DML Transactions in PLSQL

DML (Data Manipulation Language) statements in PL/SQL are used to manipulate data in database tables. The main DML statements are INSERT to add new data, UPDATE to modify existing data, DELETE to remove data, and SELECT to retrieve data. INSERT adds one or more new rows to a table. UPDATE modifies the values of existing rows in a table. DELETE removes existing rows from a table. SELECT retrieves existing data from one or more tables and can be used to populate variables in PL/SQL using the INTO clause. Each DML statement has a specific syntax that defines the table, columns, and optionally a WHERE clause to identify which rows are affected.

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DML Transactions in PLSQL

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DML Transactions in PL/SQL

DML stands for Data Manipulation Language. These statements are

mainly used to perform the manipulation activity. It deals with the
below operations.

 Data Insertion
 Data Update
 Data Deletion
 Data Selection

In PL/SQL, we can do the data manipulation only by using the SQL

commands.

Data Insertion
In PL/SQL, we can insert the data into any table using the SQL
command INSERT INTO. This command will take the table name,
table column and column values as the input and insert the value in
the base table.

The INSERT command can also take the values directly from
another table using 'SELECT' statement rather than giving the
values for each column. Through 'SELECT' statement, we can
insert as many rows as the base table contains.

Syntax:

BEGIN
INSERT INTO <table_name>(<column1 >,<column2>,...<column_n>)
VALUES(<valuel><value2>,...:<value_n>);
END;

 The above syntax shows the INSERT INTO command. The table
name and values are a mandatory fields, whereas column
names are not mandatory if the insert statements have values for
all the column of the table.
 The keyword 'VALUES' is mandatory if the values are given
separately as shown above.

Syntax:

BEGIN
INSERT INTO <table_name>(<columnl>,<column2>,...,<column_n>)
SELECT <columnl>,<column2>,.. <column_n> FROM <table_name2>;
END;

 The above syntax shows the INSERT INTO command that takes
the values directly from the <table_name2> using the SELECT
command.
 The keyword 'VALUES' should not be present in this case as the
values are not given separately.

Data Update
Data update simply means an update of the value of any column in
the table. This can be done using 'UPDATE' statement. This
statement takes the table name, column name and value as the input
and updates the data.

Syntax:

BEGIN
UPDATE <table_name>
SET <columnl>=<VALUE1>,<column2>=<value2>,<column_n>=<value_n>
WHERE <condition that uniquely identifies the record that needs to
be update>;
END;

 The above syntax shows the UPDATE. The keyword 'SET'

instruct that PL/SQL engine to update the value of the column
with the value given.
 'WHERE' clause is optional. If this clause is not given, then the
value of the mentioned column in the entire table will be updated.

Data Deletion
Data deletion means to delete one full record from the database table.
The 'DELETE' command is used for this purpose.

Syntax:

BEGIN
DELETE
FROM
<table_name>
WHERE <condition that uniquely identifies the record that needs to
be update>;
END;

 The above syntax shows the DELETE command. The keyword

'FROM' is optional and with or without 'FROM' clause the
command behaves in the same way.
 'WHERE' clause is optional. If this clause is not given, then the
entire table will be deleted.

Data Selection
Data projection/fetching means to retrieve the required data from the
database table. This can be achieved by using the command
'SELECT' with 'INTO' clause. The 'SELECT' command will fetch the
values from the database, and 'INTO' clause will assign these values
to the local variable of the PL/SQL block.

Below are the points that need to be considered in 'SELECT'

statement.

 'SELECT' statement should return only one record while using

'INTO' clause as one variable can hold only one value. If the
'SELECT' statement returns more than one value than
'TOO_MANY_ROWS' exception will be raised.
 'SELECT' statement will assign the value to the variable in the
'INTO' clause, so it needs to get at least one record from the
table to populate the value. If it didn't get any record, then the
exception 'NO_DATA_FOUND' is raised.
 The number of columns and their datatype in 'SELECT' clause
should match with the number of variables and their datatypes in
the 'INTO' clause.
 The values are fetched and populated in the same order as
mentioned in the statement.
 'WHERE' clause is optional that allows to having more restriction
on the records that are going to be fetched.
 'SELECT' statement can be used in the 'WHERE' condition of
other DML statements to define the values of the conditions.
 The 'SELECT' statement when using 'INSERT', 'UPDATE',
'DELETE' statements should not have 'INTO' clause as it will not
populate any variable in these cases.

Syntax:

BEGIN
SELECT <columnl>,..<column_n> INTO <vanable 1 >,. .<variable_n>
FROM <table_name>
WHERE <condition to fetch the required records>;
END;

 The above syntax shows the SELECT-INTO command. The

keyword 'FROM' is mandatory that identifies the table name from
which the data needs to be fetched.
 'WHERE' clause is optional. If this clause is not given, then the
data from the entire table will be fetched.