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CE 132 – Structural Analysis II

Topic Outline
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CHAPTER 4 4.1 External Work and Strain Energy

Unit Load Method or 4.2 Principle of Virtual Work
Method of Virtual Work 4.3 Method of Virtual Work: Trusses
4.4 Method of Virtual Work: Beams and Frames

Instructor: Richelle G. Zafra, PhD

Introduction Introduction (Cont.)

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Slope and deflections of elastic structures can be calculated

Double Integration Method
using both geometric and energy methods. Geometric Beams with simple
Moment Area Method
Methods loadings

Geometric methods use the strain of an elastic structure to Conjugate Beam Method
determine deflection.

Energy methods are based on the principle of conservation Energy Beams, Trusses,
Unit Load Method/ Frames with
of energy. Methods
Method of Virtual Work complicated loadings

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4.1 External Work and Strain Energy External Work - Force

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As the magnitude of F is
Most energy methods are based on the Principle of gradually increased from zero
Conservation of Energy: to some limiting value F = P,
the final elongation of the bar
“The work done by all the external forces acting on a becomes ∆
structure, Ue, is transformed into internal work or strain Ue ∆ ∆
U e = ∫  x  dx =
P 1 P 2
energy, Ui, which is developed when the structure x
deforms.” 0 ∆  2 ∆  0
x 1
Ue = Ui (1)
U e = P∆ (3)
U e = ∫ Fdx (2)
0 2

External Work - Moment Strain Energy – Axial Force

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Hooke’s Law: σ = Eε Final Deflection:

M If the moment M is
gradually applied to a
Stress: σ =N A NL
∆=
structure having linear- AE
elastic response, the Strain: ε =∆ L
work is
θ
Substituting into Eq’n. (3), with P = N, the strain
energy in the bar is
θ
1
U e = ∫ M dθ (4) U e = Mθ (5) 1 N 2L
0 2 U i = N∆ = (6)
2 2 AE

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Strain Energy - Bending 4.2 Principle of Virtual Work

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The resulting rotation of the differential

element dx is given by
Also referred to as the unit-load method
M
dθ = dx
Provides a general means of obtaining the displacement
EI and slope at a specific point in a structure be it a beam,
From Eq’n. (5), the strain energy is frame, or truss
Beam
1 M2
U e = Mθ dU i = dx (7)
2 2 EI
The strain energy for the beam is
L
M2
Ui = ∫ dx (8)
0 2 EI
Beam Segment

Principle of Work and Energy Principle of Virtual Work – Determining Displacements

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δU e = δU i

where: P′ ⋅ ∆ = ∑ u ⋅ dL
P = external load
Virtual loadings
u = internal load
∆ = external
displacement 1 ⋅ ∆ = ∑ u ⋅ dL (10)
∑ P∆ = ∑ udL (9)
dL = internal
Work of Work of displacement virtual = imaginary Real displacements
External Loads Internal Loads

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Principle of Virtual Work – Determining Slopes 4.3 Method of Virtual Work: Trusses
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The displacement of a truss joint due to external

δU e = δU i loads:
nNL
1⋅ ∆ = ∑ (13)
M ′ ⋅ θ = ∑ uθ ⋅ dL (11) AE
where:
1 = external virtual unit load acting on the truss
Virtual loadings
joint in the direction of ∆
∆ = external joint displacement caused by the
1 ⋅ θ = ∑ uθ ⋅ dL (12) real loads
n = internal virtual normal force in a truss member
L = member length
caused by external virtual unit load
virtual = imaginary A = member cross-sectional area
Real displacements N = internal normal force in a truss member
E = member modulus of elasticity caused by the real loads

Method of Virtual Work: Trusses (Cont.) Method of Virtual Work: Trusses (Cont.)
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The displacement of a truss joint due to temperature change: The displacement of a truss joint due to fabrication errors & camber:
1 ⋅ ∆ = ∑ n α ∆T L (14)
1 ⋅ ∆ = ∑ n ∆L (15)
where:
1 = external virtual unit load acting on the truss joint in the direction of ∆ where:
∆ = external joint displacement caused by temperature change 1 = external virtual unit load acting on the truss joint in the direction of ∆
n = internal virtual normal force in a truss member caused by the external ∆ = external joint displacement caused by fabrication errors
virtual unit load n = internal virtual normal force in a truss member caused by the external
α = coefficient of thermal expansion of member virtual unit load
∆T = change in temperature of member ∆ L = difference in length of member from its intended size caused by
L = length of member fabrication errors

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Unit-Load Method: Trusses (Procedure for Analysis) Unit-Load Method: Trusses (Important Notes)
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1. Solve the real system

1. Most of the time, it is better to solve first the virtual
(Returns N values for each member)
system before the real system.
2. Create the virtual system by removing all real loads, then
applying unit load in the location where deformation is needed.
It is likely to find zero force members in the virtual system.
3. Solve the virtual system.
Once a member is a zero force in either system, that member
(Returns n values for each member) would not have any contributing effect to the deformation.
4. Substitute the calculated N and n values in Eq’n. (13). 2. In most cases, the length L varies among the
5. Do the same procedure in case temperature change causes members. In general, members are of different
the deformation, but obtain the  and ∆ values instead of N. lengths.

Example 1: Truss Example 2: Truss

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Determine the vertical displacement Determine the vertical deflection at D of the truss shown if
of joint C of the steel truss shown. member CF is 0.6 in too long and member EF is 0.4 in too
Due to radiant heating from the wall, short.
member AD is subjected to an
increase in temperature of
.
∆ = +120℉. Take  = and
℉
 = 29000 . The cross sectional
area of each member is indicated in
the figure.

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4.4 Method of Virtual Work: Beams and Frames 4.4 Method of Virtual Work: Beams and Frames
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The displacement of a beam due to external The rotation or slope at a point A of a beam:
loads: L
mM
1⋅ ∆ = ∫ dx (16) L
mθ M
0 EI 1⋅θ = ∫ dx (17)
where: 0 EI
1 = external virtual unit load acting on the beam
where:
or frame in the direction of ∆
∆ = external displacement of the point caused 1 = external virtual unit moment acting on the
by the real loads acting on the beam or frame beam or frame in the direction of θ
m = internal virtual moment in the beam or frame expressed as a function of x
caused by the external virtual unit load mθ = internal virtual moment in the beam or frame
caused by the external virtual unit moment
M = internal moment in the beam or frame expressed as a function of x caused
by the real loads

Unit-Load Method: Beams and Frames

(Procedure for Analysis) Method of Virtual Work : Beams and Frames
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1. Establish x coordinates within regions in the beam or frame.
The number of regions is determined by placing all the loads in
There should be no discontinuity of real or virtual load in each the beam including the unit virtual load. It is given by the
region. discontinuity of loads and geometric in the structure.
2. Determine moment equations of each region in both the real
Examples of determining number of regions
system and virtual system.
Virtual force is to be applied at B

Inthe virtual system, the unit load should be a force if deflection is since deformation is required at that
needed. If rotation is the unknown, the unit load should be a point.
moment. >> This beam should be divided in
two regions. Meaning, it has two
3. Perform the integration for each region in the beam or frame.
Example A: ∆B is required independent x coordinate systems.

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Method of Virtual Work : Beams and Frames Method of Virtual Work : Beams and Frames
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Virtual force is to be applied at D

since deformation is required at
that point.
>> This beam should be divided Virtual force is to be applied at D.
Example B: ∆D is required in three regions (AB, BC, and >> This frame should be divided
CD). into three regions (AB, BC and
DC).
Virtual force is to be applied at D.
>> This beam should be divided
into four regions.
Example D: ∆D is required
Example C: ∆D is required

Example 3: Beam Example 4: Frame

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Determine the displacement at D of the steel beam shown. Determine the rotation of joint C of the frame shown.
Take E = 29000 ksi, I = 800 in4.

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Practice Problems Practice Problems

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2. Determine the displacement and slope at point C of the

1. Determine the vertical displacement cantilever beam. The moment of inertia of each segment is
of joint A. The cross-sectional area indicated in the figure. Take E = 29000 ksi. Ans. θ = 0.00670 ↻
in each member is indicated in the , ∆ = 0.282 ↓
figure. Assume the members are
pin-connected at their end points.
Take E = 29000ksi.
(Ans. = 0.0582 ↓)

Practice Problems Practice Problems

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3. Determine the displacement at point D. EI is constant. 4. Determine the horizontal

%&
Ans. ∆ = '( ↓ displacement of point C.
EI is constant.
1150
Ans. ∆ = ←
)

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Practice Problems References

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5. The frame is subjected to the

1) Caburnay, J. M. 2nd Sem 2013-2014. CE 132 Lecture Notes, CE
load of 5k. Determine the
vertical displacement at C. Department, UPLB.
Assume that the members are 2) Hibbler, R. C. 1995. Structural Analysis. 5th Edition. Prentice
pin connected at A, C and E Hall: New Jersey.
and rigidly connected at knee
joints B and D. EI is constant. 3) Kassimali, A. 1993. Structural Analysis. 4th Edition. PSW Kent:
&%+
Ans. ∆ = '( ↓ Boston.

Thank you for

listening!

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