Trigonometric Ratios

& Identities
1. Basic Trigonometric Identities:
(a) sin² θ + cos² θ = 1; −1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1; −1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1 ∀ θ ∈ R

 π 
(b) sec² θ − tan² θ = 1 ; sec θ ≥ 1 ∀ θ ∈ R – (2n + 1) , n ∈ Ι 
 2 

(c) cosec² θ − cot² θ = 1 ; cosec θ ≥ 1 ∀ θ ∈ R – {nπ , n ∈ Ι}

Solved Example # 1

Prove that
(i) cos4A – sin4A + 1 = 2 cos2A
tan A + sec A − 1 1+ sin A
(ii) =
tan A − sec A + 1 cos A
Solution
(i) cos4A – sin4A + 1
= (cos2A – sin2A) (cos2A + sin2A) + 1
= cos2A – sin2A + 1 [∴ cos2A + sin2A = 1]
2
= 2 cos A

tan A + sec A − 1
(ii)
tan A − sec A + 1

tan A + sec A − (sec 2 A − tan 2 A )

=
tan A − sec A + 1

(tan A + sec A )(1 − sec A + tan A )

=
tan A − sec A + 1

1+ sin A
= tan A + sec A =
cos A

Solved Example # 2
If sin x + sin2x = 1, then find the value of
cos12x + 3 cos10x + 3 cos8x + cos6x – 1
Solution
cos12x + 3 cos10x + 3 cos8x + cos6x – 1
= (cos4x + cos2x)3 – 1
= (sin2x + sinx)3 – 1 [∵ cos2x = sin x]
=1–1=0
Solved Example # 3
1 1
If tan θ = m – , then show that sec θ – tan θ = – 2m or
4m 2m
Solution

4m 2 + 1
Depending on quadrant in which θ falls, sec θ can be ±
4m

4m2 + 1 1
So, if sec θ = =m+
4m 4m
 1  1 
⇒ sec θ – tan θ = and if sec θ = –  m + 
2m  4m 
⇒ sec θ – tan θ = – 2m

Self Practice Problem

1. Prove the followings :

(i) cos6A + sin6A + 3 sin2A cos2A = 1
(ii) sec 2A + cosec2A = (tan A + cot A)2
(iii) sec 2A cosec2A = tan2A + cot 2A + 2
(iv) (tan α + cosec β)2 – (cot β – sec α)2 = 2 tan α cot β (cosec α + sec β)

 1 1  1 − sin 2 α cos 2 α
(v)  +  cos2α sin2α =
 sec α − cos α cos ec α − sin α 
2 2 2 2
2 + sin 2 α cos 2 α

m 2 + 2mn m 2 + 2mn
2. If sin θ = , then prove that tan θ =
m 2 + 2mn + 2n 2 2mn + 2n 2

2. C irc ul ar Defi nit i o n Of T rig o no met ri c Func t i o ns:

PM OM
sin θ = cos θ =
OP OP

sin θ
tan θ = cos θ , cos θ ≠ 0

cos θ
cot θ = sin θ , sin θ ≠ 0

1 1
sec θ = , cos θ ≠ 0 cosec θ = , sin θ ≠ 0
cos θ sin θ

3. T ri g o no met ri c Fu nc t io ns Of A ll i ed A ngl es:

If θ is any angle, then − θ, 90 ± θ, 180 ± θ, 270 ± θ, 360 ± θ etc. are called ALLIED ANGLES.
(a) sin (− θ) = − sin θ ; cos (− θ) = cos θ
(b) sin (90° − θ) = cos θ ; cos (90°− θ) = sin θ
(c) sin (90° + θ) = cos θ ; cos (90° + θ) = − sin θ
(d) sin (180° − θ) = sin θ ; cos (180° − θ) = − cos θ
(e) sin (180° + θ) = − sin θ ; cos (180° + θ) = − cos θ
(f) sin (270° − θ) = − cos θ ; cos (270° − θ) = − sin θ
(g) sin (270° + θ) = − cos θ ; cos (270° + θ) = sin θ
(h) tan (90° − θ) = cot θ ; cot (90° − θ) = tan θ
Solved Example # 4
Prove that
(i) cot A + tan (180º + A) + tan (90º + A) + tan (360º – A) = 0
(ii) sec (270º – A) sec (90º – A) – tan (270º – A) tan (90º + A) + 1 = 0
Solution
(i) cot A + tan (180º + A) + tan (90º + A) + tan (360º – A)
= cot A + tan A – cot A – tan A = 0
(ii) sec (270º – A) sec (90º – A) – tan (270º – A) tan (90º + A) + 1
= – cosec 2A + cot 2A + 1 = 0
Self Practice Problem
3. Prove that
(i) sin 420º cos 390º + cos (–300º) sin (–330º) = 1
(ii) tan 225º cot 405º + tan 765º cot 675º = 0
4. Graphs of Trigonometric functions:
(a) y = sin x x ∈ R; y ∈ [–1, 1]

(b) y = cos x x ∈ R; y ∈ [ – 1, 1]

(c) y = tan x x ∈ R – (2n + 1) π/2, n ∈ Ι ; y ∈ R

(d) y = cot x x ∈ R – nπ , n ∈ Ι; y ∈ R

(e) y = cosec x x ∈ R – nπ , n ∈ Ι ; y ∈ (−
− ∞, − 1] ∪ [1, ∞ )

(f) y = sec x x ∈ R – (2n + 1) π/2, n ∈ Ι ; y ∈ (− ∞, − 1] ∪ [1, ∞)

Solved Example # 5
Find number of solutions of the equation cos x = |x|
Solution

Clearly graph of cos x & |x| intersect at two points. Hence no. of solutions is 2

Solved Example # 6
Find range of y = sin2x + 2 sin x + 3 ∀ x ∈ R
Solution
We know – 1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1
⇒ 0 ≤ sin x +1 ≤ 2
⇒ 2 ≤ (sin x +1)2 + 2 ≤ 6
Hence range is y ∈ [2, 6]
Self Practice Problem
4 xy
4. Show that the equation sec2θ = is only possible when x = y ≠ 0
( x + y )2
5. Find range of the followings.
(i) y = 2 sin2x + 5 sin x +1∀ x ∈ R Answer [–2, 8]

3 
(ii) y = cos2x – cos x + 1 ∀ x ∈ R Answer  4 , 3
 

 2π   3
6. Find range of y = sin x, x ∈  2π  Answer − 1, 
3   2 

5. Trigonometric Functions of Sum or Difference of Two Angles:

(a) sin (A ± B) = sinA cosB ± cosA sinB
(b) cos (A ± B) = cosA cosB ∓ sinA sinB
(c) sin²A − sin²B = cos²B − cos²A = sin (A+B). sin (A− B)
(d) cos²A − sin²B = cos²B − sin²A = cos (A+B). cos (A − B)
tan A ± tan B
(e) tan (A ± B) = 1 ∓ tan A tan B

cot A cot B ∓ 1
(f) cot (A ± B) = cot B ± cot A
 tan A + tan B + tanC−tan A tan B tan C
(g) tan (A + B + C) = 1 − tan A tan B − tan B tan C− tan C tan A .

Solved Example # 7
Prove that
(i) sin (45º + A) cos (45º – B) + cos (45º + A) sin (45º – B) = cos (A – B)

π   3π 
(ii) tan  + θ  tan  + θ  = –1
4   4 
Solution
(i) Clearly sin (45º + A) cos (45º – B) + cos (45º + A) sin (45º – B)
= sin (45º + A + 45º – B)
= sin (90º + A – B)
= cos (A – B)

π   3π 
(ii) tan  + θ  × tan  + θ
4   4 

1 + tan θ −1 + tan θ
= × =–1
1 − tan θ 1 + tan θ
Self Practice Problem

3 5 33 63
7. If sin α = , cos β = , then find sin (α + β) Answer – ,
5 13 65 65

3 +1
8. Find the value of sin 105º Answer
2 2

A A
9. Prove that 1 + tan A tan = tan A cot – 1 = sec A
2 2

6. Fa c t o ris at i o n o f t he Su m o r D i fferenc e o f T w o Si nes o r

Cosines:
C+D C−D C+D C−D
(a) sinC + sinD = 2 sin cos (b) sinC − sinD = 2 cos sin
2 2 2 2

C+D C−D C+D C−D

(c) cosC + cosD = 2 cos cos (d) cosC − cosD = − 2 sin sin
2 2 2 2

Solved Example # 8

Prove that sin 5A + sin 3A = 2sin 4A cos A

Solution
L.H.S. sin 5A + sin 3A = 2sin 4A cos A = R.H.S.
C+D C −D
[ ∵ sin C + sin D = 2 sin cos ]
2 2
Solved Example # 9

Find the value of 2 sin 3θ cos θ – sin 4θ – sin 2θ

Solution
2 sin 3θ cos θ – sin 4θ – sin 2θ = 2 sin 3θ cos θ – [2 sin 3θ cos θ ] = 0

Self Practice Problem

10. Proved that
13 x 3x sin A + sin 2A A
(i) cos 8x – cos 5x = – 2 sin sin (ii) = cot
2 2 cos A − cos 2 A 2

sin A + sin 3 A + sin 5 A + sin 7 A

(iii) = tan 4A
cos A + cos 3 A + cos 5 A + cos 7 A

sin A + 2 sin 3 A + sin 5 A sin 3 A

(iv) =
sin 3 A + 2 sin 5 A + sin 7 A sin 5 A

sin A − sin 5 A + sin 9 A − sin 13 A

(v) = cot 4A
cos A − cos 5 A − cos 9 A + cos 13 A

7. Transformat io n of Prod uc ts into Sum or Dif ference of S ines &

Cosines:
(a) 2 sinA cosB = sin(A+B) + sin(A−B) (b) 2 cosA sinB = sin(A+B) − sin(A−B)

(c) 2 cosA cosB = cos(A+B) + cos(A−B) (d) 2 sinA sinB = cos(A−B) − cos(A+B)

Solved Example # 10

Prove that
sin 8θ cos θ − sin 6θ cos 3θ
(i) = tan 2θ
cos 2θ cos θ − sin 3θ sin 4θ

tan 5θ + tan 3θ
(ii) = 4 cos 2θ cos 4θ
tan 5θ − tan 3θ
Solution
2 sin 8θ cos θ − 2 sin 6θ cos 3θ
(i)
2 cos 2θ cos θ − 2 sin 3θ sin 4θ

sin 9θ + sin 7θ − sin 9θ − sin 3θ 2 sin 2θ cos 5θ

= = = tan 2θ
cos 3θ + cos θ − cos θ + cos 7θ 2 cos 5θ cos 2θ

tan 5θ + tan 3θ sin 5θ cos 3θ + sin 3θ cos 5θ sin 8θ

(ii) = = = 4 cos2θ cos 4θ
tan 5θ − tan 3θ sin 5θ cos 3θ − sin 3θ cos 5θ sin 2θ

Self Practice Problem

θ 7θ 3θ 11θ
11. Prove that sin sin + sin sin = sin 2θ sin 5θ
2 2 2 2

12. Prove that cos A sin (B – C) + cos B sin (C – A) + cos C sin (A – B) = 0

π 9π 3π 5π
13. Prove that 2 cos cos + cos + cos =0
13 13 13 13

8. Multiple and Sub-multiple Angles :

θ θ
(a) sin 2A = 2 sinA cosA ; sin θ = 2 sin cos
2 2

θ θ
(b) cos 2A = cos²A − sin²A = 2cos²A − 1 = 1 − 2 sin²A; 2 cos² = 1 + cos θ, 2 sin² = 1 − cos θ.
2 2

2 tan A 2 tan 2θ
(c) tan 2A = ; tan θ =
1 − tan A
2
1 − tan 2 2θ

2 tan A 1−tan 2 A
(d) sin 2A = , cos 2A =
1 + tan A
2
1+ tan 2 A
 (e) sin 3A = 3 sinA − 4 sin3A (f) cos 3A = 4 cos3A − 3 cosA

3 tan A − tan3 A
(g) tan 3A =
1 − 3 tan 2 A
Solved Example # 11

Prove that
sin 2A
(i) = tan A
1 + cos 2A

(ii) tan A + cot A = 2 cosec 2 A

1 − cos A + cos B − cos( A + B) A B

(iii) = tan cot
1 + cos A − cos B − cos( A + B) 2 2
Solution

sin 2A 2 sin A cos A

(i) L.H.S. = = tan A
1 + cos 2 A 2 cos 2 A

1 + tan 2 A  1 + tan2 A  2
 
(ii) L.H.S. tan A + cot A = = 2  2 tan A  = = 2 cosec 2 A
tan A   sin 2 A

1 − cos A + cos B − cos( A + B)

(iii) L.H.S.
1 + cos A − cos B − cos( A + B)

A A A 
2 sin 2+ 2 sin sin + B 
2 2  2 
=
2 A A A 
2 cos − 2 cos cos + B 
2 2 2 

 A A   A +B B 
sin + sin + B    2 sin 2 cos 2  
A  2  2  A   
= tan  = tan
2  A A  2  A + B B 
 cos 2 − cos 2 + B    2 sin 2 sin 2  
     

A B
= tan cot
2 2

Self Practice Problem

sin θ + sin 2θ
14. Prove that = tan θ
1 + cos θ + cos 2θ

3
15. Prove that sin 20º sin 40º sin 60º sin 80º =
16

16. Prove that tan 3A tan 2A tan A = tan 3A – tan 2A – tan A

 A
17. Prove that tan  45 º +  = sec A + tan A
 2

9. Important Trigonometric Ratios:

(a) sin n π = 0 ; cos n π = (−1)n ; tan n π = 0, where n ∈ Ι
 RATIO & IDENTITY
π 3 −1 5π
(b) sin 15° or sin = = cos 75° or cos ;
12 2 2 12

π 3+1 5π
cos 15° or cos = = sin 75° or sin ;
12 2 2 12

3 −1 3 +1
tan 15° = = 2− 3 = cot 75° ; tan 75° = = 2+ 3 = cot 15°
3 +1 3 −1

π 5−1 π 5 +1
(c) sin or sin 18° = & cos 36° or cos =
10 4 5 4

1 0 . C o nd it i o na l Ident it ies :
If A + B + C = π then :

(i) sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4 sinA sinB sinC

A B C
(ii) sinA + sinB + sinC = 4 cos cos cos
2 2 2

(iii) cos 2 A + cos 2 B + cos 2 C = − 1 − 4 cos A cos B cos C

A B C
(iv) cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2

(v) tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC

A B B C C A
(vi) tan tan + tan tan + tan tan =1
2 2 2 2 2 2

A B C A B C
(vii) cot + cot + cot = cot . cot . cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
(viii) cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1
π
(ix) A+B+C= then tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A = 1
2
Solved Example # 12
If A + B + C = 180°, Prove that, sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 2 + 2cosA cosB cosC.
Solution.
Let S = sin2A + sin2B + sin2C
so that 2S = 2sin2A + 1 – cos2B +1 – cos2C
= 2 sin2A + 2 – 2cos(B + C) cos(B – C)
= 2 – 2 cos2A + 2 – 2cos(B + C) cos(B – C)
∴ S = 2 + cosA [cos(B – C) + cos(B+ C)]
since cosA = – cos(B+C)
∴ S = 2 + 2 cos A cos B cos C

Solved Example # 13

2x 2y 2z 2x 2y 2z
If x + y + z = xyz, Prove that + + = . . .
1− x2 1− y2 1− z2 1− x 2
1− y 2
1 − z2
Solution.
Put x = tanA, y = tanB and z = tanC,
so that we have
tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC ⇒ A + B + C = nπ, where n ∈ Ι
Hence
L.H.S.
 2x 2y 2z 2 tan A 2 tan B 2 tan C
∴ + + = + + .
1− x 2 1− y 2 1− z2 1 − tan 2 A 1 − tan2 B 1 − tan2 C
= tan2A + tan2B + tan2C [ ∵ A + B + C = nπ ]
= tan2A tan2B tan2C

2x 2y 2z
= . .
1− x 2 1− y2 1 − z2

Self Practice Problem

18. If A + B + C = 180°, prove that

B−C C−A A −B
(i) sin(B + 2C) + sin(C + 2A) + sin(A + 2B) = 4sin sin sin
2 2 2

sin 2 A + sin 2B + sin 2C A B C

(ii) = 8 sin sin sin .
sin A + sin B + sin C 2 2 2

19. If A + B + C = 2S, prove that

(i) sin(S – A) sin(S – B) + sinS sin (S – C) = sinA sinB.
A B C
(ii) sin(S – A) + sin (S – B) + sin(S – C) – sin S = 4sin sin sin .
2 2 2

1 1 . Range of Trigonometric Expression:

Expression :
E = a sin θ + b cos θ
b
E = a 2 + b 2 sin (θ + α), where tan α =
a

a
= a 2 + b 2 cos (θ − β), where tan β =
b

Hence for any real value of θ, − a 2 + b 2 ≤ E ≤ a2 + b2

Solved Example # 14

Find maximum and minimum values of following :

(i) 3sinx + 4cosx
(ii) 1 + 2sinx + 3cos2x
Solution.
(i) We know

– 3 2 + 4 2 ≤ 3sinx + 4cosx ≤ 32 + 42
– 5 ≤ 3sinx + 4cosx ≤ 5
(ii) 1+ 2sinx + 3cos2x
= – 3sin2x + 2sinx + 4

 2 2 sin x 
= – 3  sin x −  +4
 3 

2
 1 13
= – 3  sin x −  +
 3  3

2
 1 16
Now 0 ≤  sin x −  ≤
 3 9

2
16  1
⇒ – ≤ – 3  sin x −  ≤ 0
3  3
 2
 1 13 13
– 1 ≤ – 3  sin x −  + ≤
 3  3 3
Self Practice Problem
20. Find maximum and minimum values of following
(i) 3 + (sinx – 2) 2 Answer max = 12, min = 4.
(ii) 10cos2x – 6sinx cosx + 2sin2x Answer max = 11, min = 1.

 π
(iii) cosθ + 3 2 sin  θ +  + 6 Answer max = 11, min = 1
 4 

1 2 . Sine a nd Cosine Series:

Series :
nβ
sin 2 n −1 
(
sin α + sin (α + β) + sin (α + 2β ) +...... + sin α + n− 1β = ) 
α +
β sin 
sin 2
β
2 

nβ
sin 2 n −1 
( )

cos α + cos (α + β) + cos (α + 2β ) +...... + cos α + n − 1β = α + β
β cos  2 
sin 2

Solved Example # 15
Find the summation of the following
2π 4π 6π
(i) cos + cos + cos
7 7 7

π 2π 3π 4π 5π 6π
(ii) cos + cos + cos + cos + cos + cos
7 7 7 7 7 7

π 3π 5π 7π 9π
(iii) cos + cos + cos + cos + cos
11 11 11 11 11
Solution.

 2π 6 π 
 + 
3π
cos 
7 7 
sin
2π 4π 6π 2 7
(i) cos + cos + cos =
7 7 7 π
sin
7

4π 3π
cos sin
7 7
=
π
sin
7

3π 3π
− cos sin
7 7
=
π
sin
7

6π
sin
=– 7 =– 1
π 2
2 sin
7

π 2π 3π 4π 5π 6π
(ii) cos + cos + cos + cos + cos + cos
7 7 7 7 7 7
  π 6π 
 +  6π
cos  7 7  sin
 2  14 π 6π
  cos sin
  2 14
= π = =0
π
sin sin
14 14

π 3π 5π 7π 9π
(iii) cos + cos + cos + cos + cos
11 11 11 11 11

10 π 5π 10π
cos sin sin
=
22 11
= 11 = 1
π π 2
sin 2 sin
11 11

Self Practice Problem

Find sum of the following series :

π 3π 5π 1
21. cos + cos + cos + ...... + to n terms. Answer
2n + 1 2n + 1 2n + 1 2

22. sin2α + sin3α + sin4α + ..... + sin nα, where (n + 2)α = 2π Answer 0.