ECONOMY OF

PAKISTAN
MRS. FARAH NAZ NAQVI

BBA IRM (2019-22)

8TH SEMESTER
 MEMBER NO.1
SUBHAN ZUBAIR MEER
MI18BBA033
1. Why agriculture sector is important? What will happen without
agriculture?
Ans: The structural transformation in agriculture is a powerful historical pathway experienced by
all successful developing economies. It encompasses highly important and diverse approaches
to coping with the political pressures generated along that pathway and policy mechanisms
available to keep the poor from falling off the pathway altogether. The structural transformation
involves four main features: a falling share of agriculture in economic output and employment, a
rising share of urban economic activity in industry and modern services, migration of rural
workers to urban settings, and a demographic transition in birth and death rates that always
leads to a spurt in population growth before a new equilibrium is reached.
At one level, the story is easy to tell because the historical picture presented is, well, telling. In
their broad sweep and relevance, these are very robust forces with deep historical roots.
Challenging them is like challenging the tides. At another level, the complexity of country-
specific policies asserts itself in very important ways. This diversity of policies does not alter the
pathways themselves, but rather their consequences for income distribution and the gap in labor
productivity between urban and rural economies. We learn about the possibilities for narrowing
this gap during the process of structural transformation by comparing the historical experience
of rapidly growing Asia with the rest of the world.
Policy initiatives to ameliorate the distributional consequences of rapid transformation have
turned out to be a major challenge for policymakers over the past half century. There are
successes and failures: the historical record helps illuminate what works and what does not.
Trying to stop the structural transformation simply does not work–and it certainly does not work
for the poor. Investing in the capacity of the poor to cope with (and benefit from) change,
however, does seem to work. Investments in human resources–especially in education and
health–are the most promising pathways here. Overall, such investment strategies can only be
successful if the rest of the economy is doing well, and they typically require significant public-
sector resources and policy support to enhance rural productivity. Thus, these rural investment
strategies depend on political processes that are themselves conditioned by the pressures
generated by the structural transformation.
The Structural Transformation in Historical Perspective
From a historical perspective, it is impossible to imagine a world without agriculture. Just a
hundred years ago, four out of five households in the world would have been engaged primarily
in farming. Now, in rich countries, farmers are a tiny share of the workforce. Indeed, in the
United States today, there are more lawyers than farmers, more dry-cleaning establishments
than farms. The structural transformation is truly a radical force, and it is propelling the global
economy toward a world without agriculture in an apparently inexorable manner. Since the
middle of the past century, and well before that in the richest countries, the share of
employment in agriculture and the share of agriculture in GDP have been converging to zero.
Based on simple extrapolation of historical trends, the world’s last farmer will sell his final crop
sometime in the next century, somewhere in Africa.
In rich countries now, farmers are a tiny share of the workforce. Indeed, in the United States
today, there are more lawyers than farmers, more dry-cleaning establishments than farms.
In a world of ample food supplies in global markets (some of it free as food aid) and increasingly
open borders for trade, what is the role of agriculture in stimulating economic growth and
connecting the poor to it? The question remains relevant in the face of the highly unstable prices
for staple agricultural commodities seen in world markets since 2007.[1]
Historically, the answer to the question about the role of agriculture in economic development is
clear. No country has been able to sustain a rapid transition out of poverty without raising
productivity in its agricultural sector (if it had one to start with, that is–Singapore and Hong Kong
are exceptions). The process involves a successful transition in which agriculture, through
higher productivity, provides food, labor, and even savings in the process of urbanisation and
industrialisation. A dynamic agricultural sector raises labor productivity in the rural economy,
pulls up wages, and gradually eliminates the worst dimensions of absolute poverty. Somewhat
paradoxically, the process also leads to a decline in the relative importance of agriculture to the
overall economy, as industrial and service sectors grow more rapidly, agriculture modernises,
and rural workers migrate to urban jobs.
Table 1 illustrates the impact of three alternative paths for a country’s structural transformation.
At the starting point, industry, services, and agriculture contribute 20, 30, and 50 percent to
GDP, respectively, and the share of workers in each sector is 9.7, 20.8, and 69.5 percent,
respectively, fairly typical for a country in the very early stages of development. Labor
productivity in each sector is 3, 2, and 1, respectively, so overall labor productivity for the entire
economy is the weighted average, or 1.4 (units of output per worker per year).

2. What is difference between agriculture and farming?

Ans: Agriculture is the broad term for everything that goes into growing crops and
raising animals, to provide food and materials that people can use and enjoy.
Farming, which involves cultivating the land and raising livestock, is one part of
agriculture, which also includes plant science.
3. What are the factors that affect agricultural production?
Ans: These factors are grouped in three basic categories known as technological
(agricultural practices, managerial decision, etc.), biological (diseases, insects,
pests, weeds) and environmental (climatic condition, soil fertility, topography,
water quality, etc.).
4. Which crop is the backbone of Pakistan?
Ans: Being a major cash crop of Pakistan, cotton is considered the backbone of
the economy It contributes about 0.8 percent to GDP and 4.1 percent of total
value addition in agriculture.
5. Which crop is major export of Pakistan?
Ans: Cotton exports accounted for 46 percent of Pakistan's total exports and
provided 35 percent employment to the labour force (FAO., 2012, GOP., 2012).
According to current agricultural policy, the Pakistan Central Cotton Committee
has aimed to increase the production of cotton from 40 percent to 60 percent
(PCCC, 2008).
6. How many kinds of crops are grown in Pakistan?
Ans: There are five major crops namely, wheat, rice, sugar-cane, maize and
cotton. Among minor crops the most important are fruits and vegetables followed
by pulses and oilseeds.
7. Which crop makes up Pakistan's largest export?
Ans: Cotton is the most important cash crop in Pakistan and cotton products
export account for 55 percent of all foreign exchange earnings of the country.
8. Why Pakistan is called an agricultural country? Is Pakistan an
agricultural economy?
Ans: Agriculture is considered the backbone of Pakistan's economy, which relies
heavily on its major crops. There are vast gaps between the acquired and actual
output of produce, which suffers due to a lack of appropriate technology, use of
inputs at improper times, unavailability of water and land use and inadequate
education about insect pest control, which not only negatively affects the produce
but also significantly reduces the amount of produce. Farmers mainly use
synthetic chemicals for the control of insect pests, but these are used unwisely.
To emphasise the major shortfalls and actual performance of major field crops,
this study investigated the relationship between agricultural GDP and the output
of major crops, including wheat, rice, sugarcane, maize and cotton, in Pakistan
over a period of 65 years from 1950 to 2015. Time series data were collected
from the Economic Survey of Pakistan (various publications). Crop data were
analysed using the ordinary least square method and the Augmented Dickey
Fuller (ADF) test, and the results were interpreted using Johansen's co-
integration test. Our study finds that the output of wheat, rice and cotton has a
positive and significant relationship with the agricultural GDP of Pakistan, while
the output of sugarcane has a negative and non-significant relationship with the
agricultural GDP of Pakistan. Therefore, this study recommends that the
government of Pakistan should launch new funding programmes for the
development of the agricultural sector. Agriculture is an important sector of
Pakistan's economy. This sector directly supports the country's population and
accounts for 26 percent of gross domestic product (GDP). The major agricultural
crops include cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits and vegetables. The irrigation
system of Pakistan belongs to one of the world's largest systems to support
agricultural production. There are two main seasons in Pakistan for production of
crops: crops such as cotton, rice and sugarcane start in May and are harvested
in November, whereas the wheat crop extends from November to April. A key
urgent need to improve agricultural production is to use resources, mainly land
and water, more efficiently. However, the change is mainly dependent on large
landowners, who own 40 percent of arable land and control most of the irrigation
systems, making it difficult to pass wide-ranging reforms. Pakistan is a net
importer of agricultural products, with total annual imports of approximately 2
billion USD, including wheat, edible oils, pulses and food additives.
9. How does agriculture affect the economy?
Ans: Agricultural sector is indispensable to the country’s economic growth, food
security, employment generation and poverty alleviation particularly, at the rural
level. It contributes 19.2 percent to the GDP and provides employment to around
38.5 percent of the labour force. More than 65-70 percent of the population
depends on agriculture for its livelihood. Agricultural growth rate has been
constrained by shrinking arable land, climate change, water shortages, and
large-scale population and labour shift from rural to urban areas. Increasing
agricultural productivity, therefore, requires adoption of new approaches. With
strong forward and backward linkages with the secondary (industrial) and tertiary
(services) sectors, it can play a pivotal role to spur economic growth. However,
this sector has remained prone to several challenges like climate change,
variance in temperature, water shortage, and changes in pattern of precipitation
along with increase in input prices.
The government is closely monitoring key crops and devising policies/planning
interventions to ensure uninterrupted supply of basic food items at affordable
prices in the country. The primary goal of the government is to enhance financial
inclusion in the agriculture sector to boost productivity and exports, thereby
enabling a rural development-driven economic growth.
Realising the importance of agriculture, the government is also focusing on pro-
agriculture set of policies to tap maximum benefits by introducing the agri-input
regime to increase yields of major rabi and kharif crops. The Prime Minister has
approved “Agriculture Transformation Plan” with the objective to enhance
national agricultural output and livelihood of farmers.
10. What are the salient features of agriculture sector of Pakistan?
Ans: 1) It is the only segment that supplies food to population and raw material to
various domestic industries. 2) It the largest source of foreign exchange
earnings. 3) It supplies goods and services to domestic industry and international
market.
Agriculture in National Economy
Agriculture is considered to be the pillar of economy of Pakistan. It shares 19.5
percent to gross domestic product, source of 42.3 percent employment for
country’s labour (36 percent males and 64 percent females), livelihood to 62% of
rural population, and provides raw material to local industry. Despite the
significant industrial growth in the country, the role of agriculture could not be
undermined. With the rapid population growth, the demand for basic diet,
vegetables, fruits, meat and dairy products is also increasing day by day. Among
all sectors, agriculture is the largest mean of earnings in Pakistan. The China-
Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) will play a major role in the strengthening
the agricultural industry by providing infrastructure, drawing benefits of value-
addition and innovation. The largest share in agriculture is brought about by
livestock that solely accounts 58.3 percent share in it, the remaining share by
other sub-sectors i.e. crops, forestry and fisheries, 23.85 percent by major crops,
11.03% by the minor crops, 2.12 percent by fisheries, and 2.33 percent by
forestry. The corresponding shares of livestock, main crops, other crops, forestry
and fisheries sub- sectors in gross domestic product are 11.4, 4.66, 2.15, 0.46
and 0.41 percent, respectively.
Livestock, the largest agricultural sector is considered to be the most important in
the economy of rural areas of Pakistan. About 8 million families in rural areas are
dependent upon livestock for their livelihood as they derive a higher than 35
percent of their income from livestock and its products. Livestock is pivotal to
alleviate poverty in rural areas of the country. Poultry has been arisen as one of
the most dynamic parts of livestock sector in Pakistan. This sector is offering
employment to more than 1.5 million people in the country. An investment of
beyond Rs.700 billion has been recorded in poultry industry. It not only provides
31 percent of the total meat in Pakistan but is also a big user of more than 7
million metric tonnes of residues derived from various agro industries working in
the country. The contribution of poultry sector in GDP is 1.4 percent
The role of agriculture in national economy can be ascribed from following
perspectives:
1) It is the only segment that supplies food to population and raw material to
various domestic industries.
2) It the largest source of foreign exchange earnings.
3) It supplies goods and services to domestic industry and international market.
4) It is the source of employment for a larger part of population in the country.
5) According to World Health Organisation (WHO), the health of people in a
country depends upon supply of nutritional food items, fresh vegetables and fruits
and hygienic meat, the all things depend upon agriculture.
Food Problem in Pakistan
Food security is not only the issue of Pakistan but has become a worldwide
problem. It is an extremely complicated issue covering several causal factors of
social, monetary and ecological nature. It encompasses all the segments of food
production system starting from crop and animal production, harvesting,
processing, marketing, preservation and storage. Food security takes its part in
benefiting the society and environment. Food security means state of food
availability to all the people, throughout the year, in sufficient quantity, and
qualifying the basic standards of hygiene and nutrition to meet their dietary needs
for dynamic life. Its main segments are:
a) Food availability b) Food accessibility c) Food utilisation
Albeit, agricultural innovations are one of the main considerations in
guaranteeing food security at individual and national level, it isn't the main factor.
The diverse farming practices (organic and intensive), and their effects on
ecosystem give a theoretical learning of agro ecosystem. Agro ecosystem gives
an idea of sustainable agriculture. Agricultural sustainability recommends an
emphasis on both genotype enhancements through the full scope of present day
biological approaches, and also enhanced comprehension of the advantages of
environmental and agronomic management, control and upgrade. Agriculture is
the major sector satisfying the food requirements of expanding population. As the
growth rate of Pakistan is raising at the rate of 2.1% per annum, thusly the
production of food is raising and the percent contribution of agriculture sector in
GDP has raised up to 21 percent. This sector is engaging 45% labor power of the
country. On account of considerable chasm between food demand and supply,
the maintenance of food supply to the expanding population is getting to be the
burning issue. Pakistan is blessed with diverse climatic and ecological zones and
therefore supports the production of food with diverse nature and classes. The
four pillars of agricultural production system of Pakistan are livestock, major
crops, minor crops (oilseeds, pulses, onion, potato and chilies), and fisheries.
Despite the availability of greater diversity of crops and potentially efficient food
production system, we are still far below than world’s production level in almost
all crops. The reason is the presence of certain technological and socioeconomic
constraints that are great hindrance in efficiency of food production system. That
is why, there is always remain a threat to continued food availability in the
country.
Role of sustainable agriculture in food supply:
The idea of sustainable agriculture means utilising innovations and technologies
that can boost up the yields without damaging nature. The key rationales for
maintaining sustainability in agriculture are to incorporate natural ecological
phenomena such as biogeochemical cycling, nitrogen fixation, soil recovery into
the present food production system.
MEMBER NO.2
ALI HASSAN
MI18BBA013
11. Why is agriculture different from other sectors in the economy?

Agriculture sector is different from other sectors because it produces fresh fruits, vegetables,
and other crops like rice, sugar-cane and nuts directly from agricultural land. While all other
sectors use agricultural products as their raw material and convert them into Value added
products.

● Agriculture sector produces fresh fruits and vegetables.

● It uses fertile land and water resources to produce crops.
● Fertilizers are used to increase yield of crops only in the agriculture sector.

In any case, agriculture is centered around the working of soil and different offices to create
harvests, creatures and trees for human utilization or further refinement into items, while
industry is centered more around refining and handling unrefined components into items
available to be purchased.
Agriculture includes cultivation and allied operations. Industry includes all manufacturing
activities. Agriculture is the source of raw material to industry. Industry processes the raw
material from agriculture into finished products. Agriculture sector has a potential to fulfill all food
needs of humans. While other sectors can not fulfill all food needs as a single sector.

We are lacking in research and development like other sectors. If, like other industrial sectors,
we apply the latest technology and seeds we can grow our yield. Still, in such a modern era
Where technology is at its peak and we are using traditional ways of harvesting.

According to my personal experience in the agricultural sector we can get exceptional results
and return on investment (ROI) from the agriculture sector more than any other sector.

12. How does agriculture create employment?

Agriculture sector creates employment in following ways:

● Workers and labor required for working in fields.

● Employees required for dairy farms.
● Managers of cultivation and dairy farms
● Labor for fruits and vegetables markets
● Workers and managers in commodity markets like rice, wheat, and other grains.
The agricultural sector is the main employer and driver of development in rural regions. More than
55 to 60% workers are employed in the agriculture sector. On average, about one-quarter of
agricultural workers are contributing family workers. Agricultural development can stimulate
economic development outside of the agricultural sector, and lead to higher job and growth creation.
In villages, all family members work on farms and earn their living. Agriculture sector can create
more employment opportunities if we apply the latest technology and use our labor as trained
workers like China did. We can make a difference as we have the best fertile land.

13. How does agriculture affect poverty?

By providing cheap food, fruits and vegetables, the agriculture sector affects poverty.
Results show that agricultural oriented GDP growth has positively affected the spending
pattern of the poorest segment compared to other sectors of the economy. Poverty
reduced at least three times higher as a result of agricultural led growth.

Agriculture can impact in reducing poverty directly in the form of farmers income and
indirectly contributing to the GDP of the country. Expanded efficiency of agribusiness
raises ranch livelihoods, increments food supply, diminishes food costs, and gives more
noteworthy work valuable open doors in both rustic and metropolitan regions. Higher
wages can build the customer interest for labor and products delivered by areas other
than horticulture. Such linkages (or the 'multiplier impact') between development in the
rural area and the more extensive economy has empowered agricultural nations to
expand to different areas where development is higher and compensation is better.

Agriculture development adds to more extensive development and neediness

decreases, how much is reliant upon the progressions in efficiency and the size of
homesteads. Expansions in land and work efficiency can be key to supporting
unfortunate development. At first land and work efficiency should ascend to lessen
destitution, however land efficiency ought to rise quicker... to make extra work on
ranches which helps poor people and prompts interest for non-ranches labor and
products.
14. What are the types of agriculture?

It is divided into categories based on the type of crop planted, the scale of cultivation,
the intensity of cultivation, the level of mechanization, livestock combinations, and how
farm produce is dispersed. Agriculture is essentially separated into classes in view of
the kind of harvest planted, the size of development, the power of development, the
degree of motorization, domesticated animals mixes, and how homestead produce is
scattered. In this article we will discuss various sorts of Agriculture.

Subsistence Farming:

Growing crops and rearing animals for the sole purpose of feeding the farmer and his
family is known as subsistence farming.

Mediterranean Farming:

Raising livestock and the cultivation of crops in the harsh Mediterranean

environment.

Commercial Grain Agriculture:

Automation of ranches brought about business grain development. It is generally

utilized in places with a low populace thickness and negligible precipitation. Dry
spell and climate open minded grains are delivered in these spots, permitting
them to flourish in dry conditions.

Arable Farming:
In contrast to peaceful or blended cultivating, arable cultivating involves the
development of harvests without the utilization of creatures. It tends to be finished on a
tremendous, business scale or on a nearby scale. Arable homesteads ordinarily
develop yearly harvests like plantains, vegetables, oats, cassava, potatoes, and
vegetables.

Commercial Plantations:

Business manors, frequently known as tree crop cultivating, industrialized

agribusiness, or estate cultivating, include gigantic measures of land. The action
has a huge business esteem, regardless of whether it is completed on a modest
quantity of land. Tea, elastic, espresso, coconut, chocolate, grapes, apples,
flavors, oranges, avocado, mangoes, and palm oil are among the tropical
harvests developed.

Mixed Farming:

Blended cultivating, frequently known as grain and domesticated animals

cultivating, involves the development of harvests as well as the keeping of
animals. It is local to the moist, mid-scopes of the world, aside from Asia.

On similar land parcels, blended cultivating involves consistent editing and the
developing of yields with shifted development stages. It flourishes in districts with
satisfactory precipitation or water system framework.

15. Why is Pakistan's economy based on the agriculture sector?

Agriculture is considered the backbone of Pakistan's economy, which relies heavily on its major
crops. Pakistan's farming area assumes a focal part in the economy as it contributes
18.9 percent to GDP and retains 42.3 percent of the workforce. It is likewise a
significant wellspring of unfamiliar trade profit and animates development in different
areas.

Around 70% of the populace is connected with horticulture straightforwardly or by

implication. Horticulture is the significant wellspring of food of the enormous populace of
Pakistan.

16. How much of Pakistan's land is farmland?

For now about 44% of Pakistan’s land is farmland.

Agricultural land (% of land area) in Pakistan was reported at 47.09 % in 2018, according to the
World Bank collectin of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources.

With the passage of time, agricultural land is decreasing. Agricultural land area of Pakistan fell by
1.90 % from 370,030 sq. km in 2017 to 363,000 sq. km in 2018.

17. Which are Pakistan's major seasons for agricultural crops?

TWO PRINCIPAL CROP SEASONS

1. KHARIF
•Sowing begins in March- April
• Harvesting in October- November. Crops are Paddy, Sugar cane, cotton, maize, juwar
and bajra etc.
2. RABI
•Sowing in November- December
• Harvesting in April- May/ Crops are Wheat, barley, mustard etc.

There are two main seasons in Pakistan for production of crops: crops such as cotton,
rice and sugarcane start in May and are harvested in November, whereas the
wheat crop extends from November to April.

18. What are different issues/problems in Pakistan's agriculture sector and

how they affect our economy?

● Most of the improved outputs are available to a limited number of farmers.

 ● Existence of feudalism who holds a large portion of agricultural land.
● The feudal normally cultivate the land through tenants and are normally not
interested in increased productivity.
● Unawareness of modern technology.
● Cultivation on an individual basis instead of a cooperative basis.
● Misuse of farm credit. (Most of the farm credit is availed by influential people and
it does not reach to the deserving farmers.
● Water logging and salinity. Nearly 52% of cultivable land is affected by this
phenomena.
● Natural disasters.
● Poor storage facility.
● Difficult access of agricultural products from farm to market.
● Exploiting the character of middlemen.
● Poor network of roads connecting the rural area with the urban area.

How do they affect our economy?

These issues ultimately reduce the yield of the agriculture sector and create hindrance
in economic growth.

19. What is the current condition of Pakistan's agriculture sector?

Pakistan is an agricultural country! And we are unable to fulfill our own needs of crops,
wheat and even garlic. This is the current situation of the agriculture sector of Pakistan
that we are purchasing bad quality milk at higher prices.

Fertilizers are not available and prices are increasing day by day. In 2020, DAP was
Rs.4,000/ bag and now it is Rs. 10,000 per bag and still not available.Seeds are not
available due to import restrictions.

We need to improve our agriculture sector by employing the latest technology and
quality seeds.
20. Why has the agriculture sector remained less developed in Pakistan?

There are a number of reasons for the less developed agriculture sector of Pakistan.

1. Traditional ways of farming and harvesting.

2. Poor storage facility
3. Less developed markets and poor transport facility
4. Less research and development in this sector
5. Uneducated Farmer
6. Difficult access of agricultural products from farm to market
MEMBER NO.3
TALHA NAEEM
MI18BBA019
What are the different branches of agriculture?

Branches of Agriculture
There are 20 major Branches of Agriculture:

1. Agronomy
2. Horticulture
3. Plant Breeding and Genetics
4. Seed Science
5. Crop-Physiology
6. Plant Pathology
7. Plant Protection
8. Soil Science
9. Entomology
10. Agriculture Biotechnology
11. Agriculture Engineering
12. Agriculture Economics
13. Forestry
14. Animal Husbandry
15. Environmental Sciences
16. Food Science and Technology
17. Land and Water Management
18. Agricultural Chemistry
19. Agricultural Microbiology
20. Home Science
As we know that agriculture is a vast field and has several branches and sub-branches.
A detailed explanation of fields of agriculture is given below:

Agronomy

Branch of agriculture deal with the cultivation of crops, forage, food, fiber, oil-seeds,
sugar, etc. The primary aim of this branch is to improve food production and cropping
techniques. It is the most important branch among all branches of agriculture. It covers
vast types of agricultural practices like permaculture, aquaponics, polyhouse farming,
etc.

Branches of Agronomy

There are 2 branches of agronomy:

1. Weed Sciences

Study of vegetation growth and management in agriculture fields, natural zones, and in
urban and residential areas.
2. Organic Farming

A method of growing plants and animals naturally is known as organic farming. This
involves biological materials, and averting the use of synthetic substances, to sustain
soil fertility and ecological stability, minimalizing waste and environmental pollution.
Moreover, the growing of microgreens also comes under organic farming.

Horticulture
Branch of agriculture which deal with the plant’s cultivation that is directly used by
humans for food, medicine, and aesthetic purposing.

Branches of Horticulture

There are 7 branches of horticulture:

1. Pomology

Branch dealing with fruit cultivation is known as pomology.

2. Olericulture

Branch of horticulture dealing with vegetable cultivation such as beans, tomatoes, etc.

3. Floriculture

The branch of horticulture deals with flower cropping such as roses, carnations, etc,
and gardening.

4. Arboriculture

Branch of horticulture deals with the assortment, planting, maintenance, and removal of
trees, shrubs, and other woody plants.

5. Landscaping

Branch of horticulture dealing with the production, presentation, and care of landscapes,
flowers, and other plants.

6. Viticulture

Cultivation and retailing grapes are known as viticulture.

7. Oenology

Study of all the characteristics of wine plant and wine-making.

Plant Breeding and Genetics
Branch of agriculture defined as the art and science of modifying the genetic structure
and plant traits to obtain the desired characters

Seed Science
The branch deal with the seed structure and growth habitats starting from fertilization,
egg development, and growing into a new plant. Seed science is closely related to
biochemistry, botany, genetics, and other biosciences.

Crop-Physiology
Crop physiology is the study of the functions and responses of plants grown in different
environments. It is one of the most basic fields of agriculture.

Plant Pathology
Plant pathology deal with the causes of disease, instabilities in plants, and the treatment
of plant diseases.

Plant Protection
Plant protection is a branch of agriculture that aims to prevent damage from disease,
insect-pests, and weeds.

Soil Science
Among several branches of agriculture, soil science is of great significance because of
its direct influence on plant growth and nutrient supply.

The study of soil as a natural body that is created by natural forces on the surface of the
earth on which plants grow. The study of soil properties in relation to soil use and
management, soil classification, formation, and mapping of the chemicals, physical,
biological, and soil fertility properties, is known as soil science.

Branches of Soil Science

Among other branches of agriculture, soil science is the most important because it is the
primary source of nutrition for the plants. There are 10 branches of soil science:
1. Soil Chemistry
Study of chemical compositions, properties, and soil processes.

2. Soil Biology
It concerns organisms living on the earth, their biology, function, and activities e.g.,
nematodes and insects.
3. Soil Mineralogy
Branch focuses on primary and secondary soil-minerals and their soil contribution, to
develop physical, and chemical structure of the soil. It also focuses on soil fertility and
biology.

4. Soil Genesis and Classification (Pedology)

Soil formation is associated with rocks and minerals weathering, as well as with aspects
and courses of soil formation. Soil classification is a division of soil into groups based on
their properties.

5. Soil Physics
The mechanical behavior of the mass of the soil especially with water and soil energy.

6. Soil Fertility
It is about the capability of the soil to deliver plants with the essential nutrients for their
growth and development.

7. Soil Salinity
Study of the excess of soluble-salts contained in the soil, their extraction, and soil
treatment for agriculture.

8. Soil Survey
Soil science involves the systematic inspection of soils on-site and in the laboratory,
their classification, interpretation, and mapping.

9. Soil Conservation
It is concerned with protecting the soil from physical destruction as a result of erosion
(from water and wind) or chemical destruction. Thus, soil protection is associated with a
mixture of all management and land-use approaches that protect the soil from
destruction due to natural or anthropogenic factors.
10. Soil Microbiology
While dealing with several fields of agriculture, soil microbiology examines soil for
microbial communities. It deals with their role and characteristics in soil fertility and land
reclamation, and particular plant nutrition through rooting or diseases caused by
phytopathogenic microbes in the soil.

Entomology
Branch of agriculture that studies insects and pests that are important to agriculture.
Branches of Entomology
There are 13 branches of entomology:

1. Insect Ecology
The study of the relationship between insects and their environment. This section is
devoted to the study and analysis of the ecosystem for the existence of insects. The
goal is to protect insects from being removed or exterminated.

2. Insect Morphology
In this area of entomology, the body parts of insects and their functions are studied.
This branch is mainly associated with the outer parts of the insect’s body.

3. Insect Pathology
This area of entomology studies diseases, and pathogens that can harm and affect the
well-being of insects. To save beneficial insects, the scientist use pathogens or vectors
to get free of certain harmful insect pests.

4. Insect Physiology
This deals with the numerous body function and behavior systems of an insect. This
includes studying the various behaviors of insects in relation to the ecosystem.

5. Insect Toxicology
The study of how insecticides and other-chemicals affect the physiological functions of
insects.

6. Insect Taxonomy
Insect taxonomy is a practice of insect naming. This is an ongoing process as several
un-identified insects are still roaming planet Earth.

7. Industrial Entomology
The Entomology branch deals with the cultivation of insects for commercial or economic
purposes. These include honey bees, bumblebees, butterflies, silkworms, etc. This
branch is concerned with the benefits of humanity. On the other way, this also applies to
the removal of harmful insects from houses such as cockroaches, termites, house flies,
etc.
8. Medical and Veterinary Entomology
Insects harms not only human beings but also animals. It covers all aspects related to
veterinary health and medicine such as malaria, dengue, etc.

9. Biological Control Entomology

The use of insects against harm-full insects. Use of friendly insects to take care of
harmful insects known as biological control, e.g., wheat aphid ate by ladybird.

10. Post-Harvest Entomology

Branch concerned with the study and insect control that harm stored food such as rice,
wheat, etc.

11. Forest Entomology

Study of the effects of insects’ on forest and forest-products and development of a
solution to protect forest trees from extreme damages.

12. Forensic Entomology

Branch deals with the study of insects for legal purposes focus on the use of insects to
clarify the place and time of human health.

13. Crop Protection Entomology

Studies ways to control insects before harming the field crops are known as crop-
protection entomology, also “agricultural entomology”.

Agricultural Biotechnology
Branch of agriculture which includes the application of scientific techniques and tools,
involving vaccines, molecular markers, genetic engineering, and tissue culture, to alter
the genome of living organisms to develop improved organisms e.g., crops and
livestock.

In relation to several other fields of agriculture, currently, agricultural biotechnology is of

major focus because of its genetic approach. Researchers believe that transgenic crops
and animals could be a source to maintain a suitable food supply and fulfill global food
needs.

Agriculture Engineering
Works with agriculture machinery for preparation, sowing, harvesting, and post
harvesting operations, counting water and soil protection technologies and bioenergy.
Branches of Agriculture Engineering
There are 3 branches of agriculture engineering:

1. Agricultural Mechanization
The use of agricultural machinery to automate agricultural work, which significantly
increases the productivity of agricultural workers and production efficiency,
mechanization promotes large-scale production.

2. Farm Power and Machinery

Branch of agriculture in which the utilization and care of agricultural tools, machines,
and structures are done.
3. Farm Structures
A building on a farm is used for agricultural purposes. especially large-scale farms used
to accommodate farmer and their families or farm workers. Some of them can be
utilized for growing crops, rearing live stock, etc.

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Agricultural Economics
An applied economic field that studies human behavior with respect to the relation-ship
between food and fiber production and distribution.

Branches of Agriculture Economics

There are 7 fields of agriculture economics:

1. Agrarian System
Economic and technical factors affecting agronomic practices.

2. Agribusiness
Several businesses including agriculture product processing and farming, supply of
seed, agrochemicals, equipment, marketing, and retail, etc. are all included in
agribusiness.

3. Agricultural Extension
Formerly known as the implementation of the latest research and knowledge to
agriculture practice through farmer trainings. The expansion area now includes a wider
ranges of communications and training activities planned by professionals in various
fields for the rural population, including agriculture, marketing, health-care, and
business management.
4. Agricultural Marketing
Covers services related to the movement of agriculture products from farm to
consumers, direct or indirect transfers.

5. Custom Harvesting
The business of collecting plants for others. Harvesting is done with other people’s
harvester every year instead of buying their own. Custom harvesters usually have their
own harvesters, and they work on the same farms every harvest season. Thanks to
custom harvesting, farmers do not need to invest in expensive equipments while making
the most of the machinery’s use for a low cost.

6. Economic Development
Sustained concentrated action by politicians and communities to improve living
standards and economic health.

7. Rural Community Development

A set of approaches and activitiess aimed at improving the well-being and life of people
living in rural areas. Improving rural activities will sustain population stability by lowering
rural urban migration.

Forestry
Forestry is engaged in the extensive cultivation/farming of perennial plants for the
supply of rubber, timber, etc. as well as industrial raw-materials.

Branches of Forestry
There are 6 branches of forestry:

1. Agro-Forestry
Agroforestry is a science that deals with land-use management system for growing
trees, shrubs, on or between crops.

2. Rangeland Management
Natural science focuses on the study of pastures and “the maintenance and sustainable
supervision of drylands for the benefit of today’s society and future generations.

3. Wildlife Management
Studies to balance the wildlife with those needs of humans using the latest scientific
evidence.
4. Analog Forestry
A system of planned managed forests that are primarily used in tropical or sub-tropical
zones.

5. Forest Gardening
A low maintenance plant-based food and agro-forestry system grounded on forest eco-
systems with fruits and nuts trees, shrub, grasses, vine, and perennial vegetables that
benefit directly from the yield.

6. Forest Farming
Agro-forestry practices are categorized by 4 I’s – Intentional, Intensive, Integrated, and
Interactive supervision of a prevailing forest ecosystem in which forest-health is
supreme.

Read More: Edible Bamboo Shoots: Grow Your Own To Add Flavor To Diet
Animal Husbandry
Branch of agriculture engaged in the agriculture exercise of breeding and rearing of
livestock to provide people with food and energy (drafts) and crop manure.

Branches of Animal Husbandry

There are 9 branches of animal husbandry:

1. Dairy Farming
Human demand for milk is met by the dairy sector, which means the long term
accessibility and production of milk, which is then treated to ultimately meet society’s
milk needs.

2. Sericulture
A branch of agriculture that cultivates silk, which grows silkworms for silk production and
commercial purpose, especially the Bombyx mori L. species.

3. Aquaculture (Fishery)
Branch engaged in fish farming and rearing, counting marine and in-land fish to provide
food and manure.

4. Mariculture
A specialized aquaculture industry that includes the rearing of the marine organism for
food and added products in the ocean, in closed areas, or in reservoirs filled with sea
water.
5. Nematology
An essential branch that studies a noble diverse group of round worms known as
nematodes, which are found in virtually all environments around the world.

6. Apiculture or Beekeeping
Beekeeping means raising and keeping colonies of honey bees, usually in artificial and
natural hives, to obtain honey from bees and other bee goods.

7. Poultry
Poultry farming is also one of the branches that deal with birds that are bred to meet the
food requirements for eggs, meat, and feathers.

8. Nomadic Pastoralism
Rearing of livestock during the phase of migration from region to region in pasture and
clean water search.

9. Piggery
Concerned with the rearing and breeding of pigs for the live-stock needs.

Environmental Science
Field that mixes biological, physical, and informational science in the study of the
environment and solving ecological problems.

Branches of Environmental Sciences

There are 2 branches of environmental sciences:

1. Energy & Environment

Branch deal with the potential of bio-energy as an economical engine for rural growth
and a growing awareness of worldwide climatic change.

2. Agro-Meteorology
Agro-meteorology deal with studies of the environment’s physical conditions for the
cultivation of plants or animals.

Read More: Microgreens Business: How To Get Started

Food Science and Technology
Among known fields of agriculture, food science and technology uses a variety of
approaches to study the composition of food, processing, packaging, and selection of
existing foods products.

Branches of Food Science and Technology

There is one branch of food science and technology:

1. Food and Nutrition

Corporal and economical access to decent and cheap nutritious food is a primary
function of the agriculture sector by supporting an increase in production, improving
storage and post-harvest handling, and reducing transporting costs.

Land and Water Management

The process of management and expansion of land-resources. Resources are mainly
used for organic farming, water management, reforestation, and ecotourism projects.

Branches of Land and Water Management

There are 2 branches of land and water management:

1. Soil and water conservation

This branch deal with reducing runoff through structures or land-use to reduce erosion.

2. Irrigation & Drainage

Irrigation and drainage, artificial land irrigation, or artificial excess-water removal from
the land. As some areas need to be irrigated or drained already so can be used for
agriculture.

Agricultural Chemistry
Among branches of agriculture, this specific branch deals with chemistry, particularly
organic and bio-chemistry, related to agriculture, production and the raw food
processing into desired foods and drinks, and environment restoration.

Agricultural Microbiology
Branch of agriculture deal with the part micro-biology that deals with microbes linked
with diseases of plants and animals. Deal with the study of soil fertility restoring micro-
biology e.g., microbial decomposition of organic matters and the conversion of nutrients
in the soil.
Home Science
A most interesting branch of agriculture deal with the best application and use of
agriculture products in healthier means.

What is the importance/significance of agriculture

sector in Pakistan?
Main points of importance of agriculture for Pakistan economy

Source of employment:

Pakistan as developing economy the employment on consistent level has much

importance. In this behalf agriculture has much importance because it provides
employment directly or indirectly to the public. Employment directly affects the GSP of
economy as well as the per capita income. With the increase in per capita income living
standard increases, higher hygiene facilities & better education facilities are also
increases. All these signs are the factors of economic development. So we can say that
agriculture has a great contribution toward economic development by providing the
employment.

Food requirement:

Population growth rate of Pakistan is increasing rapidly. According to UNDP human

development report population growth rate of Pakistan is 2% per year. So with the
rapidly increasing population the food requirement is also increasing rapidly. In this
behalf agriculture is the only the major sector which is the meeting the increasing
requirement of food. It also reduces the import of food from other economies. So we can
say that agriculture sector is playing very vital role in development of Pakistan by
providing the food for massive population as well as supporting the economic growth.

Contribution in exports:

Major exports or cash crops of Pakistan are wheat, rice and cotton. 9.8 billion Bales of
cotton are produced per year. Rice crop is produced 4.3 million ton per year. These
agricultural commodities are exported to various countries against foreign exchange.
This foreign exchange is utilized for the import of industrial or technological equipments
such as machinery or automobiles. Further this foreign exchange is utilized to improve
the infrastructure of economy or for improving the other sector of economy like
education, health and investments.

Raw material for industries:

Industries have great importance for the development of any country specially for
developing economies like Pakistan. Industries need raw material to produce finish
goods. In Pakistan agriculture provides raw material to industries. Cotton is very
important agricultural production which is also major export of Pakistan. It is used as
raw material in textile industries. The production of these textile industries is exported to
various countries against foreign exchange. Live stock is also an agricultural sector. It
also plays very important role to export goods by providing the raw material to various
industries like sports goods industries and leather industries. So in this way agriculture
helps to Pakistan economy and its growth toward development.

Infrastructural development:

Infrastructure plays very important role to development of any economy. It is fuel to the
economy development. Well organised infrastructure is a key to development because
of quick means of transportation of agricultural goods or commodities (raw material or
finish goods) and communication. On distribution purpose of agricultural products good
and quick means of transportation are required this intends to improve the infrastructure
rapidly. So agriculture play important role to the development of transportation for the
purpose of distribution of goods.

Increase in GDP level:

Agriculture has huge contribution toward GDP of Pakistan economy. it contributes about
25% of total GDP, which is larger than other sectors of Pakistan. Increase in GDP
shows the developing progress of the economy. It has played very important role since
independence toward GDP of Pakistan. Now agriculture is the 3rd largest sector of
contributing to GDP. Live stock and fisheries are the huge sector of agriculture in order
to providing the employment. Employment contribute to GDP, it is as with the increase
in employment the per capita income will increase which results to increase in GDP rate
of the economy.

Decreasing in rural poverty:

Agriculture sector has played very important role in order to reduction of rural poverty.
Since 1975 to 2000 the GDP growth rate of agriculture was about 4.1% per year. Green
revolution technology in irrigation, improved seeds and fertilizers played very vital role to
increase the agricultural production which results in increase in GDP. Through this
technology farmers with land gain the opportunity to increase their production. So in this
way arable lands became cultivated lands and farmers got the market of agricultural
products against some return.

Development of banking sector:

Agriculture has also contributed a great role toward the development of banking sector.
As the government realized the importance of agriculture, it takes steps to improve the
productivity of crops by providing the credit facilities to the farmers at low interest rates.
With utilizing these credits farmers can produce more and more crops. For this purpose
government established the ZTBL and other financial institutes for the provision of credit
facilities. So in this way development of banking sector takes place.

Farm mechanization:
Introduction of farm mechanization in agricultural sector had played very effective role in
the development of economy. With the use of modern machinery in agricultural lands
causes more and high quality production of crops. So the provision of raw material to
the industries increases. Due to increase in productivity level the export rate of major
export crops is increased which causes foreign exchange and economic development.

Use of Nanotechnology:

In agricultural sector use of modern technology like nanotechnology has played very
vital role in the development of economy. This technology is used for producing the high
yielding variety with high quality products. High quality products results into high rate of
return to the farmers and the per capita income of farmer increases. Increase in per
capita income shows the growth of economy toward development.

Role of dairy farming:

Dairy farming from agricultural sector has also played a great role in economic
development. Livestock or dairy farming has huge contribution toward economic growth.
The annual protein per capita is 18 kg of meat and 155 litters of milk. This is the highest
rate in South Asia. Milk and meat and their by products have a good market. Farmers
can receive a good return by producing and providing these products to the market.
This process results into increase in per capita income as well as increase in national
income of the economy.

Role of textile industries:

In economic development textile industries plays very important role. These industries
totally depend on agriculture production in raw form. Cotton is the major crop which is
used as raw material for these industries for production purpose. Further these products
are exported to many economies against foreign exchange. So cotton as raw material
from agriculture side contributes toward increase in NI (National Income). Textile
industries also provide employment level which increases the per capita income of the
person. So we can say that contribution of textile industries in the development of
economy has much importance.

Role of sugar industries:

Sugar industry is also one of the major sectors of economy which has great importance
according to development of economy. This is totally agricultural based industry. Sugar
cane is produced on very large scale in many areas of Pakistan. This further supplies to
sugar industries for the production of sugar and other by products which has great
market. As large scale industries these also helps to provide employment level to the
public. This results into increase in per capita income as well as improves living
standards.

Rice Export Corporation:

Many areas of Pakistan have much importance according to the production of rice crop.
In some areas the world most famous rice crop is produced. A huge quantity is exported
to many economies against foreign exchange. This foreign exchange is further utilized
in import of some other products like modern technology or machinery or this is utilized
for the improvement of infrastructure of the economy.

Role of fishery:

Fishing industry plays very important role in the development of national economy. With
a coastline of 814 km Pakistan has enough resources for that remains to fully
development. This is also the major export of Pakistan.

Forestry:

About 4% of land is covered with forests in Pakistan. This is the major source of paper,
lumber, fuel wood, and latex medicine. It is also used for the purpose of wildlife
conservation and ecotourism.

What is the population of Pakistan in agricultural

sector?
More than 65-70 percent of the population depends on agriculture for its livelihood.
Agricultural growth rate has been constrained by shrinking arable land, climate change,
water shortages, and large-scale population and labour shift from rural to urban areas.

Pakistan has a total population of 165.51 million with a yearly growth rate of 2.6%.
About 47% of the population is involved in the agriculture sector. 

What agriculture provides?

Agriculture provides most of the world's food and fabrics. Cotton, wool, and leather
are all agricultural products. Agriculture also provides wood for construction and paper
products. These products, as well as the agricultural methods used, may vary from one
part of the world to another.

How does industrialization affect economy?

Economic and historical research has overwhelmingly shown that industrialization is
linked to rising education, longer life spans, growing individual and national income, and
improved overall quality of life.

For example, when Britain was industrializing, total national income increased by more

than 600% from 1801 to 1901. By 1850, workers in the U.S. and Great Britain earned
an average of 11 times more than workers in non-industrialized nations.
These effects have proven to be permanent and cumulative. By 2000, the per capita
income in fully industrialized countries was 52 times greater than in non-industrial
countries. Industrialization disrupts and displaces traditional labor, encouraging workers
towards a more valuable and productive activity that is accompanied by better capital
goods.

How many industrial estates are in Pakistan? What are

the types of industrial estates?
Pakistan’s earlier experience with industrial estates provides some interesting insights.
There are a total of 71 industrial estates across the country including 11 in Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, 26 in Punjab, seven in Balochistan and 27 in Sindh. Regardless of being
part of the same institutional and governance settings and work culture, some of these
industrial estates have performed quite well while others have faced multiple
challenges, resulting in the closure of numerous ‘sick’ units.

Types of Industrial Estates:

Industrial Estates are classified on various bases.

The prominent ones are:

I. On The Basis of Functions:

On the basis of functions, industrial estates are broadly classified into two types:

(i) General type industrial estates, and

(ii) Special type industrial estates.

General Type Industrial Estate:

These are also called as conventional or composite industrial estates. These provide
accommodation to a wide variety and range of industrial concerns.

The Indian Industrial estates are mainly of this type:

II. Special Type Industrial Estate:

This type of industrial estates is constructed for specific industrial units, which are
vertically or horizontally independent.

On the basis of Organizational set-up:

On this basis, industrial estates are classified into following four types:

1. Government Industrial Estates,

2. Private Industrial Estates,

3. Co-operative Industrial Estates.

4. Municipal Industrial Estates

III. On the Basis of the Other Variants:

On the basis of other variants, industrial estates are classified into following
three types::

(a) Ancillary Industrial Estates:

In such industrial estates, only those small- scale units are housed which are ancillary to
a particular large industry. Examples of such units are like one attached to the HMT,
Bangalore.

(b) Functional Industrial Estates:

Industrial units manufacturing the same product are usually housed in these industrial
estates. These Industrial estates also serve as a base for expansion of small units into
large units.

(c) The Workshop -bay:

Such types of industrial estates are constructed mainly for very small firms engaged in
repair work.

What is in an industrial zone? What is meant by

industrial zone?
An industrial zone or park is generally defined as a designated area for the development
of interconnected firms in a particular field with links to related institutions. These zones
normally enjoy a unique legal and economic status to promote investment from firms
that might not otherwise be attracted.

Industrial zone means a zone which specializes in the production of industrial

goods and the provision of services for industrial production, which has defined
geographical boundaries and which is established in accordance with regulations of the
Government.

What are the causes of industrial backwardness in

Pakistan?
Causes of industrial backwardness in Pakistan
Causes of industrial backwardness in Pakistan are different types and nature these
problems can be solved with sincere efforts of governments.

Following measures are suggested to remove causes of industrial backwardness.

SME, promotion

Optimum diversification

Labor intensive industries

Tax concessions

Industrial cities

Peaceful environment

National saving promotion

Optimum credit facility

Foreign investment promotion

SME’s Promotion

Our country is developing country and we should establish small and medium
enterprises instead of large scale because we have less finance to run large scale
industries.

Optimum diversification

We should establish every type of industry in every line so that we will be able to
produce every product in our country and in this we can minimize inputs.

Labor intensive industries

Our country should establish labour intensive industries instead of capital intensive
industries because we have cheap labour and we have shortage of capital.

Use foreign Aid

Government should obtain maximum foreign aid to compensate low rate of saving so

that maximum investment with take place in country.

Tax concessions

Government should charge minimum taxes from industrialists so that they may not be
discouraged maximum tax concessions should be given to businessmen.
Industrial cities and zones

Government should establish maximum industrial cities and zones where every facility

should e provided to industrialists easily and at low rates.

Offer peaceful environment

Government should maintain law and order in country so that security of life and
property will be given to business and they will feel comfortable and will be ready to
invest in country.
National Saving Promotion

Government should promote saving culture in the country by introducing different

attractive schemes to public of country.

Foreign Investment Promotion

Government should attract foreign investment by giving maximum facilities to foreign

investors. In this way deficiency of investment can be made up.

Which industry is the backbone of Pakistan economy?

Agriculture is still the largest sector of the economy of Pakistan in terms of labour
participation and as such livelihood of the majority of the population directly or indirectly
depends on it. However, during the last few decades, its contribution to GDP has
gradually decreased to 19.3 percent however there is a lot of potential in the sector to
increase its share in GDP through increased productivity utilization of latest agricultural
technologies. Being the sector engaging the largest workforce and providing raw
material to most manufacturing sector, its development not only contributes towards
achieving poverty alleviation but can also uplift socio-economic structure of a major
segment of the population. Being a major cash crop of Pakistan, cotton is considered
the backbone of the economy It contributes about 0.8 percent to GDP and 4.1 percent
of total value addition in agriculture.

How many kinds of industries are there in Pakistan?

At the time of independence, Pakistan inherited only 34 industrial units out of 921
industrial units in the subcontinent. They were cotton textile, cigarettes, sugar, rice
husking, cotton ginning and flour milling industries; and together they contributed only
7% of GDP and employed a little over 26,000 employees.

Today’s the economy of Pakistan is 22nd largest economy in terms of Purchasing

Power Parity. Over the years Pakistan’s Industries flourished. From producing only 7%
of GDP, are now contributing to 64% of GDP. Major industries include Cotton textile
industry, agriculture, automotive, cement, steel, tobacco, chemicals, machinery and
food processing.
Textile Industry

Cotton textile production and apparel manufacturing are Pakistan's largest industries,
accounting for about 65% of the merchandise exports and almost 45% of the employed
labor force. Cotton and cotton-based products account for 61% of export earnings of
Pakistan. By 2010 the spinning capacity increased to 15 million spindles and textile
exports hit $15.5 billion.

Pakistan is the 8th largest exporter of textile commodities in Asia. Textile sector
contributes 8.5% to the GDP of Pakistan. Pakistan is the 4th largest producer of cotton
with the third largest spinning capacity in Asia after China and India and contributes 5%
to the global spinning capacity. At present, there are 1,221 ginning units, 442 spinning
units, 124 large spinning units and 425 small units which produce textile.

Exports of Textiles during Jul-Nov 19-20 totaled $6,044,536 (Provisional) as against US

$5,763,117 during the corresponding period of last year showing an Increase of 4.88 %,
rating the textile industry as the top exporter industry for the year 2020.

Cotton is the largest segment of textile production. Other fibers produced include
synthetic fiber, filament yarn, art silk, wool, and jute. Cotton spinning is perhaps the
most important segment in the Pakistan textile industry with more than 521 units
installed and operational.

A huge focus of the textile industry is on skill development and training programs.
Institutes such as TIP, PRGTII, SMARTI, PHMA Institute of knitwear and
technology, PIFD , PHMA Institute of knitwear and technology, PIFD and many more
play a vital role in promoting such skills and as well as providing skill labour to the
Textile Industry.

Agriculture Industry

Agriculture constitutes the largest sector of our economy. Majority of the population,
directly or indirectly, dependent on this sector. It contributes about 19.3% of Gross
Domestic Product (GDP), with a growth rate of 2.67% from last year, and accounts for
half of employed labor force and is the largest source of foreign exchange earnings. It
feeds whole rural and urban population. Realizing its importance, planners and policy
makers are always keen to have reliable area and production statistics of agricultural
crops well in time.

Major crops are wheat, cotton, rice, sugarcane, maize etc. However, in recent years,
due to persistent hikes in the prices of essential commodities like pulses, onions,
potatoes, chilies and tomatoes these crops have also gained in economic importance.
This sector is also the largest raw material provider to many industries. The most
populated province of Punjab provides the largest share in national agricultural
production.
The export of rice in 2020 totaled $2.1 billion, making it the second largest exporter
industry in 2020.

Automotive Industry

The automotive industry in Pakistan is the one of the fastest-growing industries of the
country, accounting for 4% of Pakistan's GDP and employing a workforce of over 1.8
million people. Currently, there are more than 3,200 automotive manufacturing plants in
the country, with an investment of US$570 million producing more than 1.8 million
motorcycles and 200,000 vehicles annually. Its contribution to the national exchequer is
nearly US$310 million. The sector, as a whole, provides employment to more than 3.5
million people and plays a pivotal role in promoting the growth of the vendor industry.
Pakistan's auto market is considered one of the fastest-growing automotive industry in
Asia. Over 180,000 cars were sold in the fiscal year 2014–15, rising to 206,777 units
fiscal year 2015–16.

At present, the auto market is dominated by Honda, Toyota, Suzuki and KIA. As a result
of "Auto Policy 2016-21", which offers tax incentives to new automakers to establish
manufacturing plants in the country, Renault, Nissan, Proton Holdings, Kia, SsangYong,
Volkswagen, FAW and Hyundai have expressed interest in entering the Pakistani
market. MG JW Automobile Pakistan signed Memorandum of Understanding with
Morris Garages (MG) Motor UK Limited, owned by SAIC Motor to bring electric vehicles
in Pakistan. NLC signed an agreement with Mercedes Benz for the manufacturing of
Mercedes Actros trucks in Pakistan. Pakistan has not enforced any automotive safety
standards or model upgrade policies. A few old models of vehicles including the Bolan
and Ravi continue to be sold by Suzuki.

Chemical Industry

The global chemical industry forms the fabric of the modern world. It converts basic raw
materials into more than 70,000 different products, not only for industry, but also for all
the consumer goods that people rely on in their daily life. Apart from this the chemical
sector contributes in several other fields like agriculture, pharmaceuticals, textile, power,
environment, communications, transport, infrastructure, housing, as well as covers
thousands of commercial products like paper, paint, plastic products, soap/detergents,
perfumes/fragrances, varnishes, pharmaceutical, dyes etc.

Pakistan is blessed with a diverse and vibrant chemical industry having the potential to
become a regional/global player.

Pakistan Chemical industry provide for many other industries including Textiles industry,
Agriculture industry, Food & Beverages, Leather industry, Paper industry,
Pharmaceutical industry, Plastics, Printing, Sugar and many others.

Mining Industry
Mining is an important industry in Pakistan. Pakistan has deposits of several minerals
including coal, copper, gold, chromite, mineral salt, bauxite and several other minerals.
There are also a variety of precious and semi-precious minerals that are also mined.
These include peridot, aquamarine, topaz, ruby, emerald, rare-earth minerals
bastnaesite and xenotime, sphene, tourmaline, and many varieties and types of quartz.

The Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation is the responsible authority for the
support and development of the mining industry. The Gemstones Corporation of
Pakistan looks after the interests of stake holders in gemstone mining and polishing as
an official entity. Balochistan has the most mineral deposits among the provinces of
Pakistan, with Sindh rich in coal deposit and Khyber Pakhtoonkhwah rich in gems. Oil,
gas and minerals used in nuclear energy purposes are mined by the federal
government. The mining of other minerals is a provincial concern. Currently around 52
minerals are mined and processed in Pakistan.

Services Industry

The services sector has provided steady support to Pakistan’s economic growth. It
share in GDP now stands a more than 50 percent. The growth rate of services sector is
higher than the growth rate of agriculture and industrial sector. Services sector accounts
for over one-third of total employment. Services sector has strong linkages with other
sectors of economy; it provides essential inputs to agriculture sector and manufacturing
sector.

The main sectors are construction, computer and software development, engineering
services, professional services (marketing, audit/accounts, taxation and legal etc.),
banking, insurance, communication, tourism and business services.

Leather Industry

PAKISTAN have been considered to be the hub of producing high quality Leather and
Leather Products, and there are more than 800 Tanneries in the country actively
engaged in producing best quality finished leather of Cow, Buffalo, Sheep and Goat
skins.

Pakistan is rich in agricultural products and has a large livestock population which plays
an important role in the economy of Pakistan by producing around 13.0 Million Hides
and 47.4 Million Skins per annum (2015-16). The quality of goat skins, cow, buffalo
hides in Pakistan is satisfactory. The type of sheep skins we have in Pakistan is better
in respect of grain, substance and compactness of fibers. Leather manufacturers &
exporters are determined to increase export of quality finished leather and leather
products.

Pakistan exported leather worth $190.856 million during July-October (2020) against the
exports of $181.338 million during July-October (2019-20), showing the growth of 5.25
per cent, according to the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS).
The industry is playing their positive role in activating WTO with quality consciousness
and full sense of responsibilities to uphold the perfect image of Leather Industry of
Pakistan. As being the most significant contributor or the country’s GDP and foreign
exchange earnings. The Leather Industry of Pakistan is employing more than 500,000
peoples directly and indirectly. (2009-2010)

Pharmaceutical Industry

There are approximately 759 companies operating in the Pakistani Pharmaceutical

market, out of which less than 30 are multinational companies. The Pharmaceutical
industry contributes approximately 1% to the GDP of Pakistan annually.

Currently Pharmaceutical industry in fulfilling more than 95% of the domestic

Pharmaceutical requirements. Pakistan exports of pharmaceutical products was
US$235.75 Million during 2020, according to the United Nations COMTRADE database
on international trade.

Pakistan’s pharmaceutical exports rose around 23% year-on-year to $68.1 million

during the first quarter of the current fiscal year of 2020/21.
MEMBER NO.4
ABDUL QADEER
MI18BBA018
Which areas of Pakistan are industrial hubs?
Following is the list of the top 8 major industrial cities of Pakistan
Karachi
Karachi is considered as the industrial and financial hub of Pakistan. Almost 30%
of large-scale manufacturing happens in this city. It is a major contributor to the
economic activities of the country. The major automobile industries are Toyota
and Suzuki are located here. It also has the biggest textile industry.
Faisalabad
Faisalabad is the third-largest city in Pakistan. It is the largest exporter of textile,
furniture, and starch. There are almost 512 major and 12000 minor industries in
this city. It is also known as the industrial hub of Pakistan. Faisalabad contributes
almost 20% to the GDP of the country.
Sialkot
Sialkot is famous for producing and exporting sports goods for more than 100
years now. All kinds of best sports material are produced here, including cricket
bats, footballs, hockey sticks, etc. Many footballs used in the FIFA world cup
were made in Sialkot. As of today, Sialkot is considered a potent exporter of
sports goods around the world. Renowned brands such as NIKE, Adidas, Puma,
etc., source a large proportion of sports products from this city.
Lahore
Lahore is considered the engineering hub of Pakistan. Many heavy industries,
including the automotive industry, motorcycle manufacturing, electronic
appliances for the home, telecommunication, pharmaceutical industry, chemical
industry, construction companies, computer manufacturing, spare part industry,
are located in this city. This city has more than 9000 industries. The infrastructure
of the city is well-designed. The roads are linked to almost all major cities of
Pakistan.
Gujranwala
Gujranwala is also one of the important cities of Pakistan in terms of industrial
production. Gujranwala, along with Gujrat and Sialkot, are known as golden
triangles because of their importance in the industrial sector of the economy. It is
the third-largest city of Pakistan in terms of the iron and steel manufacturing
industry.
Other important manufacturing industries in the city include cutlery, plastic
industry, rice, agricultural equipment industry, carpets, leather industry, military
machinery and equipment industry, and food products, etc.
Gujrat
Gujarat is also one of the most important cities of Pakistan. It is one of the major
manufacturers of furniture goods, jewelry, pottery, the fan industry, etc. Service
shoes, the largest shoe manufacturing company, is also located in Gujrat. This
city is also famous for being the largest rice exporter.
Sheikhupura
Sheikhupura is famous for a variety of industries. Major industries in this city
include fertilizer, chemical, tractor, and automobile assembling industry, ceramic
industry, pharmaceutical goods, and paper industry, etc. It is an industrially
developed city.
Wazirabad
Wazirabad is famous for its handmade products, which include swords, all kinds
of knives, light military equipment, and traditional handmade embroidered suits.
The cutlery industry is the most potent and major contributor in the economy of
the country. Wazirabad is famous for its cutlery industry. Almost 25% of people
living in Wazirabad are employed in the cutlery industry.

What are the disadvantages of Industrialization?

What are the disadvantages of industrialization?
Industrialization creates too many jobs and businesses that draw away the
working poor from subsistence agriculture, famines, poverty, and working only for
family members (usually unpaid at all.)
People and communities prosper more as industrial centers or even with just a
few factories and central utiltiies/transportation networks than as farm market
centers. Their trading distances and complexity extend considerably growing the
local economy with higher profit margins and better inputs than anyone expects
and few economists notice.
Industrialization creates far more middle class households who demand better
education, transportation, water quality/availability, policing, health care, less
corrupt and incompetent government, and are willing to pay taxes to get it
(oligarchs can buy what they personally need and dislike taxes and public
infrastructure more often than not.)
So it makes for a troublesome population to govern and a complex community to
run compared to one based on a few crops. Industrialists rapidly replace the
power and exceed the wealth of the agricultural oligarchy and that’s quite a
disadvantage to the oligarchy but not the general population.

How does industrialization affect the environment?

Te purpose of economic development in any region is to provide opportunities for
improved living and jobs to people. While industrial development invariably
creates more jobs in any region, possibilities of adverse effects on the
environment also increase, if adverse effects are not reduced
Industrialisation has led to environmental degradation in terms of industrial
pollution. With industries operating, a 100 per cent pollution-free environment is a
myth. It is neither possible nor necessary.
However, it is imperative to ensure that industrial units cause the least pollution.
Adequate and effective pollution control measures are required so that adverse
effects on the environment are minimised. Necessary technological know-how
and institutional back up support are available in this regard.
Dust, smoke, fumes and toxic gas emissions occur as a result of highly-polluting
industries such as thermal power plants, coal mines, cement, sponge iron, steel
& ferroalloys, petroleum and chemicals. In industry-specific clusters, these have
not only become hazardous, but also cause irreparable damage to our ecology
and environment, often breaching the environment’s carrying capacity.
High emission level of pollutants at industrial clusters has been reported in
Raipur-Durg, Korba-Bilaspur, Vapi-Ankleswar, Dhanbad-Bokaro, Vizag, Tarapur
and Ludhiana. This is despite the fact that the number of power plants switched
over to super-critical technology. Steel, cement, chemicals and petroleum
refineries have adopted state-of-the–art technologies. There is an urgent need to
review and rework the strategies of setting up industry-specific clusters based on
comparative advantage.

What is the importance of industrial sector in Pakistan?

Industrialization plays a vital role in the economic development of the country of
an underdeveloped country.The historical facts reveal that all the developed
countries of the world broke the vicious circle of the underdevelopment by
industrialization.Pakistan being a developing country also wants to achieve
higher standard of living for its masses.It has ,therefore,embarked upon various
programs of industrialization.The policies of privatization,deregulation and
liberalization of the economy are being pursued.The role of Industrialization in
economic development is summed as follows
1.Increase in National Income
Industrialization makes possible the best utilization of the limited resources of the
country.It helps in increasing the quantity and quality of various kinds of
manufactured goods and thus makes larger contribution to gross national
product.
2.High Standard of Living
The Industrialization helps in increasing the value of output per work.The living
standard of the people is improve with the help of industrialization.
3.Economic Stability
Industrialization is the best way of providing economic stability to the country.A
nation which depends upon the production and export of raw material alone
cannot achieve a fast rate of economic growth.Many of the opportunities of
investment is provided to the people.
4.Improvement of Balance of Payment
It helps in increasing the export of manufactured goods and thus earn foreign
exchange.On the other hand,the processing of raw material at home limits the
import of goods and helps in saving foreign exchange.
5.Progress in other sectors
Industrialization encourages progress in other sectors of the economy.A
development of one industry leads to the development and expansion of the
other industries.
6.Increase in Employment
Industrialization increase in employment in the country.It also provides
investment opportunity to the people and savings of the people increase.
7.Specialization
The industrial labour force is more skilled and specializes than in the agriculture
sector because industrialization promotes specialization and skill of the labour.
8.Increase in agriculture production
Industrialization provides machinery like
tractors,threshers,harvesters,bulldozers,transport,spray etc to be used in the
farm sector.
9.Simple to control industrial activity
The industry activity compared to agriculture is easy to control.The industrial
production can be expand or cut down according to the prices,cost and demand
of the product.
10.Technological progress
Industrialization provides larger possibility for on the job training and
technological progress.The use of advanced technology increase the scale of
production,reduces cost of production,and improves quality of product.
11.Control of population
Industrialization leads to migration of surplus labour from farm sector to the
industries mostly situated in urban areas.In cities,improved facilities of sanitation
and health care are available.
12.Increase in investment
Industrialization increase the income of the workers.It improves their capacity to
save.It provides investment opportunity to the people.
13.Reduces pressure on land
The establishment and expansion of industries lessens the excessive pressure of
labour forces from the agriculture sector.
14.Increase in Govt Income
Industrialization increases the supply of goods both for internal and external
markets.The export of goods provides foreign exchange.It also provides benefit
and income to the Govt.
15.Price Stability
The price stability can be maintained in the market with the help of production of
industrial products.More production of industrial sector removes the shortage of
supply of goods.
16.Use of Raw Material
Raw material produced in the agricultural sector can be utilized in industrial
sector,which not only removes wastage of raw material but also supports the
agricultural sector.
17.Use of Natural Resources
The natural resources are underutilized in developing countries.These natural
resources can be best utilized with the help of improved industrial techniques.
18.Political Control
Industrial development provides political control to a nation.Countries like
U.S.A,Japan,China,and U.K are among the nations of the world because of their
industrial achievement along with scientific development and progress.
Conclusion
Industrial sector is a very important sector of the world and countries have not
been able to succeed on the basis of any one sector alone.It is very important for
any country to develop and promote its sector.

How can we improve the industrial sector of Pakistan?

MEASURES OR SUGGESTIONS TO IMPROVE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR:

The following measures are suggested to improve industrial sector of Pakistan:

1) More allocation of funds for industrial research is required, which is
necessary, for the industrial development.
2) Industrial sector can be promoted by increasing capital
3) Saving and investment should be increased to develop industrial sector.
4) To promote industrial sector, there should be technical know-how.
5) Tax concession is also needed to increase the investment in new
industries.
6) In time supply of raw material is necessary for the improvement of industrial
sector.
7) Advanced infrastructure is necessary for industrial development of
Pakistan.

8) Fnancial institutions should provide credit facilities to industrial sector at

flexible terms and conditions.
9) There should be expansion of markets, at domestic and foreign level, of
industrial goods.
10) Foreign investment should be encouraged; more incentives should be given
to investors.
11) Political stability is compulsory for the development of industrial sector
12) High degree of technical education is required to produce skilled, technical
and efficient work force.
13) Problem of load-shedding and irregular supply of electricity should be
removed.
14) Commercial policy and self-reliance policy should be adopted to remove
industrial backwardness.
15) Foreign exchange reserves and the balance of payment position should be
favourable to develop industrial sector.
Conclusion:
All above factors are causing industrial backwardness. Backwardness is
not bad but remaining backward is so bad. So, Pakistan is needed to make
industrial development through:
● Use of advanced technology
● Development in infrastructure
● Provision of credit facilities
● Increase in industrial consultancy firms

What are the main problems of industrial sector in

Pakistan?
Problems faced by our Industry
Our vast agricultural production and presence of raw materials provide a solid
basis for industrial growth but that needs proper planning and technical skills. To
get maximum yield and to tap resources there must be revolutionary steps on the
part of the government. Though every industry has its own unique problems and
solution yet overall our industrial sector faces the following main problems.
1. Red-Tapism
This is one of the major hurdles that industries have to face. Our bureaucratic the
system is a replica of the old imperialist bureaucracy that was especially meant
for British colonies but we adopted that system to a level that destroyed the
whole fabric of our economy. Foreign investors when intend to invest in Pakistan
have to pass through numerous bureaucratic hurdles and these investors never
dare to come back to Pakistan to invest. Even worse is the case with young
entrepreneurs who have do not have access to power corridors in the country
and they have to cross mountains to reach their goals in the presence of such a
system.
2. Tapping of Resources
This is also a major area of concern. The government needs to make sure that all
the unexploited minerals be exploited to speed up the industrial growth and to
start new businesses based on the newly-exploited minerals. Apart from the
exploration problems, we face another problem which is the exploitation of the
local people in the wake of the exploration of minerals. Investors earn huge
profits through exploration projects with limited benefits to poor people. Saindak
project is one example of the exploitation of poor people where most of the profit
was sucked by the investors and local people were ignored.
3. Lack of Government help
Compared to other countries our government is not doing enough to help start
new business ventures and industries. Our government should provide loans to
young entrepreneurs to help them start their own businesses and produce jobs
for others. The government should also provide land and should make the
bureaucratic system simpler and manageable.
4. Tax incentives
Tax incentives are of primary importance for the establishment of new industries.
The government should establish industrial estates by giving them immunity from
tax and other such surcharges. This will certainly attract local and foreign
investors to invest in our country. In Pakistan tax incentives policies are normally
based on nepotism and vested interests.
5. Lack of material testing laboratories
In Pakistan, there is a lack of high-tech material testing laboratories. Most of the
industries have to rely on foreign laboratories which results in huge expenses.
Material testing should be established for testing the quality of the materials
produced. This will lead to the production of high-quality material to compete in
the international market. The lack of establishment of such facilities makes our
industry at a disadvantage in comparison with other countries.
6. Lack of Researh and Development
Lack of research is another major hurdle in our journey towards industrialization.
Our industries lack financial resources through which they can pursue research
and development. Even if industries make huge profits they never support
research work as they want to pocket all the profit with no payback to the people.
In some cases, research work is sponsored but mostly on the terms and
conditions that the research work will be biased. There is also a lack of any solid
policy on the part of the government and even if there are policies they are hardly
implemented. The government also provides limited financial grants for research
work in the country. The help of the government in this regard can be helpful for
our industrial growth.
7. Lack of trained workforce
Our workforce lacks the skills necessary for the modern industry. Old methods
and techniques and limited knowledge of the modern high-tech industry cannot
prove suitable environment for industrial growth at the massive level.
8. Credit services
Lacks of banks that can provide loans at a low-interest rate is another major
problem. Banks do provide loans but mostly to big industries. Common people
are deprived of such facilities.

What is the largest industrial sector in Pakistan?

Pakistan's industrial sector (in FY21) accounts for 28.11% of the GDP. Of this,
manufacturing makes up 12.52%, mining constitutes 2.18%, construction makes
up 2.05%, and electricity and gas 1.36%. The majority of industry is made up of
textile units, with textiles contributing $15.4b to exports, making up 56% of total
exports. Other units include surgical instruments, chemicals, and a budding
automotive industry.

What is infrastructure in an economy?

Infrastructure is the set of fundamental facilities and systems that support the
sustainable functionality of households and firms. Serving a country, city, or other
area, including the services and facilities necessary for its economy to function.
Infrastructure is composed of public and private physical structures such as
roads, railways, bridges, tunnels, water supply, sewers, electrical grids, and
telecommunications (including Internet connectivity and broadband access). In
general, infrastructure has been defined as "the physical components of
interrelated systems providing commodities and services essential to enable,
sustain, or enhance societal living conditions" and maintain the surrounding
environment.
San Francisco Ferry Building at night
Especially in light of the massive societal transformations needed to mitigate and
adapt to climate change, contemporary infrastructure conversations frequently
focus on sustainable development and green infrastructure. Acknowledging this
importance, the international community has created policy focused on
sustainable infrastructure through the Sustainable Development Goals,
especially Sustainable Development Goal 9 "Industry, Innovation and
Infrastructure".
One way by which to classify types of infrastructure is to view them as two
distinct kinds: hard infrastructure and soft infrastructure.Hard infrastructure refers
to the physical networks necessary for the functioning of a modern industry.This
includes roads, bridges, and railways. Soft infrastructure refers to all the
institutions that maintain the economic, health, social, environmental, and cultural
standards of a country.This includes educational programs, official statistics,
parks and recreational facilities, law enforcement agencies, and emergency
services.

What are the types of infrastructure in economics?

Infrastructure is the support system of industrial and agricultural production, and
foreign and domestic businesses. It is the basic organisational and physical
structure that is required to run a business smoothly. In an organization or for a
country, a basic infrastructure includes communication and transportation,
sewage, water, education system, health system, clean drinking water, and
monetary system
A country’s economic and social development is directly dependent on a
country’s infrastructure. Many developed countries make a lot of progress
because of the enormous growth of economic and social infrastructures. A good
infrastructure makes the work process easier, resulting in a positive and high
productivity.
Types of Infrastructures
Economic infrastructure: This infrastructure is directly linked with the economic
development of a country or an organisation. This includes the basic amenities
and services that directly influence and benefit the production process of
economic distribution. A few examples of economic infrastructures are power,
transportation, irrigation, communication, etc.
Social infrastructure: This type of infrastructure has the basic services that
improve individual productivity and achieve social objectives. Social infrastructure
contributes indirectly to the country’s economic development. For instance, the
education sector does not contribute directly to the economic development of a
country. However, it helps indirectly by providing high-quality education to the
students, therefore producing doctors, scientists, engineers, and technologists.
Few examples of social infrastructure are water supply, sanitation, health,
housing, etc.

What is the importance of infrastructure in the economy?

SIGNIFICANCE OF ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE
According to Dr V. K. R. V. Rao, “The link between infrastructure and
development is not a once for all affair. It is a continuous process and progress in
development has to be preceded, accompanied and followed by progress in
infrastructure; if we are to fulfil our declared objectives of a self-accelerating
process of economic development”
Discussed below are some of the most critical significance of economic
infrastructure and its impact on the economy.
The smooth functioning of the economy. Infrastructural facilities are very
necessary and vital for the smooth functioning of the economy. They are like
wheels of development without which the economy will not be able to function
properly.
Development of agriculture. The development of agriculture, to a considerable
extent, depends on the adequate expansion and development of irrigation, credit,
transport, power, marketing, training and education. It also depends on the
improvement of research and development and other such facilities.
Development of industry. Industrial production requires not only machinery and
equipment but also requires the following. Energy, skilled manpower,
management, banking, insurance and transportation services are crucial. These
activities and facilities will directly lead to the development of the industrial sector
of the economy.
Promotion of investment. Infrastructural development is definitely a pre-condition
got increasing economic investments. Those areas with the sound infrastructural
base may succeed in attracting all the more capital for investment.
Improvement in productivity. Infrastructural development such as transportation
facilities and education increase the productivity. Development of science and
technology is also important in improving the economic productivity. Moreover,
research and development also play a critical role in economic improvement.
Employee generation. Infrastructures play a crucial role in the generation of
employment opportunities. They improve mobility, efficiency and productivity of
labour. Moreover, larger investment, development of industry and agriculture
create all the more employment opportunities
 GROUP MEMBER NO.5
M JAWAD ZAFAR
MI18BBA055

1. What is the difference between economic infrastructure and social

infrastructure?

Economic infrastructure:
is the combination of basic facilities which is helpful in economic development of
an economy and businesses. It includes facilities of telecommunication,
electricity, transportation, energy etc.
Social infrastructure:
is the combination of basic facilities which are necessary for human
development. It includes health (hospitals), education (school, colleges etc.) and
housing.

2. What is the most important infrastructure of development?

Energy infrastructure or electricity.

If your country wants to progress further, without electricity, you aren't going to
move 1 inch. Many people here are talking about railways, airports, ports, etc.
Well if you don’t have electricity, none of those are going to work. As for roads,
what good is a road without any demand for it? You can’t produce stuff without
electricity, so why do you need a road to transport it when it can't be produced?
Plus, without electricity, your ports are practically useless so you can’t import
vehicles either. If you have a land border then great but without electricity, you’re
stuck with agriculture, so good luck trying to be rich by selling rice and wheat
while rich countries are making cars, electronics, machinery, etc.

3. What is the structure of the healthcare industry?

The healthcare industry (also called the medical industry or health economy) is
an aggregation and integration of sectors within the economic system that
provides goods and services to treat patients with curative, preventive,
rehabilitative, and palliative care. It includes the generation and
commercialization of goods and services lending themselves to maintaining and
re-establishing health. The modern healthcare industry includes three essential
branches which are services, products, and finance and may be divided into
many sectors and categories and depends on the interdisciplinary teams of
trained professionals and paraprofessionals to meet health needs of individuals
and populations.
The healthcare industry is one of the world's largest and fastest-growing
industries.[3] Consuming over 10 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) of
most developed nations, health care can form an enormous part of a country's
economy. U.S. health care spending grew 4.6 percent in 2019, reaching $3.8
trillion or $11,582 per person. As a share of the nation's Gross Domestic
Product, health spending accounted for 17.7 percent.[4] The per capita
expenditure on health and pharmaceuticals in OECD countries has steadily
grown from a couple of hundred in the 1970s to an average of US$4'000 per year
in current purchasing power parities.

4. What are the health facilities in Pakistan?

The healthcare delivery system of Pakistan (‫تان‬YY‫ پاکس‬، ‫ت عامّہ‬ِ ‫ )تح ّفظ صح‬is complex
because it includes healthcare subsystems by federal governments and
provincial governments competing with formal and informal private sector
healthcare systems.[3][2] Healthcare is delivered mainly through vertically
managed disease-specific mechanisms. The different institutions that are
responsible for this include: provincial and district health departments, parastatal
organizations, social security institutions, non-governmental organizations
(NGOs) and private sector.[4] The country's health sector is also marked by
urban-rural disparities in healthcare delivery and an imbalance in the health
workforce, with insufficient health managers, nurses, paramedics and skilled birth
attendants in the peripheral areas.[5][6] Pakistan's gross national income per
capita in 2021 was $4,990 and the total expenditure on health per capita in 2021
was Rs 657.2 Billions , constituting 1.4% of the country's GDP.[7] The health
care delivery system in Pakistan consists of public and private sectors. Under the
constitution, health is primarily responsibility of the provincial government, except
in the federally administrated areas. Health care delivery has traditionally been
jointly administered by the federal and provincial governments with districts
mainly responsible for implementation. Service delivery is being organized
through preventive, promotive, curative and rehabilitative services. The curative
and rehabilitative services are being provided mainly at the secondary and
tertiary care facilities. Preventive and promotive services, on the other hand, are
mainly provided through various national programs; and community health
workers’ interfacing with the communities through primary healthcare facilities
and outreach activities. The state provides healthcare through a three-tiered
healthcare delivery system and a range of public health interventions. Some
government/ semi government organizations like the armed forces, Sui Gas,
WAPDA, Railways, Fauji Foundation, Employees Social Security Institution and
NUST provide health service to their employees and their dependents through
their own system, however, these collectively cover about 10% of the population.
The private health sector constitutes a diverse group of doctors, nurses,
pharmacists, traditional healers, drug vendors, as well as laboratory technicians,
shopkeepers and unqualified practitioners

5. What is primary health care Pakistan?

Pakistan has a relatively large primary health care infrastructure. This includes
5000 basic health units, 600 rural health centres, 7500 other first-level care
facilities and over 100 000 lady health workers providing services across
Pakistan.
These primary health care services are supported by a network of 989 secondary
care hospitals, at tehsil and district levels, for referrals.

Lady health workers programme:

The national programme for family planning and primary health care, commonly
referred to as the lady health workers programme was launched in 1994 to
increase access to basic preventive health care services, particularly in rural
areas.
The main objectives of the programme are to reduce poverty and improve
national health indicators through the provision of essential primary health care
services. The programme contributes directly to Millenium Development Goals 1,
4, 5 and 6 and indirectly to Goals 3 and 7.
Lady health workers deliver a range of services related to maternal and child
health including promoting childhood immunization, growth monitoring, family
planning and health promotion. They treat minor ailments and injuries and are
trained to identify and refer more serious cases.

Family planning:
responsibilities include motivating women to practice contraception, providing
contraception and condoms, and referring consenting clients for intrauterine
device provision and/or sterilization. Recently, the implementation of Expanded
Progamme on Immunization services and a direct role in immunization is being
planned.
Lady health workers are involved in supporting the implementation of many
public health programmes including those on tuberculosis treatment, malaria
control, immunization, polio eradication, health education, maternal, newborn and
child health and family planning.
WHO supports the Pakistani health authorities in training lady health workers,
updating their curriculum and other related human resource capacity building.
WHO also provides technical support in updating the knowledge and skills of
supervisors through regular refresher courses and assists the health authorities
in developing monitoring and supervisory checklists and creating a feasible
health management information system for the programme.
At present, different health programmes target different health conditions in
Pakistan. Each programme has an independent organizational structure at the
federal, provincial, district and first-level care facility levels. Having integrated
primary health care services will help to improve the health status of the people
of Pakistan.
In response to this situation, WHO commissioned the development of an
essential health services package in 2008–2009. Essential health services are
those necessary for provision of the minimal health services expected by the
population from a certain level of health care. An essential health package
consists of a list of public health and clinical services that will be provided at the
primary and/or secondary health care level.

6. How many hospitals are in Pakistan?

The national health infrastructure comprises of 1201 hospitals, 5518 Basic Health
Units, 683 Rural Health Centers, 5802 Dispensaries, 731 Maternity & Child
Health Centers and 347 TB centers, and the total availability of beds in these
health facilities is estimated at 123394.

7. What is the biggest health problem in Pakistan?

Major Health Care Problems in Pakistan
Following is the list of major health care problems in Pakistan:

1 – Malaria

Malaria is one of Pakistan’s most pressing health concerns. It affects the majority
of individuals who live in slums. This disease is spread by mosquitoes that breed
in filthy water and unhygienic environments, prevalent in rural areas. Malaria can
also be fatal if not treated. So, if you are suffering from this disease, book an
appointment with a general physician as early as possible.

2 – Tuberculosis

Another critical ailment that affects many individuals in Pakistan is tuberculosis,

and Pakistan is one of the top five countries with a high risk of tuberculosis.
Sneezing and coughing transmit the sickness, which can be fatal if not treated
promptly.

3 – Cancer

Another terrible disease that is one of Pakistan’s leading causes of death is

cancer. Lung cancer and breast cancer are the two most common kinds of
cancer in Pakistan, and breast cancer claims the lives of about 40,000 Pakistani
women each year. Cancer is increasing at an alarming rate in Pakistan due to
the lack of awareness and sufficient health care facilities. On the other hand, lung
cancer is primarily caused by smoking, and Pakistan is the top tobacco
purchaser in South Asia.

4 – Dengue Fever

Since 2010, people have been infected with dengue disease, and thousands of
people in Pakistan’s rural areas have died. Dengue fever is a viral infection
spread by a particular mosquito species in which a patient develops a fever,
intense headache, and weakness. Dengue fever is still a problem in many parts
of the country, even after many years.

5 – Ischemic Heart Disease

Ischemic heart disease is one of the leading causes of death in Pakistan.

Pollution, bad diet, contaminated water, and smoking are all factors that
contribute to it. People in Pakistan’s slum and rural communities lack the
resources; as a result, more health issues and even deaths happen.

6– Diabetes

Diabetes affects more than 7 million people Pakistanis at present. The number of
diabetic patients is rising due to a lack of nutritional diet and awareness. It is
being said that Pakistan will be one of the top five countries globally with the
greatest diabetes population by 2030. If you or your loved one is suffering from
diabetes, schedule an appointment with oncologists from top hospitals in
Pakistan.

7 – Stroke

Every year, almost 350,000 incidents of stroke are reported in Pakistan, and it is
one of the top causes of death in Pakistan. Depressive symptoms and chronic
stress raise the risk of a stroke or transient ischemic attack or stroke in older
persons. A greater understanding of crucial stroke risk factors, such as stress
and negative emotions among patients, is required to avoid strokes.

8 – Hepatitis

Hepatitis is rising in Pakistan’s rural and slum areas, where cleanliness

standards are far from adequate. Hepatitis A and E are caused by eating
unhealthy foods and drinking contaminated water, and diarrhea, jaundice, and
fever are symptoms of this type of hepatitis. The urinary tract is also affected by
hepatitis E. Hepatitis B and C, on the other hand, are pretty frequent in Pakistan.
They are transmitted through blood transfusions and the sharing of personal
items like razors, toothbrushes, and other household items.

9– HIV

Pakistan has over 100,000 HIV-positive cases. The use of contaminated syringes
by drug addicts is the leading cause of this disease in Pakistan. The government
must take strong steps to prevent HIV in Pakistan, as the number of people living
with the disease increases at an alarming rate.

10 – Maternal and Child Health

The health of mothers and children is a critical issue that is more prevalent in
rural regions than in cities. Women in rural areas suffer throughout pregnancy
due to insufficient nourishment, awareness, and treatment, resulting in poor baby
health. Many babies are born dead or with mild to severe birth abnormalities in
many circumstances. Maternal and child health is one of Pakistan’s most
pressing health concerns, requiring immediate attention. If you need any kind of
assistance, you can consult a gynecologist via Marham.pk.

11 – Acute Respiratory Infection

In Pakistan, acute respiratory infection is the primary cause of death among

children. Malnutrition, lack of knowledge, and lack of vaccination are the leading
causes of this sickness. Due to a lack of funds, moms in rural Pakistan cannot
provide adequate nutrition to their children, and this causes a slew of health
issues in their offspring.

12 – Hypertension

Hypertension affects over 20% of Pakistan’s population, putting it one of the

country’s most pressing health concerns. People with hypertension do not seek
medical care due to a lack of funds. If left untreated, hypertension can lead to
additional major health problems such as stroke, heart disease, and kidney
damage.

13 – Asthma

Asthma affects approximately 7% of Pakistan’s population, likely to rise in the

following years. Asthma is primarily caused by smoking, dust, and pollution.
Although there is no permanent cure for asthma, individuals can live everyday life
with good medical therapy.

14 – Diarrhea

In Pakistan, more than 300,000 children are dying each year from diarrhea.
Children in rural settings are more likely to get this disease due to a poor diet and
unsanitary living circumstances.

15 – Mental Health

It is one of Pakistan’s most critical health problems. In Pakistan, over 60 million

people have a mental illness. Only a few cases are reported, but they are not
appropriately treated because Pakistan lacks advanced medical facilities for
mental health sufferers. Unfortunately, many sufferers do not seek therapy. To
learn more, you can read 10 major causes of psychological problems in Pakistan.

8. How can we solve health problem in Pakistan?

Solutions of Health Issues

Higher taxes on tobacco and alcohol- One measure to address public health
issues is increasing the taxes on tobacco and alcohol to consume less.

Improve health standards-

Everyone with serious health problems should get the treatment they need.
Governments must ensure that hospitals have sufficient financial resources and
personnel to operate efficiently to treat as many people as possible.

Improve research-

Many currently incurable diseases may eventually be cured through research.

Educate and Convince Others-

Your involvement is crucial to resolving public health issues. However, by raising

awareness about health issues and persuading others, we can have a more
significant impact because our good effects will be multiplied. So, inform your
family and friends about the public health issues and how they may help solve
them. You can also read the initiatives to take to avoid health issues.

Reduction in consumption-

The production and disposal of goods lead to increased greenhouse gas

emissions that contribute to global warming. And global warming is a significant
contributor to public health issues. Therefore, we must reduce our consumption
to reduce the adverse impacts of global warming.

Recycle and reuse-

Recycling and reusing our household goods is an additional measure we can

take to mitigate public health issues.

Promote vaccinations-

By educating and promoting vaccines, more people can be willing to accept

them, thus lowering the likelihood of adverse public health effects.

9. What is the structure of financial system of Pakistan?

Structure of Financial System:

Financial sector of Pakistan constitute banks, Development Finance Institutions
(DFIs), Microfinance Banks (MFBs), Non-banking Finance Companies (NBFCs),
insurance companies, Modarabas and other financial intermediaries.

10. What are the main financial institutions in the Pakistan's

economy?

The Karachi Stock Exchange (Guarantee) Limited (1947), Lahore Stock

Exchange (Guarantee) Limited (1970), and Islamabad Stock Exchange
(Guarantee) Limited (1989) are the largest such institutions in the country; each
deals in stocks and shares of registered companies.