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1.Density and specific gravity are examples of which

kind of property?
I.Intrinsic property

Modular Exam II. Extensive property

III.Intensive property
IV.Extrinsic property
Module 1
a.I and II
b.I and III
c.II and III
d.III and IV

1.The reaction: Chemical Reactions

•CH3COOH + NaOH à H2O + NaCH3COO ,
Represents what type/s of reaction? Chemical Reaction Examples
I.Hydrolysis Synthesis/Composition/ A + B → AB 2 Mg+O2 → 2 MgO
Direct Union 8 Fe+S8 → 8 FeS
II.Neutralization
III.Double displacement reaction Decomposition/ AB → A + B 2 H2O → 2 H2 + O2
IV.Decomposition reaction Analysis (electrolysis)
a.I and II 2H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2
b.I and III
c.III and IV
d.II and III

Chemical Reactions Single Replacement

Chemical Reaction Examples
Single Replacement A + BC → AC + B Mg + 2 H2 O→ Mg(OH)2 +
H2 ↑
Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 +
Cu↓

Double Replacement/ AB + CD → AD + AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl ↓ +

Metathesis BC NaNO3
BaCl2 + MgSO4 → BaSO4↓
+ MgCl2

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1.From the topmost period available, the first

Group VIA – Chalcogens
•Oxygen Family
member of the Chalcogen family is
a. C
•Oxygen
b. N •Sulfur
c. O •Selenium
d. F •Tellerium
•Polonium

Names of the Group in the Periodic MNEMONICS

Table GROUP IA (Alkali Metals): H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
• *HaLiNa Kayo Rubidium and Friends (sino friends ni Rubidium? Eh di
• Group 1: Alkali metals. si Cesium at Francium)
• Group 2: Alkaline earth metals. GROUP IIA (Alkaline Earth Metals): Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
• *Be-Mag-Ca plus Strontium and Friends (sino naman friends ni
• Group 11(1B): Coinage metals (not an IUPAC approved Strontium? Eh di si Barium at Radium)
name) GROUP IIIA (Boron Group): B,Al, Ga, In, Tl
• *BAlGaInT – just pronounce it as BALGAINT
• Group 15(5A): Pnictogens (not an IUPAC approved name)
GROUP IVA (Carbon Group): C,Si,Ge, Sn, Pb
• Group 16(6A): Chalcogens. • *Parang shortcut lang sa text lang: C-SiGe,San Paba?
• Group 17(7A): Halogens. GROUP VA (Nitrogen Group): N,P,As,Sb,Bi
• Group 18(8A): Noble gases

MNEMONICS
GROUP VIA (Oxygen Group/CHALCOGENS): O, S, Se, Te, Po
GROUP VIIA (Halogens): F, Cl, Br, I, At
GROUP VIIIA (Inert Gases/Noble Gases): He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
GROUP IB (Coinage Metals): Copper, Silver, Gold
• *Para matandaan, is ipin mo lang ang medals pag graduation. Pag Cum
Laude, COPPER ang medal. Magna c um Laude, SILVER diba. Tapos pag
Summa c um Laude naman GOLD J ulit, Copper, Silv er at Gold ang mga
Coinage metals . They belong to Group IB
GROUP IIB (Volatile Metals): ZI-CAD-MER [Zinc, Cadmium,
Mercury]
GROUP VIIIB (Dobereiner’s Triad)
• TRIAD I: Iron, Cobalt, Nic k el (Fe-Co-Ni)
• TRIAD II: Ruthenium, Rhodium, Palladium (Ru-Rh-Pd)
• TRIAD III: Os mium, Iridium, Platinum (Os , Ir, Pt)

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1.Which of the following is/are NOT colligative property Colligative Properties

I.Osmotic pressure
II.Vapor pressure depression
III. Freezing point elevation
IV. Boiling point elevation
V. Refractive Index
a.I,II,III
b.V only
c.I,III and V
d.II,III and V

1.A basic solution is expected to: Acid VS Base

i.Turn red litmus paper to blue Acid Bases
ii.Be colorless upon addition of phenolphthalein Donates Hydrogen Ion Accept Hydrogen Ions
iii.Have a pH of >7 pH< 7 pH>7
iv.Turn red when methyl orange is added Sour taste Bitter taste
a.All of the above B à R (Litmus paper) R à B (Litmus paper)
b.I and III only Phenolphthalein: Phenolphthalein: Pink
c.II,III and IV only Colourless
d.II and IV only Methy Red: Turns Red Methy Red: Turns yellow

Group VIIA - Halogens

1.Which element is NOT a “sea salt •Halogen = Sea-salt producer
forming element”? •Fluorine
a.Oxygen
•Chlorine
b.Astatine
•Bromine
c.Chloride
d.Iodine •Iodine
•Astatine

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Group VIIA - Halogens Group VIIA - Halogens

Element Common Use Element Common Use
Fluorine • Most electronegative element Iodine • Expectorant
• Strongest oxidizing agent • Easily undergoes sublimation, giving off
violet vapor
Chlorine • Principal extracellular anion
• Used as a water disinfectant Astatine • The only metallic and radioactive
Bromine • Dark, reddish brown fuming liquid with halogen
suffocating odor

1.Which of the following gases are expected to be Group VIIIA – Noble/ Inert Gases
most stable? ELEMENT DESCRIPTION
i.Oxygen Helium • Second lightest gas
ii.Radon • Donald Duck -like sound
iii.Argon • Component of Artificial Air (80% He- 20%
iv.Krpyton Oxygen)
Neon • Advertising purposes
a.I and II
b.I and IV Argon • Most abundant
• Substitute for nitrogen as inert gas
c.II, III and IV
d.All of the above

Group VIIIA – Noble/ Inert Gases 1.Which of the following is/are NOT amphoteric
ELEMENT DESCRIPTION i.Iron
Krypton • Least abundant gas ii.Beryllium
• Inhalational Anaesthesia (Xenon) iii.Lead
Radon • “Niton” iv.Silver
a.I and II
b.II and III
c.I and III
d.I and IV

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Amphoteric Compounds 1.An unknown solution produces a brick red color

• Aluminum- Al when placed in a non-luminous flame. The
unknown solution most likely contains
• Beryllium- Be a.Ca
• Copper- Cu b.Li
• Zinc- Zn c.Sr
d.Cu
• Tin- Sn
• Lead- Pb

1.The primary cation of extracellular fluids is

a.Na+
b.K+
c.Ca2+
d.Mg2+

Drugs for African Sleeping Sickness

1.Drug of choice for the treatment of PCP Drugs Use
a.Pentamidine Pentamidine • Tx of pneumonia cause by P. carinii
b.Nitrofurantoin • Tx for the prophylaxis of African trypanosomiasis
c.Ciprofloxacin
Eflornithine • Tx of West African sleeping sickness caused by T.
d.Bactrim gambiense

Suramin • DOC for long term prophylactic agent for African

trypanosomiasis

Melarsoprol • DOC for later stages of African trypanosomiasis

• Excellent penetration into the CNS

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1.Chemical formula of tartrate 1.Cofactor of FAD enzymes

a.C6H5O7 a.Mn
b.C4H4O6 b.Mo
c.C2H3O2 c.Ca
d.None of the above d.Fe

Prosthetic Groups 1.Mephitic Air is stored in what type of Container?

Co-factor Group Enzymes a.Blue
Fe Cytochrome oxidase, catalase b.Black
Cu Cytochrome oxidase c.Gray
Ni Urease d.Green
Mg Enolase
K Kinase
Se Glutathione Peroxidase
Mo FAD

Compound Colour of Container

Containers 1.Associated with Granuloma Formation
Carbon Dioxide Gray a.Se
b.Pb
Nitrogen Black
c.Zr
Milk of Blue
d.Zn
Magnesia/
Nitrous Oxide
Helium Brown
Oxygen Green
Argon Dark green

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Group IVB –Titanium Family 1.Component of Bordeaux Mixture, Except

Elements Use a.Lime
Titanium • Solar ray protectant b.Ammonium Acetate
• Opacifying agent c.Blue Vitriol
d.A and C
Zirconium • Antiperspirant
• Deodorant

1.Color reaction of iodine with glycogen Iodine Reaction

a.Blue
b.Violet
c.Green
d.Red

1.Recently in 2016, four new elements were

added to the periodic table except
a.Mc
b.Ct
c.Ts
d.Og

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Chemical Elements 1.Green Vitriol

• 118 chemical elements as of 2016 a.Copper Sulfate
Element Symbol Number b.Manganese Sulfide
Nihonium Nh 113 c.Ferrous Sulfate
Moscovium Mc 115 d.Zinc Sulfide

Tennesine Ts 117
Oganesson Og 118

Vitriol 1.Alkynes have a bond angle of

a.109.5
Other Name Compound
b.120
Oil of Vitriol Sulfuric Acid
c.160
Blue Vitriol Cupper Sulfate d.180
White Vitriol Zinc Sulfate
Green Vitriol Ferrous Sulfate

Bond Angles 1.Preferred to dissolve difficultly water-soluble

substances such as iodine, in the preparation of
Iodine tincture and Iodine solution
a.NaI
b.KI
c.50:50 NaI + KI
d.None of the above

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Iodine Preparation 1.This law states that the total energy is the sum of
PREPARATION COMPONENTS
IODINE TOPICAL SOLUTION 2% Iodine all energies in all steps in the reaction
NaI a.Marriote’s law
IODINE TINCTURE 2% Iodine b.Raoults Law
50% Alcohol c.Dalton’s Law
NaI
STRONG IODINE SOLUTION 5% Iodine
d.Hesse’s Law
- Lugol’s Solution KI

STRONG IODINE TINCTURE 7% Iodine

50% Alcohol
KI

1.Antifungal that inhibits C14-demethylase Antifungal Antibiotics

a.Nystatin Classes Drugs MOA
b.Ketoconazole Polyenes Amphotericin B Cell Membrane
c.Terbinafine Nystatin Disruptor
Natamycin
d.Griseofulvin
Allylamines and Terbinafine Inhibition of
related compound Naftifine Squalene
Epoxidase

Antifungal Antibiotics
Classes Drugs MOA 1.Acts with the enzyme rhodanase in vitro and
Azoles Triazole: Inhibits C14- used as a follow-up treatment in the treatment
- Ketoconazole demethylase of cyanide poisoning
- Miconazole
- Clotrimazole
a.Na2SO3
Imidazole: b.NaNO2
- Fluconazole c.Na2S2O3
- Itraconazole
d.None of the above
- Voriconazole
Echinocandins Capsofungin Blocks B-glucan synthase
Micafungin

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1.Primary standard used in the standardization of Standardization

Karl Fischer Reagent
Reagent Primary Standard
a.Sodium bitartrate
Ceric Sulfate Arsenic Trioxide
b.Sodium biphosphate
Potassium Permanganate Sodium Oxalate
c.Anhydrous sodium carbonate
Sodium Hydroxide Potassium Bipthalate
d.Sodium tartrate
Sulfuric Acid Sodium Carbonate
Karl Fischer Reagent Sodium Tartrate

Water Content Determination

Method Description 1.Salt used as sequestering agent in Fehling’s
Method I Karl Fischer - Titrimetric method
- Primary standard: Sodium
solution
tartrate dihydrate a.Salt Prunelle
- Components: Anhydrous b.Sal Seignette
methanol , Iodine, Sulfur dioxide
and Pyridine c.Sal Volatile
Method II Distillation/Azeotropic - Uses toluene apparatus d.Salt of Tartar
- Azeotrope – mixtures with
definite BP
Method III Gravimetric/Drying/Thermal - Method of choice
- Vegetable drugs – dried for 5 h at
105 °C

Fehling’s and Benedict’s Components

1.Compute for the normality of a 1L solution
Fehling's Solution Benedict's
Solution containing 24.5g of H2SO4 (MW: 98g/mol)
Sequestering Sodium potassium tartrate Sodium citrate a.0.25N
Agent b.0.5 N
Alkalifying Agent Sodium Hydroxide Sodium c.1 N
Carbonate d.5N
Fehling A: CuSO4 CuSO4
Fehling B: NaOH + Rochelle
Salt

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1.Fluoridation of drinking water may be carried out

Fluoride Compounds
by the addition of Compounds Uses
Sodium Fluoride • Anticariogenic agent (1.1%) in dentifrices
a.HF
• Excess of fluoride ion - dental fluorosis
b.Na2CH3COOF (mottling of teeth)
c.NaF Stannous Fluoride • Anticariogenic agent
d.BF3 • Sodium Fluoride --- at least 4 applications
• Stannous Fluoride --- only one application
Sodium • Anticariogenic agent added in dentifrices
Monofluorophosphate

1.Methylated Erythromycin
a.Azithromycin
b.Streptomycin
c.Lincomycin
d.Clarithromycin

Macrolide
•50s Inhibitor 1.Simplest dicarboxylic acid
•Uses: Pertussis, Diphtheria and Chlamydia a.Oxalic Acid
•Examples: b.Succinic Acid
•Erythromycin c.Malonic Acid
•Estolate salt causes hepatotoxicity d.Caproic Acid
•Clarithromycin
•methylated
•Azithromycin
• Longest half-life

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Dicarboxylic Acid - Saturated 1.The official magnesium compound used in the

Number of Prefix Number of Prefix preparation of Lemonada Purgante is
Carbon Carbon
a.Magnesium carbonate
2 Oxalic 6 Adipic b.Magnesium hydroxide
3 Malonic 7 Pimelic c.Magnesium oxide
4 Succinic 8 Suberic d.Magnesium citrate trihydrate
5 Glutaric 9 Azelaic
10 Sebacic

MOA of Digoxin
1.Preparations containing this ion increases the
toxicity of digitalis
a.Na+
b.Ca2+
c.Mg2+
d.Fe3+

Rescue Drugs
1.Rescue drug of Methotrexate Drugs Toxicity Rescue Drug
a.Mesna Cyclophosphamide Hemorrhagic Cystitis Mercapturicethene
b.Dexrazoxane Ifosfamide sulfonate Sodium
c.Leucovorin [MESNA]
d.Mannitol Doxorubicin Cardiotoxicity Dexrazoxane
Daunorubicin
Irinotecan Acute diarrhea Acute: Atropine;
Delayed diarrhea Delayed:
Loperamide
Methotrexate Hepatic toxicity Leucovorin

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1.Frequently the cation of choice to carry

Calcium Compounds
Compound Chemical Formula Use
therapeutically active anions
Plaster of Paris (CaSO4)2 H2O or CaSO4 Used in surgical
a.K+ 1/2H2O cast
b.Cu2+ Gypsum, terra CaSO4 2H2O dentifrice
c.Ca2+ alba
d.Fe3+ Calcium Ca3(PO4)2 Major component
Phosphate of bone
Calcium Oxide CaO Component of
Bordeaux mixture
Apatite CaF and Ca3(PO4)2 Bones

1.A compound with electronegativity value of 0.4 Polarity

exhibits
Polarity Value Example
a.Polar
b.Ionic Non-polar 0-0.4 Methane
c.Non-ionic Polar 0.5-1.7 Water
d.Non Polar Ionic >1.7 Sodium Chloride

1.The formula that gives the actual number of

CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE
atoms •Molecular Formula
a.Molecular Formula •Indicates the actual numbers and types of
b.Structural Formula atoms
c.Empirical Formula •Empirical Formula
d.Chemical Formula •Gives only the relative number of atoms of
each type in a molecule and the
subscriptions are always the smallest
number ratios

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Rules in Assigning Oxidation Number

1.Calculate the oxidation number of Cr in
• Elemental Form/ Free state – 0
Potassium Dichromate
• Monoatomic ion
a.+6 • ChargeAlkali Metals - +1
b.+7 • Alkaline Earth - +2
c.+8 • Halogens - -1
d.+9 • Aluminum - +3
• Oxygen ( -2) and Peroxide (-1)
• Hydrogen (+1) and Hydride (-1)
• Neutral molecule – 0
• Polyatomic anion- Equal to charge

Cation SYMBOL NAME

Cation
Li + Lithium
Stock System Common Name Symbol
Na+ Sodium
Iron (II) Ferrous Fe2+
K+ Potassium
Ag+ Silver Iron (III) Ferric Fe3+
Mg2+ Magnesium Cobalt (II) Cobaltous Co2+
Ca2+ Calcium Cobalt (III) Cobaltic Co3+
Ba2+ Barium Nickel (II) Nickelous Ni2+
Sr2+ Strontium Nickel (III) Nickelic Ni3+
Cd 2+ Cadmium Gold (I) Aurous Au+
Al 3+ Aluminim Gold (II) Auric Au3+

Cation Cation
Stock System Common Name Symbol Stock System Common Name Symbol
Copper (I) Cuprous Cu+ Lead (II) Plumbous Pb2+
Copper (II) Cupric Cu2+ Lead (IV) Plumbic Pb4+
Mercury (I) Mercurous Hg2 2+ Tin (II) Stannous Sn2+
Mercury (II) Mercuric Hg2+ Tin (IV) Stannic Sn4+
Chromium (II) Chromous Cr2+ Manganese (II) Manganous Mn2+

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Anion Anion
NAME SYMBOL NAME SYMBOL
Hydride H Perchlorate ClO4–
Carbide C4–
Chlorate ClO3–
Nitride N3–
Chlorite ClO2–
Oxide O2–
Fluoride F–
Hypochlorite ClO–
Phospide P3–

Anion 1.This compound is of great value in roentgen-

NAME SYMBOL ray diagnosis of the alimentary tract
Sulfate SO42– a.Bi(OH)3
b.MgCO3
Bisulfate HSO4–
c.BaCO3
Arsenate AsO43–
d.BaSO4
Hydrogen Arsenate HAsO42–
Dihydrogen Arsenate H2AsO4–

Barium Compounds and Toxicity 1.Bleaching powder, used today as a

Compounds Uses disinfectant and as a bleaching agent, is
Barium Sulfate Radiopaque for imaging of chemically
GIT a.CaClO
Barium Hydroxide CO2 absorber b.NaClO2
c.KClO3
Toxicity: Baritosis Antidote: Magnesium
(Inhaltional) Sulfate d.CaClO3

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Sodium Hypochlorite
1.The ion used in antacids which causes a
Types Uses constipating action
Sodium Hypochlorite Solution, 4-6% w/w solution a.Ca2+
USP Bleaching agent
Disinfectant b.Mg2+
Labarraque’s Solution ~2.5% c.Al 3+
Disinfectant d.CO32-
Dakin’s Solution 0.5% NaOCl solution buffered w/
Na2 CO3 & H3 BO3
Modified Dakin’s Solution 0.5% NaOCl solution buffered
w/NaHCO3

• Sodium Bicarbonate Antacids Side Classification of antacids according to

• Can cause systemic alkalosis
Effects onset of action
• Calcium Carbonate
• Can cause hypercalcemia and renal failure (Milk- RAPID ONSET INTERMEDIATE SLOWEST
Alkali Syndrome) Magnesium Magaldrate Magnesium
• Magnesium Hydroxide Hydroxide Trisilicate
• Can cause diarrhea Magnesium Magnesium Aluminum
• Aluminum Hydroxide Oxide Carbonate Compounds
• Can cause phosphate depletion, osteoporosis
and neurotoxicity Calcium
• Can also cause constipation Carbonate

Magmas/Milks
• Aqueous suspensions of insoluble, inorganic drugs and differ from gels
1.Bentonite magma is used as a suspending mainly in that the suspended particles are larger; generally whitish in color
agent to provide a thixotropic medium. It is • Methods of preparation:
used in concentrations of • Hydration – milk of magnesia (laxative and antacid)
• Chemical Reaction - MgSO 4 + NaOH forming Mg(OH)2
a.1%
Bentonite Magma, NF Milk of Magnesia
b.5% • used as suspending 7 - 8.5% Mg(OH)2
c.10% agent
used as antacid
d.15% • concentration of
bentonite is 5% A/E: diarrhea
• >4% makes magma
thixotropic

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Temperature Range
1.What is the temperature range of Yellow Red
Heat Flame colour Temperature (°C)
a.500-550 C Very dull red 500-550
b.550-700 C Dull red 550-700
c.800-100 C Bright red 800-1000
d.1000-1200 C Yellow red 1000-1200
White 1200-16000

1.Acid base theory that suggest that bases are Acid-Base Theory
proton acceptors
THEORY ACID BASE
a.Lewis Theory
Arrhenius Yield H+ Yield OH-
b.Bronsted Lowry
Bronsted Lowry Proton Donor Proton Acceptor
c.Arrhenius
Lewis Electron Pair Electron Pair
d.None of the Above
Acceptor Donor

1.An agent with defoaming action, which is used

1.A victim of asphyxiation presents with bright in antacid formulations to defoam gastric juice
red skin and mucous membranes. The cause and to decrease the tendency of
of death is gastroesophageal reflux
a.CO2 a.Simethicone
b.SO2 b.Sodium alginate
c.PH3 c.Oxethazine
d.CO d.Ranitidine

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1.Oxidation happens in ELECTROCHEMISTRY

a.Anode
b.Cathode
c.A & B
d.None of the above

1.It decreases the coefficient of expansion of glass

a.Boron
b.Lead
c.Manganese
d.Potassium

Pure silica fused with sodium

carbonate 1.Effect of branching in alcohols
With MnO2 Mask blue green color of iron a.Increase antibacterial potency
usually present in glass b.Decrease antibacterial potency
With Boron (as borate) Decrease coefficient of c.No effect
expansion of glass d.Cannot be determined
With Potassium Render glass brownwith light
resistant property (amber
colored glass)
With Lead Increase refractive index of glass
Rare Earths Selectively absorb light of certain
wavelengths

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Alcohols and Related Compounds 1.Used in the treatment of phosphorus poisoning

a.Green vitriol
•Î #Cs – Higher Antibacterial Property
b.Copper sulfate pentahydrate
•Up to C8 c.Copper Acetoarsenite
•Î Branching – Lower Antibacterial d.White vitriol
Property
•Isopropyl Alcohol

Element Toxicty Antidote

Cd Itai-Itai Disease Ca EDTA Drug
Hg Minamata Disease Sodium Formaldehyde NAC Paracetamol Overdose
Sulfoxinate Flumazenil Benzodiazepines
Zn Metal Fume Fever – NaHCO3 Dantrolene Succinylcholine
Inhalation
Parakeratosis- Deficiency
Vit. B6 Isoniazid
Pb Foot and Hand drop BAL Folic Acid Pregnancy to avoid spina bifida
Cu Kayser–Fleischer rings Penicillamine
As Mees line BAL

1.The study that proposed that atom is mostly Atomic Model

an empty space. Scientist Model
a.Billiard Ball Model Democritus “Atomos”
b.Gold Film Experiment Dalton “Billiard Ball Model”
c.Electron Cloud Experiment Thomson “Raisin Bread Model” / electro
d.Atomic Space Model Rutherford “Gold Foil Expt” / proton in the nucleus
James Chadwick Neutron
Bohr “Planetary Model”
Schrodinger “Quantum Mechanic Model” / 3D model

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ATOMS
Atomic Model
Subatomic Particle 1.Which does not belong to the group?
a.Miconazole
I. Electron
- Discovered by Thompson b.Itraconazole
c.Fluconazole
II. Proton d.Voriconazole
-Discovered by Goldstein

III. Neutron
- Discovered by Chadwick/Urey

Antifungal Antibiotics Antifungal Antibiotics

Classes Drugs MOA
Azoles Triazole: Inhibits C14-demthylase
- Ketoconazole
- Miconazole
- Clotrimazole
Imidazole:
- Fluconazole
- Itraconazole
- Voriconazole

1.When NaOH is added to methenamine, which 1.In the synthesis of Penicillin, which amino
of the following is formed? acids are involved?
a.Formic Acid a.V
b.Formaldehyde b.A
c.Acetaldehyde c.C
d.Acetic Acid d.Both A and C
e.Both A and B

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Classes of Penicillin
Class Example Class Example 1.Hippuric Acid is the ______ conjugate of
Natural Pen G – Extended Amoxiciilin benzoic acid
Penicillin Benzathine and Spectrum Ampicillin
a.Glucoronide
Procaine
Pen V b.Glycine
Anti- Carboxypenicillin
Anti- Methicillin pseudomonal - Ticarcillin c.Glutathione
staphylococ Nafcillin - Carbenicillin d.Sulfate
cal Isoxazolyl Pen Ureidopenicillin e.Acetyl
- Oxacillin - Piperacillin
- Cloxacillin - Mezlocillin
- Dicloxacillin - Azlocillin

Metabolism 1.Which determines the aromaticity of a cyclic

compound?
•Phase 1: • Phase 2: a.(4n+2) rule
•Functionalization • Conjugation b.Huckel’s Rule
•Hydrolysis • Glucoronidation c.Cahn-Ingold-Pregold rule
•Oxidation d.Both A and B
• Sulfate Conjugation
•Reduction
• Acetylation e.Both A and C
• Methylation

Aromatic Carbon 1.Which of the following is the most reactive?

•Benzene and its derivatives a.Acyl Halide
•Criteria for Aromaticity b.Ester
c.Carboxylic Acid
•Cyclic
d.Amide
•Planar – sp2- Trigonal Planar
•Huckel’s Rule Acyl Chlorides > Anhydrides > Esters=Acids> Amides
•4n +2 = # Electrons
•Result should be an integer

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Grignard Reaction
1.Grignard Reagent:
a.Alcohols from Ketone
b.Ketone from Alcohol
c.Carboxylic Acid to Ester
d.Ester to Carboxylic Acid

1.Which of the following belong to the fifth group? Cation Analysis:

i.Sodium GROUP ELEMENTS
ii.Ammonium Group I – Insoluble Chloride Pb+2 , Ag+, Hg2+2
iii.Calcium Group II – Acid Insoluble Cu+2, Cd+, 2Hg+2, Sn+2,
iv.Strontium Sulfide Sb+3
v.Potassium Group III- Basic Insoluble Zn+2, Co+2, Ni+2, Fe+2, Al+3,
a.I and II only Sulfide Cr+3
b.I,II and V only Group IV- Insoluble Ba+2, Ca+2, Mg+2, Sr+2
c.III, IV and V Phosphate
d.I, III, IV and V
Group V- Soluble Group Na, K, NH4
e.All of the above

Quantum Numbers
1.Which quantum number determines the Quantum Number Definition Example
orientation in space of the electrons Principal quantum - Describes the main n = 1,2,3,4….
a.Principal number (n) electron shell and
b.Azimuthal the size of the e-
cloud
c.Angular - Relates the main
d.Magnetic energy level
e.Spin Angular/Azimuthal - Describes the l = 0 up to n-1
quantum number (l) subshell and the
shape of the e-
cloud

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Quantum Numbers 1.Which of the following is incorrectly prepared

Quantum Number Definition Example
a.Concentrated HNO3- 70%
Magnetic quantum - describes the ml: -l , 0 , l
number (ml) ORBITAL or b.Concentrated HCl- 36%
ORIENTATION in c.Phosphoric Acid – 85%
space d.Sulphuric Acid – 60 %
e.NOTA
Electron Spin - Determined the spin Values: +1/2 and -1/2
quantum number
(ms)

Pharmaceutically Important Acids

ACIDS CONTENT USES 1.Composition of Aqua Regia
H3BO3 Weak Acid Buffer: Opthalmic, Nasal and a.3 HCl – 1 HNO3
External Application
Irritant and Corrosive Liquid
b.2 HCl- 2 HNO3
HCl & Diluted HCl 36.5-38% w/w solution
of HCl gas in H2O
Use in Analytical Procedures c.1 HCL- 1 HNO3
HNO3 69-71% w/w HNO3 Oxidizing and nitrating properties d.1 HCl – 3 HNO3
95-98% w/w H2SO4 Drying agent
H2SO4 Oxidizing agent

85-88% w/w H3PO4 Etching solution (dentistry)

H3PO4 & Diluted Acidulant in cola beverages
H3PO4 Buffer component-Parenteral

Gold Gold Compounds

• Gold only dissolves in • Purple of Cassius ´Aurothioglucose
• Toxicity:
the presence of: •Colloidal gold with ´Gold Sodium
• Aqua Regia (3 parts • Gold dermatitis stannic hydroxide Thiomalate
HCl: 1 part HNO3) • Antidote: BAL
• Selenic Acid ´Auranofin – p.o.
´ Used for treatment of
rheumatoid arthritis

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1.Which of the following is/ are classified as Antiviral Anti-viral Agents

agent Drug for Herpes Drugs for Influenza Drugs for Hepatitis
i.Rimantidine Acyclovir Amantadine Interferon alpha
ii.Docosanol Valacyclovir Rimantidine Rib
iii.Finasteride Penciclovir Oseltamivir Lamivudine
Famciclovir Telmivudine
a.I only
Docosanol Tenofovir
b.I and II
Ganciclovir Entecavir
c.I and III
Valganciclovir
d.II and III Cidofovir
e.All of the above Foscarnet

Drug for HIV NRTI PI 1.Which of the following antibiotics is a 2nd

Didanosine Indinavir generation Quinolones
NNRTI Abacavir Ritonavir a.Nalidixic Acid
Nevirapine Zidovudine Saquinavir b.Gatifloxacin
Efavirenz Zalcitabine Lopinavir c.Ciprofloxacin
Etravirine Lamivudine Nelfinavir d.Moxifloxacin
Delavirdine Emtricitabine Atazanavir
Stavudine Davunavir
Tenofovir Tipranavir

1.Which of the following are enzyme inducers:

Classification of Quinolones i.Primidone
1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation ii.Rifampin
Nalidixic Acid Ciprofloxacin Levofloxacin iii.Valproic Acid
Ofloxacin Moxifloxacin iv.Carbamazepine
4th Generation v.Cimetidine
Norfloxacin Gemifloxacin
Alatrofloxacin a.I, II and III
Lomefloxacin Gatifloxacin
b.I, II and IV
Trovafloxacin Sparfloxacin c.II, III, IV
Grepafloxacin d.III, IV and V
e.All of the above

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Alterations in Metabolism 1.Oxidation:

Enzyme Induction Enzyme Inhibition
i.Removal of Hydrogen
(PRCSG) (MEDVICKGA) ii.Addition of Oxygen
◦ Phenobarbital (barbiturates) ◦ Metronidazole
◦ Phenytoin ◦ Erythromycin
iii.Increase in Oxidation Number
◦ Primidone ◦ Disulfiram, Diltiazem, Diphenhydramine iv.Gain of electron
◦ Rifampicin ◦ Verapamil
◦ Carbamazepine ◦ Isoniazid
a.All of the above
◦ Chronic alcoholism ◦ Chloramphenicol, Cimetidine, b.I, II and IV
◦ Char-broiled food* Ciprofloxacin, Clarithromycin
◦ St. John’s Wort* ◦ Ketoconazole
c.I and III
◦ Smoking* ◦ Grapefruit juice* d.II and III
◦ Griseofulvin ◦ Acute alcoholism*
e.I, II, and III

Reduction and Oxidation 1.Strontium produces what color under cobalt

glass?
LEORA GEROA
a.Purple
Inorganic
b.Crimson Red
Loss of e- Gain of e-
c.Carmine Red
Oxidation of the Reduction of the
d.Green
Reducing agent Oxidizing agent
e.Golden Yellow
Organic
Addition of oxygen Loss of oxygen
Loss of hydrogen Addition of -H-

Flame Test 1.Alkaloidal Agent that contains phosphotungstic

ELEMENT FLAME TEST RESULT Under Cobalt Glass acid
Sodium Bright Yellow/Golden - a.Mayer
Yellow b.Dragendorff
Potassium Violet/Purple Red
c.Sonnenchein
Lithium Carmine Red Purple
d.Schleibler
Strontium Crimson Red Purple
Calcium Brick Red -
Boron/Copper/Ba Green Blue Green
rium
Ammonia No color exhibited -

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Reagents Components
Alkaloid Wagner I2 in KI (Red Brown Solution)
Reagents Mayer Potassium Mercuric Iodide (Cream) 1.Also called Angel’s Dust
a.Chloral Hydrate
Valser Mercuric Iodide
Dragendroff Potassium Bismuth Iodide (Orange)
b.Phencyclidine
c.Ethylene Glycol
Bouchdart’s Most sensitive: I2 in KI
Reagent d.Formaldehyde
Marme’s Potassium Cadmium Iodide e.Ethanol
Sonnencheim’s Phosphomolybdic Acid
Scheibler’s Phosphotungstic Acid
Hager’s Picric Acid

1.Responsible group for the Aplastic anemia Chloramphenicol

caused by chloramphenicol •50s Inhibitor
a.Hydroxy group •Uses: Typhoid Fever and Salmonellosis
b.Thiol group
•Side Effects:
c.Nitro group •Gray Baby Syndrome
d.Benzene group
•Aplastic Anemia
•Hemolytic anemia - G6PD deficient

Chloramphenicol 1.Which of the following is/are correct

i.Eka Boron- Scandium
• Toxic due to its Nitro group
ii.Eka Aluminum- Gallium
iii.Eka Manganese- Technetium
iv.Eka Silicon- Germanium
a.I
b.II and III
c.I, II and III
d.II, III and IV
e.All of the above

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1.The acid necessary for permanganate titration is: Permanganometry

a.HNO3 •Potassium Permanganate VS
b.HCl
c.CH3COOH
• Primary Standard: Sodium oxalate
d.H2SO4 •Indicator: None (self-indicating)
•Examples
•Direct: Hydrogen Peroxide Topical Solution
•Indirect: Malic Acid in Cherry Juice
•Residual: Potassium Nitrite, Sodium Nitrite

1.Lightest of all the structurally important Magnesium Compounds

metals? Compounds Use
a.H Magnesium Carbonate Antacid
b.Mg Laxative
c.Li Magnesium Hydroxide Antacid
d.Na Magnesium Citrate Saline cathartic
Magnesium Trisilicate protect ulcers by forming a
e.K protective coating
Talc (Hydrated magnesium trisilicate) Dusting powder
Clarifying agent

Group VIIIA – Noble/ Inert Gases

1.Substitute for Nitrogen as inert atmosphere ELEMENT DESCRIPTION
a.He Helium • Second lightest gas
b.Ne • Donald Duck -like sound
c.Ar • Component of Artificial Air
(80% He- 20% Oxygen)
d.Kr
Neon • Advertising purposes
e.Xe
Argon • Most abundant
• Substitute for nitrogen as inert
gas

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Group VIIIA – Noble/ Inert Gases 1.Which of the following is/are correctly paired
i.CdS – White
ELEMENT DESCRIPTION
ii.Sb2S3- Orange
Krypton • Least abundant gas
iii.MnS- Pink
• Inhalational Anaesthesia
(Xenon) iv.ZnS- Green
a.I and II
Radon • “Niton”
b.II and III
c.III and IV
d.I, II and III
e.All of the above

1.Polyene antifungal/s
1.Fluoride ion excess results to: i.Nystatin
a.Tooth decay ii.Terbinafine
b.Tooth desensitization iii.Amphotericin B
c.Toothache a.I, II and III
d.Mottling of teeth b.I and II
c.I only
d.II and III only
e.I and III only

Antifungal Antibiotics
Classes Drugs MOA 1.Sensitivity of gram negative bacilli to
Polyenes Amphotericin B Cell Membrane amoxicillin is due to its:
Nystatin Disruptor a.Carboxyl group
Natamycin b.Nitro group
c.Hydroxyl group
d.Amino group
e.Carbonyl group

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Amoxicillin 1.The form of water most commonly used as a

solvent during the manufacture of parenterals:
a.Sterile Water of Injection
b.Water of Injection
c.Sterile Water
d.Bacteriostatic water for Injection

Official Solvents
Type Description
1.The major constitute of bones and teeth in
Purified WFI, USP • Obtained by distillation, ion exchange treatment,
reverse osmosis, or other suitable process which the cation is calcium
• Used for extemporaneous compounding of non-
a.Hydroxyapatite
sterile preparations
Water for Injection, USP • Not required to be sterile but it must be pyrogen- b.Hydroxyoxalate
free c.Oxalate
• Intended to be used in the manufacture of
injectable products to be sterilized after d.Raphides
preparation
Sterile WFI, USP • contained in single dose container (NLT 1,000 mL)
• must be pyrogen-free
Bacteriostatic WFI, USP • SWFI + antibacterial agent

Calcium Compounds
Compound Chemical Formula Use 1.First Element discovered by means of
Plaster of Paris (CaSO4)2 H2O or CaSO4 Used in surgical spectroscope
1/2H2O cast a.Germanium
Gypsum, terra CaSO4 2H2O dentifrice b.Technetium
alba
c.Cesium
Calcium Ca3(PO4)2 Major component
Phosphate of bone d.Rubidium
Calcium Oxide CaO Component of e.Radon
Bordeaux mixture
Apatite CaF and Ca3(PO4)2 Bones

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Iron Preparations
1.Prussian Blue PREPARATIONS DESCRIPTION
a.Ferrous Ferrocyanide Ferrous Sulfate • FeSO4 7H2O
b.Ferrous Ferricyanide • Green vitriol
c.Ferric Ferrocyanide Ferrous Gluconate • Fergon
d.Ferric Ferricyanide • Less gastric irritation
Ferrous Fumarate • Toleron
• More stable
Ferrous Carbonate • Chalybeate Pills
• Ferruginous Pills

Iron Preparations 1.The energy needed or required to remove an

PREPARATIONS D ESCRIPTION
electron from a neutral atom:
Iron + Ammonium Acetate • Basham’s Mixture a.Electron affinity
• Astringent b.Ionization potential
• Styptic
c.Kinetic Energy
Ferric Chloride • Test for presence of tannins
d.Electronegativity
Ferric subsulfate solution • Monsel’s Solution
Ferrous Ferricyanide • Turnbull’s Blue
Ferric Ferrocyanide • Prussian Blue

Periodic Trends and Properties of Elements Periodic Trends and Properties of

Elements
Properties Definition
Electronegativity ability of an element to attract
electrons to itself
Electron Affinity energy gained by an atom when an
electron is added to it
Ionization Energy / amount of energy required to remove
Ionization Potential an electron from a neutral atom

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1.Refer to Figure A, which of the following

shows Trans-isomer?
a.A
b.B
c.Both
d.None of the Above

Stereoisomers 1.CH 3(CH 2) 3CHO

•Geometric a.Hexanal
• Double Bonds b.Pentanol
• Cyclic c.Pentanal
d.Pentanone
◦ Cis/Trans
◦ Disubstituted
◦ Cis – Same side
◦ Trans- Different Side

1.White precipitate
a.Calomel
b.Magnesium Oxide
c.Zinc Sulfide
d.Ammoniated Mercury

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Mercury Compounds 1.Which of the following is most susceptible to

Compounds Other Name hydrolysis
a.RCOOH
Mercurous chloride Calomel
b.ROR
Mercuric chloride Corrosive sublimate c.RCOOR
Ammoniated Mercury White precipitate d.RCOR

1.Which of the following is a fourth generation First Second Third Fourth

cephalosporin Cefadroxil Cefaclor Cefoperazone Cefepime
Cefazolin Cefamandole Cefotaxime Cefpirome
a.Cefixime Cephalexin Cefonicid Ceftazidime Cefclidine
Cephalothin Cefuroxime Ceftizoxime Cefluprenam
b.Cefepime Cephapirin Cefuroxime Ceftriaxone Cefozopran
c.Cefamandole Cephradine axetil Cefixime Cefquinome(f
Cefprozil Cefpodoxime or vet. Use
d.Cefuroxime Loracarbef proxetil only)
Cefoxitin Cefdinir Flomoxef
Cefmetazole Cefditoren
Cefotetan pivoxil
Ceforanide Ceftibuten
Moxalactam

MNEMONICS
MNEMONICS 1st Generations
• Cephradine and any cephalosporin with a standalone "l" belongs to first
generation.
Oral or Parentral • For example: cephalothin, cefazolin, cefadroxil, cephalexin
• Please note: cefaclor, has an "l", but it is not stand alone, instead it is
•cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime and anything combined with a consonant c. cl is not standalone
that start with "cef" or "ceph" and have a "tin", 3rd generation
"thin", "z", or "pi" in the name is parentral and the • cephalosporins of third generation contains "cef" followed by ( a,e,i,o,u)
–optional and then either p, d or t.
others are oral
• For example: ceftibuten, cefdinir, cefoperazone etc
•For example: cefoperazone, cephalothin, cefoxitin, 4th Generation
cefpirome etc are parentral cephalosporins. • they have pi in the name

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1.Which of the following doesn’t belong to the

Universal Antidote components? 1.Sir Jebb is a part time lecturer and a taxi
a.Activated Charcoal
driver who visited your pharmacy because of
b.Tannic Acid allergic rhinitis. Which of the following drugs
c.MgO can he take?
d.Gallic Acid a.Hydroxyzine
b.Loratadine
c.Chlorphenamine
d.Doxylamine

1st Generation Antihistamine Drugs

2 nd Generation Antihistamine
Classes Examples
Ethanolamines Diphenhydramine,
•Less Sedating:
Dimenhydrinate, Doxylamine, •Piperazines Example: Cetirizine, Levocetirizine
Carbinoxamine)
•True Non-Sedating: Piperadines
Ethylenediamines Pyrilamine, Tripenelamine
•Loratadine, Fexofenadine, Desloratadine
Piperazines Hydroxyzine, Cyclizine, Meclizine • Use: For pilots, however, they are less effective
for allergic rhinitis compared to first generation
Alkylamine Chlorphenamine, Bromphenamine
Phenothiazines Promethazine

Piperidines Cyproheptadine

1.Buffer mixture contains: 1.Intermolecular force of attraction between

a.Strong Acid and Base polar molecules
b.Weak Acid and Base a.Debye Forces
c.Weak acid and salt b.Van der Waals
d.Strong Acid and Salt c.H-bonding
e.Strong Base and Salt d.Keesom

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Intermolecular Forces of Attraction

•Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole 1.Which of the following is a member of group 1
•London Dispersion Forces cations
•Dipole-Induced Dipole Forces a.Silver
•Debye Forces b.Zinc
•Dipole- Dipole Forces c.Nickel
•Keesom Forces d.Bismuth
•Hydrogen Bonding
•H- N,O,F

Cation Analysis: 1.The following are antineoplastic agents that

GROUP ELEMENTS
are considered an antimetabolite, EXCEPT:
Group I – Insoluble Chloride Pb+2 , Ag+, Hg2+2
a.5-FU
Group II – Acid Insoluble Cu+2, Cd+, 2Hg+2, Sn+2,
Sulfide Sb+3
b.Cytarabine
Group III- Basic Insoluble Zn+2, Co+2, Ni+2, Fe+2, Al+3,
c.Paclitaxel
Sulfide Cr+3 d.Methotrexate
Group IV- Insoluble Ba+2, Ca+2, Mg+2, Sr+2
Phosphate
Group V- Soluble Group Na, K, NH4

Anti-cancer Drugs Anti-cancer Drugs

Cytotoxic Agent Direct DNA Acting Indirect DNA Acting
Direct DNA Acting Alkylating Agent Antimetabolites
Topoisomerase Inhibitor Cisplatin
Methotrexate
Antibiotics Anthracycline Podophyllotoxin Camptotheca Cyclophosphamide
Derivatives Permetrexed
Carmustine
Bleomycin Doxurubicin Etoposide Irinotecan Busulfan 5-FU
Dactinomcyin Daunorubicin Teniposide Topotecan Mechlorethamine Capecitabine

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Anti-cancer Drugs
Indirect DNA Acting 1.C7H12
a.Aromatic
Antimitotics
b.Alkyne
Taxanes Vinca Estramustine c.Alkene
Paclitaxel Vincristine d.Alkane
Doxetaxel Vinblastine

Cabazitaxel Vinorelbine

1.What is the normality of a solution containing

2.5mole of Acetic acid in 400 mL of Solution
1.Morphine - D
a.0.63 N
2.Epinephrine - C
b.6.3 N
3.Diazepam- E
c.63 N
4.Penicillin- A
d.630 N
5.NSAID- B

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