CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTON

1
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 AIM AND SCOPE OF WORK

Human life is affected due to nature’s forces like floods, hurricanes ,tornadoes,
earthquakes etc. The structural design for a building must ensure that the building is
able to stand safely,
to function without excessive deflections or movements which may cause fatigue of
structural elements, cracking or failure of fixtures, fittings or partitions, or discomfort
for occupants.
It must account for movements and forces due to temperature, creep, cracking and
imposed loads. It must also ensure that the design is practically buildable within
acceptable manufacturing tolerances of the materials. It must allow the architecture to
work, and the building services to fit within the building such that it is functionable (air
conditioning, ventilation, lighting etc.). The aim of this project work is to analyze a 5-
storeyed building for different load combinations using STAAD Pro software. Based on
the analysis, design of the structure is done mainly in accordance with IS specifications.
• Study of design of various elements of building.
• Planning of various components of a building with column.
• positioning. Introduction of STAAD Pro.
• Modelling of the building in the STAAD Pro giving all boundary conditions
(supports,loading etc…).
• Analysis and Design of various structural components of the modal building.
Study ofanalysis Data of the software.
• Detailing of beams, columns, slab with section proportioning and reinforcement.
• We used Auto CAD drawings for the development of the staad pro model.

Steel, Concrete, and Timber Design

Detailed information on the extensive design capabilities in STAAD for steel, concrete
and timber is presented in Sections 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Detailed information on the
extensive design capabilities in STAAD for American steel, concrete, and timber codes
is presented inthe Technical Reference Manual.

2
 1.2 DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
The limit state method is adopted for the analysis and design of the structure. IS codes,
SP-16 and SP-32 charts are also used as an aid for detailing and design purpose. The
major requirements of a properly designed building are:
(a) GOOD STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATION: Its size, shape and structural system
carryingloads are such that they ensure a direct and smooth flow of inertia forces to the
ground.
(b) LATERAL STRENGTH: The maximum lateral (horizontal) force that it can resist
is suchthat the damage induced in it does not result in collapse.
(c) ADEQUATE STIFFNESS: Its lateral load resisting system is such that the
earthquakeinduced deformations in it do not damage its contents under low-to
moderate shaking.
(d) GOOD DUCTILITY: Its capacity to undergo large deformations under severe
earthquakeshaking even after yielding is improved by favourable design and
detailing strategies.
The aim of the design is to decide the size of the member and the amount of
reinforcement required, so that the structure will perform satisfactorily during its life
period with minimum cost. The following three methods have been developed for the
design of reinforced concrete structures.

Working stress method

Ultimate load method

Limit state method

Unit Systems
You are allowed to input data and request output in almost all commonly used engineering
unit systems including MKS1 , SI2 , and FPS3 . In the input file, the user may change units
as many times as required. Mixing and matching between length and force units from
different unit systemsis also allowed. The input unit for angles (or rotations) is degrees.
However, in JOINT DISPLACEMENT output, the rotations are provided in radians. For all
output, the units are clearly specified by the program.

3
1.3 COMPONENTS OF THE STRUCTURE
The components of the structure are mainly classified into
(a) Superstructure
(b) Substructure
Superstructure is the part of the building that lies above the ground line. These are
subjected to lateral loads like the wind load, earthquake load, and other dead and live
loads. Substructure is the foundation of the building. The type of foundation adopted for
the hostel building under consideration is pile foundation.
PILE FOUNDATION
A deep foundation is a type of foundation distinguished by the depth on which they are
embedded into the ground. Piles are generally driven into the ground in situ. The types
of piling are DMC Piling and rotary piling. In DMC Pile Foundation the bentonite
suspension is pumped into the bottom of the hole through the drill rods and it overflows
at the top of the casing. The mud pump should have the capacity to maintain a velocity
of
0.41 to 0.76 m/s, to float the cuttings. The depth of piling was decided by testing the
underground soil samples (to obtain level bed). It is not possible in hard rocks. Tremie
pipe is inserted into pile holes for pile concreting.
The design is made using software on structural analysis design (staad-pro). The
building subjected to both the vertical loads as well as horizontal loads. The vertical
load consists of dead load of structural components such as beams, columns, slabs etc
and live loads. The horizontal load consists of the wind forces thus building is designed
for dead load, live load and wind load as per IS 875. The building is designed as two
dimensional vertical frame and analyzed for the maximum and minimum bending
moments and shear forces by trial and error methods as per IS456-2000. The help is
taken by software available in institute and the computations of loads, moments and
shear forces and obtained from this software.
STAAD PRO has a state of art user interface, tools for visualization, well built analysis
and design software with advance finite element and capable of dynamic analysis. From
generation of model, analysis and design to visualization tools and verification of
results. STAAD PRO isa common choice for steel, concrete, aluminium and cold-
formed steel design of multistorey buildings, factories, tunnels, bridges and much more.
4
This information is then analysed with respect to the criteria that indicate the conditions of
failure. The objective of design is the attainment of an acceptable possibility that structures
constructed will perform satisfactorily during their designlife. With an appropriate degree
of safety, they should bear all loads and deformations caused due to normal construction
and use and have sufficient durability and resistance to the effects of seismic and wind.
Structure along with structural elements shall be designed by limit state design method.
Account should be taken of accept theories, experiment and experience and therequirement
to design for durability.Design, including design for durability, construction and service
life should be considered as a whole. The achievement of design objectives needs
concurrence with clearly defined standards for materials, construction, workmanship and
also maintenance and use of structure in service. The design of the structure depends upon
the minimum requirements as suggested by the Indian standard codes. The minimum
requirementsconcerned to the structural safety of structures are satisfied by way of laying
down minimum design loads which have to be assumed for dead loads, live loads, and
others external loads, the structure would be required to bear.
 Steps in structural design : The steps involved in designing a structure are :
structural planning, loads computation, analysis method, design of member and
detailing, etc.
 About STAAD Pro : It is a globally used software for design and analysis of
structureby structural engineers. STAAD Pro has a GUI-Graphical User Interface
due to which we can generate the model of the structure, which is then analyzed
by STAAD engine. When analysisand design is completed, GUI can be used to
view the results graphically.
The STAAD.Pro V8i Graphical User Interface (GUI) is normally used to create all input
specifications and all output reports and displays (See the Graphical Environment
manual). These structural modeling and analysis input specifications are stored in
STAAD input file – a text file with extension. STD. When the GUI opens an existing
model file, it reads all of the information necessary from the STAAD input file. You may
edit or create this STAAD input file and then the GUI and the analysis engine will both
reflect the changes. The STAAD input file is processed by the STAAD analysis “engine”
to produce results that are stored in several files (with file extensions such as ANL,
BMD, TMH,
5
etc.).

6
 The STAAD analysis text file (file extension . ANL) contains the printable output as
created by the specifications in this manual. The other files contain the results
(displacements, member/element forces, mode shapes, section
forces/moments/displacements, etc.) that are used by the GUI in the post processing
mode. This section of the manual contains a general description of the analysis and design
facilities available in the STAAD engine. Specific information on steel, concrete, and
timber design is available in Sections 2, 3, and 4 of this manual, respectively.

Detailed STAAD engine STD file command formats and other specific input information
is presented in Section 5.
The objective of this section is to familiarize you with the basic principles involved in the
implementation of the various analysis/design facilities offered by the STAAD engine.
As a general rule, the sequence in which the facilities are discussed follows the
recommended sequence of their usage in the STAAD input file.

COLUMN LAYOUT

Column layout consists of

a ) Positioning of columns

Following are some of the guiding principles which help in deciding the column positions.

 Columns should preferably be located at or near the comers of a building,

& at theintersection of beams/walls.

 Position of columns should be selected so as to reduce bending moments in beams.

 Larger spans of beams should be avoided.

 Larger centre to centre distance between columns should be avoided.

 Columns on property line should be given special attention & proper treatment

shouldbe done to overcome the problems in positioning of such columns.

7
 b ) Orientation of columns

 Projection of columns outside the walls should be avoided according

to therequirements of aesthetics & utility.

 The column should be oriented in such a way that the depth of the column is

contained in the major plane of bending or is perpendicular to the major axis of bending.

Beam Layout- Positioning of beams

 Beams shall be normally be provided under the walls or below a heavy

concentratedload to avoid these loads directly coming on slabs.

 Larger spacing of beams should be avoided from deflection & cracking criteria.

Input Generation
The GUI (or you, the user) communicates with the STAAD analysis engine through the
STAAD input file (file extension .STD). That input file is a text file consisting of a series
of commands in the STAAD command language which are executed sequentially. The
commands contain either instructions or data pertaining to analysis and/or design. The
elements and conventions of the STAAD command language are described in Section 5 of
this manual. The STAAD input file can be created through a text editor or the Graphical
User Interface (GUI) modeling facility. In general, any plain-text editor may be utilized to
edit or create the STAAD input file. The GUI Modeling facility creates the input file
through an interactive, menu-driven graphics oriented procedure. Note: Some of the
automatic generation facilities of the STAAD command language will be re-interpreted by
the GUI as lists of individual model elements upon editing the file using the GUI. A
warning message is presented prior to this occurring. This does not result in any effective
difference in the model or how it is analyzed or designed. It is important to understand that
STAAD.Pro is capable of analyzing a wide range of structures. While some parametric
input features are available in the GUI, the formulation of input is the responsibility of you,
the user. The program has no means of verifying that the structure input is that which was
intended by the engineer.
8
 A structure is an assembly of individual components such as beams, columns, slabs, plates
etc.. In STAAD, frame elements and plate elements may be used to model the structural
components. Typically, modeling of the structure geometry consists of two steps: A.
Identification and description of joints or nodes. B. Modeling of members or elements
through specification ofconnectivity (incidences) between joints.

STAAD uses two types of coordinate systems to define the structure geometry and loading
patterns. The GLOBAL coordinate system is an arbitrary coordinate system in space which is
utilized to specify the overall geometry & loading pattern of the structure. A LOCAL
coordinate system is associated with each member (or element) and is utilized in MEMBER
END FORCE output or local load specification.

Global Coordinate System

The following coordinate systems are available for specification of the structure geometry.
Conventional Cartesian Coordinate System This coordinate system is a rectangular
coordinatesystem (X, Y, Z) which follows the orthogonal right hand rule. This coordinate
system may be used to define the joint locations and loading directions. The translational
degrees of freedom are denotedby u 1 , u 2 , u 3 and the rotational degrees of freedom are
denoted by u 4 , u 5 & u 6

Material Constants
The material constants are: modulus of elasticity (E); weight density (DEN);
Poisson's ratio (POISS); co-efficient of thermal expansion (ALPHA), Composite
Damping Ratio,and beta angle (BETA) or coordinates for any reference (REF) point. E
value for members must be provided or the analysis will not be performed. Weight
density (DEN) is used only when selfweight of the structure is to be taken into account.

Supports
STAAD allows specifications of supports that are parallel as well as inclined to the global
axes. Supports are specified as PINNED, FIXED, or FIXED with different releases. A
pinned supporthas restraints against all translational movement and none against rotational
movement. In other words, a pinned support will have reactions for all forces but will resist
no moments. A fixed support has restraints against all directions of movement.

9
The restraints of a fixed support can also be released in any desired direction as
specified.See "Global Support Specification" on page 405 for details. Translational and
rotational springs can also be specified. The springs are represented in terms of their spring
constants. A translational spring constant is defined as the force to displace a support joint
one length unit in the specified global direction. Similarly, a rotational spring constant is
defined as the force to rotate the support joint one degree around the specified global
direction. See "Multilinear Spring Support Specification"on page 414 for details. For static
analysis, Multi-linear spring supports can be used to modelthe varying, non- linear
resistance of a support (e.g., soil). See "Automatic Spring Support Generator for
Foundations" on page 409 for descriptions of the elastic footing and elastic foundation mat
facilities. The Support command is also used to specify joints and directions where support
displacements will be enforced.

10
Master/Slave Joints

The master/slave option is provided to enable the user to model rigid links in the structural
system. This facility can be used to model special structural elements like a rigid floor
diaphragm. Several slave joints may be provided which will be assigned same
displacements as the master joint. The user is also allowed the flexibility to choose the
specific degrees of freedom for which the displacement constraints will be imposed on the
slaved joints. If all degrees of freedom (Fx, Fy, Fz, Mx, My and Mz) are provided as
constraints, the joints will be assumed to be rigidly connected. See "Master/Slave
Specification" on page 420 for details

 Loads

Loads in a structure can be specified as joint load, member load, temperature load and
fixed- end member load. STAAD can also generate the self-weight of the structure and use
it as uniformly distributed member loads in analysis. Any fraction of this self-weight can
also be applied in any desired direction.

 Joint Load

Joint loads, both forces and moments, may be applied to any free joint of a structure. These
loadsact in the global coordinate system of the structure. Positive forces act in the positive
coordinate directions. Any number of loads may be applied on a single joint, in which case
the loads will be additive on that joint

Member Load

Three types of member loads may be applied directly to a member of a structure. These
loads are uniformly distributed loads, concentrated loads, and linearly varying loads
(including trapezoidal). Uniform loads act on the full or partial length of a member.
Concentrated loads act at any intermediate, specified point. Linearly varying loads act over
the full length of a member. Trapezoidal linearly varying loads act over the full or partial
length of a member. Trapezoidal loads are converted into a uniform load and several
concentrated loads. Any number of loads may be specified to act upon a member in any
independent loading condition. Member loads can be specified in the member coordinate
system or the global coordinate system. Uniformly distributed member loads provided in the
11
global coordinate system may be specified to act along the full or projected member
length.

12
 Uniform moment may notbe applied to tapered members. Only uniform load over the entire
length is available for curved member.

AISC 360-05 Direct Analysis

From STAAD.Pro 2007 Build 03 onwards, the ANSI/AISC 360-05 Direct Analysis
procedure has been adopted to incorporate the P-Delta effect into a static analysis by
combining the global stiffness matrix and the global geometric stiffness matrix [K+Kg];
plus flexural stiffness reduction; plus axial stiffness reduction; plus an additional flexure
reduction if member axial compression forces are above 50% of yield; plus the addition of
notional loads. Note: This feature is availablein STAAD.Pro 2007 Build 03 and greater. 1.
First, the primary deflections are calculated by linear static analysis based on the provided
external loading for case n. The stiffness reductions and notional loads are included here.
Primary deflections are used to calculate member axial forces and plate center membranestresses.
These forces and stresses are used to calculate geometric stiffness terms. Both the large delta effects
and the small delta effects are calculated. These forces and stresses are used to calculategeometric
stiffness terms. These terms times the displacement results from the prior iteration create the P-Delta
secondary loading. This secondary loading is then combined with the originally applied loading to
create the effective load vector for the next iteration.

FEATURES OF STAAD PRO

o Import/Export of Auto Cad 2D/3D files to start model
o Model Development (Graphical as well as Input Editor)
o Model Visualization on screen
o GUI based Modelling
o Isometric and Perspective view and 3D shapes
o Analysis and design tool
o Advanced automatic load generation facilities
o Results as per Indian standards, American Standards, Canadian Standards
and otherStandards

o Report Generation

13
 CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW

14
 CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW

Ibrahim, et.al (April 2019):

Design and Analysis of Residential Building(G+4): After analyzing the G+4 story
residential building structure, conducted that the structure is rate in loading like dead
load, live load, wind load and seismic loads. Member dimensions (Beam, column, slab)
are assigned by calculating the load type and its quantity applied on it. Auto CAD gives
detailed information at the structuremembers length, height, depth, size and numbers,
etc. STADD Pro. has a capability to calculate the program contains number of
parameters which are designed as per IS 456: 2000. Beams were designed for flexure,
shear and tension and it gives the detail number, position and spacingbrief.
Dunnala Lakshmi Anuja, et.al (2019):
Planning, Analysis and Design of Residential Building(G+5) By using STAAD Pro. :
Frame analysis was by STAAD-Pro. Slab, Beams, Footing and stair-case were design as
per the IS Code 456-2000 by LSM. The properties such as share deflection torsion,
development length is with the IS code provisions. Design ofcolumn and footing were
done as per the IS 456-2000 along with the SP-16 design charts. The check like one way
shear or two-way shear within IS Code provision. Design of slab, beam, column,
rectangular footing and staircase are done with limit state method. On comparison with
drawing, manual design and the geometrical model using STADD Pro.
Mr K. Prabin Kumar, et.al (2018):
A Study on Design of Multi-Storey Residential Building: They used STADD Pro. to
analysisand designing all structure member and calculate quantityof reinforcement
needed for concrete section. Various structure action is considered as members such
as axial, flexure, shear and tension. Pillar are delineated for axial forces andbiaxial
ends at the ends. The building was planned as per IS: 456-2000.

R. D. Deshpande, et.al (June, 2017):

Analysis, Design and Estimation of Basement+G+2 Residential Building: They found
that check for deflection was safe. They carried design and analysis of G+2 residential
building by using E-Tabs software with the estimation of building by method of center
line.

15
“Analysis of Multistory Building considering Hybrid Structure”, Tanha B. Shah,
Hybrid Structures are often built in which the lateral resistance is provided by a mixture
of structures. The most common are moment resisting frames combined either with
structural walls or diagonal bracing. It is the structure which is the combination of
different structural system. In the Multistory building as per our engineering demand
parameter, such as floor displacement, Storey Drift, Storey Moment and shear Forces,
affected to structures subjected to earthquake load. Tubular frame structure is one of the
most efficient systems in tall buildings under lateral load. The analysis of these
structures usually involves considerable time and effort due to large number of
members and joints. Pushover analysis (PA), static & Dynamic earthquake analysis are
widely accepted from the engineering point of view as a practical and
computationally attractive method of estimating engineering demand parameters.

“Elastic Seismic Response Of Reinforced Concrete Frames”

Kulkarni J.G. et, al. April 2013

They have presented an elastic seismic response of reinforced concrete frames with 3
bay, 5bay and 7 bay 9 storeystructures which have been analyzed for gravity as well as
seismic forces and their response is studied as the geometric parameters varying from
view point of predicting behaviour of similar structures subjected to similar loads or
load combinations. From the data revealed by the analysis for the structures with various
loading combinations tried following conclusions are drawn: The conventional axial
force calculated on contributory area closely approximates the true load in column
segment at higher levels for 3 bay 9 storey structures and the 2/3rd height of frame from
bottom and larger at the topmost level for 5 bay 9 storey structures and the column
segment at 1/3rd height of frame and it reduces for topmost level for7 bay 9 storey
structures. Column segments at lower level attract larger axial forces ascomparedto bay
variation i.e. as number of bays going to increase the axial forces in thecolumn at bottom
segments increases. Concerning the design method it should be stated that significan
. The same is with bending moment.

16
“Comparison Of Dynamic Behaviour f Multi Towers High-Rise Buildings
And Traditional High Rise Buildings” Wensheng LU and Xilin LU in August
2010: Their paper summarizes tests of several scaled multitower high-rise building
models on the shaking table. The assumption of rigid floor is obviously unsuitable for
the analysis of multitower buildings. A new analytic model considering the effect of
flexible transfer floor . B. Suresh, P.M.B Raj kiran Nanduri

The opinion that designingnew buildings to be earthquake resistant will cause

substantial additional costs is still among the constructional professionals. In a swiss
survey estimates between 3 and 17% of the total building costs were given. This opinion
is unfounded. In a country of moderate seismicity adequate seismic resistance of new
buildings may be achievedat no or no significant additionalcost. However the
expenditure needed to ensure adequate seismic resistance may depend strongly on the
approach selected during the conceptual design phase and the relevant design method.
Regarding the conceptual design phase early collaboration between the architect and
civil engineering is crucial.
Concerning the design method it should be stated that significant

progress has been made recently. Intensive research has improved the understanding of
the behavior of a building or structure during an earthquake and resulted in the
development of more efficient and modern design methods
“Earthquake Analysis of Multi Storied Residential Building using STAAD. Pro –
A Case Study”
E. Pavan Kumar, A. Naresh, M. Nagajyothi, M. Rajasekhar
The obtained results of static and dynamic analysis in OMRF & SMRF are compared
for different columns under axial, torsion, bending moment and displacement forces.
The results shows that there is equal values obtained of axial forces in static and
dynamic analysis of OMRF structure. Values are obtained for torsion in static analysis
are negative and dynamic analysis values are positive. The values for bending moment
at dynamic analysis values are high in initially for other columns it decreased gradually
as compared to that of static analysis. We can observe that the values for displacement in
static analysis of OMRF values are more compared to that of dynamic analysis values of
same columns.

17
The values for displacement in dynamic analysis of SMRF values are gradually
increasedcompared to that of static analysis values of same columns. The static and
dynamic analysis ofOMRF & SMRF values are observed. Finally it can conclude that
the results of static analysisin OMRF & SMRF values are low when comparing to that
of dynamic analysis in OMRF &SMRF values. Hence the performance of dynamic
analysis SMRF structure is quiet good inresisting the earthquake forces compared to
that of the static analysis OMRF & SMRF.

“Computer aided analysis and design of multistoried buildings” Mr Bedabrata

Bhattacharjee ,Mr A.S.V. Nagender
STAAD PRO has the capabilityto calculate the reinforcement needed for anyconcrete section.
The program contains a number of parameters which are designed as per IS: 456(2000).
Beams are designed for flexure, Beam Design Output: The default design output of the
beam contains flexural and shear reinforcement provided along the length of the beam.
Shear reinforcement is calculated to resist both shear forces and torsional moments.
Column Design: Columns are designed for axial forces and biaxial moments at the ends.
All active load cases are tested to calculate reinforcement. The loading which yield
maximum reinforcement is called the critical load. Column design is done for square
section. Square columns are designed with reinforcement distributed on each side
equally for the sections under biaxial moments and with
reinforcement distributed equally in two faces for sections under uni-axial moment. All
major criteria for selecting longitudinal and transverse reinforcement as stipulated by IS:
456 have been taken care of in the column design of STAAD. 3.8 “Structural Design
of Foundation”Prof. Satish Kumar and Prof. Santha Kumar October, 1988
Amresh. A. Das and G. B. Bhaskar (2017):
Static and dynamic analysis of multi storey building in this paper G+7 storied
reinforced concrete building was considered.
The building with a plan area of 48m*24m and a storey height of 4.5m each. The
building was located in seismic zone V and the material grade used is M25. The loads
considered are dead load, live load, windload and earthquake load and load
combinations are considered as per IS 1893:2002.
Both static and dynamic analysis are carried out using STAAD. Pro.

18
Suchi Nag Choudhary and Dr. P.S Bokare (2017):
Dynamic Analysis of Multi story Building Using Response Spectrum Method and
Seismic Coefficient Method -A Comparison Seismic analysis was performed on a G+10
building in seismic zone IV. For seismic investigation, response spectrum method and
seismic coefficient method are used. The response spectrum analysis performed using
STTAD. Pro. and seismic coefficient analysis wasdone manually by using code book. It
was concluded that Seismic coefficient method is simpleto apply for the design of
earthquake resistant structures but this method considered seismicload as static.
Whereas response spectrum method considered seismic load as dynamic load.
MD. Subhan (2017):
Seismic analysis and design of residential building
In this study, the seismic response of the structure was investigated. Considered G+7
buildingin seismic zone II. The response for the building was investigated using
STAAD. Pro designing software. Dynamic analysis was performed for the design
seismic forces. It was concluded that, the structure designed for resistance of earthquake
forces require 1.517% more than the conventional concrete structure and the storey drift
was zero at every storey means the structure is safe under drift condition.
S. Mahesh (2014):
Comparison of analysis and design of regular and irregular configurationof multi-story
building in various seismic zones and various types of soils using ETABS and STAAD
.In this paper, G+11 multi storey building was studied for earthquake load and wind
load using ETABS and STAAD.PRO. The behaviour of multi storey building was
assessed with regular and irregular configuration and the material property was assumed
as linear static.In this study dynamic analysis was performed.

Krishna Kumar Kumbhkar, Ahsan Rabbani (2018):

Analysis and design of multi storey (G+5)framed structure using STAAD

In this paper, work done for analysis and design of multi storey building (G+5) for the
dead load, live load, wind load and seismic load. The location of the building
considered was in zone.

19
Taruna R Kamble (2018):

Seismic Analysis and Design of Multi-Storied RC Building Using STAAD Pro and
ETABS The high-rise building (G+20) was analysed using STAAD.pro and ETABS.
Dynamic analysis was performed to examine the seismic behaviour of building. In this
analysis, response spectrum method used for checking the response of the building. In
the results base shear and storeydrift values are presented and concluded with
comparing the results of both software’s.

Tejashree Kulkarni, Sachin Kulkarni, Anjum Algur, M. H. Kolhar:Analysis and design

of high- rise building frame using staad.pro
In this study a 30-storey building was analysed for wind and seismic loads using staad
pro in seismic zone 2. In this building, same size of beams and columns are considered
and it was analysed and designed for static and dynamic loads. It was observed that
deflection and shearis more in case of dynamic analysis compared to static analysis.
And also, reinforcement required in lower beams is more in dynamic analysis.
DESIGN CODES
The various IS codes used for the project includes:
IS 456:2000 Indian Standard plain and reinforced concrete code of practice.
IS 456:2000, which is the key code for the design of all reinforced concrete (RC)
structures has added new dimensions to the present scenario and its relevance in
designing earthquake-resistant structures is to be seen in true perspective. IS 456:2000
recommends the use of IS 13920: 1993 and IS 4326: 1993 for detailing of earthquake
resistant constructions.
IS 1893 (Part I):2002 Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of
Structures (5th Revision)
This standard contains provisions that are general in nature and applicable to all
structures. Also, it contains provisions that are specific to buildings only. It covers
general principles and design criteria, combinations, design spectrum, main attributes of
buildings, dynamic analysis, apart from seismic zoning map and seismic coefficients of
important towns, map showing epicenters, map showing tectonic features and
lithological map of India.

20
 It is not intended in this standard to lay down regulation so that no structureshall suffer
any damage duringearthquake of all magnitudes. It has been endeavored to ensure that
as far as, possible structures are able to respond, without structural damage toshocks of
moderate intensities and without total collapse to shocks of heavy intensities.

IS 875 (Part 2):1987 R 1197 Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake)
for buildings and structures - Imposed loads
IS 875 (Part 2) deals with various live loads to be considered for design of buildings.
IS 875 (Part3):1987 R 1197Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake)
for buildings and structures - Wind Loads IS 875 (Part 3) deals with wind loads to be
considered when designing buildings, structures and components.

Objectives:

Computer aided analysis and design of residential building by using STAAD PRO Includes –
1. Generation of structural framing plan
2. Creation of model of structure in STAAD PRO
3. Application of various load combinations on the member
4. Analysis of the structure
5. Design of the structure

21
 CHAPTER-3
METHODOLGY

22
 CHAPTER-3
METHODOLY

The residential building with G+5 Storey was taken. The layout of plan was created in
the AutoCad software, according to their requirements. Each floor consists of two bed
rooms, hall,kitchen and two washrooms. After the completion of the plan, the centre
line of the columnis to be created to have an easy drawing in the STAAD Pro.

Table no.1 Geometrical Parameters

Sl. No Particulars Residential Building

1 Type of Building Residential Building (55’ x 87’6”)
4 Stories G+5
5 Typical floor Height 3m
6 Height of Building 21m
10 Columns 0.4X0.4
11 Beams 0.3X0.23M
12 Slab Thickness 0.12m
13 Exterior wall 0.2m
14 Interior wall 0.115m
15 Parapet wall height 1m
17 Grade of concrete M25
18 Grade of Steel Fe415
19 Unit weight of RCC 25Kn/m3.
20 Unit weight of Bricks 20Kn/m3

23
3.1 Steps in the Staadpro:

Fig no.1 Steps in STAAD Pro

24
 3.2 Generation of the Model:

Nodes are defined to generate the model. It consists of different methods.

1) Snap node beam method
2) Coordinate method
3) Copy paste method
The model was created by using the Structural wizard.
 Go to Geometry option available at the main tool bar.
 Select the structural wizard.
 Select the frame model.
 Select Bay frame
 Give the dimensions along the X, Y, Z coordinates.
 Giving the number of bays along the particular directions.

Fig no.2 Skeleton Structure

Assigning material properties:

3.3 A structure is the combination of the group of elements .Beams, columns and slabs
are theelements included in the structure. The structural elements are defined by
assigning the properties to them. The concrete material is to be given, while assigning
the properties and thesizes of the elements depends upon the loads which are assigning
over the structure.
25
 Fig no.3 Properties

Fig no.4 Assigning Properties

26
3.4 Assigning Supports
The supports are given to the available
columns on the structure. Mostly fixed
supports are assigned to the column the
supports are given to the available
columns on the structure. Mostly fixed
supports are assigned to the columns,
because it constrains the members in the
rotation and translation. For that, click on
the general tab and go to support option
which is availableat the left side of the
Fig No: 5 Assigning Supports
screen.
3.4 Assigning Load:

loads considered for the above structure is Dead, Live load and Seismic Load. The
structure issaid to be stable when it resist all the loads acting on it. First, create all the
load cases. Assignthe creatd loads to the required members.

Dead load:
It is the constant or the permanent load on the structure. The self weight considered as 1 along

thenegative ydirection.The dead load includes the different member’s loads.

It consists of wallload, slab load, floor load and member loads.

(a) Wall load:

The dimension of the external wall and internal wall taken as 230mm and 115mm.The
thicknessof the wall confirms to IS 1077:1992.The load of the wall is applied on the
beam in the formof Uniformly Distributed Load.
Wall load calculation: 0.23*2.7*20=12.42Kn/m
0.115*2.77*20=6.21Kn/m

(b) Floor load:

The slab load is taken as a floor load. It is calculated by multiplying the thickness of
slab withthe unit weight of the concrete.
0.12*25=3KN/m2
 Live Load:
Live load is the second vertical load acting on the structure. It is a variable load which
can be change from place to place. It is not fixed with the structure. The live load
depends upon the types of the building and the utilities of the building. The live load
taken as 3Kn/m2 which confirms to IS 1875:1987

EARTHQUAKE LOADS
Seismic loading is one of the basic concepts of earthquake engineering which means
application of an earthquake-generated agitation to a structure. It happens at contact
surfacesof a structure either with the ground, or with adjacent structures, or with gravity
waves from tsunami. Seismic loading depends, primarily, on:
 Anticipated earthquake’s parameters at the site - known as seismic hazard
 Geotechnical parameters of the site
 Structure’s parameters Sometimes, seismic load exceeds ability of a structure to resist
it without being broken, partially or completely. Due to their mutual interaction, seismic
loading and seismic performance of a structure are intimately related.

Generation Of Nodes
The nodes are generated based on the dimensions of the building. The building is
divided into equal number of known grids. Then the grid spacing is given on the
STAAD PRO 2004 window. The software automatically generates grids with specified
spacing.

26
TYPE OF LOAD DIAGRAMMATICAL
REPRESENTATION

Assigning of dead load i.e., wall loads

Assigning of live load

Load Combinations

Fig no.6 Assigning Loadings

27
Seismic Load:
I t is the horizontal moving loads acting on the structures. These loads are caused by the
earth movement. The load is considered on the X, Y and Z directions. The effect of load
along the Y direction is very less. The input data is considered in the staad pro is
mentioned in the Table no.*** . The Response Spectrum Method is used to Analyse the
building. Because the heightof the building is above the 15m.

(a) Zone Factor:

There are four Zones available in India. Those are Zone2 (Low Intensity),
Zone3(Moderate Intensity), Zone4(Severe Intensity) and, Zone5(Severe Intensity).The
Zones are classified based on the intensity of the effect. The above structure considered
under the Zone 3.

(b)Important Factor:
It is the factor which is used to increase or Decrease the Base Shear. This is taken
according to the occupancy of the building or importance of the building. For All the
other buildings the important factor is taken as 1.

( c)Response Reduction Factor:

The factor which is used to reduce the actual base shear to get the design later force. It
depends upon the strength, Ductility and Redundancy. The building is considered under
the RC frame Building. As per IS 1893:2016, the value is taken as 3.

Table no.2 Seismic Load Input data

S.no Input Data Value(confirms to IS

1893:2016)
1 Zone Factor (Zone III) 0.16
2 Soil Factor 2
3 Important Factor 1.0
4 Damping Ratio 0.05
5 Response Reduction 3
Factor

28
3.5 Load Combinations:
Table no.3 Load Combinations
A Load combination is taken, when
there is more than one load is acting on S.N Load
O Combinations
the structure. The factor is multiplied to
1 1.5*(DL + LL).
the actual load for safety condition. The 2 1.5*(DL+EL)
load combinations are varies for 3 1.2(DL+LL+E
L)
different loading conditions. Table no.4
4 1.2(DL+LL-
shows the load combinations of dead EL)
5 1.5(DL-EL)
load, live load and Seismic loads which
6 0.9 DL +1.5EL
confirms to As perIS1893:2002.
7 0.9*DL-1.5EL

3.6 Analyze the structure

The structure is to be analyzed whether the given sizes is adequate or not.
Cntrl+f5 is the shortcutkey used to Analyse the structure. It also gives the
reactions, displacements and deflections.TheAnalyze output comes in the
form of the warnings, errors and notes. The sizes should be
modifiedbased on the output result from the analysis.

Fig no.7 Analysis

29
ANALYSIS
A structure consists of an assembly of individual structural elements such as
truss elements, beams, columns, slabs, cable or arch proportioned to resist
the loads and forces.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
It’s the calculation of the response of the structures to actions.
ACTIONS
An action is a physical phenomenon that produces stress and deformation in the
structures.
Actions include:
 Loads (self weight)
 Variation in temperature
 Settlement of support
RESPONSE OF STRUCTURES
It’s the physical change produced in structure due to action on
structures.It includes,
 External Force quantities – Reactions
 Internal Force quantities – Bending Moment, Shear, Axial force and stress
 Displacement quantities – Deflection and
StrainThe response of structure is calculated
mathematically.

LOADS ACTING
Loads can usually be considered to be primary or secondary. Secondary loads
are those loads due to temperature changes, construction eccentricities,
shrinkage of structural materials, settlement of foundations, or other such
loads. Despite the fact that each and every load and loading 14 combination
should be considered in order toreduce the chance of structural failure, the
determination of the loading remains a statistical exercise. Each and every load
cannot be foreseen; thus, it is critical to determine the worst case that is
reasonable to assume to act upon the structure.

30
Primary loads are divided into DEAD LOADS and LIVE LOADS. When
considering the possible combinations of these two categories of loading, the
odds of certain loads occurring simultaneously are assumed to be null.
CALCULATION:
The loads taken for analysis are dead load, live load, wind load and seismic load.
Since the structure will be erected in zone-3, seismic design should also be done.
The loading standards ensure structural safety and eliminate wastage that may be
caused due to unnecessary heavy loading without proper assessment.
DEAD LOADS
Dead Loads are those loads which are considered to act permanently; they are
"dead," stationary, and unable to be removed. The self-weight of the structural
members normally provides the largest portion of the dead load of a building.
Permanent non- structural elements such as roofing, concrete, flooring, pipes,
ducts, interior partition walls, Environmental Control Systems machinery,
elevator machinery and all other construction systems within a building must also
be included in the calculation of the total dead load. It is calculated as per IS 875
(Part-1):1987. Unit weight of RCC and brickwork is adopted as 25kN/m3 and 20
kN/m3 respectively. Fig. 5 shows how Dead Load is input.
STAAD.Pro is a general purpose structural analysis and design program with
applications primarily in the building industry - commercial buildings, bridges
and highway structures, industrial structures, chemical plant structures, dams,
retaining walls, turbine foundations, culverts and other embedded structures, etc.
The program hence consists of the following facilities to enable this task.
1. Graphical model generation utilities as well as text editor based commands for
creating the mathematical model. Beam and column members are represented
using lines. Walls, slabs and panel type entities are represented using triangular
and quadrilateral finite elements. Solid blocks are represented using brick
elements. These utilities allow the user to create the geometry, assign properties,
orient cross sections as desired, assign materials like steel, concrete, timber,
aluminum, specify supports, apply loads explicitly as well as have the program
generate loads, design parameters etc.

31
2. Design engines for code checking and optimization of steel, aluminum and
timber members. Reinforcement calculations for concrete beams, columns, slabs
and shear walls. Design of shear and moment connections for steel members.
3. Result viewing, result verification and report generation tools for examining
displacement diagrams, bending moment and shear force diagrams, beam, plate
and solid stress contours, etc.
4. Peripheral tools for activities like import and export of data from and to other
widely accepted formats, links with other popular softwares for niche areas like
reinforced and prestressed concrete slab design, footing design, steel connection
design, etc.
5. A library of exposed functions called Open STAAD which allows users to
access STAAD. Pro’s internal functions and routines as well as its graphical
commands to tap into STAAD’s database and link input and output data to third-
party software written using languages like C, C++, VB, VBA, FORTRAN, Java,
Delphi, etc. Thus, Open STAAD allows users to link in-house or third-party
application
STAAD Pro. Stands for Structural Analysis And Design Program All structural
analysis software generally consists of three parts:
Pre Processing: Generates the model, assembles and organizes all data needed
for the analysis.
Processing: Calculates displacements, member forces, reactions, stresses, etc.
Post Processing: Displays the results. STAAD.Pro Workflow Process: The
process of modeling and designing in STAAD.Pro can be summarized into the
following general workflow process, which is suggested inherently by the on-
screen organization of the tabs within the program:
1. Basic Geometry: Define the basic geometry of the structure using beams,
columns, plates and/or solid elements.
2. Section Properties: Define the sizes of members by width, depth, cross
sectional shape, etc.
3. Materials Constants: Specify material such as timber, steel, concrete, or
aluminum to define Poisson’s Ratio, Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, density,
etc.

32
4. Member Specifications: Define member orientations, member offsets,
member releases where moment transfer is to be limited or eliminated, and
conditions that only allow a partial transfer of certain types of forces such as
tension-only.
5. Supports: Define support locations and boundary conditions including
moment fixity,support stiffness, and support angle.

6. Loads: Assign loads such as self-weight, dead, live, wind and seismic, and
defineload combinations.
7. Analysis Instructions: Indicate the type of analysis to be performed
(regular analysis,P-delta, Buckling, Pushover, etc.) and define associated
options.
8. Post Processing Commands: Extract analysis results, review
deflected shapes,prepare shear and moment diagrams, generate tables to
present results, etc.
9. Design C 330L

General
To design a building structure, bridge structure or any other structures use
multipleelements that can
be characterized as beams, columns, trusses etc.
These structural elements have some cross-section size and shape to build up the
totalshape of
the structures.
The behavior of a structural member is dictated by its material, cross sectional
size andshape of
the elements and its geometry. Depending on different materials they have
differentcross sectional shape;
 Rectangular Section
 T-Section
 I-Section
 Channel-Section
 Circular-Section
 Triangular Section
33
 Wide flanged Shape
 Standard Channel

34
  Angle
 Structural Tee etc.

Types of Structures
A STRUCTURE can be defined as an assemblage of elements. STAAD is
capable of analyzing and designing structures consisting of both frame,
plate/shell and solid elements. Almost any type of structure can be analyzed by
STAAD.
SPACE
A3D framed structure with loads applied in any plane. This structure type is the
most general.
PLANE
This structure type is bound by a global X-Y coordinate system with loads in the
same plane.
TRUSS
This structure type consists of truss members which can have only axial member
forcesand no bending in
the members.
FLOOR
A 2D or 3D structure having no horizontal (global X or Z) movement of the
structure [FX, FZ, and MY are restrained at every joint]. The floor framing (in
global X-Z plane) of a building is an ideal example of a this type of structure.
Columns can also be modeled with the floor in a FLOOR structure as long as the
structure has no horizontal loading. If thereis any horizontal load, it must be
analyzed as a SPACE structure. Specification of the correct structure type reduces
the number of equations to be solved during the analysis. This results in a faster
and more economic solution for the user.
INTRODUCTION TO STAAD
The stress analysis on the fields of civil, mechanical and aerospace engineering is
invariably complex and for many of the problems, it is extremely difficult to obtain
analytical solutions. For most of the practical problems, the engineer resorts to
numerical methods that provide approximate but acceptable solutions.

The major features are:

35
(i) Element library

36
(ii) Analysis capabilities and range of library - linear static analysis - heat
transfer analysis - non- linear static analysis - stability analysis - dynamic
analysis - coupledfield analysis
(iii) Types of loading
(iv) Boundary conditions
(v) Material properties and models
(vi) Pre and Post processing
STAAD Pro is widely used software for structural analysis and design from
research engineers international. It is capable of analyzing and designing structures
consisting of frame, plate bar-shell and solid elements. It consists of GUI and
analysis and design engine. The STAAD analysis and design engine is a general
purpose calculation engine for structural analysis and integrated steel concrete,
timber and aluminium design.
Fixed End Member Load
Load effects on a member may also be specified in terms of its fixed end loads.
These loads are given in terms of the member coordinate system and the directions
are oppositeto the actual load on the member. Each end of a member can have six
forces: axial; sheary; shear z; torsion; moment y, and moment z. See "Fixed-End
Load Specification" on page 579 for details.
Area Load, One-way, and Floor Loads
Often a floor is subjected to a uniform pressure. It could require a lot of work to
calculate the equivalent member load for individual members in that floor.
However, with the AREA, ONEWAY or FLOOR LOAD facilities, you can specify
the pressure (load per unit square area). The program will calculate the tributary
area for these members and calculate the appropriate member loads. The Area Load
and Oneway load are used for one way distribution and the Floor Load is used for
two way distribution. The following assumptions are made while transferring the
area/floor load to member load:
a. The member load is assumed to be a linearly varying load for which the start and
theend values may be of different magnitude.
Tributary area of a member with an area load is calculated based on half the
spacing to the nearest approximately parallel members on both sides.

37
b. These loading types should not be specified on members declared as member
cable, member truss, member tension, member compression, or curved.
Note: Floor Loads and One-way Loads can be reduced when included in a load
case defined as “Reducible” according to the UBC/IBC rules.

Fixed End Member Load

Load effects on a member may also be specified in terms of its fixed end loads.
These loads are given in terms of the member coordinate system and the directions
are oppositeto the actual load on the member. Each end of a member can have six
forces: axial; sheary; shear z; torsion; moment y, and moment z.
Prestress and Poststress Member
Load Members in a structure may be subjected to prestress load for which the load
distribution in the structure may be investigated. The prestressing load in a member
maybe applied axially or eccentrically. The eccentricities can be provided at the
start joint, at the middle, and at the end joint. These eccentricities are only in the
local y- axis. A positive eccentricity will be in the positive local y-direction. Since
eccentricities are only provided in the local y axis, care should be taken when
providing prismatic properties or in specifying the correct BETA angle when
rotating the member coordinates, if necessary. Two types of prestress load
specification are available; PRESTRESS, where the effects of the load are
transmitted to the rest of the structure, and POSTSTRESS, where the effectsof the
load are experienced exclusively by the members on which it is applied.

38
1. The cable is assumed to have a generalized parabolic profile. The equation
of theparabola is assumed to be
y = ax2 + bx + c Where:
a = 1/L2 (2es - 4em +
2ee)b = 1/L (4em - ee -
3es)
c = es
where:
es = eccentricity of the cable at the start of the member (in local
y- axis) em = eccentricity of the cable at the middle of the member
(in local y-axis)ee = eccentricity of the cable at the end of the
member (in local y-axis)

2. The force in the cable is assumed to be same throughout the member length. No
reduction is made in the cable forces to account for friction or other losses.
3. The term MEMBER PRESTRESS as used in STAAD signifies the following
condition. The structure is constructed first. Then, the prestressing force is applied
on the relevant members. As a result, the members deform and depending on their
end conditions, forces are transmitted to other members in the structure. In other
words, "PRE" refers to the time of placement of the member in the structure
relative to the time of stressing.
4. The term MEMBER POSTSTRESS as used in STAAD signifies the following
condition. The members on which such load is applied are first cast in the factory.
Following this, the prestressing force is applied on them.

39
Meanwhile, the rest of the structure is constructed at the construction site. Then,
the prestressed members are brought and placed in position on the partially built
structure. Due to this sequence, the effects of prestressing are 58 — STAAD.Pro
V8i (SELECTseries4) Section 1 General Description
1.16 Loads "experienced" by only the prestressed members and not transmitted to
the rest of the structure. In other words, "POST" refers to the time of placement of
the member in the structure relative to the time of stressing.
5. As may be evident from Item (6) above, it is not possible to compute the
displacements of the ends of the POSTSTRESSED members for the effects of
poststressing, and hence are assumed to be zero. As a result, displacements of
intermediate sections (See SECTION DISPLACEMENT command) are measured
relative to the straight line joining the startand end joints of the members as defined
by their initial JOINT COORDINATES. See "Prestress Load Specification" on page
573 for details.
Temperature and Strain Load
Uniform temperature difference throughout members and elements may be
specified. Temperature differences across both faces of members and through the
thickness of plates may also be specified (uniform temperature only for solids)..
The program calculates the axial strain (elongation and shrinkage) due to the
temperature difference for members.From this it calculates the induced forces in the
member and the analysis is done accordingly. The strain intervals of elongation and
shrinkage can be input directly. See "Temperature Load Specification for Members,
Plates, and Solids" on page 578 for details.Support Displacement Load
Static Loads can be applied to the structure in terms of the displacement of the
supports. Displacement can be translational or rotational. Translational
displacements are providedin the specified length while the rotational
displacements are always in degrees. Note that displacements can be specified only
in directions in which the support has an "enforced" specification in the Support
command. See "Support Joint Displacement Specification" on page 580 for details.

40
Loading on Elements
On Plate/Shell elements, the types of loading that are permissible are:
1. Pressure loading which consists of loads which act perpendicular to the surface
of the element.
2. Joint loads which are forces or moments that are applied at the joints in the
direction of the global axes.

3. Temperature loads which may be constant throughout the plate element (causing
only elongation / shortening) or may vary across the depth of a plate element
causing bending on the plate element.. The coefficient of thermal expansion for the
material of the element must be provided in order to facilitate computation of these
effects.
4. The self-weight of the elements can be applied using the SELFWEIGHT loading
condition. The density of the elements has to be provided in order to facilitate
computation of the self-weight. On Solid elements, the loading types available are:
 The self-weight of the solid elements can be applied using the
SELFWEIGHT loading condition. The density of the elements has to be
provided in order to facilitate computation of the self-weight.
 Joint loads which are forces or moments that are applied at the joints in the
direction of the global axes.
 Temperature loads which may be constant throughout the solid elements
(causing only elongation / shortening). The coefficient of thermal expansion
for the material of the element must be provided in order to facilitate
computation of these effects.
 Pressure on the faces of solids. Only translational stiffness is supported in
solid elements.

41
Load Generator
Load generation is the process of taking a load causing unit such as wind pressure,
ground movement or a truck on a bridge, and converting it to a form such as
member load or a joint load which can be then be used in the analysis. For seismic
loads, a static analysis method or a dynamic analysis method can be adopted. The
static analysis method, whichis the one referred to here, is based on codes such as
UBC, IBC, AIJ, IS1893 etc. For dynamic analysis, see the sections in this chapter
on response spectrum and time history analysis.
Input for the load generation facility consists of two parts:
1. Definition of the load system(s).
2. Generation of primary load cases using previously defined load system(s).

Consideration of Bandwidth
For the Basic Solver only. The method of decomposition is particularly efficient
when applied to a symmetrically banded matrix. For this type of matrix fewer
calculations are required due to the fact that elements outside the band are all equal
to zero.

STAAD takes full advantage of this bandwidth during solution, as it is important

to have the least bandwidth to obtain the most efficient solution. For this
purpose, STAAD offers features by which the program can internally rearrange
the joint numbers to provide a better bandwidth. For the Advanced Solver only.
Internal storage order is automatically calculated to minimize time and memory.
Multiple Structures & Structural Integrity
The integrity of the structure is a very important requirement that must be
satisfied by all models. You must make sure that the model developed represents
one or more properly connected structures. An "integral" structure may be
defined as a system in which proper "stiffness connections" exist between the
members/elements. The entire model functions as one or more integrated load
resisting systems. STAAD checks structural integrity using a sophisticated
algorithm and reports detection of multiple structures within the model.

42
Modeling and Numerical Instability Problems
Instability problems can occur due to two primary
reasons.1.Modeling problem
There are a variety of modeling problems which can give rise to instability
conditions.They can be classified into two groups.
a. Local instability - A local instability is a condition where the fixity
conditions at the end(s) of a member are such as to cause an instability in the
member about one or more degrees of freedom.
Examples of local instability are:
i. Member Release: Members released at both ends for any of the following
degrees of freedom (FX, FY, FZ and MX) will be subjected to this problem.
ii. A framed structure with columns and beams where the columns are defined as
"TRUSS" members. Such a column has no capacity to transfer shears or
moments from the superstructure to the supports.

• Global Instability –
These are caused when the supports of the structure are such that they
cannot offer any resistance to sliding or overturning of the structure in one
or more directions. For example, a 2D structure (frame in the XY plane)
which is defined as a SPACE FRAME with pinned supports and subjected
to a force in the Z direction will toppleover about the X-axis. Another
example is that of a space frame with all the supports released for FX, FY or
FZ.

2. Math precision
A math precision error is caused when numerical instabilities occur in the
matrix inversion process. One of the terms of the equilibrium equation takes the
form 1/(1- A), where A=k1/(k1+k2); k1 and k2 being the stiffness coefficients
of two adjacent members. When a very "stiff" member is adjacent to a very
"flexible" member, viz., when k1>>k2, or k1+k2 k1, A=1 and hence, 1/(1-A)
=1/0. Thus, huge variations in stiffnesses of adjacent members are not
permitted. Artificially high E or I values shouldbe reduced when this occurs.

43
 Math precision errors are also caused when the units of length and force are not
defined correctly for member lengths, member properties, constants etc. Users
also have to ensure that the model defined represents one single structure only,
not two or more separate structures. For example, in an effort to model an
expansion joint, you may end up defining separate structures within the same
input file. Multiple structures defined in one input file can lead to grossly
erroneous results. Second Order Analysis
STAAD offers the capability to perform second order stability analyses

P-Delta Analysis
Structures subjected to lateral loads often experience secondary forces due to the
movement of the point of application of vertical loads. This secondary effect,
commonly known as the P-Delta effect, plays an important role in the analysis of
the structure. In textbooks this secondary effect is typically referred to as stress
stiffening for members in tension (or softening for compression). The stiffness
changes due to Section 1 General Description
1.18 Analysis Facilities P-Delta are known as geometric stiffness, [Kg].
There are two types of P-Delta effects for members. P-∆ which is due to the
displacement of one end of a member relative to the other end (e.g., story drift of
columnmembers). A second effect is P-δ which is due to the bending of the
member. P-δ due to the bending of the member not only affects the local &
global stiffness, nodal displacements, and member end forces; it also has an
additional effect on the section displacements and section moments. The (axial
compressive member force) times (the local relative to the ends section
displacement) gives a section moment in addition to the flexural moment. This
additional section moment will cause an additional sectional displacement; and
so on. Normally this process will converge after 5-20 iterations if the member
buckling load is not exceeded. STAAD uses up to 20 iterations unless
convergence or divergence occurs. P-δ due to the bending of the member can
also occur with tension if the member has sufficient bending.

44
Large Delta and Small Delta
In STAAD, a procedure has been adopted to incorporate the P-Delta effect into
the analysis without re-forming and factorizing the global stiffness matrix on
each iteration. Actually, only the global stiffness matrix is formed and factorized;
which must be done for any analysis. Only the relatively fast forward and
backward substitution step for typically five to 25 iterations must be performed.
This step is done simultaneously for however many cases are being solved. See
section for an alternate formulation of P-Delta that may be used in dynamics.
Note: This feature is available in STAAD.Pro 2007 Build 01 and greater. If a
structure is heavily loaded it may become unstable for some load cases. It may
take 10 to 30 iterations for this instability to become obvious by the maximum
displacements or bending moment envelope values becoming very large or
infinite or reported as NaN. The procedure consists of the following steps:
1. First, the primary deflections are calculated based on the provided external loading.
1.18 Analysis Facilities
2. Primary deflections are used to calculate member axial forces and plate center
membrane stresses. By default the small delta effects are calculated. To include
only the large delta effects, enter the LARGEDELTA option on the PDELTA
command. These forces and stresses are used to calculate geometric stiffness
terms. These terms times the displacement results from the prior iteration create
the P-Delta secondary loading. This secondary loading is then combined with the
originally applied loading to create the effective load vector for the next iteration.

45
The lateral loading must be present concurrently with the vertical loading for
proper consideration of the P-Delta effect. The REPEAT LOAD facility (see
Section 5.32.11) has been created with this requirement in mind. This facility
allows you to combine previously defined primary load cases to create a new
primary load case. 3. The revised load vector is used with the static triangular
factorized matrix to generate new deflections. 4. Element/Member forces and
support reactions are calculated based on the new deflections. Repeat steps 2 to 4
for several iterations. Three to 30 iterations are recommended. This procedure
yields reasonably accurate results with small displacement problems. You are
allowed to specify the number of iterations. If the Converged option is used, then
set the displacement convergence tolerance by entering a SET PDELTATOL i 9
command before the Joint Coordinates. If all changes in displacement dof from
one iteration to the next is less than the specified tolerance value, i 9 , then that
case is converged. The P-Delta analysis is recommended by several design codes
such as ACI 318, LRFD, IS456-1978, etc. in lieu of the moment magnification
method for the calculation of more realistic forces and moments. P-Delta effects
are calculated for frame members and plate elements only. They are not
calculated for solid elements. P-Delta has the most effect in structures where
there are vertical and horizontal loads in the same load case. The maximum
displacement should be reviewed for P-Delta analyses because this analysis type
permits large buckling displacements if the loads make the structure unstable.
You may need to repeat the analysis with only one to five iterations in order to
get a pre-collapse solution in orderto view the large displacement areas.
P-Delta Kg Analysis
In STAAD, an alternate procedure has been adopted to incorporate the P-Delta
effect into the analysis by combining the global stiffness matrix and the global
geometric stiffness matrix [K+Kg]. Note: This feature is available in
STAAD.Pro 2007 Build 01 and greater. 1. First, the primary deflections are
calculated by linear static analysis based on the provided external loading. 2.
Primary deflections are used to calculate member axial forces and plate center
membrane stresses.

These forces and stresses are used to calculate geometric stiffness terms. Both
46
the large delta effects and the small delta effects are calculated.

47
These terms are the terms of the Kg matrix which are added to the global
stiffness matrix K. The lateral loading must be present concurrently with the
vertical loading for proper consideration of the P-Delta effect. The REPEAT
LOAD facility (see Section 5.32.11) has been created with this requirement in
mind.

This facility allows the user to combine previously defined primary load cases to
create a new primary load case. This procedure yields reasonably accurate results
with small displacement problems. STAAD allows the user to specify multiple
iterations of this P- Delta-KG procedure; however one iteration is almost always
sufficient. The P-Delta analysis is recommended by several design codes such as
ACI 318, LRFD, IS456-1978, etc. in lieu of the moment magnification method
for the calculation of more realistic forces and moments. P-Delta effects are
calculated for frame members and plate elements only. They are not calculated
for solid elements. The maximum displacement should be reviewed for P-Delta
analyses because this analysis type permits buckling. You may need to repeat the
analysis with only one to five iterations or as a static casein order to get a pre-
collapse solution in order to view the large displacement areas. Buckling may
also cause the analysis to fail with a negative definite matrix failure. In this case,
a message is printed and the results of the case are set to zero.

P-Delta K+Kg Dynamic Analysis

In STAAD, an alternate procedure has been adopted to incorporate the P-Delta
effect into dynamic analysis by combining the global stiffness matrix and the
global geometric stiffness matrix [K+Kg]. Note: This feature is available in
STAAD.Pro 2007 Build 01 and greater. This method uses the resulting [K+Kg]
matrices from the last static case before the PDELTA KG command in the
dynamic cases that precede the PDELTA KG command.

48
1. First, the primary deflections are calculated by linear static analysis based on
the provided external loading for case n.
2. Primary deflections are used to calculate member axial forces and plate center
membrane stresses. These forces and stresses are used to calculate geometric
stiffness terms. Both the large delta effects and the small delta effects are
calculated. These termsare the terms of the Kg matrix which are added to the
global stiffness matrix K.
The final triangular factorization for case n is then used in the dynamic case n+1
along with the masses specified in case n+1 to solve the dynamic analysis.
Lateral loading must be present concurrently with the vertical loading for proper
consideration of the P-Delta effect. The REPEAT LOAD facility (See "Repeat
Load Specification" on page 647) has been created with this requirement in
mind. This facility allows the user to combine previously defined primary load
cases to create a new primary load case. P- Delta effects are calculated for frame
members and plate elements only.

They are not calculated for solid elements. P-Delta is restricted to structures
where members and plate elements carry the vertical load from one structure
level to the next. The maximum displacement should be reviewed for P-Delta
analyses because thisanalysis type permits buckling. You may need to repeat the
analysis with only one to five iterations or as a static case in order to get a pre-
collapse solution in order to view the large displacement areas. Buckling may
also cause the analysis to fail with a negative definite matrix failure. In this case
a message is printed and the results of the case are set to zero. The dynamic
results should be ignored if this type of failure should occur.

49
AISC 360-05 Direct Analysis
From STAAD.Pro 2007 Build 03 onwards, the ANSI/AISC 360-05 Direct
Analysis procedure has been adopted to incorporate the P-Delta effect into a
static analysis by combining the global stiffness matrix and the global geometric
stiffness matrix [K+Kg]; plus flexural stiffness reduction; plus axial stiffness
reduction; plus an additional flexurereduction if member axial compression
forces are above 50% of yield; plus the addition of notional loads. Note: This
feature is available in STAAD.Pro 2007 Build 03 and greater.
1. First, the primary deflections are calculated by linear static analysis based on
the provided external loading for case n. The stiffness reductions and notional
loads are included here.
2. Primary deflections are used to calculate member axial forces and plate center
membrane stresses. These forces and stresses are used to calculate geometric
stiffness terms. Both the large delta effects and the small delta effects are
calculated. These forces and stresses are used to calculate geometric stiffness
terms. These terms times the displacement results from the prior iteration create
the P-Delta secondary loading. This secondary loading is then combined with the
originally applied loading to create the effective load vector for the next
iteration.
3. The final triangular factorization for case n is then used to calculate
displacements and member forces. Lateral loading must be present concurrently
with the vertical loading for proper consideration of the P-Delta effect. The
REPEAT LOAD facility (See "Repeat Load Specification" on page 647) has
been created with this requirement in mind. This facility allows the user to
combine previously defined primary load cases to create a new primary load
case.

50
 Buckling Analysis
In STAAD, two procedures have been adopted to incorporate the calculation of
the Buckling Factor for a load case. The buckling factor is the amount by which
all of the loadings in a load case must be factored to cause global buckling of the
structure. Note: This feature is available in STAAD.Pro 2007 Build 01 and
greater. STAAD does not include the effects of geometric stiffness for solids. If
the part of the structure that deforms during buckling involves non-trivial
motions of solids, then the results will be erroneous for buckling (as well as for
P-Delta analysis).
3.7 LOAD CALCULATION
Dead loads and live loads are given as per code provisionsIS 875 (Part I):1987 is
usedfor dead loads and IS 875 (Part-II):1987, for live loads.
Wind loads and Seismic loads have to be calculated according to IS 875 (Part-
III):1987and IS 875 (Part-IV):1987 respectively.
The calculation procedure is shown as follows.

CALCULATION OF WIND LOADS

The basic wind speed (Vb) for different wind zones of India are obtained from IS
875 (PartIII):1987 form which, the basic wind speed for each storey height ‘z’ is
calculated as per the equation (1).
Vz = Vb× k1×k2× k3
Pz = 0.6Vz 2 (N/m2 )
Where
,
Vz = Design speed at any height ‘z’, in m/s.
Vb = Regional basic wind speed(as per Appendix A, IS 875 (Part III)
1987)k1 = Probability factor as per Clause 5.3.1, IS 875 (Part-III):1987
k2 = Terrain, height and structure size height as per Clause 5.3.2, IS 875 (Part-
III):1987k3 = Topography factor, as per Clause 5.3.3, IS 875 (Part-III):1987
Pz = Intensity of wind pressure.

51
CALCULATION OF SEISMIC LOAD
The country is classified based on the magnitude of earthquake forces, into 4
seismiczones, II to V.
The structure considered for our project falls under zone III area.

LOAD COMBINATIONS
The loads are evaluated separately and various combinations are determined
from IS 875 (Part-5):1987. The combination is selected based upon their
probability of acting together and their disposition in relation to other loads and
severity of stresses or deformation caused by the combination of various loads
in necessary to ensure required safety and economy in the design of the
structure. For achieving the same, various load combinations are adopted. It
should be recognized in load combinations that the simultaneous occurrence of
maximum values of wind, earthquake and imposed loads is not likely.
Combinations considered for the analysis includes
1.5 Dead Load+ 1.5 Live Load
1.2 Lead +1.2 Live Load +1.2 EQX Load +1.2 EQZ Load
1.2 Dead Load +1.2 Live Load -1.2 EQX Load -1.2 EQZ Load
1.5 Dead Load +1.5 EQX Load +1.5 EQZ Load
1.5 Dead Load -1.5 EQX Load -1.5 EQZ Load
0.9 Dead Load +1.5 EQX Load + 1.5 EQZ Load
0.9 Dead Load -1.5 EQX Load - 1.5 EQZ Load
1.0 Dead Load +1.0 Wind Load
1.0 Dead Load +1.0 Live Load + 1.0 Wind Load

52
3.8 DESIGN OF STRUCTURE
 DESIGN OBJECTIVES
(a) To configure a workable and economic structural system. This involves the
selection of the appropriate structural types and laying out the location and
arrangements of the structural elements such as columns and beams
(b) To select structural dimension, depth and width of individual member and
concrete cover
(c) To determine the required reinforcement, both longitudinal and transverse
(d) Detailing of reinforcement such as development length, hooks and bends
(e) To satisfy serviceability requirements such as deflection and crack width
 DESIGN CRITERIA
In achieving the design objectives, there are four major design criteria of “SAFE”
that must be satisfied.
(a) Safety, Strength and stability: Structural systems and members must be
designed with sufficient margins of safety against failure.
(b) Aesthetics: It includes much consideration as shape, geometrical proportion,
symmetry, texture and articulation.
(c) Functional requirements: A structure must always be designed to serve its
intended function as specified by the project requirements. Constructability is a
major part of the functional requirement. A structural design must be practical and
economical to build.
(d) Economy: Structures must be designed and built in the target budget of the
project. Design that replicates member sizes and simplify reinforcement placement
to result in easier and faster construction will naturally result in being more
economical than a design that achieves minimum material quantities.
 DESIGN PROCESS
(a) Configure the structural system
(b) Determine the design data. This includes the design loads, design criteria and
specifications. Also specify the material properties.
(c) Make a first estimate of the material properties and sizes. For example, based on
thumb rules, sizes are fixed for deflection control in addition to other functional or
aesthetic requirements.

53
(d) Calculate member cross sectional properties. Now perform structural analysis
to obtain internal force demands such as moments, axial force, shear force and
torsion. From these parameters, magnitudes of deflections of structural members
are obtained.
(e) Calculate the required longitudinal reinforcements based on moment and axial
force demands. Calculate the required transverse reinforcements from the shear and
torsional moment demands.
(f) If members do not satisfy “SAFE” criteria modify the design and make changes
to steps1 and 3.
(g) Complete the detailed evaluation of member design to include additional load
cases, combinations, strength and serviceability requirements required by code and
specifications.
(h) Detailing of reinforcements. Develop design drawings and construction specifications

54
DESIGN OF FOOTINGS

Introduction

Foundation is an important part of the structure which transfers the load of the super
structure tothe foundation soil. The foundation distributes the load over a large area so that
the pressure on the soil does not exceed its allowable bearing capacity and restricts the
settlement of the structurewithin the permissible limits.

Types of footings

Footings are shallow foundations which are provided when the soil of adequate bearing
capacity is available at a relatively short depth blow the ground level. Footings may be of
masonry, plain concrete or reinforced concrete. The most common types of footings used
for concrete structures are

1) Isolated Footings:
Footings which are provided under each column independently are called as isolated
footings. They may be square, rectangular or circular in plan.

2) Combined Footings:
Combined footing supports two or more columns. These may be rectangular or
trapezoidal. These are provided when the isolated footings of adjacent columns
overlap each other and when the exterior column is close to the boundary or property
line.

3) Strap Footing:
It is also one of the types of combined footing. It consists of an isolated footing of
two columns connected by a beam called strap beam.

4) Raft or Mat Footing:

When the column loads are heavy or the safe bearing capacity of soil is very low, the
requiredfooting area become very large and the footings of adjacent column may
overlap.

55
 3.9 Plan details:

Fig No:8 Plan of the

building

The residential building with G+5 Storey was taken. The layout of plan was created in the
AutoCad software, according to their requirements. Each floor consists of two bed rooms,
hall, kitchen and two washrooms. After the completion of the plan, the centre line of the
column is to be created to have an easy drawing in the STAAD Pro.

56
Fig No:9 Rendering view

Fig No:10 Skeleton

57
Fig No:11 Bending moment

Fig No:12 Shear force

58
 Fig No: 13 Rendering view -2

Fig No:14 Shear stress at any section

The above figure shows that the bending moment and the Shear force can be studied from the
graphs generated by STAAD.Pro.

59
CHAPTER-4
RESULT

60
 CHAPTER-4
RESULT
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN RESULTS
Beam Design
Some of the sample analysis and design result have been shown below for beam number 47 which is at
the level of ground floor.

============================================================================
B E A M N O. 1DESIGNRESULT S

M25 Fe415 (Main) Fe415 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 4000.0 mm SIZE: 230.0 mm X 300.0 mm COVER: 25.0 mm

SUMMARY OF REINF. AREA (Sq.mm)

SECTION 0.0 mm 1000.0 mm 2000.0 mm 3000.0 mm 4000.0 mm

TOP 436.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 634.30

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

BOTTOM 0.00 127.19 261.69 127.19 0.00

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA

SECTION 0.0 mm 1000.0 mm 2000.0 mm 3000.0 mm 4000.0 mm

-
TOP 4-12í 2-12í 2-12í 2-12í 6-12í
REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 2 layer(s)

BOTTOM 2-10í 2-10í 4-10í 2-10í 2-10í

REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

SHEAR 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í

REINF. @ 110 mm c/c @ 110 mm c/c @ 110 mm c/c @ 110 mm c/c @ 110 mm c/c

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT DISTANCE d (EFFECTIVE DEPTH) FROM FACE OF THE SUPPORT

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 469.0 mm AWAY FROM START SUPPORT

VY = 48.22 MX = -0.06 LD= 3
Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 110 mm c/c

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 464.5 mm AWAY FROM END SUPPORT

VY = -54.38 MX = -0.06 LD= 3
Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 110 mm c/c
============================================================================

61
============================================================================
B E A M N O. 2DESIGNRESULT S

M25 Fe415 (Main) Fe415 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 4300.0 mm SIZE: 230.0 mm X 300.0 mm COVER: 25.0 mm

STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO. 283

SUMMARY OF REINF. AREA (Sq.mm)

SECTION 0.0 mm 1075.0 mm 2150.0 mm 3225.0 mm 4300.0 mm

TOP 721.62 0.00 0 00 0.0 0 694.53
REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

BOTTOM 10.77 126.72 324.81 126.72 0.00

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA

SECTION 0.0 mm 1075.0 mm 2150.0 mm 3225.0 mm 4300.0 mm

TOP 10-10í 2-10í 2-10í 2-10í 9-10í

REINF. 2 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 2 layer(s)

BOTTOM 2-12í 2-12í 3-12í 2-12í 2-12í

REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

SHEAR 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í

REINF. @ 110 mm c/c @ 110 mm c/c @ 110 mm c/c @ 110 mm c/c @ 110 mm c/c

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT DISTANCE d (EFFECTIVE DEPTH) FROM FACE OF THE SUPPORT

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 457.5 mm AWAY FROM START SUPPORT

VY = 57.23 MX = -1.41 LD= 3
Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 110 mm c/c

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 458.9 mm AWAY FROM END SUPPORT

VY = -56.08 MX = -1.41 LD= 3
Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 110 mm c/c

============================================================================

62
============================================================================
B E A M N O. 3DESIGNRESULT S

M25 Fe415 (Main) Fe415 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 3700.0 mm SIZE: 230.0 mm X 300.0 mm COVER: 25.0 mm

SUMMARY OF REINF. AREA (Sq.mm)

SECTION 0.0 mm 925.0 mm 1850.0 mm 2775.0 mm 3700.0 mm

TOP 532.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 418.73
REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

BOTTOM 0.00 127.19 191.80 127.19 0.00

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO. 284

SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA

-
SECTION 0.0 mm 925.0 mm 1850.0 mm 2775.0 mm 3700.0 mm

TOP 7-10í 2-10í 2-10í 2-10í 6-10í

REINF. 2 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 2 layer(s)

BOTTOM 2-10í 2-10í 3-10í 2-10í 2-10í

REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

SHEAR 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í

REINF. @ 110 mm c/c @ 110 mm c/c @ 110 mm c/c @ 110 mm c/c @ 110 mm c/c

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT DISTANCE d (EFFECTIVE DEPTH) FROM FACE OF THE SUPPORT

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 462.9 mm AWAY FROM START SUPPORT

VY = 48.41 MX = 1.61 LD= 3
Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 110 mm c/c

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 465.8 mm AWAY FROM END SUPPORT

VY = -43.90 MX = 1.61 LD= 3
Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 110 mm c/c

============================================================================

63
============================================================================
B E A M N O. 414 D E S I G N R E S U L T S

M25 Fe415 (Main) Fe415 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 1400.0 mm SIZE: 230.0 mm X 300.0 mm COVER: 25.0 mm

SUMMARY OF REINF. AREA (Sq.mm)

SECTION 0.0 mm 350.0 mm 700.0 mm 1050.0 mm 1400.0 mm

TOP
0.00 0.00 127.19 126.72 187.35
REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

BOTTOM 127.19 127.19 127.19 0.00 0.00

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO. 534

SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA

SECTION 0.0 mm 350.0 mm 700.0 mm 1050.0 mm 1400.0 mm

TOP 2-12í 2-12í 2-12í 2-12í 2-12í

REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

BOTTOM 2-10í 2-10í 2-10í 2-10í 2-10í

REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

SHEAR 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í

REINF. @ 110 mm c/c @ 110 mm c/c @ 110 mm c/c @ 110 mm c/c @ 110 mm c/c

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT DISTANCE d (EFFECTIVE DEPTH) FROM FACE OF THE SUPPORT

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 469.0 mm AWAY FROM END SUPPORT

VY = -19.40 MX = 0.11 LD= 3
Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 110 mm c/c

============================================================================

********************END OF BEAM DESIGN RESULTS********************

64
COLUMN DESIGN
205. DESIGN COLUMN 7 TO 10 21 22 24 35 TO 38 49 TO 52 63 TO 66 77 TO 80 91 TO 94 -
206. 147 148 415 TO 579

============================================================================

C O L U M N N O. 7DESIGNRESULT S

M25 Fe415 (Main) Fe415 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 3500.0 mm CROSS SECTION: 400.0 mm X 400.0 mm COVER: 40.0 mm

** GUIDING LOAD CASE: 3 END JOINT: 1 SHORT COLUMN

REQD. STEEL AREA : 1218.00 Sq.mm.

REQD. CONCRETE AREA: 152249.83 Sq.mm.
MAIN REINFORCEMENT : Provide 4 - 20 dia. (0.79%, 1256.64 Sq.mm.)
(Equally distributed)
TIE REINFORCEMENT : Provide 8 mm dia. rectangular ties @ 300 mm c/c

SECTION CAPACITY BASED ON REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED (KNS-MET)

Puz : 2165.40 Muz1 : 69.32 Muy1 : 69.32

INTERACTION RATIO: 0.51 (as per Cl. 39.6, IS456:2000)

SECTION CAPACITY BASED ON REINFORCEMENT PROVIDED (KNS-MET)

WORST LOAD CASE: 3

END JOINT: 1 Puz : 2176.99 Muz : 74.60 Muy : 74.60 IR: 0.44
============================================================================

============================================================================

C O L U M N N O. 8DESIGNRESULT S

M25 Fe415 (Main) Fe415 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 3500.0 mm CROSS SECTION: 400.0 mm X 400.0 mm COVER: 40.0 mm

** GUIDING LOAD CASE: 3 END JOINT: 2 SHORT COLUMN

STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO. 536

REQD. STEEL AREA : 785.12 Sq.mm.

REQD. CONCRETE AREA:98139.57 Sq.mm.
MAIN REINFORCEMENT : Provide 8 - 12 dia. (0.57%, 904.78 Sq.mm.)
(Equally distributed)
TIE REINFORCEMENT : Provide 8 mm dia. rectangular ties @ 190 mm c/c

65
SECTION CAPACITY BASED ON REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED (KNS-MET)

Puz : 2035.54 Muz1 : 106.13 Muy1 : 106.13

INTERACTION RATIO: 0.17 (as per Cl. 39.6, IS456:2000)

SECTION CAPACITY BASED ON REINFORCEMENT PROVIDED (KNS-MET)

WORST LOAD CASE: 3

END JOINT: 2 Puz : 2071.43 Muz : 111.21 Muy : 111.21 IR: 0.17
============================================================================

============================================================================

C O L U M N N O. 579 D E S I G N R E S U L T S

M25 Fe415 (Main) Fe415 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 3500.0 mm CROSS SECTION: 400.0 mm X 400.0 mm COVER: 40.0 mm

** GUIDING LOAD CASE: 3 END JOINT: 154 SHORT COLUMN

STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO. 664

REQD. STEEL AREA : 82.51 Sq.mm.

REQD. CONCRETE AREA: 10314.18 Sq.mm.
MAIN REINFORCEMENT : Provide 8 - 12 dia. (0.57%, 904.78 Sq.mm.)
(Equally distributed)
TIE REINFORCEMENT : Provide 8 mm dia. rectangular ties @ 190 mm c/c

SECTION CAPACITY BASED ON REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED (KNS-MET)

Puz : 1824.75 Muz1 : 26.47 Muy1 : 26.47

INTERACTION RATIO: 0.34 (as per Cl. 39.6, IS456:2000)

SECTION CAPACITY BASED ON REINFORCEMENT PROVIDED (KNS-MET)

WORST LOAD CASE: 3

END JOINT: 261 Puz : 2071.43 Muz : 69.34 Muy : 69.34 IR: 0.14
============================================================================

********************END OF COLUMN DESIGN RESULTS********************

66
ELEMENT DESIGN SUMMARY

ELEMENT LONG. REINF MOM-X /LOAD TRANS. REINF MOM-Y /LOAD

(SQ.MM/ME) (KN-M/M) (SQ.MM/ME) (KN-M/M)

149 TOP : 120. 0.00 / 0 120. 0.00 / 0

BOTT: 120. -1.05 / 3 120. -0.51 / 3

150 TOP : 120. 0.50 / 3 120. 1.69 / 3

BOTT: 120. 0.00 / 0 120. 0.00 / 0

152 TOP : 120. 0.09 / 3 120. 0.53 / 3

BOTT: 120. 0.00 / 0 120. 0.00 / 0

153 TOP : 120. 0.15 / 3 120. 0.19 / 3

BOTT: 120. 0.00 / 0 120. 0.00 / 0

154 TOP : 120. 0.15 / 3 120. 0.19 / 3

BOTT: 120. 0.00 / 0 120. 0.00 / 0

155 TOP : 120. 0.00 / 0 120. 0.00 / 0

BOTT: 120. -0.01 / 3 120. -0.11 / 3

156 TOP : 120. 0.00 / 0 120. 0.00 / 0

BOTT: 120. -0.19 / 3 120. -0.16 / 3

157 TOP : 120. 0.00 / 0 120. 0.00 / 0

BOTT: 120. -2.37 / 3 120. -0.93 / 3

158 TOP : 120. 0.04 / 2 120. 1.10 / 3

BOTT: 120. -0.02 / 5 120. 0.00 / 0

159 TOP : 120. 0.02 / 2 120. 0.70 / 3

BOTT: 120. -0.06 / 5 120. 0.00 / 0

160 TOP : 120. 0.12 / 3 120. 0.16 / 3

BOTT: 120. 0.00 / 0 120. 0.00 / 0

161 TOP : 120. 0.12 / 3 120. 0.16 / 3

BOTT: 120. 0.00 / 0 120. 0.00 / 0

162 TOP : 120. 0.01 / 5 120. 0.00 / 0

BOTT: 120. -0.00 / 2 120. -0.08 / 3

163 TOP : 120. 0.00 / 0 120. 0.00 / 0

BOTT: 120. -0.17 / 3 120. -0.12 / 3

164 TOP : 120. 0.00 / 0 120. 0.00 / 0

BOTT: 120. -3.23 / 3 120. -1.18 / 3

165 TOP : 120. 0.01 / 2 120. 1.17 / 3

BOTT: 120. -0.09 / 5 120. 0.00 / 0

STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO. 666

67
166 TOP : 120. 0.00 / 2 120. 0.83 / 3
BOTT: 120. -0.08 / 5 120. 0.00 / 0

167 TOP : 120. 0.12 / 3 120. 0.17 / 3

BOTT: 120. 0.00 / 0 120. 0.00 / 0

168 TOP : 120. 0.12 / 3 120. 0.17 / 3

BOTT: 120. 0.00 / 0 120. 0.00 / 0

169 TOP : 120. 0.02 / 5 120. 0.00 / 0

BOTT: 120. -0.00 / 2 120. -0.08 / 3

170 TOP : 120. 0.00 / 0 120. 0.00 / 0

BOTT: 120. -0.19 / 3 120. -0.12 / 3

171 TOP : 120. 0.00 / 0 120. 0.00 / 0

BOTT: 120. -3.82 / 3 120. -1.35 / 3

172 TOP : 120. 0.00 / 0 120. 1.26 / 3

BOTT: 120. -0.15 / 3 120. 0.00 / 0

173 TOP : 120. 0.00 / 0 120. 0.93 / 3

BOTT: 120. -0.12 / 3 120. 0.00 / 0

174 TOP : 120. 0.12 / 3 120. 0.17 / 3

BOTT: 120. 0.00 / 0 120. 0.00 / 0

175 TOP : 120. 0.12 / 3 120. 0.17 / 3

BOTT: 120. 0.00 / 0 120. 0.00 / 0

176 TOP : 120. 0.03 / 5 120. 0.00 / 0

BOTT: 120. -0.00 / 2 120. -0.08 / 3

177 TOP : 120. 0.00 / 0 120. 0.00 / 0

BOTT: 120. -0.19 / 3 120. -0.12 / 3

178 TOP : 120. 0.00 / 0 120. 0.00 / 0

BOTT: 120. -4.22 / 3 120. -1.48 / 3

179 TOP : 120. 0.00 / 0 120. 1.31 / 3

BOTT: 120. -0.20 / 3 120. 0.00 / 0

180 TOP : 120. 0.00 / 0 120. 1.03 / 3

BOTT: 120. -0.15 / 3 120. 0.00 / 0

181 TOP : 120. 0.12 / 3 120. 0.18 / 3

BOTT: 120. 0.00 / 0 120. 0.00 / 0

182 TOP : 120. 0.12 / 3 120. 0.18 / 3

BOTT: 120. 0.00 / 0 120. 0.00 / 0

183 TOP : 120. 0.02 / 3 120. 0.00 / 0

BOTT: 120. 0.00 / 0 120. -0.08 / 3

STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO. 667

68
 184 TOP : 120. 0.00 / 0 120. 0.00 / 0
BOTT: 120. -0.21 / 3 120. -0.13 / 3

580 TOP : 120. 0.00 / 0 120. 0.00 / 0

BOTT: 130. -4.60 / 3 120. -1.46 / 3

581 TOP : 120. 0.00 / 0 120. 1.18 / 3

BOTT: 120. -0.27 / 3 120. 0.00 / 0

582 TOP : 120. 0.04 / 2 120. 0.93 / 3

BOTT: 120. -0.26 / 5 120. 0.00 / 0

583 TOP : 120. 0.18 / 3 120. 0.26 / 3

BOTT: 120. 0.00 / 0 120. 0.00 / 0

584 TOP : 120. 0.08 / 5 120. 0.06 / 5

BOTT: 120. -0.01 / 2 120. -0.07 / 2

585 TOP : 120. 0.00 / 0 120. 0.00 / 0

BOTT: 120. -0.32 / 3 120. -0.15 / 3

***************************END OF ELEMENT DESIGN***************************

69
CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSION

70
 CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSIONS
STAAD PRO has the capability to calculate the reinforcement needed for any
concrete section. The program contains a number of parameters which are
designed as per IS: 456(2000). Beams are designed for flexure, shear and
torsion.

The aim of our project was planning, analysis and design of a multi-storeyed,
earthquakeresistant residential building. We were able to complete the project in a
successful and efficient manner by considering all the relevant features given as
nine chapters. Planning of this building has been done based on the space
requirements suggested by the prevailing rules stipulated in Kerala Building
Rules, 1999. The design is completely based on relevant Indian Standard Codes.
The analysis has been done with the help of STAAD Pro and the drawings have
been made with the help of AutoCAD. We have completed this project to the best
of our knowledge and ability.

Design for Flexure

Maximum sagging (creating tensile stress at the bottom face of the beam) and hogging
(creatingtensile stress at the top face) moments are calculated for all active load cases at
eachof the above-mentioned sections. Each of these sections are designed to resist both
of these critical sagging and hogging moments. Where ever the rectangular section is
inadequate as singly reinforced section, doubly reinforced section is tried.

Design for Shear:

Shear reinforcement is calculated to resist both shear forces and torsional moments.
Shear capacity calculation at different sections without the shear reinforcement is based
on theactual tensile reinforcement provided by STAAD program.
Two-legged stirrups are providedto take care of the balance shear forces acting on these sections.

Beam Design Output:

The default design output of the beam contains flexural and shear reinforcement provided
alongthe length of the beam.
71
 Column Design:
Columns are designed for axial forces and biaxial moments at the ends. All active
load casesare tested to calculate reinforcement.

loading which yields maximum reinforcement is called the critical load. Column
design is done for the square section. Square columns are designed with
reinforcement distributed on each side equally for the sections under biaxial moments
and with reinforcement distributed equally in two faces for sections under a uni- axial
moment. All major criteria for selecting longitudinal and transverse reinforcement as
stipulated by IS: 456 have been taken care of inthe column design of STAAD.
From the work carried out in staad pro we can conclude that
Using STAAD.Pro the analysis of multi storey building has completed much quicker
whencompare withmanual analysis (Kani's method).
It is observed that the reinforcement percentage in the sections is more in the case ofsoftware
designwhen compared to manual calculations.
Designing using Software's like Staad reduces lot of time in design work.
Reinforcement Details of each and every member can be obtained using
staad pro.
All the List of failed frame sections can be Obtained in the report given by Staad Pro sothat we
canchange the propertydata for a better setion.
Shear variation and moment variation of particular section can be observed clearly on
thebuilding.Accuracy is improved by using software.
Reinforcement details of each member can obtain directly after analysing the building.

72
CHAPTER-6
REFERENCE

73
 CHAPTER-6
REFERENCE

1. IS 456:2000 Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete

2. SP 16(S&T): 1980 Design aids for reinforced concrete to IS 456:1978

3. SP 23(S&T): 1982 Handbook on concrete mixes

4. SP 34(S&T): 1987 Handbook on concrete reinforcement and detailing

5. IS 875 (part 2)–1987 code of practice for live load

6. IS 875 (part 3)–1987 code of practice for wind load

7. IS 800-2007 code for steel

8. IS code 2502 - Codeof Practice for Bending and Fixing of Bars for Concrete Reinforcement

9. Mechanics of Materials – Dr. B. C. Punmia, Ashok Kumar Jain, Arun

KumarJain,Lakshmi Publications.
10. Strength of Materials by R.K Rajput, S. Chand & Company Ltd.

11. Strength of Materials by B. S. Basavarajaiah, Universities Press, Hyderabad.

12. Building material by S K Duggal – New Age International Publishers; Second Edition

13. Building Construction by B.C. Punmia, Ashok Kumar Jain and Arun Kumar Jain –
LaxmiPublications (P) ltd., New Delhi
14. A Text book of Strength of materials by R.K.Bansal – Laxmi Publications (P)
Ltd., NewDelhi.. Strength of Materials by S.S. Bhavikatti – Vikas publishers
15. Strength of Materials b4

16. Bedabrata Bhattacharjee & A.S.V.Nagender, Computer aided analysis and design of
multi- storeyed buildings.
17. Arjun Sahu, Anurag Verma , Ankit Singh, Aryan Pal , Mohd. Shariq, Design &
analysis of multistorey (g+3) residential building using staad.pro & autocad
18. Amar Hugar, Sharanabasappa M Pujari, Beerappa G Pujari, Anaveerappa N Biradar,
Gajendra, Analysis and Design of a Commercial cum Residential Building By
Using STAAD Pro.

74
19. Mr. K. Prabin kumar, R. Sanjaynath, A studyon design of multi-storey residential building

- a review.
20. Rashmi Agashe, Marshal Baghele, Vaishnavi Deshmukh, Sharad Khomane, Gaurav

Pale, Kushal Yadav,To study analysis and design of multi-storey building using
STAAD-pro and comparing with manual calculations.

21. Dunnala Lakshmi Anuja, V.S.Nagasai, Planning, Analysis and Design of

ResidentialBuilding(G+5) By using STAAD Pro. B. Gireesh Babu,
Seismic Analysis and Design of G+7 Residential Building
UsingSTAADPRO.
22. G.B.Ramesh kumar , A. Gopi, D
23. esign and analysis of g+10 residential building withdifferent building
materialsusing STAAD Pro.
24. Aman, Manjunath Nalwadgi , Vishal T, Gajendra, Analysis and
design ofmultistoreybuilding by using staad pro

75