering

2.:Circumference of small

covering
Step 4: Set your dividers to the radius of your large covering.




Step 5: From the bottom of your material swing arch on point 1, 3, and 5

Step 1: On your jacketing,

draw a line the
length of your circumference

Step 6: Leaving your dividers on the same setting move up on lines 2 and 4
until your dividers connect with your arch’s on lines 1, 3, and 5 Step 2: Break up your circumference

into 4
1 2 3 4

equal parts.


Step 7: connect your arches to get your pattern.
1 2 3 4 5
Step 3: Label each point 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.
Step 8: Trim to fit if necessary.
(Don’t forget to add lap)

Step 4: Set your dividers to the radius of

your large covering.

Step 5: From the bottom of your material,

swing arch on point 1, 3 and 5

Step 6: Leaving your dividers on the same

setting, move up on lines 2 and 4 until your
dividers connect with your arch’s on lines 1,
3 and 5

Step 7: Connect your arches to get your

pattern.
1 2 3 4 5 Step 8: Trim to fit if necessary.

14
 Oblong Bo

Step 1: With a pi
Bonnet
You’ll need this t

OBLONG BONNET
Oblong Bonnet Body

Step 2: Draw a b
Step 1: With a piece of cardboard, trace template.
out the top of your bonnet. You’ll need this
Baseline
Step 1: With a piece of cardboard trace out the top of your bonnet. Step 3: Draw a ce
Bonnet template for your layout. times the diamet
You’ll need this template for your layout. little longer than
Step 2: Draw a base line a little longer than

Center line
Step 4: Trace out
the length of your template. centerline.
Body
Step 3: Draw a center line going down Step 5: From the
diameter of your
past your base line about 1 ½ times the
diameter of the body, and going up from Step 6: From tha
and scribe a quar
your base line a little longer than half the
bonnet width.

Step 2: Draw a baselineStep

a little4:longer
Tracethen
out the
your template,
length of yourcentering Step 7: Break up
template. it on your base line and centerline. quarter arch into

Baseline Step 5: From the bottom of your template, Step 8: Bring eac
Step 3: Draw a center line going down
measure down past
theyour baselineof1about
diameter your1body
2 3 4 5 6 78 9
½ Whichever point
straight out at th
times the diameter of the andbody,
makeanda going
mark.up from your baseline a that line.
little longer than half the bonnet width.
Step 6: From that mark set your divider to Step 9: From the
your bonnet, and
Center line

the radius
Step 4: Trace out your template of youritbody
centering and
on your scribeand
baseline a quarter
Step 10: Starting
centerline. arch.

Step 7: Break up the quarter portion of your

Step 5: From the bottom of your template
template measure
above the down
quarter the
arch into 4, 6
diameter of your body and
or 8make a mark.
parts.

Step 6: From that mark Step 8: Bring

set your dividereach one
to the of those
Radius of yourpoints
body
down to the quarter arch. Whichever point
and scribe a quarter arch.
is the last one to hit your quarter arch, draw
a line straight out at that point and bring
the rest of the points down to that line.

Step 9: From the top of your quarter arch,

measure
Step 7: Break up the quarter up of
portion the height
your of your
template bonnet
above the and
draw a new base line.
quarter arch into 4, 6, or 8 parts.
Step 10: Starting from the centerline,
Step 8: Bring each one of those points
number each down to thepoint.
reference quarter arch.
1 2 3 4 5 6 78 9
Whichever point is the last one to hit your quarter arch, draw a line
straight out at that point and bring the rest of the points down to
that line.

Step 9: From the top of your quarter arch measure up the height of
your bonnet, and draw a new baseline.

Step 10: Starting from the Centerline number each reference point

15
 Oblong Bonnet

OBLONG
Oblong BONNET continued
Bonnet

Step 11: On your metal/material, draw a

line the length of ½ your circumference.

Step 12: Break up your circumference into

the appropriate amount of segments and
number each segment.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Step 11: On your metal/material draw a line the length of ½ your circumference.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Step 12: Break up your circumference into the appropriate amount of segments, and number each segments.

Step 11: On your metal/material draw a line the length of ½ your circumference.

Stretch out
Step 12: Break up your circumference Layout
into the appropriate amount of segments, and number each segments.

Stretch out Layout

1 2 3 4 5 6 78 9

1 2 3 4 5 6 78 9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

1 Step
2 13:3 On your
4 layout,
5 6 set7your8divider
9 from
8 your
7 new
6 baseline
5 4 to your
3 quarter
2 1 arch on each
of your reference points and transfer those measurements to your stretch out.

Step 14: Add your appropriate laps and cut out.

Step 13: On your layout, set your divider from your new baseline to your quarter arch on each
of your reference points and transfer those measurements to your stretch out. Step 13: On your layout, set your divider
from your new base line to your quarter
Step 14: Add your appropriate laps and cut out.
arch on each of your reference points and
transfer those measurements to your
stretch out.

Step 14: Add your appropriate laps and

cut out.

16
 Elliptical Quarter tee

ELLIPTICAL QUARTER TEE

Step 1: Draw a 90° baseline.

D Step 2: Label the apex “A”.

Step 3: Scribe the radius along the baseline

measuring from “A,” label this point “B”

Step 4: Multiply ¼ circumference by

.85355 scribe the result along the baseline
measuring from “A,” and label this point “C”

Step 5: Multiply the radius by .7071 scribe

the result along the vertical line measuring
from “A,” label this point “D”

Step 6: Using line “AC” and line “AB”

as your lengths draw an ellipse from “D” to
“B”

Step 7: Divide line “AC” into 4 equal

D divisions and project lines upward at these
points just past point “D”

Special note: Line “AC” is the same length

as arc “DB”

Step 8: Set your dividers to one of line

“AC”s divisions and walk off arc “DB”
dividing it into 4 equal divisions as well

Step 9: From line “AD” project 90° lines

through the divisions on arc “DB” to the
corresponding lines from line “AC”

Step 10: Using a flex rule draw a line

through the intersection points made in
step 9 from “D” down to “C”. Band down
and mark where the band intersects with
D line A & C on the rest of your numbers 4-0.

17
 Step 1. Draw a rectangle that is ½
circumference long by the outer diameter +4”
Body in height.
Step 1. DrawLabel this “Body”
a rectangle that is ½
EQUAL MONO TEE circumference long by the outer diameter +4”
O.D.+4”
Body in height. Label this “Body”
Step 2. Draw a centerline that splits the
O.D.+4” height in half and runs with the ½ circ. Extend
½ circ this
Step line
StepStep 2. past
1. Draw
Draw
1: Draw the ends indefinitely.
aa centerline
rectangle
a rectangle thatisissplits
that
that ½½ the
circumference
height in half andlong runsbywith
the outer
the ½ diameter
circ. Extend
circumference
+4” in height.long Labelby the
this outer
“Body”. diameter +4”
Body ½ circ this
in line past
height. Label thethisends indefinitely.
“Body”
StepStep 3. Using
2: Draw a asquare draw
centerline thattriangles
splits theon each
height in half and runs with the ½ circ.
O.D.+4”
4” endExtend
of thethis “Body”. Making sure to align the
line past the ends indefinitely.
apex
Step 3. of Using
2. the square
Draw withdraw
a centerline
square the
thatcenterline
triangles on
splits the youeach
drew
end
height ofininstep
the 2.and
“Body”.
half Label these
Making
runs withsuretriangles
the ½ “Pans”.
tocirc.
align the
Extend
Step 3: Using a square, draw triangles on
apex
thiseach of the
line pastsquare
end ofthetheends
withMakethe centerline
body.indefinitely.
sure to align
you
½ circ
drew theinapex
stepof2.the Label
squarethese
withtriangles “Pans”.
the centerline
Stepyou 4. drew
Add in rectangular
step 2. Label extensions equal to
these triangles
the “Pans.” of the elliptical tee pattern “ELT”
Steplength
3. Using a square draw triangles on each
onto
Step
end of the
4. theends
Add of the
rectangular
“Body”. “Pans”.
Making extensions equalthe
sure to align to
Pans Pans theStep
apex length
of 4: ofsquare
theAdd the elliptical
with the
rectangular tee pattern
centerline
extensions “ELT”
equalyou
onto to the
the length of
ends2.ofLabel the elliptical
the “Pans”. tee pattern
drew (ELT)in step
onto the ends ofthese triangles “Pans”.
the pans.
Step 5. Use the “ELT” pattern to draw curves
Pans Pans
intoStepthe5:rect.
Useextensions.
the ELT pattern Label these
to draw “Paws”
curves
into the rect. extensions. Label these
Step 5.
4. Use
Step“Paws” Add the “ELT” pattern
rectangular to draw
extensions curves
equal to
into the rect.
the length extensions.
of the ellipticalLabel these “Paws”
tee pattern “ELT”
Step 6. Add for laps and safety edges on the
onto the ends of the “Pans”.
ends Stepof 6:
theAdd“Paws”.
for laps and safety edges on
Pans Pans the ends of the paws.
Step 6. Add for laps and safety edges on the
ends 5.
Step of Use
the the
“Paws”. “ELT” pattern to draw curves
StepStep 7. Cut out out alongthe
along theends ends and curves of
into the7:rect. Cut extensions. Label and
thesecurves
“Paws”
theof “Paws”
the paws and andsides
sidesofof“Body”.
body.

Step 7. Cut out along the ends and curves of

theStep
Step “Paws”
6. Add and
8: Rollforthe sides
laps
body of
andto“Body”.
safety
the O.D., edges
brakeon the
Stepalong8. Roll
the the
linesbody
of thetopansthefor O.D., brake along
stiffeners,
ends of the “Paws”.
thebrake
linesthe safety
of the edgesfor
“Pans” over, tighten the
stiffeners, brake
roller and roll the paws straight into the
the safety
Stepedge of edges
8. Roll thepans.
the over,totighten
body the O.D., thebrake
rolleralong
and
roll
Stepthe
the lines “Paws”
7. Cutof out straight
the along
“Pans”the into
for theandedge
stiffeners,
ends of the
brake
curves of
“pans”.
the safety
“Paws”edges and sides over,oftighten
“Body”. the roller and
roll the “Paws” straight into the edge of the
“pans”.
Step 8. Roll the body to the O.D., brake along
18 the lines of the “Pans” for stiffeners, brake
the safety edges over, tighten the roller and
NOTES

19
NOTES

20
 90° Radial line development

90˚ RADIAL LINE DEVELOPMENT

Step 1: Draw a right angle.

Step 2: From the apex measure over to the distance of your

CLR, and make a mark at your baseline.

Step 3: From your CLR, measure over in each direction the

Radius of your covering and scribe a mark on your baseline.

Step 4: With one end of your dividers placed on your apex, set
the other end on your covering radius marks and scribe arches
Radius Radius
up to your perpendicular line.
Radius Radius
Radius Radius Step 5: Divide up your 90 into the appropriate amount of
CL
CL
segments. (6 pcs. break up 6x, 8 pcs. break up 8x; if you’re
Apex
Apex
CL doing a sweep figure out how many pieces you need and
Apex break it up accordingly.) This will give you your heel and throat
measurements for your miters.

Step 6: Set your dividers to the radius of your covering, place

them on your CLR mark and swing an arch below your baseline.

Step 7: Decide how many reference points you want and break
up your arch below your baseline.
1st
Miter
Step 8: Bring up those points to your baseline.
1st
Miter
Step 9: With your dividers set at your apex, go to each point
you brought up to baseline and scribe an arch a little past
1st
Miter
your 1st miter.

Step 10: Bisect your 1st miter above your baseline to get
Layout
your ½ miter.

Step 11: On the heel of your miter, go up 3/8” and make a mark.
Then with a straight edge scribe a line to your apex.

Step 12: Starting at the throat, number your points of reference.

+ 3/8

5 6 7
4
2
3 1/2
1 Miter

+ 3/8

5 6 7
4
2
3 1/2
1 + 3/8
Miter
Layout 5 6 7
4
2
3 1/2 21
1 Miter
 90˚ RADIAL LINE DEVELOPMENT continued
90° Radial line development

90° Radial line Step 13: On a piece of metal, scribe a line

development
90°
90° Radial
Radial line
line development
development
the length of your circumference.

5
4
4
3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6
Step
Step14:13:Break yourofcircumference
On a piece metal scribe a up into
the appropriate amount of segments.
line the length of your Circumference.

Stretch Step 14: Break your circumference up

4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
6
6 Step
Step
Step15: Start
13:
13: On
On a numbering
piece of metal your asegments
scribe
54
5
43
4
2 1 2
Out 3 4 5 6 7 6 into
Step the On a piece
appropriate
13:length
a of
piece of metal
metalofscribe
amount scribe a
ofCircumference. a
5 4 with whatever
line
line the number
your correlates with your
line the
the length
segments.length of
of your
your Circumference.
Circumference.
CLR number on your layout.
Step 14: Break your circumference up
Stretch Step 14:
Stretch
Stretch Step 15: Break
14: Break your circumference
start numbering
youramountyour
circumference up
up
Out into
into the
the appropriate
appropriate amount of
of
Out
Out segments
into the with whatever
appropriate number
amount of
segments.
segments.
4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6
correlates with your CLR number on
segments.
5 4 your layout.
Step 15: start numbering your
Step
Step 15:
15: start
start numbering
numbering your
your
segments
segments with
with whatever
whatever number
number
Step 16: Using
segments
correlates with
with a set
whatever
your CLR ofnumber
dividers
number on on your
4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 correlates
correlates with
with your
your CLR
CLR½ number
number on
on
54
4
43
3 2
2
1
1
Stretch
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
6
6 layout,
your 16: Using a set of dividers on your to your
go from
layout.
Step layout.
your
your miter line
5 4
Out your layout.
5 4
3/8” line and transfer thatline
distance
to your to the

5
5
layout, go from your ½ miter

4
4
appropriate
3/8 line, and transfer that distance tostretch
segment on your the out.
4.
Step 18: To one end add lap. Then put hole punches at 4, 7 and

Stretch

4
4
Stretch appropriate segment on your stretch

3
3
Stretch Step
Step 16:
16: Using
Using a
a set of dividers on your
Out
Out Step
out.
layout,16:
go Using
from a set
set½
your
of dividers
ofmiter
dividers
line
on
on
to
your
your
your
Out layout, go from your ½ miter line to your
layout, go from your ½ miter line to your

2
2
3/8
3/8 line,
line, and
and transfer
transfer that
that distance
distance to
to the
the
3/8 line, and
appropriate transfer
segment that
on distance
your to
stretch the
appropriate
appropriate segment
segment on
on your
your stretch
stretch

1
1
out.
Step 17: Using a band connect all your
out.
out.
Stretch points.
Out
Stretch

Out
Stretch

Out
Stretch

2
2
Out
Step
Step 17:
17: Using a band connect all your
Step 17: Using
Using a
a band
band connect
connect all
all your
your

3
3
Stretch
Stretch points.
points.
Stretch
Out points.
P
LA

Out
Out

4
4
Step 17: Using a band, connect all your
points.

5
5
PPP
LA
LA
LA

6
6

7
7

Step 18: To one end add lap. Then put hole punches at 4, 7 and P
LA
4.

6
6

Step
Step 18:
18: To one end add lap. Then put hole punches at 4, 7 and
Step
4. 18: To
To one
one end
end add
add lap.
lap. Then
Then put
put hole
hole punches
punches at
at 4,
4, 7
7 and
and
4.
4.
points.
Step 17: Using a band connect all your

out.
appropriate segment on your stretch
3/8 line, and transfer that distance to the
layout, go from your ½ miter line to your
Step 16: Using a set of dividers on your

your layout.
correlates with your CLR number on
segments with whatever number
Step 15: start numbering your

segments.
into the appropriate amount of
Step 14: Break your circumference up

line the length of your Circumference.

Step 13: On a piece of metal scribe a

Step 18: To one end add lap. Then put hole

punches at 4, 7 and 4.

22

Gores for L.R. Sweeps or S.R. 90’s

ELBOW GORES (WITH EQUATION)

Equation for your Heel and Throat Measurements
(CLR + or – ½ O.D.)x 1.57
÷ # Miters
(CLR + or - 1/2 O.D.)x 1.57
Add ½ the O.D. for heel and subtract ½
# of Miters the O.D. for throat.
Add ½ the O.D. for Heel and subtract ½ the O.D. for thr
Step 1: Draw a base line and mark the
Step 1: Draw a base line and mark the length of your
length of your diameter.
Diameter
Diameter.

Step 2: On one side of your diameter go up
½ your heel measurement + 3/8”.

½ Heel Step 3: On the other side of your diameter
+ ⅜ up 1/2 your 316”.
go
½ Throat
��� Step 2: On one side of your Diameter go up ½ your Heel
measurement + ⅜”.
Step 4: Connect your heel and throat
marks.
Step 3: on the other side of your Diameter go up ½ your
316 “.
Step 5: Set your dividers to the radius of
your covering and swing an arc below the

base line.

Step 6: Break your arc up into 6 equal parts
(or break up your arc into however many

reference points you want).
Step 4: connect your heel and throat marks

Step 5: Set your dividers to the Radius of your covering a

Step 7: Bring your tri-section marks up to
swing an arc below the base line.
your ½ miter line.

Step 8: Number your reference points 1

Step 6: Break your arc up into 6 equal parts. (Or break u
through 7. (Or however you want to label
your arc into however many reference points you want)
your reference points)

6 7
5
4
1 2 3

Step 7: Bring your Tri-section marks up to your ½ miter l

Step 8: Number your reference points 1 through 7. (Or

however your want label your reference points)

23
 ELBOW GORES (WITH EQUATION) continued

Step 9: On a piece of metal scribe a line the
Step 9: On a piece of metal, scribe a line
length of your Circumference.
the length of your circumference.

Step 10: Break your circumference up into the
Step 9: On a piece of metal scribe a line the
4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 5 4 Step 10: Break your circumference up into
appropriate amount of segments.
length of your Circumference.
the appropriate amount of segments.
Step 11: start numbering your segments with
Step 10: Break your circumference up into the
Step 11: Start numbering your segments
whatever number correlates with your CLR
4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 5 4 appropriate amount of segments.
Stretch Out
with whatever number correlates with your
Step 9: On a piece of metal scribe a line the
number on your layout.
CLR number on your layout.
length of your Circumference.
Step 11: start numbering your segments with
whatever number correlates with your CLR
Step 12:Step 10: Break your circumference up into the
Using a set of dividers on your
Stretch Out number on your layout.
layout, go from your ½ miter line to your
4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 5 4 Step 12: Using a set of dividers on your layout,
appropriate amount of segments.
go from your ½ miter line to your 3/8 line, and

3/8 line, and transfer that distance to the
Step 11: start numbering your segments with

4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 5 4 transfer that distance to the appropriate
appropriate segment on your stretch out.
whatever number correlates with your CLR
Step 12: Using a set of dividers on your layout,
segment on your stretch out.

Stretch Out Step 13:number on your layout.
Using a band, connect all your
go from your ½ miter line to your 3/8 line, and
points.
transfer that distance to the appropriate
4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 5 4

Stretch Out segment on your stretch out.
Step 13: Using a band connect all your points.
Step 14: To one or both ends add lap.
Step 12: Using a set of dividers on your layout,
Then put hole punches at 4, 7 and 4.
go from your ½ miter line to your 3/8 line, and
(Or whatever #s correlate with your heel
Stretch Out transfer that distance to the appropriate
4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 5 4 Step 13: Using a band connect all your points.
and CLR).
segment on your stretch out.




Stretch Out Step 13: Using a band connect all your points.





LAP

Stretch Out
LAP

Step 14: To one or both ends add lap. Then put holes punches at 4, 7
Stretch Out

and 4. (Or whatever #s correlates with your heel and CLR)

LAP

Step 14: To one or both ends add lap. Then put holes punches at 4, 7


and 4. (Or whatever #s correlates with your heel and CLR) Stretch Out



Step 14: To one or both ends add lap. Then put holes punches at 4, 7

and 4. (Or whatever #s correlates with your heel and CLR)

24
 ELBOW BUTTERFLY
f3 1 of 3 Elbow Butterfly Elbow Butterfly

Step 1: Draw a vertical line and a horizontal

Elbow Butterfly
perpendicular line. Set dividers to ½ of the
outside diameter of the pipe insulation and
draw a quarter circle.

Step 2: Draw vertical lines A and B. Line

A is ½ of the throat measurement of the
International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Asbestos Workers © Version 1

butterfly.

Draw a line at a 45° angle from line A to

line B.

a vertical line and aReference Drawing Step 3: Divide the quarter circle into 4
Reference Drawing equal segments. Label 1 through 5.
s
pendicular line. Set dividers
side diameter of the pipe Step 4: Draw a vertical line from each to
draw a quarter circle. line A-B. On the reference drawing, set
B
dividers to the measurement of the arc
A
vertical lines A and B. Line A between points 1 and 2.
oat measurement of the
A
5
a 45° angle from Line A to 4

3
the quarter circle into
1 42
ts.
h 5.
a vertical line from each to

ce drawing, set dividers to

ent of the arc between
.

st Insulators
tional and Asbestos
Association of Heat Workers
and Frost©Insulators
Version 1and
2003
Asbestos Workers25© Version 1 2003
 ELBOW BUTTERFLY continued
2 of 3 Elbow Butterfly

Step 5: Draw a centerline and mark this

distance 8 times. Draw a perpendicular
his 1 2 3 4 5 4 3 2 1
line from each point, above and below the
ar line centerline.
e
Step 6: Label the lines from 1 through 5,
and then back to 1. This should be ½ of the
circumference of the pipe insulation.
h 5, and
he
n.

1 2 3 4 5 4 3 2 1
om the
B
sponding B Transfer the measurements from the
reference drawing to the corresponding
numbers on the layout drawing.

AA
5
5
4 4
3
1 2 Circumference-
3
1 2

Step 7: Add a 1” lap to both ends. Add

Add notches as necessary.

t and Frost Insulators and Asbestos Workers © Version 1 2003

26
 ELBOW BUTTERFLY continued
3 of 3 Elbow Butterfly

The butterfly will be used for the throat

The Butterfly portion of the elbow. Use the regular elbow
will be used for gore layout for the side/heel/side portion.
the throat portion Add the necessary laps.
of the elbow.
necessary. Use the regular
elbow gore
layout for the
side / heel / side
portion. Add the
necessary laps.
Elbow Butterfly

utterfly
e used for
roat portion
elbow.
he regular
gore
t for the
heel / side
n. Add the
sary laps.

International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Asbestos Workers © Version 1 2003

27
 BUTTERFLY 90 (SHORTCUT)
Butterfly 90° (Shortcut)

Step 1: Get a negative tee pattern for the

size covering you are using.

Negative
Negative Step 1: Get a negative Tee pattern for the size
Tee
Tee covering you are using
Pattern
Pattern

Step 2: On a piece of metal, scribe a line that is equal

Step
to half the 2: On a piece
circumference ofcovering
of the metal, scribe
that youa line
will
that
be jacketing. is equal to half the circumference of
CL the covering that you will be jacketing.
Step 3: Draw
Steplines perpendicular
3: Draw to your scribetoline on
lines perpendicular
Full throat each endyour
of your half circumference
scribe line on each end measurement.
of your half
Scribe Line
circumference measurement.
Step 4: Bisect your half circumference line. (So you’ll
have twoStep
areas4: Bisect
equal to ayour halfofcircumference
quarter your line
so you’ll
circumference) have two areas equal to a quarter
of your circumference.
Step 5: On your5:centerline,
Step go above andgo
On your centerline, below your
above and
scribe linebelow
and mark
yourhalf of your
scribe linethroat measurement.
and mark half of your
Pattern Pattern throat measurement.
Tee Tee
Negative Negative

Step 6: Place your negative tee pattern on your half

Step 6: Place your negative tee pattern on
Negative Negative throat marks
yourashalf
shone on the
throat Figure
marks astoshown
your left.
on the
Tee Tee
Pattern Pattern
figure to your left.

Step 7: Add lap7:

Step and cutlap
Add out,and
youcut
mayout;
need to trim
you maytoneed
fit. to trim to fit.

28
 Butterfly throat 90

Step 1. Draw a 360° baseline.

BUTTERFLY 90

Step 1. Draw a 360° baseline.
Step 2. Determine the throat radius.
Positive throat= CLR- radius of covering
Step 1. Draw a 360° baseline.
Negative throat= 2” “standard lap”
Step 1: Draw horizontal baseline intersected by
Step 2. Determine the throat radius.
Step 1. Draw a 360° baseline.
a vertical baseline.
Positive throat= CLR- radius of covering
Special note: A positive throat is when the
Step 2. Determine the throat radius.
CLR of the 90 is greater than the radius of the
Negative throat= 2” “standard lap”
Step 2. Determine the throat radius.
Positive throat= CLR- radius of covering
covering. A negative throat is when the CLR of
Step 2: Determine the throat radius.
the 90 is less than the radius of the covering.

Negative throat= 2” “standard lap”
Special note: A positive throat is when the
Positive throat= CLR- radius of covering
ELT ELT
CLR of the 90 is greater than the radius of the
s

Negative throat= 2” “standard lap”

ay
aw

Special note: The throat radius is found by

ht

covering. A negative throat is when the CLR of

Special note: A positive throat is when the
subtracting the radius of the covering from the
ig
ra
St

CLR of the 90 is greater than the radius of the

the 90 is less than the radius of the covering.
Step 3. Multiply the throat radius by 1.4142,
CLR ofSpecial note: A positive throat is when the
the fitting. If the result is negative use 2’’.
St ELT ELT
covering. A negative throat is when the CLR of
s

ra
CLR of the 90 is greater than the radius of the
mark the result on the vertical baseline above
ay

ig
aw

ht
ht

aw
the 90 is less than the radius of the covering.
covering. A negative throat is when the CLR of
and below the horizontal baseline.
ig

ay
ra

s ELT ELT
St

ELT ELT
Step 3: Multiply the throat radius by .7071, mark
ys

Step 3. Multiply the throat radius by 1.4142,

the 90 is less than the radius of the covering.
a
aw

half the result on the vertical baseline above and

ht

St ELT ELT
mark the result on the vertical baseline above
ig

ra
below the horizontal baseline.
ay
ra

ig
aw
St

ht
aw
ht

Step 3. Multiply the throat radius by 1.4142,

and below the horizontal baseline.
Step 4. Use the elliptical tee pattern to draw an
ig

ay ELT ELT
ra

St s
St

ra
ig
h mark the result on the vertical baseline above
Step 3. Multiply the throat radius by 1.4142,
arc above and below these marks.
St taw
ra
ig ys
ht
a ELT ELT and below the horizontal baseline.
Step 4: Use the elliptical tee pattern to draw an
mark the result on the vertical baseline above
aw arc above and below these marks.
Step 4. Use the elliptical tee pattern to draw an
ay
s ELT ELT and below the horizontal baseline.

arc above and below these marks.
Step 5. Use a square to draw a 90 angle on the
Step 4. Use the elliptical tee pattern to draw an
ends of these arcs. Be sure to keep the apex of
Step 5: Use a square to draw a 90 angle on the
arc above and below these marks.
Step 4. Use the elliptical tee pattern to draw an
the square on the baseline. Label these lines
ends of these arcs. Be sure to keep the apex of
the square on the baseline. Label these lines
Step 5. Use a square to draw a 90 angle on the
arc above and below these marks.
“straightaways”
“straightaways”
ends of these arcs. Be sure to keep the apex of

Step 5. Use a square to draw a 90 angle on the
the square on the baseline. Label these lines

ends of these arcs. Be sure to keep the apex of
“straightaways”
Step 5. Use a square to draw a 90 angle on the
Step 6. Set your dividers to the radius of the
Step 6: Set your dividers to the radius of the
the square on the baseline. Label these lines
covering.
ends of these arcs. Be sure to keep the apex of
covering.
“straightaways”
the square on the baseline. Label these lines

Step 6. Set your dividers to the radius of the
“straightaways”

Step 7: Using the baseline as the apex, scribe
covering.
Step 7. Using the baseline as the apex, scribe
your radius so that it just meets
Step 6. Set your dividers to the radius of the
your radius so that it just meets the
the straightaways.
covering.
Step 6. Set your dividers to the radius of the
straightaways.
Step 7. Using the baseline as the apex, scribe
covering.

Step 8: Cut out pattern and roll to O.D.
your radius so that it just meets the
of covering.
Step 7. Using the baseline as the apex, scribe
straightaways.
Step 8. Cut out along red line. Roll to O.D. of
your radius so that it just meets the
Step 7. Using the baseline as the apex, scribe
covering
straightaways.
your radius so that it just meets the
Step 8. Cut out along red line. Roll to O.D. of
straightaways.
covering
29
Step 8. Cut out along red line. Roll to O.D. of

 Segmented 90°

Segmented 90°
SEGMENTED 90

Segmented 90°
You will need 4 measurements:
1.: The diameter of the iron pipe
2.: The O.D. of the covering

From You
the will
ironneed
pipe4you’ll
measurements
need:
3.: ½ the heel measurement (from one
1. segment)
The diameter of the iron pipe
2. 4.:
The O.D.
½ of
thethethroat
covering
measurement (from
one segment)
From the iron pipe you’ll need
Step 1: Draw a baseline and mark the diameter of
3. your
½ thepipe.
heel measurement (from one segment)
4. ½ the throat measurement (from one segment)
Step 2: On one side of the pipe diameter go up
½ your Heel measurement and mark it with cross
hairs.
Step 1: Draw a baseline and mark the diameter of your
Step 3: On the other side of the pipe diameter
pipe.
go up ½ your throat measurement and mark that
Step 2:with cross
On one sidehairs.
of the pipe diameter go up ½ your
½ Heel Heel measurement
½ Throat Step 4: Go andout mark it with
on each cross
side hairs.pipe
of your
diameter, the thickness of your covering, and
Pipe Diameter Step 3:draw
On thelines
other side of
going upthe pipethe
from diameter go up ½
baseline.
your throat measurement and mark that with cross hairs.
Step 5: Connect your insulation thickness lines
with a straight edge intersecting the cross hairs
of the heel and throat measurements.
Step 4: Go out on each side of your pipe diameter, the
Step 6: Add 3/8” to the top of your heel and 3/16 to
thickness
theoftop
yourofcovering, and draw
your throat. lines going
Connect thoseuptwo
frompoints.
the baseline.
The line will be for your crimp and bead.

Step 5:Step 7: Set

Connect youryour dividers
insulation to thelines
thickness radius ofayour
with
Insulation Diameter
straight edge intersecting the cross hairs of the Heelbaseline.
covering and swing an arch below your and
Throat Step
measurements.
8: Break your arch up into the appropriate
amount of segments.

Step 9: Bring your points on your arch straight up

Step 6:toAdd 3/8”crimp
your to theline.
top of your Heel and 3/16 to the
+⅜
top of your Throat. Then connect those two points. That
+ 3/16 line will be for your Crimp and bead.

Step 7: Set your dividers to the Radius of your covering

and swing an arch below your baseline.

Step 8: Break your arch up into the appropriate amount of

segments.
30
Step 9: Bring your points on your arch straight up to your
 SEGMENTED 90 continued
Segmented 90 °
Step
Step 10:
10: On On of
a piece a metal/material
piece of metalscribematerial,
a
line the length of your Circumference. your
scribe a line the length of
circumference.
Step 11: Break your circumference up into the

4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 5 4
Step 11:
appropriate Break
amount your circumference
of segments. up into
the appropriate amount of segments.
Step 12: start numbering your segments with
whatever
Step 12:number correlates
start with your your
numberingsegmentsCLR
Stretch Out number on your layout.
with whatever number correlates with your
CLR number on your layout.

Step
Step 13: aUsing
13: Using a set on
set of dividers ofyour
dividers
layout, on your
golayout,
from yourgo from
baseline your3/8baseline
to your line, and to your
transfer that distance
3/8 line to the appropriate
and transfer that distance to the

4
4
4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 5 4
segment on your stretch out.
appropriate segment on your stretch out.
miter/gore
Side note: You start with a ½ miter/gore, and finish with ½

Step 15: To one end add lap. Then put hole punches at 4, 7 and 4.

3
3
Step 14: Using a band, connect all your

2
2
Stretch Out
points.
Step 14: Using a band connect all your points.

1
1
Step 15: To one end, add lap. Then put hole

2
2
punches at 4, 7 and 4.
Stretch Out

Stretch Out

Stretch Out

3
3
Side note: You start with a ½ miter/gore,

4
4
and finish with ½ miter/gore.

5
5
Stretch Out

Segmented 90
6
6

7
7
LAP

6
6

5
5

LAP

4
4
Step 14: Using a band connect all your points.

segment on your stretch out.

transfer that distance to the appropriate
go from your baseline to your 3/8 line, and
Step 13: Using a set of dividers on your layout,

number on your layout.

Step 12: start numbering your segments with

whatever number correlates with your CLR

appropriate amount of segments.

Step 11: Break your circumference up into the

line the length of your Circumference.

Step 10: On a piece of metal/material scribe a
Step 15: To one end add lap. Then put hole punches at 4, 7 and 4.

°
Side note: You start with a ½ miter/gore, and finish with ½
miter/gore

31
 dividers from your baseline to each of

h of your actual circumference, and

em the appropriate segments on your

go up a few inches from the bottom

5
e and below your centerline.
l your points

arting with #4 as shone above.

at 4, 7, and 4.

6
7
6
5
4

Step 6: Break your arch up into 6 equal parts

your Heel mark.

and swing an arch from your Throat mark up to
Step 5: Set your Dividers to ½ that measurement

between your ½ Throat and ½ Heel marks.

Step 4: On the vertical line measure the distance

3/8 “and make a mark.

GORE PATTERN (SHORT CUT)
Gore Pattern (Short Cut)
Step 1: Draw a Right angle

Step 2: From the Apex goes up ½ your throat +

rn (Short Cut)
7 6
1/2 Heel +
3/8
3/16 and make a mark.
5
Step 1: Draw a Right angle.
Step 3: Again from the Apex go up ½ the Heel +
Step 1: Draw a Right angle
4
Step
3/8 “and make2: a mark.
From the Apex go up ½ your
Step 2: From the Apex goes up ½ your throat + throat + 3/16” and make a mark.
Step 4: On the vertical line measure the distance
1/2
3/16 and make a mark. 3
Throat + between your ½ Throat and ½ Heel marks.
3/16 2 Step 3: Again from the Apex go up ½
Step 3: Again from 1the Apex go up ½ the Heel +
Step 5:the heel
Set your + 3/8“
Dividers to ½and make a mark.
that measurement
3/8 “and make a mark. Baseline
and swing an arch from your Throat mark up to
Step 4: On the vertical line measure
Step
your Heel 4: On the vertical line measure
mark. the
Layout the distance
between your ½ Throat and ½ Heel marks. distance between your ½ throat and ½
Step 6:heel
Break your arch up into 6 equal parts
marks.
Step 5: Set your Dividers to ½ that measurement
and swing an arch from your Throat mark up to Step 5: Set your dividers to ½ that
Stretch Out
your Heel mark. measurement and swing an arch from
your throat mark up to your heel mark.
Step 6: Break your arch up into 6 equal parts
Step 6: Break your arch up into 6 equal
4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 5 4 parts.

Step 7: On your metal/material go up a

few inches from the bottom and draw
a center line the length of your actual
5 4 Step 7: On your Metal/Material go up a few inches from the bottom circumference, and break it up 12 x.
and draw a center line the length of your actual circumference, and
break it up 12 x Step 8: Number each segment starting
with #4 as shown above.
Step 8: Number each segment starting with #4 as shone above.
rom the bottom
Step 9: On your layout set your dividers from your baseline to each of Step 9: On your layout set, your dividers
umference, and from your baseline to each of your
reference points and transfer them the appropriate segments on your
stretch out; making a mark above and below your centerline. reference points and transfer them to
hone above. the appropriate segments on your stretch
Step 10: Using a band connect all your points
out; making a mark above and below
aseline to each of your centerline.
Step 11: add lap and hole punch at 4, 7, and 4.
segments on your
enterline. Step 10: Using a band, connect all your
points.

Step 11: Add lap and hole punch at 4, 7

and 4.

32
ut, you’ll need six measurements. Reducing 90’s

el measurement

oat measurement 5. Lg. Diameter/Radius

LR Length 6. Sm. Diameter/Radius

rence of large O.D

REDUCING 90’S

g to be using is 12 x 1½ to 6 x 1½

pe size for a Long Radius 90

For this layout, you’ll need six

Sm. O.D.

CLR measurements:

125 (4 13ൗ16 )

measurements you’ll need

1: Miter heel measurement

2: Miter throat measurement

+ Sm. Radius) x .7854 3: Overall CLR Length
= Heel
ers 4: Circumference of large O.D.
Sm. Radius) x .7854
5: Lg. Diameter/Radius
= Throat CLR 6: Sm. Diameter/Radius
ers Lg. O.D.

R length
e of Lg. O.D.
ur Numbers
x .7854 ÷ 8
.8125 x .7854 = The
38.337example I’m
÷ 8 = 4.792 (4 ¾ ) going
Heel to be using is 12 x 1½ to 6 x 1½
x .7854 ÷ 8 CLR is based on the Lg. pipe size for a Long Radius 90
3.1875 x .7854 = 18.211 ÷ 8 = 2.276 (2 ¼ ) Throat
CLR= 18
Lg. Covering Radius = 8
) Overall CLR length
Sm. Covering radius = 4.8125 (4 13/16 )

Getting the measurements you’ll need

(CLR + Lg. Radius) + (CLR + Sm. Radius) x .7854
= Heel
# Miters
(CLR - Lg. Radius) + (CLR - Sm. Radius) x .7854
= Throat
# Miters

CLR x 1.57 = Overall CLR length

O.D. x Pi = Circumference of Lg. O.D.

Plugging in your Numbers

(18 + 8) + (18 + 4.8125) x .7854 ÷ 8
26 + 22.8125 = 48.8125 x .7854 = 38.337 ÷ 8 = 4.792 (4 ¾ ) Heel
(18 - 8) + (18 - 4.8125) x .7854 ÷ 8
10 + 13.1875 = 23.1875 x .7854 = 18.211 ÷ 8 = 2.276 (2 ¼ ) Throat

18 x 1.57 = 28.26 (28 ¼ ) Overall CLR length

16 x 3.1416 = 50.265

33
 REDUCING 90’S continued

Step 1: Cut a piece of metal about 4” longer than

Lg. Circumference + 4”
the Lg. Circumference.
Lg. O.D.
Step 2: Find the center of the metal and draw a

Width of your metal

Overall CLR length
line going down the width of the metal.

Lg. Circumference + 4” Step 3: On that line about 2” from the top of the
Sm. O.D.
metal, go out in each direction on the radius of
Lg. O.D. the Lg. O.D. covering and draw a horizontal line.

Width of your metal

Overall CLR length

Step 4: From where the lines intersect, measure

down the Overall CLR length.
Lg. Circumference + 4”
Sm. O.D. Step 5: At that point, measure out in each
Lg. O.D.
direction the radius of the small covering and
draw a horizontal line.
Width of your metal
Overall CLR length

Step 6: For however many miters you are putting

on, break up your CLR length that many times
Sm. O.D. (this example shows 8 miters so the CLR is broken
into 8 segments). When you mark the equal parts
start from the top down. Your first mark will be ½
of one of the equal parts, then 7 full equal parts,
and then you’ll finish with a ½ equal part.

Vanishing point
Step 7: Establishing the vanishing point. To get
this, extend lines from the outside of the Lg. O.D.
through the outside of the Sm. O.D. and continue
them down until they meet (this distance will
2
1
more than likely be past the metal).
3
4
Vanishing point
5
Step 8: Number the marks on the vertical line
6
7 1-10. With #1 starting on the Lg. O.D.
8
9
10
1 Step 9: With one trammel point set on the
2
3
4
vanishing point, set the other one where #1 line
Vanishing
5 point intersects with the vertical line and scribe an arc
6
7 going in each direction.
8
9
10
1
Step 10: Going from where the #1 mark is
intersecting with the vertical line, use a flexible
2
3
4
5 ruler to measure over in each direction ½ of the
circumference of the Lg. O.D. then at those marks
6
7

9
8
bring lines down to the vanishing points.
10

34
 REDUCING 90’S continued

½ Heel
+ ⅜ Step 11: Repeat Step 9 for reference points
½ Throat 6 7 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10.
5
+ / 4 Each of the arcs that are scribed represents
2 3
1 2 the center of one of the gores. The reason
3

5
4
to skip every other mark when scribing
6 arcs is because they cannot flip-flop like
7
8 when creating straight gores. The reason
9
10 is because these gores taper as they go
Reference drawing
through the 90. This layout will only provide
half of the gores.

Step 12: Make a reference drawing to get

the reference points that are needed (see
½ Heel
+⅜
image to the left.)
½ Throat
5 4 26 7
+ / 7 2 3
4
3 1 Step 13: Break up the large circumference
1
4 4
(top arc) into at least 12 equal parts, and
7 1
4
5 number4 them starting with the number
4 6 Reference drawing
where the lap will be. This example has the
7 1
4 7 lap at
4 #4. The image shows 4 divisions,
4 8
7 1 they will represent the heel, throat and the
4 9 4
CLRs.
7 10
4 2 4
4 7 3 1 1 4
7
4 4
1
Step 14: On lines 2, 4, 6 and 8, transfer the
4
5
4 4 distances from the reference drawing to
4 7
4 6
1
4
the metal. This example shows transferred
4 7
4 8
7 1 4
the distances on line 2 and 4.
4 9
7 4 10
4 1 4

4
4
Step 15: Do the layout again, but this time
use scribe line 3, 5, 7 and 9. Make sure your
numbers on the gores go the same exact
way so that all the gores are all going in the
same direction.
23 2
3 4 A couple side notes:
45 If the 90 is small enough with the CLR
6
5 7
8
length in the center of the metal, swing 2,
69 4, 6 and 8 going to the right and 3, 5, 7 and
10
7 9 to the left.
8
9 Make a template of the CLR length needed
10
so it can be placed on the metal where
needed, then find the vanishing point and
scribe the arcs. This will help with speed if
the project has large 90’s and it needs to
have a layout for each seperate half.

35
NOTES

36
NOTES

37
NOTES

38
 Negative Lateral Y Layout

Negative Lateral Y Layout

NEGATIVE LATERAL Y LAYOUT

Step 1: Draw a base line the length of the

Step 1: Draw a base line O.D.
the length of covering.
of your the O.D. of your covering.

Step
Step 2: Mark the radius of 2:covering
your Mark theon
radius
your of your
base covering on
line.
your base line.
Step 3: Draw perpendicular lines on each side of your O.D. and at
Step 3: Draw perpendicular lines on each
your Radius mark side of your O.D. and at your radius mark.

Step 4: Set your dividers Step

to the4:radius
Set your dividers
of your O.D. to the
and radius
swing anof
your O.D. and swing an arch below your
arch below your baseline.
Diameter base line.

Step 5: Break your arch up into 6 equal

parts.

Step 6: On the right side of your diameter,

measure up the O.D. of the covering.
Step 5: Break your arch up into 6 equal parts.
Step 7: Using a square, set one end of the
Step 6: On the right side square
of youron
diameter measure
your base apexO.D.
up the
line, the of
of the
the covering. square on the center line, and the other
Covering O.D.

end of the square on your diameter mark,

and
Step 7: Using a square set then
one endconnect thoseon
of the square three
yourpoints.
baseline,
the apex of the square on the center line, and the other end of the
square on your diameter mark, and then connect those three
Step 8: From the apex on your center line,
points. draw a line parallel with your base line.

Step 9: From the points where you broke

up your arch, draw lines going up from your
angle lines to your top base line.

Step 10: Number each point on your top

12 3 4 5 6 7 base 1-7.
Step 8: From the apex on your center line draw a line parallel with
your baseline.
APEX

Step 9: From the points where your broke up your arch, draw lines
going up from your angle lines to your top base line

Step 10: Number each point on your top base 1-7.

39
 NEGATIVE LATERAL Y LAYOUT continued
Negative Lateral Y Layout
Step 11: On your metal or material, scribe a
line the length of your circumference.

Step 12: Break your circumference up into

the appropriate
Step 11: On youramount
metal orofmaterial
segments. (For
scribe a line the
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 this example, I broke up the arch below
length of your6 circumference.
my baseline times so I’ll break up my
circumference 12 times.)
Step 12: Break your circumference up into the
Step 13: Starting
appropriate amounton of
the right side,
segments. number
(For this example I
your stretch out from 1 to 7 then back
broke up the arch below my baseline 6 times so I’ll break
down to 1 again.
up my circumference 12 times.)
Step 14: Set your dividers to the negative
portion
Step 13:of your layout
Starting on theand transfer
right them to
side number your stretch
your stretch out.
out from 1 to 7, then back down to 1 again.

Step 14: Set your dividers to the negative portion of your

Layout and transfer them to your stretch out.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

40
 LATERAL Y (POSITIVE)

Step 1: Draw a base line.

Step 2: Draw a 45° line through your base

line.

Step 3: From the point where your 45° line

intersects with your baseline, go out 12” in
each direction, and on your base line draw
a line going down the length of your radius.
On your 45° line draw a line going across
the length of the diameter of your covering.

Step 4: Set your dividers to the radius of

your covering and swing a 90° arch below
each end of your base line, and then swing
a 180° arch on the top and bottom of your
45° line.

Step 5: Break all your arches up into the

appropriate amount of segments.

Step 6: With a straight edge, connect all

of your points on your arches.

Step 7: Connect point A to point B, and

then connect point B to point C. (Those
two lines should form a 90° angle.)
Point B

Point A Point C

41
 Lateral Y
LATERAL Y (POSITIVE) continued

Step 8: On the right side of your body,

number segments starting on the bottom
and going up 1-4 and then back down 5-7.
!!!!! !
Step 9: Number your strainer 1-7 starting
! with 1 on the right side.

=%
%

@
>?
=2
!<
BODY %
39:;% 4
4
!!!
5 3 (! 5 3 (!
!!!!!!
6 "! 2 #! 6 2 "!#! !"#$%6'%M+%/0(%"*30/%'*>(%1@%412"%51>4%+285("%
7 7 1
$! %! $!%!
&! 1
'! &!'! '(38(+/'%'/#"/*+3%1+%/0(%51//18%#+>%31*+3%29%;N,?%#+>%
!
/0(+%5#:F%>1$+%-NO6%

!"#$%7'%P285("%412"%B/"#*+("%;NO%'/#"/*+3%$*/0%;%1+%
/0(%"*30/%'*>(6%

%
39:;% Step 10: On a piece of material, draw a line
1 2 3 4
;%%%%%%%<%%%%%%T%%%%%%%,%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%,%%%%%%T%%%%%%%<%%%%%;% % the length of your circumference.
O%%%%%%%U%%%%%%-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%-%%%%%%%U%%%%%O%
7 6 5
Step 11: Break it up in the appropriate
!"#$%&8'%M+%#%9*(:(%1@%8#/("*#)%>"#$%#%)*+(%/0(%)(+3/0%
amount of segments.
1@%412"%:*":28@("(+:(6%
Step 12: On the top, go down about 1” and
!"#$%&&'%&"(#F%*/%29%*+%/0(%#99"19"*#/(%#812+/%1@%
draw a horizontal line. Going in from each
'(38(+/'6%
end number your segments 1-4 then back
out 5-7.
!"#$%&('%M+%/0(%/19%31%>1$+%#512/%#%;=%#+>%>"#$%#%
01"*Q1+/#)%)*+(6%R1*+3%*+%@"18%(#:0%(+>%+285("%412"%
Step 13: On the bottom, go up about
'(38(+/'%;N,%/0(+%5#:F%12/%-NO6%
1” and draw a horizontal line, and then
number your segments 7-1, and then back
!"#$%&)'%M+%/0(%51//18%31%29%#512/%#%;=%#+>%>"#$%#%
to 7 again.
01"*Q1+/#)%)*+(?%#+>%/0(+%+285("'%412"%'(38(+/'%ON;?%
Step 14: Using dividers, transfer your
#+>%/0(+%5#:F%/1%O%#3#*+6%
numbers from your layout to your stretch
!"#$%&*'%S'*+3%>*A*>("'%/"#+'@("%412"%+285("'%@"18%
out.
412"%L#412/%/1%412"%'/"(/:0%12/%

O%%%%%%%U%%%%%%-%%%%%%%,%%%%%%T%%%%%%<%%%%%%;%%%%<%%%%%%%T%%%%%%%,%%%%%-%%%%%%%U%%%%%%O%%
7 6 5 4 3 2 12 3 4 5 6 7

!<=2>?@=%

42
 Unequal lateral y

UNEQUAL LATERAL Y AND BODY

Reference Drawing
Step 1. Draw a 180° baseline.
Step 1: Draw a horizontal baseline intersected
by a vertical line.
Step 2: Scribe the large and small O.D.s from
Step 2. Scribe the large and small O.D.s from
the apex.
the apex.
"Step 3: Trisect both sides of the small O.D.

Step 4:" Project lines up from the baseline
,-./"'0
Step 3. Trisect both sides of the small O.D.
through all the small O.D. points.

Step
5: Number these lines 1-7.
Step 6: Label the left hand side of the large
Step 4. Project lines up from the baseline
O.D. “A”.
indefinitely through all the small O.D. points.
Step 7: Project a line up from point “A”, label this
point “B”.
Step 5. Number these lines 1-7.
Step 8: Draw a 45° line away from point “A”, label
%" this point “C”.
B
Step 9: Draw 90° lines from line “AB” over to lines
Step 6. Label the left hand side of the large
1-4 on the large O.D.
O.D. “A”.
Step 10: Using point “A” as your apex draw radii
from these points on line “AB” down to line “AC”,
number these points 1-4
Step 7. Project a line up from point “A”
&" """#"!"'"""(""")"*"+" Step 11: From these points on line “AC” draw 90°
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 indefinitely, label this point “B”.
lines to the corresponding vertical line in the end
view. 1&7, 2&6, 3&5, 4. Connect these points.
Step 8. Draw a 45° line away from point “A”
B
indefinitely, label this point “C”.

C ,-./"Q0"
B Step 9. Draw 90° lines from line “AB” over to
B
lines 1-4 on the large O.D.
4
3
2
1
$"
C A 123 4 567 Step 10. Using point “A” as your apex draw
(" radii from these points on line “AB” down to
4 '"!"#"
3 2 line “AC”, number these points 1-4
1
A 123 4 567
A 123 4 567
Step 11. From these points on line “AC” draw
43
90° lines to the corresponding vertical line in
 UNEQUAL LATERAL Y AND BODY continued

Stem/bonnet template
Step 12. Stretch-out the full circumference of the
Step 1: Stretch-out the full circumference
small O.D., divide it into twice as many divisions a
of the small O.D., divide it into twice as
many divisions as the small O.D. in the
the small O.D. in the end view.
end view.
Step 2: Number these divisions 1-7 and 7-1
Step 13. Number these divisions 1-7 and 7-1
Step 3: Transfer the lengths from the end
view to the corresponding number on the
stretch-out. Measuring from the baseline
to the intersection points.
Step 14. Transfer the lengths from the end view to
Step 4: Using a flex rule, connect these
the corresponding number on the stretch-out.
points add for laps, tabs, and cut out.
Measuring from the baseline to the intersection
Special note: Strainers and drains are
points.
typically a 45° angle, but if you come across
something else this layout will work with
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 any angle. Simply change the degree of
line “AC”
Step 15. Using a flex rule, connect these points ad
for laps, tabs, and cut out.


Special note: Strainers and drains are typically a
45° angle, but if you come across something else
this layout will work with any angle. Simply chang
the degree of line “AC”.

44
 UNEQUAL LATERAL Y AND BODY continued

Negative Body Template

Negative Body Template
Step 1: Draw a 90˚ baseline.
Negative Body Template
Negative Body Template
Step 1. Draw a 90 baseline
Step 1. Draw a 90 baseline
Step 1. Draw a 90 baseline
Step 2: Set dividers to the small radius and
Negative Body Template
scribe an arc from the apex.
Step 2. Set dividers to the small radius and
Step 1. Draw a 90 baseline
Step 2. Set dividers to the small radius and
scribe an arc from the apex.
Step 2. Set dividers to the small radius and
scribe an arc from the apex.
Step 3: Trisect the arc.
scribe an arc from the apex.

Step 2. Set dividers to the small radius and
Z
Z Step 3. Trisect the arc
scribe an arc from the apex.
Step 4: Project lines from the vertical line
Step 3. Trisect the arc
Z
4 Z
Step 3. Trisect the arc
out indefinitely through the trisection
34 marks and the top and bottom of the
Step 3. Trisect the arc
342 Step 4. Project lines from the vertical line out
arc. Starting with the baseline, label
32 4 Step 4. Project lines from the vertical line out
these lines 1-4.
indefinitely through the trisection marks and
2
1A3 Step 4. Project lines from the vertical line out
1A2
indefinitely through the trisection marks and
Step 4. Project lines from the vertical line out
the top and bottom of the arc. Starting with
1A
indefinitely through the trisection marks and
1 the top and bottom of the arc. Starting with
indefinitely through the trisection marks and
the baseline label these lines 1-4.
A the top and bottom of the arc. Starting with
Step 5: Draw a line up from your baseline
the top and bottom of the arc. Starting with
the baseline label these lines 1-4.
the baseline label these lines 1-4.
a few inches away from the bottom of the
the baseline label these lines 1-4.
arch. Label this line AZ.
B Step 5. Draw a line up from your baseline a few
BB Step 5. Draw a line up from your baseline a few
inches away from the bottom of the arch. Label
Step 5. Draw a line up from your baseline a few
B Step 5. Draw a line up from your baseline a few
inches away from the bottom of the arch. Label
inches away from the bottom of the arch. Label
Step 6: Referring to the reference drawing,
this line AZ.
inches away from the bottom of the arch. Label
this line AZ. set dividers from point 1 on line AC to
C this line AZ.
C
C this line AZ.
intersection points on line 1 and 7 on
C
the end in the end view. Transfer these
44
33
Step 6. Referring to the reference drawing set
distances onto line one to the right of line
Step 6. Referring to the reference drawing set
4 2121 Step 6. Referring to the reference drawing set
43 21 AA 11 22 33 AZ. Repeat for line 2,3,4.
dividers from point 1 on line AC to intersection
dividers from point 1 on line AC to intersection
32 44 556 67 7 Step 6. Referring to the reference drawing set
1 A 123 4 567
dividers from point 1 on line AC to intersection
points on line 1 and 7 on the end in the end
points on line 1 and 7 on the end in the end
A 123 4 567
dividers from point 1 on line AC to intersection
view. Transfer these distances onto line one to
points on line 1 and 7 on the end in the end
view. Transfer these distances onto line one to
Z points on line 1 and 7 on the end in the end
Step7: Using a flex rule, connects these
the right of line AZ. Repeat for line 2,3,4.
Z view. Transfer these distances onto line one to
the right of line AZ. Repeat for line 2,3,4.
Z view. Transfer these distances onto line one to
points.
Z4 4 the right of line AZ. Repeat for line 2,3,4.
3 3 5 the right of line AZ. Repeat for line 2,3,4.

42 4 Step7. Using a Flex rule, connects these points
34 2 3 6
4 5

342 1 1 2 3 4 7 5 6 Step7. Using a Flex rule, connects these points
Step 8: Add one inch below drawing for lap
32 A 2
3 5
6 Step7. Using a Flex rule, connects these points
and cut out template.
12A 1 2 7
6 Step7. Using a Flex rule, connects these points

Step 8. Add one inch below drawing for lap and
1A 1 7
cut out template.
1A 1 7 Step 8. Add one inch below drawing for lap and
Step 9: Trace pattern onto both sides of
Step 8. Add one inch below drawing for lap and
cut out template.
Step 8. Add one inch below drawing for lap and
body metal, cutout and roll.
cut out template.
Step 9. Trace pattern onto both sides of body
cut out template.

metal cut out and roll.

Step 9. Trace pattern onto both sides of body
Step 9. Trace pattern onto both sides of body
metal cut out and roll.
Step 9. Trace pattern onto both sides of body
metal cut out and roll.
metal cut out and roll.

45


 Lateral Y - 45 Degree layout using ½ section

Of Pipecovering

RIGID MATERIAL LATERAL Y

Cover. rt<x

Cut Lines

2 4 6 6 4 2

1 3 5 5 3
1
Branch Body
Shaded area to be discarded

Lateral Y - 45 Degree layout using ½ section Tips for Straight Line Lateral Y Material
Of Pipecovering Development

1. Keep your material parallel from cutting

table by using another 34 section of
covering facing down pushed up next to
the ½ section you are working on.

2. Cut directly on the lines, if you are

cutting even a % inch off of your marks,
(thickness of a sharpie), it will impact the
Cover. rt<x
final fit of the lateral Y.

Cut Lines
3. KEEP YOUR SAW or KNIFE at a 90
degree angle from the cutting table at all
2 4 6 6 4
times during your cuts!!!
2

4. You will always cut from Point 1 to Point

6 and Point 4 to Point 5. It doesn’t matter if
3 5
,
you’re making your Body or Branch.
1 5 3
1
Branch Body
Shaded area to be discarded

46
 Roof Drains

Roof Drains

ROOF DRAINS
Heel Throat

Measurements
Strainer 1.2 x Your O.D. = Throat
.2 x Your O.D. = Heel
Measurements:
1 .3 x Your O.D. = Arch Measurement
1.2 x Your O.D. = Throat
.2 x Your O.D. = Heel
.3 x Your O.D. = Arch Measurement
Step 1: Quarter off your covering.
¾ ¼ Step 1: Quarter off your covering.
Top View
Step 2: Where
Step 2: your
Wherecovering opensopens
your covering measure
measure down 1.2 x your O.D.
down 1.2 x your O.D.

½ Step 3: From your 1.2 mark, measure back

up 1/3 of your O.D. and then from that
Step 3: From your
point go out1⅕ mark,
in each measure
direction 1/3 back
of your
up ⅓ of your O.D. and then from that point
O.D.
go out in each direction ⅓ of your O.D.
Step 4: Draw in your cut line going from
.3 .3 .3 your 1.2 mark to your .3 mark up to your ¼
marks on the top of your covering.
Step 4: Draw in your cut line going from your
1.2 mark to your .3 mark up to your ¼ marks
1.2 Step
on the top of 5:your
Spincovering.
your covering 180° and go
down .2 x your O.D. From that point, draw
Front View your cut line to your ¼ marks.

Throat
Step 5: Spin your covering 180° and go down
.2 x your O.D. From that point draw your cut
line to your ¼ marks.
.2

Back View
Heel

47
 ROOF DRAINSDrains
Roof continued
Measurements
Body 1.4 x Pipe Dia. = Hole cut out
½ the Pipe Dia.
Measurements:
.3 x Pipe Diameter
1.4 x Pipe Dia. = Hole cut out
½ the Pipe Dia.
.3 x Pipe Diameter

Step 1: Get a starting point on your piece

of covering, and make a mark. From that
point, go down 1.4 x your O.D., which will
Step 1: ending
be your Get a starting
point. point on
Starting Point
your piece of covering, and make
diameter

Step 2: Go up from your ending point

½ pipe

a.3mark,
x your and
pipe then from
Dia. and thata circle.
scribe point
go down
3: Go1.4 x your
fromO.D.
your which
1.4 x pipe dia.

Step down starting point

½ your
will be pipe
yourdiameter and scribe a circle.
ending point.
Step 4: Connect the outer most edge of
Step 2: Go
your two up from your ending
circles.
point
Step 5:.3(Optional)
x your pipe
You Dia. Andthe distance
can split
scribe
between a circle.
your two circles and where you
connected your two circles with a straight
line go3:out
Step Goandown
extra from
3/8” and pencil in an
your
arch.
starting point ½ your pipe
.3 pipe

Side note: and

diameter if you’re doing
scribe an unequal
a circle.
Dia.

lateral Y and you’re swallowing up your

strainer, you can use the above layout.
Step 4: Connect
Just substitute thethe outerofmost
diameter the pipe
edge of diameter
with the your twoofcircles.
the covering that
you’re swallowing up.
Step 5: (Optional) you can split
the distance between your two
circles, and where you connected
your two circles with a straight
line go out an extra 3/8” and
pencil in an arch.

Side note if you’re doing an unequal lateral Y and you’re swallowing up your
strainer you can use the above layout. Just substitute the diameter of the pipe
with the diameter of the covering that you’re swallowing up.

48
 Pants

PANTS

Pants
Step 1: Get a piece of lap tape at least a few inches
longer then the circumference of the pipe.
Step 1: Get a piece of lap tape at least a few
inches longer then the circumference of
Step 2: On the lap tape, mark the quarter
the pipe.
circumference measurements of the pipes
A

circumference. Step 2: On the lap tape, mark the quarter

circumference measurements of the pipes

B

Step 3: With the lap tape starting in the crotch of the

circumference.
pants wrap it around one of the legs of the pants.
Step 3: With the lap tape, starting in the
Tape
C crotch of the pants, wrap it around one of
Step 4: on the top portion of the tape draw a line
the legs of the pants.
around the pipe marking all the ¼ marks.
Step 4: On the top portion of the tape,
Step 5: Referring to the drawing to the left. You’ll need
draw a line around the pipe marking all the
3 measurements. ¼ marks.

Step 5: Referring to the drawing to the left.
1. Point “C” which will always be 0”
You’ll need 3 measurements.
2. Point “B” will be the same on either side
3. Point “A”
1. Point “C” which will always be 0”
2. Point “B” will be the same on either side
3. Point “A”

Step 6: Draw a baseline and mark the Diameter and

radius of your pipe.
B Measurement

Step 6: Draw a baseline and mark the

A Measurement

Diameter and radius of your pipe.

Step 7: On one side of your diameter go straight up
and mark you’re a measurement. (Only use cross hairs
Step 7: On one side of your diameter go
straight up and mark your a measurement.
do not draw a vertical line going up)
(Only use cross hairs. Do not draw a vertical
line going up)
C
Pipe Diameter
Step 8: at Point “C” measure out the thickness of your

insulation and draw a 90° line going down from your
Step 8: At Point “C,” measure out the
baseline. thickness of your insulation and draw a 90°
B
line going down from your baseline.
A Step 9: At your “A” Point again go out the thickness of
Step 9: At your “A” Point again go out the
your insulation and draw a line going up from your
thickness of your insulation and draw a line
Insulation Thickness

baseline and down from your baseline.

going up from your baseline and down
Insulation Thickness

from your baseline.

Step 10: Draw a line from Point “B” through Point “A”
to your insulation thickness line.
Step 10: Draw a line from Point “B” through

Point “A” to your insulation thickness line.
Step 11: Draw a line from Point “B” through Point “C”
Step 11: Draw a line from Point “B” through
C to your insulation thickness line. That will give you
Point “C” to your insulation thickness line.
Point “D”
That will give you Point “D.”
49
 PANTS continued

PantsStep 12: From Point “D,” make a new

baseline

4 Pants
Step 13: Set your dividers to the radius of

4
5 Step 12: From Point “D” make a new baseline
your covering and sing an arch below your
6
75 new
Step 12: From Point “D” make a new baseline baseline.
6
7
Step 13: Set your dividers to the radius of your
Step 13: Set your dividers to the radius of your
Step 14: Break your arch up into the
covering and sing an arch below your new baseline.
covering and sing an arch below your new baseline.
3 appropriate amount of segments. For this
3 Step 14: Break your arch up into the appropriate
example, I broke it up 6x.
Step 14: Break your arch up into the appropriate
amount of segments. For this example I broke it up
6x.
2 Step 16: Bring those points up to your
amount of segments. For this example I broke it up
angled
Step 16: bring those points up to your angled lines. lines.
1
6x.
2
Step 17: Starting at your crotch number your points
Step 17: Starting at your crotch, number
of reference 1-7.
1 Step 16: bring those points up to your angled lines.
your points of reference 1-7.

Step 17: Starting at your crotch number your points

of reference 1-7.
Step 18: On your material/jacketing go up about 4” from the bottom and draw a line the length of
Step 18:On your material/jacketing, go up
your insulated circumference.
about 4” from the bottom and draw a line
Step 19: Break up your insulated circumference into the appropriate amount of segments.
the length of your insulated circumference.
Step 20: Number each segment starting with #1 and transfer your measurements from your layout to
your stretch-out. Step 19:
Break up your insulated
circumference into the appropriate amount
Step 18: On your material/jacketing go up about 4” from the bottom and draw a line the length of
of segments.
your insulated circumference.
Step 20: Number each segment starting
Step 19: Break up your insulated circumference into the appropriate amount of segments.
with #1 and transfer your measurements
from your layout to your stretch-out.
Step 20: Number each segment starting with #1 and transfer your measurements from your layout to
your stretch-out.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

50
NOTES

51
NOTES

52
 Concentric Reduced

CONCENTRIC REDUCER

You will need three measurements for this layout. All

measurements are going off an insulated cone.

A) Small radius

B) Large radius

C) True height

Step 1: Draw a vertical line (A) about twice the size of your Lg.
O.D.

Step 2: Measure up from the bottom of line A the Lg. radius and
draw a horizontal line a little longer than your Lg. radius. We will
call that line B.

Step 3: From where line B intersects with line A, measure up your

true height and draw a horizontal line a little longer than your Sm.
Radius. We will call that line C.

Step 4: On line B, measure out your Lg. radius and make a mark

Step 5: On line C, measure out your Sm. radius and make a mark.

Step 6: Draw a line going up from your Lg. radius mark on line B
through your Sm. radius mark on line C up to line A. That point
will be the apex where you swing the arches for the body of your
cone.

Step 7: Set your dividers to the radius of your Lg. portion of the
cone, and swing an arch below line B to line A.

Step 8: Break up your arch below line B into 4 equal parts.

(Each part is equal to 1/16 of the circumference of the Lg.
portion of the cone.)

53
CONCENTRIC REDUCER continued

Step 9: Set your dividers or trammel points

from your apex to the radius mark on line C,
and swing an arch going up.

Step 10: Set your dividers from your apex

to your radius mark on line B and swing an
arch going up.

Step 11: With your dividers, set to 1/16 of

the circumference of the Lg. portion of the
cone (refer to step #8), start from the angle
line and walk them over 8x on the arch you
swung up from line B.

Step 12: From the last mark, scribe a line to

your apex.

Step 13: Cut out your pattern and trace it to

your covering or metal. If tracing to metal,
make sure you add for your appropriate
laps, beads, notches, and/or crimps.

54
CONCENTRIC REDUCER (INTERNATIONAL)

Concentric Reducer
International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Asbestos Workers © Version 1 2003

This layout will allow you to draw a center

reducer of any size and angle (slope).

The measurements needed are the radius

of the small pipe covering; the radius of
the large pipe covering; and the length of
the slope.

Step 1: Draw a vertical line X-A, about three

times longer than the large radius.

Step 2: Measure up the length of the large

radius, A-Y, and draw a right angle with Y-E
the same length.

Step 3: From the apex Y, measure over the

length of the small radius, Y-Z, and draw a
vertical guide line Z. Label line Z.

Step 4: From the apex Y, swing an arc

connecting to the right angle, A-E. Divide
this arc into four equal segments.

Step 5: Using the length of the slope

measurement, draw the length of the slope
from E to where it intersects line Z.

Extend a line from Z to X to create

an apex.

Step 6: Set your dividers from the apex,

X to Z, and swing the inside arc.

Set your dividers from the apex X to E,

and swing the large arc.

55
CONCENTRIC REDUCER (INTERNATIONAL) continued

Step 7: Draw a start line from the apex

through the large arc. This line is drawn just
far enough away so you don’t get it mixed
up with your drawing. As you become more
skilled, you may use line A-E as your start
line.

Set your dividers using any of the equal

measurements on arc A-E, example B-C.

Step 8: Using this setting, from the start

line, Step 16 segments. This will equal the
circumference of the pipe covering. Add
one more segment for a lap.

Step 9: To allow for notches or crimp,

swing an arc Y an inch shorter than X-Z.

And 3/4 inch longer than X-E.

Add 3/4 inch for safety edge.

56
ECCENTRIC REDUCER (INTERNATIONAL)

Eccentric Reducer
International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Asbestos Workers © Version 1 2003

Step 1: Draw a horizontal line equal to

the outside diameter of the large pipe
insulation. From the end of this line, draw
a half circle equal to the O.D. of the small
pipe insulation and a half circle equal to the
O.D. of the large pipe insulation.

Step 2: Divide each half circle into 8 equal

segments. Number the segments of the
large half circle with even numbers and the
segments of the small half circle with odd
numbers.

Step 3: Draw a horizontal line at least the

length of the reducer (weld to weld), label
it “A”, and a vertical line from line A to form
an apex and label it “B”. From the apex,
measure the length of the reducer (weld to
weld) on line A to create point C.

On figure 1, set dividers from 0 to 1.

Transfer this 0 measurement to figure 2
(up line B from the apex).

Set dividers from 1 to 2. Transfer this

measurement to line B from the apex.

Set dividers from 2 to 3. Transfer this

measurement to line B from the apex.

Set dividers from 3 to 4. Transfer this

measurement to line B from the apex.

Continue through 15 to 16.

weld to weld

weld to weld

weld to weld

57
 2 of 3 Eccentric Reducer
ECCENTRIC REDUCER (INTERNATIONAL) continued
These reference drawings are used to layout the pattern.
B
2 of 3 Eccentric Reducer
Step 4: Draw the layout drawing:
These reference drawings are used to layout the pattern.
a) Draw a baseline equal toBthe length of
the fitting (weld to weld).
b) On figure 1 of the reference drawing,
1 4 -set
16

dividers to the arc measurement of one of

the equal segments of the small half circle
and scribe an arc above the right end of the
f3 Eccentric Reducer baseline. 14-16

of 3 Eccentric Reducer Figure 2

to layout the pattern. c) On figure 2 of the reference drawing,
Step
d to layout the 4: Draw the layout drawing;
pattern. B set dividers from point C to #1. Transfer to
a) Draw a baseline equal to the Blength of the the layout drawing from point O to create
fitting (weld to weld). point #1. Figure 2

b) On4:figure
Step Draw 1theof layout
the reference
drawing; drawing, set dividers to d) On figure 1 of the reference drawing, set
the dividers to the arc measurement of one of
a) arc
Drawmeasurement of onetoofthe
a baseline equal thelength
equalof
segments
the of
the small half circle and scribe an arc above the right the equal segments of the large half circle.
fitting (weld to weld). 14-16
Scribe an arc above the left end (point 0) of
end of the baseline.
b) On figure 1 of the reference drawing, set1dividers4-16 to the baseline.
c)theOnarcfigure 2 of the reference drawing,
measurement of one of the equal segments of set
e) On figure 2 of the reference drawing,
dividers
the smallfrom Point and
half circle C to #1. an
scribe Transfer to the
arc above the right
set dividers from point C to #2. Transfer to
layout
end ofdrawing fromFigure
the baseline. Point
2 O to create Point #1. the layout drawing from point #1 to create
d)c)On
Onfigure 1 of
figure 2 the reference
of Figure drawing,
the 2reference set dividers
drawing, set to Point #2.
the arc measurement
dividers from PointofCone toof#1.
theTransfer
equal segments
to the of f) With dividers set to the small arc
e
the largedrawing
layout half circle.
fromScribe
Pointan
O arc abovePoint
to create the left
#1.end measurement of the small half circle,
he
(Point put a divider point on point #1 and scribe
dividers to d) On0)figure
of the1 baseline.
of the reference drawing, set dividers to an arc above.
tments
dividers e)theOnarcfigure 2
measurementof the reference
of one drawing,
of the equal set of
segments
of to g) On figure 2 of the reference drawing,
gments of dividers
the largefrom Point Scribe
half circle. C to #2. Transfer
an arc to left
above the the end
the right set dividers from point C to #3. Transfer to
e the right layout
(Pointdrawing
0) of thefrom Point #1 to create Point #2.
baseline. the layout drawing from point #2 to create
, set f)e)With dividers2 set
On figure of tothe
the reference
small arc measurement
drawing, set of point #3.
og, the
set the small half
dividers fromcircle,
PointputCa to
divider point on Point
#2. Transfer to the#1
o#1.the and scribe
layout an arcfrom
drawing above.
Point #1 to create Point #2. Continue through Point 16.
tdividers
#1. g)f)On figure 2 of the
With dividers set to the reference
small arcdrawing, set of
measurement Step 5: Connect the intersecting points
to
dividers from Point C to #3. Transfer to the on each line and cut out the half pattern.
tments of to the small half circle, put a divider point on Point #1
dividers
gments layout drawing
and scribe from
an arc Point #2 to create Point #3.
above.
left endof
e left end Continue
g) On through
figure 2Point 16. reference drawing, set
of the
, set dividers from Point C to #3. Transfer to the
Step 5: Connect
layout drawing thefrom
intersecting
Point #2 points on Point
to create each line
#3.
og, theset
and cut out the half pattern.
to#2.
the Continue through Point 16.
nt
ement#2. of
rement
Point #1of Step 5: Connect the intersecting points on each line
Point #1 and cut out the half pattern.
International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Asbestos Workers © Version 1 2003
, set
og, the
set
to#3.
the
International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Asbestos Workers © Version 1 2003
nt #3. 58
 ECCENTRIC REDUCER (INTERNATIONAL) continued

t 3 of 3 Eccentric Reducer
igh
He

Slant Height
Pattern
e
Tru

t
igh

Add notches, lap and safety edge.

He

Slant Height
Pattern
e
Tru
ht
eig
nt H

True Height
Pattern
Sla

59
International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Asbestos Workers © Version 1 2003
 Hog N

For thi

HOG NOSE A)
B)
C)

Hog Nose
Ste

Hog Nose Ste

you

Line A
For this layout
For this layout you’ll
you’llneed
needthree
threemeasurements.
Hog Nose

Line C
measurements: Ste
A) Lg. O.D.
A) Lg. O.D. Apex Line B Point Y of y
B) the
For Sm.
B) O.D.
thisSm.
layout
O.D.you’ll need three measurements.
C) Weld to weld Ste
Hog Nose C) Weld to Weld
For A)
thisLg.
layout
O.D. you’ll need three measurements. sma
Step 1: Draw a right angle and label it line
B) BSm. O.D.

56
A and
A) Lg. O.D.
For this layout you’ll need threeC) Weld to Weld

1 2 3 4
Step 1: Draw
measurements. a right angle and label it Line A and B Ste
StepB)2: Sm.
From O.D.
your apex, measure up line and
A) Lg. O.D. C)
A the
Step Weld
distanceto Weld
2: From of your
your apexLg.measure
diameter up and
line A the distance of on

0
B) Sm. O.D. make a mark.
Step 1:
your Lg. diameter and make a mark. Line A and B
Draw a right angle and label it
Line A

Ste
C) Weld to Weld
the
Line C

StepStep 3: From1: Draw your apex,

a right measure
angle and label over
it on A and B
Line
Step 2: From your
3:distance apex measure up lineonAline
the distance of
line B
StepY 1: Draw a right angle and label
the
it Line A and B
of your reducer over
(weld to B the distanceSte
Line B Point your Lg.reducer,
diameter and make a mark.
Line ALine A

Apex weld) of and

your (Weld to Weld) anddistance
make a line going up from
Step 2: make From your a line apexgoing up
measure the up line A the distance of
Line C Line C

Step 2: From your apex measure the distance

of your up Sm. diameter.
line A the of your Sm.
distance of Thatdiameter.
will be line ThatC.will be line C
your Lg. diameter and make a mark.your
Step 3: Lg.From
diameter your and apexmakemeasurea mark.over on line B the distance
Line A

Line B Point Y StepStep

of4: your Scribe
reducer,a line from
(Weld toyour
Weld) Lg. diameter
Lg.and make athrough
line going up Ste
Line C

Apex 4: Scribe adistance

line from your diameter your
Step 3: From your apex measureStep over 3: From
on line your
B the apex measure over on line B the distancenum
Line B Point Y
through
the
small your
distance
diameter small
of diameter
your
to LineSm.B. towill
diameter.
That linebe B.Point
That That
willYbe line C
Apex
Line B of your
Point Y reducer, (Weld to Weld) and make a line going up you
Apex will of
beyour point reducer,
Y.
the distance of your Sm. diameter. That will be line C
(Weld to Weld) and make a line going up
the distance
Step 4: Scribeofayour Sm. diameter.
line from be line Cyour Ste
That will through
your Lg. diameter
56

Step
Step 4: Scribe a line from your Lg. 5: Set your
diameter through dividers
your to the radius of end
your small
Lg. diameter
diameter to Line
andfrom B.
swing That will
an arch be Point Y
from through your inte
2 3 4

small diameter to Line B. That will

Stepbe Point Y
Step 4: 5: Scribe
Set your a line
dividers to your
theLg. diameter
radius of your Lg. diameter,
your apex to your Lg. diameter mark on
small diameter to Line B. That will be Point Y
A. swing an arch from your apex to your Lg. diameter mark
line and
0 4 1 56
56
1 2 3 4

on line
Step 5: Set your dividers to the radius A. Lg. diameter,
of your
Step 5: Set your
yourdividers to the radius of your Lg. diameter,
1 02 31 42 356

Step 6: Break
and swing an arch from your apex to your Lg. diameter arch
mark up into 6 equal
on line A. parts and and number
swing an arch them
Step 6: Break your arch up into from 0-6
your starting
apex to at
6 equal your Lg.and
parts diameter
number mark
Step 5: Set your dividers to the radius of your Lg. diameter,
0

youronapex. line0-6 A. and number at your Apex

Step 6: Break your arch up into them
6 equal
and partsstarting
swing an arch from your apex to your Lg. diameter mark
Stepon7:line
them 0-6 starting at your Apex With your dividers set to your apex,
swing
Step 6: 7: A.
arches
Break
With yourdividers
your
from
arch upset intoto6your
1-5 up to line A.
equalApexpartsswing
and number
arches
0

Step 7: With your dividers set to your Apex swing arches

them
from 1-5 0-6 up to lineatAyour Apex
starting
from 1-5 up to line A Step 6: Break your arch up into 6 equal parts and number
Step 8: Using a band, start from your
them
Stepand
Y point 7:0-6 starting
With
go your
to at your 6
dividers
number Apex
set
onto your
line A.Apex swing arches
Mark fromwhere 1-5 thetoband
up line Aintersects with your
Step 8: Using a band start from Step
your Y 7: point
Withand go to dividers set to your Apex swing arches
A Step
line & C Usingyour
8: line. a band start from your Y point and go to
number 6 on line A. Mark where the band intersects with
your A line & C line
from
number 1-56up ontolinelineA.AMark where the band intersects with
Step 9: With your band, fixed at your Y
point,your A linethe & C line end of the band
Step 9: With your Band fixed yourswing
at Step Y8: swingaother
Using
point band
the otherstart from your Y point and go to
end of the band down, anddown markingand wheremarkthe band where the band intersects
number
Step 6 on your
9:your
With line A. BandMark where
fixed the Yband
at your pointintersects
swing the with
other
theStep
with
intersects with line A & C on lineof8:A
rest Using
& numbers
C on a bandthe startof
4-0. rest from
youryour Y point and go to
numbers
your A line & C line
4-0.end of the band down, and marking where the band
number 6 on line A. Mark where the band intersects with
intersects with line A & C on the rest of your numbers 4-0.
your
Step 9: A line
With&your C lineBand fixed at your Y point swing the other
end of the band down, and marking where the band
Step 9: With your Band fixed at your Y point swing the other
intersects with line A & C on the rest of your numbers 4-0.
end of the band down, and marking where the band
60 intersects with line A & C on the rest of your numbers 4-0.
 HogHog
Nose
Nose
HOG NOSE continued

Step 10: With your band pivoting at the point

Step 10: With your band pivoting at the point
where it was placed on the Y point mark the
Step it10:
where With
was your
placed onband
the Y pivoting
point mark atthe
the
distance of point
the 0 marks
where onityour
was band.
placed on the Y point,
distance of the 0 marks on your band.
mark the distance of the 0 marks on your
Step 11: At band.
the far left mark go up 1/12 of your Lg.
Step 11: At the far left mark go up 1/12 of your Lg.
circumference and make a mark.
circumference
Step 11: At theandfar
make
leftamark,
mark. go up 1/12 of
Step 12: swinging
your Lg.thecircumference
band up mark the and make a mark.
distance
Step 12: swinging the band up mark the distance
of #1 marks on the band. Then keep alternating
ofStep 12: Swinging
#1 marks theThen
on the band. bandkeep up, alternating
mark the
between marking
distanceup 1/12
of #1ofmarks
the Lg.on
Cir.the
Andband.
the Then
1 between marking up 1/12 of the Lg. Cir. And the
12 1 distance between numbers 2-6.
keep alternating between marking up 1/12
distance between numbers 2-6.
1 12 of the Lg. cir. and the distance between
12 1 numbers 2-6.
12

Lap
Lap

Step 13: Connect all your points and then cut out your pattern. Trace your pattern to your insulation and
Step 13: Connect all your points and then cut out your pattern. Trace your pattern to your insulation and
or metal. Add your appropriate laps and safety edges to your metal.
or metal. Add your appropriate laps and safety edges to your metal.
Step 13: Connect all your points and then
cut out your pattern. Trace your pattern
to your insulation and/or metal. Add your
appropriate laps and safety edges to your
metal.

61
NOTES

62
NOTES

63
NOTES

64
 SquareSQUARE
to Round TO ROUND
Square to Round

Step 1: Draw the actual size of the square

Square to Round
object, including insulation, and divide into
4 equal parts. Label the center line A-A, and
the baseline B-B.

Step 2: Set your dividers for 1/2 of the

International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Asbestos Workers ©
outside diameter of the pipe insulation and
draw the circle in the center of the square.
Divide a quarter of the circle into 4 equal
1 of 2 Square to Round
segments.

Step 3: Number 1 through 5. Connect the

Point B to each of the numbers.
Draw a right angle next to the first drawing.
f the Step 4: Set your dividers from the Point
tion, and B to the #1. Since the round is coming
l the out of the center, the #5 will be the same
ine B-B.
nce the round is coming out of distance. Mark this measurement from the
Since the round is coming out of apex of the right angle along the baseline
measurement from the apex of the
Vi measurement
of the from the apex of the of the right angle #5 and #1.
#1.
d #1.
nsulation Step 5: From the same corner, set your
er and
#2 of the
the #4. Again, since the dividers to the #2 and the #4. Again, since
#2 and the #4. Again, since the
so be equal. Mark this the round is coming out of the center,
also
nto 4be equal. Mark this the #2 and #4 will also be equal. Mark this
baseline of the right angle #4 and
he baseline of the right angle #4 and measurement from the apex of the right
angle along the baseline of the right angle
Connect
#4 and #2. Do the same for the #3.
urement from the apex of the
mbers.
asurement from the apex of the
first Step 6: Set your dividers from A to #1. Mark
this measurement from the apex of the
right angle.
m the Point B to the #1. Since the round is coming out of
ame distance. Mark this measurement from the apex of the Step 7: Using the true height of the square
of the right angle #5 and #1. to round transition and transfer this
measurement to the rise of the right angle.
, set your dividers to the #2 and the #4. Again, since the This becomes the apex for the divider
settings for the layout. Using a straightedge
nter, the #2 and #4 will also be equal. Mark this
draw reference lines.
f the right angle along the baseline of the right angle #4 and

m A to #1. Mark this measurement from the apex of the

s and Asbestos Workers © Version 1 2003

of
orsthe
and Asbestos Workers © Version 1 2003
transfer 65
f the
 SQUARE TO ROUND continued
2 of 2 Square to Round
2 of Step
2 8: Draw line B-B the widthSquare
of one to
of Round
the
sides of the square.

a) Set dividers from the apex to #5 on the

21
reference drawing and swing an arc from each
Step 8: Draw line B-B the width of one of the sidesendofofthe
linesquare.
B to establish point #5 on the layout
drawing.
a) Set dividers from the apex to #5 on the reference drawing and swing an arc from each
end of line B to establish point #5 on the layout drawing. b) Set dividers for 1/16 of the pipe insulation
b) Set dividers for 1/16 of the pipe insulation circumference circumference and and
swing swing an arc
an arc to the
to the right
right
and left of point #5.
and left of point #5.
21
2 ofdividers
c) Set 2 from the apex to #4 onSquare to Round
the reference c) drawing
Set dividers
andfrom
swing thean
apex
arc to #4 on
from the
each
Step 8:2 1Draw line B-B the width of one of thereference sides of drawing
the square.and swing an arc from each
end of Line B to establish point #4 on the layout drawing.
Stepa)8:Set Draw line B-B
dividers fromthe thewidth
apex of
to one
#5 on ofthe end
thereference
sides ofof Line
the B to establish point #4 on the
square.
drawing and swing an arc from each
d) Continue to establish points B-3, B-2, and B-l. layout drawing.
a) Setend of linefrom
dividers B to theestablish
apex to point #5the
#5 on on reference
the layoutdrawing
drawing.and swing an arc from each
Step
end of 9:
b)lineOn
Set B the reference
to establish
dividers drawing
point
for 1/16 of #5 set
theon dividers
theinsulation
pipe from d)
layout drawing.the apex toto
Continue
circumference A-l.
establish
and swingpoints
an arcB-3, B-2,right
to the
and B-l.
b)On and
Setthe left of for
layout
dividers point
drawing
1/16 #5.of
swing an arc
the pipe from each
insulation point #1. and swing an arc to the right
circumference
and
Setleft
c) of point
dividers
Set for#5.
dividersVi offrom
the side measurement
the apex to #4 on the of the Step 9:
square
reference On swing
and the and
drawing reference
answing drawing,
arc from each
an arc set dividers
end
from each
from the apex to A-l.
c)ofSet
line
end B-B
dividers to from
of Line establish
B tothe pointtoC.
establish
apex point
#4 on#4theonreference
the layoutdrawing
drawing. and swing an arc from each
Connect
end ofd)Line point B to
B to establish
Continue point
to establish C to
point #1 on
#4 on
points both sides.
theB-2,
B-3, layout This
On is
anddrawing.
B-l. half
the of
layoutthe transition.
drawing, swing an arc from each
point #1.
d) Continue
Step 9: On to establish pointsdrawing
the reference B-3, B-2, setand B-l. from the apex to A-l.
dividers Set dividers for 1/2 of the side measurement of
the square and swing an arcnotches
from each
to end of
dth of one ofStep
Step
the On9: On
10:
sides the
Add
theof reference
the
layout
the drawing
necessary
drawing
square. sideset
swing dividers
laps,
an arcend from
fromlaps
eachtothe apex
attach
point totothe
#1. A-l.square, and
line B-B to establish point C.
attach to
Setlayoutthe drawing
dividersround.
for The other
of the sideside willeach
measurementbe theofsame
the#1. with the
square andexception
swing an arc of the
fromsafety
each end
On the
o #5 on the reference drawing andViswing
swing an arc
an arc from
from each point Connect point B to point C to #1 on both sides.
edges
Set of replacing
line B-B
dividers the
for Vito sideside
laps.
ofestablish
the point C.
measurement of the square
#5 on the layout drawing. This isand
halfswing
of thean arc from each end
transition.
of lineConnect
B-B to point B topoint
establish pointC.C to #1 on both sides. This is half of the transition.
pipe insulation circumference and swing an arc to the right
Connect point B to point C to #1 on both sides. ThisStep 10: Add the necessary side laps, end
is half of the transition.
laps to attach to the square, and notches to
o #4 on the reference attach to the round. The other side will be the
Stepdrawing
10: Addand
theswing an arcside
necessary from each
laps, end laps to attach
same to the
with the square,ofand
exception the notches to
safety edges
t #4 on the layoutattach
drawing.
to the round. The other side will be the same
replacingwith the exception
the square,
side laps. of the safety
Step 10: Add the necessary side laps, end laps to attach to the and notches to
B-3, B-2, and edges
B-l.
attach replacing
to the the side
round. The otherlaps.
side will be the same with the exception of the safety
edges
ng set dividers replacing
from the apexthe
to side
A-l. laps.
n arc from each point #1.
measurement of the square and swing an arc from each end
C.
#1 on both sides. This is half of the transition.

de laps, end laps to attach to the square, and notches to

side will be the same with the exception of the safety

66
 Offset Square to Round

Square to Round
SQUARE TO ROUND (OFFSET)

Measurements
Measurements
Step 1: Get the diameter of the insulated
Step 1: Get theround.
diameter of the insulated round.
Step 2: Get the size of the insulated square.
Step 2: Get the size of the insulated square.
Step 3: Find the distance between the
Step 3: Find thecenter
distance between the center of the square
True Height

of the square and the center of

and the centertheof the round.
round.
Step 4: Get your true4:height
Step Get your true height.

CL Layout
Layout
Step 5: Draw the actual size of your
insulated duct and label the top two
corners L & R.
Step 5: Draw the actual
Step size of
6: Mark theyour insulated
center duct,
of your and on
square label
CL the top two corners L &and
R. sides. Draw horizontal line in
the top
the center of your square and mark the
Step 6: Mark the center of your square on the top and sides.
ends AL & AR.
L R
Draw horizontal line in the center of your square, and mark
Step 7: On the top of the square, measure
the ends AL & AR.
over the distance of the center of your
3
4 5 43 Step 7: On the offset
top of round
the square measure
and draw over
a line the distance
going
AL 2 AR
1 21
of the center ofstraight down.
your offset round, and draw a line going
straight down. Step 8: Set your dividers to the radius of
your round. Place them where the center
Step 8: Set your dividers to the radius of your round. Place
of the round and the center of the square
them where the center of
intersect thescribe
and roundaand the center of the
circle.
Layout
square intersect and scribe a circle.
Step 9: Break up the top portion of the
Step 9: Break up the and
circle top por on ofitthe
number 1-5 circle and number
then back down it
to 1. (Remember each portion is
1-5 the back down to 1. (Remember each por on is 1/161/16 of of
your rounds circumference).
your rounds circumference).

67
 Reference Drawing
Step 10: Draw a right angle. From your apex go up the distance o
True Height (TH) your True Height and make a mark.
Offset Square
Step 11:to Round
On your layout drawing set your dividers from your AR
SQUARE TO ROUND (OFFSET) continued
point on the square to your #1 point on your circle, and mark tha
distanceM onayour
k in g reference
yo u r drawing.
r ef er en Do thec e same
d r afor your
w in g AL 1
Reference Drawing mark.
Stretch
Step 10: Draw a rightout angle. Pattern
From your apex go up the distance o
Step 12: Set
your TrueStep your
Height dividers from your L point to #1 and mark it on
True Height (TH) 13:and Drawmake a mark.
a line the length of one side of
your reference
your drawing.
square andDomark
the same
one for numbers
side L and the 2-5. (Repeat
other
AR AL R R R L L L Step 11: On
this step for your layout drawing set your dividers from your AR
1 1 4 3 1 3 4 1 R. R1-R5)
point on the square to your #1 point on your circle, and mark tha
distance onA) your Sreference
On your t r reference
et c drawing.
h o ut PDoathe
drawing, t tset
er n for
your
same dividers
your AL 1
R R L L
mark. from your True Height (TH) to R5, and then
5 2 2 5 Step 13: Draw
swingaan linearch
thegoing
lengthup of from
one sideyour ofRyour
pointsquare
on and
mark12:
Step oneSet
side
your L and
your the
dividers
stretch outother
from R.your L point to #1 and mark it on
pattern.
your reference drawing. Do the same for numbers 2-5. (Repeat
AR AL R R R L L L
A) On yourB) Doreference
the same drawing
thing set for your
yourdividers
L5 point. from your True
this step for R1-R5)
Remember to always start fromanyour
1 1 4 3 1 3 4 1 Height (T.H.) to R5, and then swings archTH when
going up from
setting
your R pointSon your dividers. This time, go up from your
t ryour
et cstretch
h o ut outPpatter.
a t t er n
L point on the pattern and swing an arch. Where
R R L L B) Do the same thing for you’re for L5 point. Remember to
5 2 2 5 theseatwo
13: Draw linelines intersect
the length willside
giveofyou your 5 and
Step always start
point onfromyouryour T.H.of
stretch
one
when
out setting
pattern.
your
your square
dividers, this
marktime
one go
sideupL from
and the other R.
your L point on the pattern and swing an
C) Setting your dividers to 1/16 will of the round
A) arch.
On yourWhere these drawing
reference two linessetintersect
your dividers
circumference, scribe an arch on each side of
give youyour
from you’re 5
True
point
Height on yourtostretch
(T.H.) R5, Set
andoutthen
pattern.
swings an archthe
going
1 1 your #5 point. your dividers from TH up
to from
2 3 4 5 4 3 2 C) Setting
yourR4, your
R point dividers
by againon your
goingto 1/16
stretch
fromout of the
your Rrounds
patter.point circumference
on your
scribe
B) Do the an
stretch arch
samedrawing on each side
thing fortoyou’re of
swingfor your
anL5 #5
arch point,
going
point. and
up. then
Remember Thistoset
your will
always givefrom
dividers
start you
fromyour
your 4
the T.H. point.
T.H. to
whenR4, setting
again going
your from yourthis
dividers, R
point
timeD) onContinue
go upyour
from stretch
your drawing
thisLprocess
point on swing
totheget
anthearch
pattern going
and
rest
up. This
ofswing
your an
will
arch.give
pointsyouonthese
Where your
the4R point.
two
side,lines
and intersect
then dowill give
the same youfor
you’re 5
D) Continue
the L this
side. process to
point on your stretch out pattern. get the rest of your points on the R
1 1
2 3 4 5 4 3 2 C) side, and
Setting then
your do theto
dividers same1/16for ofthe
theLrounds
Step 14: Set your dividers from your AR1 mark
side. circumference
Step scribe
to an arch onand
each sideyour
of your
AR1#5 point, andfrom
then
T.H. set
AL AR your TH swing an arch going down
14: Set your dividers from mark to your and
swing an arch going down from your R1 point on your pattern.R D
your dividers
your R1 from
point the
on T.H.
your to R4,
pattern.again
Do going
the from
same your
L
Stretch Out Pattern
R pointto
the same
the
toonthe
leftstretch
your side of your stretch
left side ofdrawing
your stretch
out
swingout pattern
an pattern
arch going up.your
using This
using your
will give you your AL1 measurement
4 point. on the reference
AL1 measurement
drawing. on the reference drawing.
D) Continue this process to get the rest of your points on the R
15: Set
Step side, and
Step your
15:dividers
then theto
doyour
Set ½ offor
same one
dividers toside
the ½ ofone
L side.
of yourside
square
of and
Making your reference drawing swing an your arch going
square out
andfrom youranR arch
swing pointgoing
and L out
point. Where
from
AL AR
Step 14: Set
your your
R dividers
point and from
L your
point. AR1
Where mark to
those your
archesT.H. and
Step 10: Draw a right angle. From your apex, those arch intersect with the arch from the last step will give you
go up theL distance of your True Height swingAR
your anand
archALgoing
intersect down
with
points. thefrom
archyour
from R1the
point
laston your
step pattern. D
will
R and give you your ARand AL points.
make a mark. Stretch Out Pattern the same to the left side of your stretch out pattern using your
Step 16: Add your appropriate
AL1 measurement on the laps. drawing.
reference
Step 11: On your layout drawing, set your Step 16: Add your appropriate laps. Flip
thisyour
dividers from your AR point on the square to Step 15: Set pattern to make
dividers to ½ aofmirror image
one side for square and
of your
your #1 point on your circle, and mark that the opposite half.
swing an arch going out from your R point and L point. Where
distance on your reference drawing. Do the those arch intersect with the arch from the last step will give you
same for your AL 1 mark.
your AR and AL points.
Step 12: Set your dividers from your L point
to #1 and mark it on your reference drawing. Step 16: Add your appropriate laps.
Do the same for numbers 2-5. (Repeat this
step for R1-R5)

68
NOTES

69
NOTES

70
 Dish Head Layout (Gores)

DishHEAD
TANK Head Layout
LAYOUT (GORES)(Gores)

CL Step 1: Draw a right angle.

Stepa2:
Step 1: Draw On angel.
Right your right angle, go up from
Measurement
your apex the radius of your tank.
s Diameter

Step 2: On your right angel go up from your apex the You will need two measurements

Step 3: From your radius point, make a 1. The Diameter of the insulated

radius of your tank. tank.

Radius

horizontal line. 2. Your Gore length.

Step 3: From
Stepyour radius
4: Set yourpoint make to
dividers a horizontal
the radiusline.
of
your tank and swing an arc.
Step 4: Set your dividers to the radius of your tank and
swing an arc.
Step 5: From the bottom of your arc,
measure up your gore length. Make a mark
CL on your center line (CL).

Step 6: Break up a quarter of your arc into

Gore length ¼ of the amount of gores that you’ll need.
(i.e. if you need 24 gores break up a quarter
Step 5: From the bottom of your arc measure up your
of your arc 6x.)
gore length. And make a mark on your center line (CL).

Step 6: break up a quarter of your arc into ¼ of the

Step 7: From your CL of your gore, go out
amount of gores that you’ll need.
in each direction ½ of the base of your
(i.e. if you need 24 gores break up a quarter of your arc
gore.
6x.)
Step 8: Bring those points up to your
gore length

Step 9: Add in lap. On the base of your

gore, go out in each direction 5/8”, and go
CL up from your gore length 5/8” and connect
those points.
Gore length Step 7: From your CL of your gore go out in each
Step 10: Add ¾” below your arc for crimp.
direction ½ of the base of your gore.

Step 8: Bring those points up to your gore length

Step 9: Add in lap. On the base of your gore go out in

each direction 5/8”, and go up from your gore length
5/8” and connect those points.

Step 10: add ¾” below your arc for crimp.

71
 TANK HEAD LAYOUT (GORES) continued
Head Layout (Gores)
ling Gores to a head
Installing Gores to a Head
metal Step 1: Attach a 6” ring of metal around the
nk body. end of your tank body.

or the
Step 2: Cut a circle piece for the center of
the head.

tal around
er piece in Step 3: Cut 4 strips of metal around 3” wide
to hold your center piece in place.

3” strips of
Step 4: Attach your four 3” strips of metal
pop to your circle using pop rivets.

n the Step 5: Place your circle in the center of

rap the 3” the head and wrap the 3” strips around the
head and fasten them to the 6” ring on the
d fasten end of the head.
e end of
Finish

nk you Step 6: On a horizontal tank, you need to

start with your starter piece in the center,
arter
Rights

on the bottom of the tank. Then put on the

Lefts

e bottom rights then the lefts. Your last piece you will
he rights install will be the finished piece.
ece you
h piece.
Starter

72
 STANDARD HEAD GORES

Page 1 of 3 Head Gores

he tank head and take the measurements as follows: Head Gores

Step 1: Measure the Circumference of the insulated
International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Asbestos Workers © Version 1 2003

ce of the tank.
Measure across the head of the tank; this is twice the
nk; this is gore length.
Determine the # of gores that you will use.
will use.
Diameter # of Gores
Gores
Up to 3’ 28
3’ to 5’ 32
5’ to 8’ 36
8’ to 12’ 40
12’ to 20’ 48
20’ and larger 52
ber of gores to determine the heel measurement of each gore.
umference; 113" ÷ 28=4 ⅜”
Divide the circumference by number of gores to
d. Stretch a chalk line to where the head starts at the body of
determine the heel measurement of each gore.
Example: 36” diameter = 113” circumference;
113” ÷ 28 = 4”
mp:
Step 2: Find the center of the head. Stretch a chalk line
; mark half of this measurement on each side of the centerline.
tank head; mark half of this measurement on each side of the
to where the head starts at the body of the tank. Snap
it!
each side of the centerline to create a snap line pattern.
ed to obtain the measurements needed for the layout drawing. Step 3: To allow for bead and crimp:
ight equal parts and number 1 through 9. Add 3/4” to the heel measurement; mark half of this
write them down. measurement on each side of the centerline.
Add 1/2” to the center point of the tank head;
ith a centerline the length of the gore. Divide into eight equal mark half of this measurement on each side of the
h each and number the lines 1 through 9. centerline.
Stretch a chalk line and snap it on each side of the
s taken from the tank head to the corresponding numbers on centerline to create a snap line pattern.
measurement in half and swing arc on each side of centerline.
This gore drawn on the head is used to obtain the
measurements needed for the layout drawing.
for a lap that will roll onto the body of the tank. Divide the snap line pattern into eight equal parts and
number 1 through 9.
Measure each numbered line and write them down.

Step 4: Start your metal pattern with a centerline the

length of the gore. Divide into eight equal parts, draw
Heat and Frost Insulators and Asbestos Workers © Version 1 2003 perpendiculars through each and number the lines 1
through 9.

73
 STANDARD HEAD GORES continued

Step 5: Transfer the measurements taken

Page 2 of 3 Head Gores from the tank head to the corresponding
numbers on the layout drawing. Divide
each measurement in half and swing arc on
each side of centerline.

Page 2 of 3 Head Gores Add 3” to the end to of the pattern for a lap
Page 2 of 3 Headtank.
that will roll onto the body of the Gores

umber of
e the tank

umber of
Step 6: Trace this pattern out the number of Step 6: Trace this pattern out the number
e the tank
y. gores that you will need to complete the tank of gores that you will need to complete the
p edges. head. tank head.
vide a
Step 7: Crimp and bead as necessary.
Finish Left Starter Right The starter gore will have two crimp edges.
edges. Lefts and rights will be used to provide a
y.
Step7: Crimp and bead as necessary. watershed. The finished gore will have two
p edges.
The starter gore will have two crimp edges. bead edges.
vide a
Lefts and rights will be used to provide a Step 8: Before installing the head gores you
Finish
watershed. Left Starter Right
edges. Finish will need
Left to: Starter Right
The finish gore will have two bead edges. a) Attach a piece of jacketing 4” to 6”wide
to the end of the body of the tank.
ores you b) Cut a circle for the center of the head.
c) Cut two bands of jacketing 2” to 3” wide
to hold the center piece in place.
6"wide to
d) Attach the center piece to the
circumference piece with pop rivets.
head.
ores you
3" wide Step 8: Before installing the head gores you
will need to:
6"wide to
a) Attach a piece of jacketing 4" to 6"wide to
s. the end of the body of the tank.
head.
b) Cut a circle for the center of the head.
3" wide
c) Cut two bands of jacketing 2" to 3" wide
to hold the center piece in place.
d) Attach the center piece to the 74
s.
circumference piece with pop rivets.
 STANDARD HEAD GORES continued
e 3 of 3 Head Gores

You are ready to start applying the gores.

On a horizontal tank, start at the bottom of
the head in the center with the starter gore.

Work your way up the left and right sides

and finish at the top with the finish gore.
Use dividers to equally space the pop
rivets.

nsulators and Asbestos Workers © Version 1 2003

75
 Ratio Layout Head Gores

Ratio Layout Head Gores

SWIRL LAYOUT HEAD GORES
Example: 4’Diameter tank with 2” of insulation on a 2:1 head.
(All measurements are with insulation)
Example: 4’ Diameter tank with 2” of insulation on a 2:1 head.
Rise of Head = 14” (Rise of Head+2”)
Radius of Insulated
(AllTank =26”
measurements are with insulation)
Ratio
Rise of Head=:14”
of Head = .538 - How
(Rise to get
of Head that # is Rise ÷ Radius (14 ÷ 26 = .538)
+ 2”)

Radius of Insulated Tank =:26”

O.D. of Tank = 52” (48+4=52)
Ratio of Head =:.538
Circumference - How toTank
of Insulated get that # is ¼
= 163 Rise
(52÷ Radius
x 3.14 (14 ÷ 26 = .538)
= 163.28)
O.D. of Tank =:52” (48 + 4 = 52)
Base of the Gore = 5 13⁄16 (How
Circumference of Insulated
to get this #. Take the # of gores your putting on
Tank =:163 ¼“ (52 x 3.14 = 163.28)
and ÷ by your circumference. This head will take 28 gores so 163.28 ÷ 28 = 5.831
Base of the Gore =:5 131/16 (Divide the circumference
round to the nearest ⁄16 which gives you 5 13⁄16 1) by the number of gores. This head will take 28
gores so 163.28 ÷ 28 = 5.831 round to the nearest /16 which gives you 5 /16.)
13

Ratioof
Ratio ofRise:
Rise: Take
Take your
yourgore
gorebase and
base multiply
and by the
multiply byratio
the of the of
ratio head
the.538
head .538
(5.831x .538
(5.831 x .538 =3.13
= 3.13 or or
3 1/38)⅛)

Gore
GoreLength:
Length: 31⅜,
31 3/8 how’d to get
(Gore this=number?
length ( 4 𝟒𝟒
) = Gore Length
(𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑+𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑) 𝐱𝐱 𝟑𝟑.𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
Radius + Rise of the head 3.1416 (π) )

26 + 14 = 40 x 3.1416
26 + 14 = 40 x 3.1416 = 125.6 ÷ 4 = 31.4 or 31 /8
3 =125.6 ÷ 4 =31.4 or 31 ⅜

Measurements needed for layout: Gore length 313/8 Gore Base 5 13/16, and Ratio of the Rise 31/8.
Measurements needed for layout: Gore length 31⅜, Gore Base 5𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏⁄𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 , and
Ratio of the Rise 3⅛.
Rise of head
12” 14”
26”

CL

76
 SWIRL LAYOUT HEAD GORES continued
Ratio Layout Head Gores
Ratio Layout Head Gores
Step 1: Draw a Ratio
centerlineLayout HeadandGores
your Gore Length break it up into 4 equal parts, and
Step 1: Draw a centerline your Gore Length and break it up into 4 equal parts, and number
number them 1-4.
Step Draw a centerline your Gore Length and break it up into 4 equal parts, and number
them1:1-4
them 2:
Step 1-4On one end make a 3” back lap.
Step 1: Draw a centerline your Gore Length and break it up into 4 equal parts, and number
Step 2: On one end make a 3” back lap.
them2:1-4
Step On one end make1a 3” back lap. 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
Step 2: On one end make a 3” back lap.
3”3”

1 2 3 4
CL
Lap

CL
3” 3”3”
LapLap
3”

CL

Step
Step 3:3:On
Onthethe
toptop
side side oflap
of your your lapout
going going out
in each in each
direction direction
mark ½ of yourmark ½ of your Gore Base.
Gore Base.
Step 3: On the top side of your lap going out in each direction mark ½ of your Gore Base.
Step
Step 4:4:On
On your
your centerline
centerline go up go up Rise
½ your ½ on your
Ratio measurement, measureme
Rise Ratio and nt, and draw an ellipse.
draw an ellipse.
(If
Step
(If 4: On refer
needed
3:
needed the
yourtop
refer side
toto the
the ofmeasurement
your
go uplap
measurement
centerline ½ going out
section
your Rise in
in each
section indirection
layout
Ratio layout
book on mark
book
measurement, ½
toof
on
howand youran
how
draw draw
toGore an ellipse.)
Base.
ellipse)
ellipse.
(If needed refer to the measurement section in layout book on how to draw an ellipse)
Step 4: On your centerline go up ½ your Rise Ratio measurement, and draw an ellipse.
1 2 3 4
(If needed refer to the measurement section in layout book on how to draw an ellipse)
1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4

Step 5: Divide each quarter of your ellipse into 4 equal parts, and number them 1-4
Step 5:5:Divide
Step Divideeach quarter
each of yourofellipse
quarter yourinto 4 equal
ellipse parts,
into and number
4 equal parts,them
and1-4
number them 1-4.
Step 6: Connect the numbers on the ellipse to the corresponding numbers on the Gore Length.
6: Divide
Step 5: Connect each
thequarter
numbers ofon
your
theellipse
ellipseinto 4 equal
to the parts, and numbers
corresponding number them 1-4
on the Gore Length.
Step 6: Connect the numbers on the ellipse to the corresponding numbers on the
Gore
Step 6:Length. the numbers on the ellipse to the corresponding numbers on the Gore Length.
Connect

1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4
4
4
4

77
 RatioLAYOUT
SWIRL LayoutHEAD
Head Gores
GORES
Ratio Layout Head Gorescontinued

Making a Swirled Tank Head

Making a Swirled Tank Head Making a Swirled Tank Head
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4

Step 1: On #1 and # 3 you are going to mark your deflection for the swirl affect. On #1 go to
On #1 and
Step1:1:On
Step and ##33 you are going to mark your deflection for the swirl affect. On #1Ongo to
the right of#1
your centeryou
lineare
andgoing
on #3to
gomark
to theyour deflection
left of forline.
your center the Your
swirl affect.
deflection
the
#1 goright of your
to the center line and online
#3 go toon
the leftgo
ofto
your centerofline. Your deflection
amounts areright
goingof
toyour
vary,center and
just make sure that #3
your arcs the
flowleft
smoothlyyour center line. Your
deflection
amounts areamounts
going toare going
vary, to vary,
just make just
sure thatmake
yoursure that smoothly
arcs flow your arcs flow smoothly.
Step 2: Using a circumference ruler (bend bar) make a smooth arc going from where your
Step
Step2:2:Using circumferenceruler
Using a circumference ruler (bend
(bend bar)
bar) makemake a smooth
a smooth arc going
arc going from where
from where your
baseline and center meet through your deflection mark on #1 and back to where your
your
baseline and center meet through your deflection mark on #1 and back to where yourwhere
baseline and center meet through your deflection mark on #1 and back to
center
your line and
center line#2and meet.
#2 meet.
center line and #2 meet.
Step 3: Again, using
Step your circumference ruler make a smooth arc from #2 through your
Step3:3:Again, usingyour
Again, using yourcircumference
circumference ruler,
ruler makemake a smooth
a smooth arc #2
arc from from #2 through
through your your
deflection mark
deflection mark onon #3#3and
andback
backtotowhere
where #4#4andand
youryour
center line meet.
center line meet.
deflection mark on #3 and back to where #4 and your center line meet.
Step4:
Step Now transfer
4: Now transferyour
yourdistances
distances from your
from ellipse
your to the
ellipse to corresponding
the correspondingpoints points
on the on
Step 4: Now transfer your distances from your ellipse to the corresponding points on the
the gore
gore length.
length. 1 to 11,to 1, 2,
2 to 2 to
and2,3and
to 3.3 to 3.
gore length. 1 to 1, 2 to 2, and 3 to 3.

3
3
2 4
2 4
1
1

Step 5: Using a circumference ruler connect your marks to make your gore pattern.
Step 5: Using a circumference ruler connect your marks to make your gore pattern
StepStep
6: Using your
5: Using pattern makeruler
a circumference a pattern
connectforyour
rights
marksa pattern
to makefor lefts
your and
gore a starter
pattern
piece, adding
Step ¾“your
6: Using for patter
your crimp
make to the appropriate
a patter side. for lefts and a starter piece,
for rights a pattern
Step 6: Using your patter make a patter for rights a pattern for lefts and a starter piece,
adding ¾“ for your crimp to the appropriate side.
adding ¾“ for your crimp to the appropriate side.

78
l l in g G o r es t o a h ea d

of metal SWIRL LAYOUT HEAD GORES continued

tank body.

e for the
Side View Front View Installing Gores To A Head
Step 1: Attach a 6” ring of metal around the
metal around end of your tank body.
nter piece in
Step 2: Cut a circle piece for the center of
CL
the head.
r 3” strips of
ng pop Step 3: Cut 4 strips of metal around 3” wide
to hold your center piece in place.

Step 4: Attach your four 3” strips of metal

e in the
wrap the 3”
to your circle using pop rivets.
and fasten Step 5: Place your circle in the center of
the end of the head and wrap the 3” strips around the
head and fasten them to the 6” ring on the
end of the head.

Step 6: On a horizontal tank you need to

start with your starter piece in the center,
tank you
Finish

on the bottom of the tank. Then put on the

starter rights then the lefts. Your last piece you will
the bo om install will be the finish piece.
n the rights
piece you
Rights
Le s

nish piece.
Starter

79
NOTES

80
NOTES

81
NOTES

82
 Rubber

Weld to Weld
Three Measurem

RUBBER REDUCER (CONCENTRIC) • Weld to weld on

• Circumference of
• Circumference of

Rubber Reducers Conc

Step 1: Wrap a measuring stri

Three Measurements you’ll need: Large

Pipe Diameter
reducer and mark the circumf

Step 2: Now take your measu

circumference of the small po
Weld to weld on the reducer Step 3: On a sheet of Rubber
Weld to Weld

Three Measurements
Circumference you’ll need
of large insulated portion your weld to weld, by whatev

Step 4: Above and below your

Circumference of small insulated portion add 1 inch.

Rubber Reducers
• Weld to weld on the reducer
Small Step 5: Break up your large cir

Concentric Reducer
Pipe Diameter

• Circumference of large insulated portion

Step 1: Wrap a measuring strip around the
• Circumference of small insulated portion
Weld to Weld

Three Measurements you’ll need

Lg. portion on the reducer and mark the
circumference on the strip.
• Weld to weld on the reducer
• Circumference of large insulated
Step 2: Nowportion
take your measuring strip and
get the circumference
• Circumference of small insulated portion of the small portion of
the reducer.

Step 3: On aConcentric
sheet of Rubber, measure out the
distance of your weld to weld, by whatever your
Lg. circumference is.
Step 1: Wrap a measuring strip around the Lg. portion on the
Concentric
reducer and Stepmark the circumference
4: Above and belowon the weld
your strip. to weld
Large
measurement, add
Pipe Diameter Step 1: Wrap a measuring strip around the Lg. portion on the 1 inch.
Large Step 2: Now
reducer and mark the circumference ontake your measuring strip and get the
the strip.
Pipe Diameter Step of
circumference 5: the
Break upportion
small your large
of thecircumference
reducer. into
4 equal
Step 2: Now take your measuring strip and get parts
the
circumference of the small portion of the reducer.
Step 3: OnStep
a sheet of Rubber
6: Find measure out
the difference the distance
between of
the large
your measure
Step 3: On a sheet of Rubber weldand
toout
weld, bycircumference.
whatever
the distance
small of your Lg. circumference
Take is.
that amount and
your weld to weld, by whatever your Lg. circumference is.
divide it by 4. (i.e. Lg. circumference is 18” and
Step 4: Above
Step 4: Above and below your weldthe
and
small
to weld
below
is 15”your
measurementtheweld to weldismeasurement
difference 3”. 3 divided 4
add 1 inch. add 1 inch.is .75 or ¾”)

Small
Small
Step 5: Break up your large Stepup
Stepcircumference
5: Break 7:your
intoNow that
4 equal parts
large you have ¼ into
circumference of the difference
4 equal parts
Pipe Diameter between the Lg. and Small circumference, go
Pipe Diameter
half that distance on each side of your ¼ marks
on your rubber.

Step 8: Take those marks straight down through

your 1” area then to the center point on the ¼
mark on your rubber

Step 9: Using contact adhesive, glue your voids

together and then install on your system.

83
 Eccentric Reducer
Step 6: Find the difference between the large and small circumference. Take that
amount and divide it by 4. (i.e. Lg. circumference is 18” and the smallThe
is 15”
onlythe
difference between the layout for
RUBBER REDUCER (ECCENTRIC)
difference is 3”. 3 divided 4 is .75 or ¾”) concentric and eccentric reducer is with the
eccentric layout you only remove the
Step 7: Now that you have ¼ of the difference between the Lg. and Small circumference
difference of large and small circumference in
ge and small circumference. Takegothat
half that distance on each side of your ¼ marks on your rubber. 3 areas on the ¼ marks
erence is 18” and the small is 15” the
Step 8: Take those marks straight down through your 1” area then to the center point
on the
Step ¼ mark
6: Find theon your rubber
difference between the large and small circumference. Take that
nce between the Lg. and Small circumference
amount and divide it by 4. (i.e. Lg. circumference is 18” and the small is 15” the
marks on your rubber. Step 9: Using contact adhesive glue your voids together and then install on your
difference is 3”. 3 divided 4 is .75 or ¾”)
system.

Eccentric Reducer
ough your 1” area then to the center point
Step 7: Now that you have ¼ of the difference between the Lg. and Small circumference
⅜”half that distance¾on
go ” each side of your¾”¼ marks on your rubber.
¾” ⅜”
oids together and then install on your
Step 8: Take those marks straight down through your 1” area then to the center point
on the ¼ mark on your rubber The only difference between the layout for
Step ⅜”
9: Using contact adhesive glue your voids together and then install on your
concentric and eccentric reducer is with
¾”
system. the eccentric layout you only remove the
difference of large and small circumference
⅜” ¾” ¾” ¾” ⅜”
in 3 areas on the ¼ marks.
Eccentric Reducer
The only difference between the layout for
concentric and eccentric reducer is with the
eccentric layout you only remove the
difference of large and small circumference in
3 areas on the ¼ marks
Eccentric Reducer
The only difference between the layout for
concentric and eccentric reducer is with the
eccentric layout you only remove the
difference of large and small circumference in
3 areas on the ¼ marks

84
 Rubber

WELDS

RUBBER MONO TEE

Step 1: With a

Measuring Strip
you’ll need to
A measurement

A) Measur
back up
Rubber Mono Tee center o
weld.
B) Measur
Tee from
Step 1: With a measuring strip, you’ll need center o
WELDS B C) Measur
to get three measurements: Tee from
Measuring Strip

A): Measure down, around and back up Step 2: To bot

Step 1: With a measuring strip
Measuring Strip

measurement
on your tee from center of weld to 2x the thickne
you’ll center
need toof get three
weld. Step 3: To you

A measurements.
you’ll need to
B): Measure the body of your tee from
center of weld to center of weld.
A) Measure down around and C from
C): Measure the throat of the tee
backtoupweld.
weld on your Tee from
Step 2: center
To both of weld
your A & to center of
B measurements,
weld.
you’ll need to add 2x the thickness of your
covering.
B) Measure the body of your
Step 3: To your C measurement, you’ll
Tee from center of weld to
need to add 2”.
center of weld.
C) Measure the throat of the
B
Measuring Strip
Tee from weld to weld.

Step 2: To both you’re A & B

measurements you’ll need to add
2x the thickness of your covering.

Step 3: To your C measurement

you’ll need to add 2”

85
 RUBBER MONO TEE continued

Step
Step4:
4:Draw
Draw aa rectangle
rectanglewith
withyour new
your
A&Bnew A&B measurements.
measurements.

Step
Step5:5: Break thelong
Break the longside
side
of of
your
your rectangle (A) into ⅓’s, and
rectangle (A) into 1/3’s, and the short side
B (B) in ½”.
the short side (B) in ½.

Step
Step6:
6:Go
Go in a ½on
in ½“ “on
all all
fourfour
corners and
scribe marks.
corners and scribe marks.

Step
Step7:7: Draw
Draw aaline
linethrough
through those
those
intersecting marks.
intersecting marks.
Step8:
Step 8:Going
Going in
in from
fromyour
yourcorners, center
your C line and then go out half your C
A corners, centerinyour
measurement each C line and
direction.
then go out half your C
measurement
Step 9: Connect inthe
each direction.
ends of your C line
to your 1/3” marks on your A line, and the
other9:ends
Step to justthe
Connect short of your
ends ½ marks on
of your
your B line.
C line to your 1/3 marks on
you’re a line, and the other ends
to just short of your ½ marks on
your B line.

86


ROLLED RUBBER EDGE

Rolled Edge

End Cap

Step 1: Figure the diameter of the

rubber endcap

that you need and add

the thickness

of your insulation to it and
cut that size out of your rubber. (ex. 12”
endcap, ¾” rubber, set dividers to
6-3/8” scribe
an circle and cut it out.)

Step 2: From the edge of your endcap,
go in the thickness of your rubber and
make a mark. Then, with your dividers,
set in the center of your endcap, scribe
an inner circle.

Step 3: On your inner scribe line, cut down

½ the thickness of your rubber and remove
that channel all the way around your
end cap.

Step 4: Put an even thin layer of contact

adhesive throughout the whole channel.

Step 5: Let your contact adhesive setup,

then roll up your edges so they are flush
with the inside of your endcap.

87
ROLLED RUBBER EDGE continued

Step 1: Get the size of your collar piece

you’ll need. (the width of your flange plus
the thickness of your rubber on each side
for the end caps).

Step 2: Once you have the width of the

actual size of the collar you want, you’ll
need to add the thickness of your rubber to
it. If our finish collar is going to be 12”, and
12” we’re using ¾” rubber we’ll cut a piece of
rubber 12 ¾”.

Step 3: Now go in on each side the

thickness of your rubber and scribe a line
down the length of your rubber.

Step 4: On your inner scribe line, cut down

½ the thickness of your rubber and remove
that channel all the way down your collar.

Step 5: Put an even thin layer of contact

adhesive throughout the whole channel.

Step 6: Let your contact adhesive setup,

then roll up your edges so they are flush
with the inside of your collar.

88
 Long Radius
2-Piece (Butterfly)

90 WELDED ELBOW CLR

Center of weld

(LONG RADIUS) R1

90 Welded Elbow
Pipe
Diameter

¼ CLR

T
Long Radius Measuring strip
Measuring stripto
to Circum

2-Piece (Butterfly) Findthe

find yourcircumference
Circumference
Measur
=T

¼ CLR
R1 = CLR – (pipe radi

R2 = R1 + ½
R1 ½ Circumference

R2

CLR
Center of weld
R1

Pipe
Diameter

¼ CLR

T
Circumference

Measuring Strip
=T
¼ CLR

R1 = CLR – (pipe radius + rubber thickness)

R1 = CLR - (pipe radius + rubber thickness)
R2 R2
= =R1
R1++½1/Circumference
Circumference
2
R1 ½ Circumference

R2

89
 90 Welded Elbow
Short Radius
2-Piece (Butterfly)

90 WELDED ELBOW CLR

Center of weld

(SHORT RADIUS) R1

90 Welded Elbow
Pipe
Diameter

3/8CLR
T

Short Radius Measuring strip

Measuring striptoto Circumfer

2-Piece (Butterfly) Find your Circumference

find the circumference
Measuring
=T

3/8 CLR
R1 = CLR – (pipe radius

R2 = R1 + ½ C
R1 ½ Circumference

R2

CLR
Center of weld
R1

Pipe
Diameter

3/8CLR
T

Circumference

Measuring Strip
=T
3/8 CLR

R1 = CLR – (pipe radius + rubber thickness)

R1 = CLR - (pipe radius + rubber thickness)
R2 = R1 + ½ Circumference
R1 R2 = R1 + 1/2 Circumference
½ Circumference

R2

90
 2 Piece
Rubber Reducing 90

RUBBER REDUCING 90

For this layout, you’ll need following measurements.

For this layout,For this
you’ll layout,
need you’llmeasurements:
following need following measurements.
1.pipe
1. Lg. Lg.CLR
pipe CLR
2. Lg. and sm. 1.
PipeLg. pipe CLR
diameters
2. Lg. and
3. Lg. and sm. 2.
sm.
Insulated
Pipe diameters
circumferences
Lg. and sm. Pipe diameters
3. and
4. Lg. Lg.sm.
and sm. radii
Throat Insulated circumferences
3. Lg. and sm. Insulated circumferences
4. Lg. and sm. Throat
4. Lg.isand
The example fitting
radii
sm. reducing
a 12”-6” Throat radii
90
covered in 1/2” thick armaflex insulataion

CLR is based on the Lg. pipe size for a Long Radius 90

The example fitting isfitting
The example a 12”-6”
is a reducing 90
12”-6” reducing 90
covered in ½” thick
covered
CLR=18 armalfex
in ½” insulation
thick armalfex insulation
CLR is based onisthe
Leg.CLR
pipe Lg. on
based pipe
diameter= size
the for
Lg. or
12.75 pipeasize
Long
12-3/4 forRadius
a Long90
Radius 90

CLR= 18Sm. CLR= 18

pipe diameter is 6.625 or 6-5/8 CLR CLR

Lg. pipeUse Lg. pipe diameter=

diameter= 12.75 12.75
¾”lgorand
12 ¾”
a measure striporto12
the sm
insulated circumfrances.
Sm. pipe diameter= 6.625 or 6 5/8”
Sm. pipe diameter= 6.625 or 6 5/8”
Use a measuring strip to the lg. and sm. insulated
Use a measuring strip to the lg. and sm. insulated
circumferences.
circumferences.

CLR
CLR
Large Small
Large Pipe Diameter SmallPipe Diameter

Pipe Diameter Pipe Diameter

Lg. circ. = 41 ½” sm. circ.= 22 ¾”

Lg. The
circ.CLR
= 41
is ½” sm.the
constant throughout circ.= 22 ¾”
fitting. So to find the large and small throat radii subtract ½
The CLR is constant throughoutof
the
thefitting.
pipe diameter from the CLR.
The CLR isSoconstant throughout
to find the the fitting.
large and small throat So to find the large and small throat radii subtract ½
radii
subtract ½ of the pipe ofdiameter
the pipefrom the CLR.
Smalldiameter
18- 3.3125 from the CLR.
= 14.6875 or 14 11/16 “
Large 18- 6.375 = 11.625 or 11 5/8”
Small 18- 3.3125 = 14.6875 or 14 11/16“
Small 18- 3.3125 = 14.6875 or 14 11/16 “
Large
Large 18- 6.375 = 11.625 or18- 6.375 = 11.625 or 11 5/8”
11 5/8”

91
 RUBBER REDUCING 90 continued

Step 1: Draw a right angle

Step 2: Measure up the vertical line from

m the apex the apex and mark the small throat radius.
ure up from Measure up from this point ½ the small
mark. circ. and make a mark.
apex.
Step 3: Draw a 11 ¼° line out from your
of rise will apex.
Step 1. Draw a right angle
Special note: 12” of run and 2 15/16” of
Step 2. Measure up the vertical line from the apex
ong the and
11 mark
¼° the small throat radius. Measure up from rise will form a 11 ¼° angle
Measure this point ½ the small circ. and make a mark.
Y apex.
make aStep 3. Draw a 11 ¼° line out from your Step 4: Measure out from your apex along
Special note: 12” of run and 2 15/16” of rise will
the 11 ¼° line and mark your large throat
form a 11 ¼° angle radius. Measure from this point out ½ the
cal baselines
Step 4. Measure out from your apex along the 11 ¼° large circ. and make a mark.
aselinesline
willand mark your large throat radius. Measure
l also serve
from this point out ½ the large circ. and make a Y
Step 5: Extend your horizontal and vertical
mark.

Step 5. Extend your horizontal and vertical baselines

baselines down and out from your apex.
r heightdown
andand out from your apex. These baselines will X These baselines will serve as X and Y axes.
oints. serve as X and Y axes. The 11 ¼° line will also serve
as the x axes.
The 11 ¼° line will also serve as the x axes.
ur height
Stepand
6. Using the throat radii to set your height and
Step
X 6: Using the throat radii to set your
oints. width draw anXellipse between these points.
Step 7. Using the ½ circ. marks to set your height and
height and width, draw an ellipse between
ion to both
width draw an ellipse between these points. X these points.
Step 8. Add the thickness of the insulation to both
ends of the fitting. Step 7: Using the ½ circ. marks to set your
to make a
Step 9. Cut out template, flip and trace to make a height and width, draw an ellipse between
mirror image glue and install. Y Y these points.

Step 8: Add the thickness of the insulation

to both ends of the fitting.

Step 9: Cut out template, flip and trace to

make a mirror image glue and install.

92
NOTES

93
NOTES

94
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Insulation Industry International Apprentice and Training Fund
would like to thank the following for contributing to this book.

Bob McGuckin, Local 17 Training Coordinator

Shawn Craven, Local 17 Instructor

Ben Frank, Local 17 Instructor

95
ENER G Y C O N S E R V A T I O N S P E C I AL I S T S