UNIT 5

Parallel HEV
with two Parallel HEV Axle-split Series-parallel Power-split
clutches with DCT HEV Series HEV HEV HEV
Engine Stop &
Start Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Energy
recuperation Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Torque
assist/boost Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Electric driving Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Coasting Yes Yes No No No No
Charge at
standstill Yes Yes (1)
Yes Yes Yes Yes
– similar
power
rating
between
engine
– similar power and one
rating between electric
engine and one machine
– engine – engine electric – lower
power much power much – engine – similar power machine power
higher than higher than power higher rating between – lower power rating of
electric electric than electric engine and rating of second
machine machine machine electric second electric electric
Power ratings power power power machines machine machine
– flexibility in
– flexible installation due
powertrain to non-existing
configuration mechanical link
– can be – requires between
easily minim electric – engine can – compact
integrated additional machines transmit torque installation
with an installation – engine can directly to the due to
existing space for the operate in most drive wheels usage of
conventional electric efficient area – does not planetary
powertrain machine regardless of require multi- gear set
– only one – only one the vehicle step – energy
electric electric speed transmissions efficient at
machine machine – continuous – does not – can switch low-
required for required for all-wheel require multi- between series medium
full hybrid full hybrid drive step and parallel vehicle
Advantages performance performance capability transmissions hybrid speed
Disadvantages – requires a – the electric – Coasting – requires two – requires two – requires
fully machine not possible electric electric two
automatic torque is only due to machines of machines electric
transmission multiplied by permanent similar power – engine and machines
to be also half (odd or connection or rating electric – no fuel
integrated even) of the electric – the vehicle machines are efficiency
gear ratios machine dynamic mechanically benefit at
– requires performance linked which high
 depends
entirely on the
electric
machine torque
and power
– energy
inefficient due
to double
conversion of
additional engine power requires
installation (mechanical- additional
space on the electrical- installation engine
rear axle mechanical) space speed

2)
3) Case Study of Toyota Prius
With more to 6,000,000 units of Prius’ sold worldwide it represents more than 70% of the hybrids sold
worldwide by Toyota Motor Company since 1997 the Prius represents a powerful brand which
stimulated the selling of other hybrid cars made by Toyota (such as Aqua, Prius alpha, Estima Hybrid
and so on) [1]. Toyota Prius represents a successful story in the hybrid electric vehicles industry. This
spectacular achievement was the result of an impressive R&D effort that led to hundreds of new
inventions and innovations. Some of them (engine cycle, battery, hybrid system etc.) with emphasis
on truly revolutionary solutions for the automotive industry, which clearly distinguishes Toyota
Prius from other hybrid vehicles. Besides the innovative character, these solutions offer better
environmental and economic performance, but without compromising the well-known Toyota
reliability. Toyota Hybrid System receives this confirmation by the prestigious organization TUV
Germany, which ranks Toyota Prius first in reliability top in the recent years. The Toyota Prius is the
first vehicle with alternative drive technology to win first place in the TÜV Report: the hybrid pioneer
from Japan is top of the rankings for three-year-old vehicles with the lowest rate of major defects,
namely 2.2 % [2] We can thus say that besides the economic and ecological advantages Prius has
made an important contribution to growth and strengthening Toyota brand, being a truly successful
product. The Prius was the most efficient car powered by liquid fuel available in the U.S. in 2019,
based on the official rating [3]. 95% of all Toyota Prius models sold in the last 10 years are still on the
road [4].

In addition, CO2 emission of Prius could be reduced for about 4,500,000 tons as compared with
gasoline-powered car. Prius contributed to cut down CO2 drastically. The Toyota Prius is a bridging
hybrid that is helping Toyota navigate a long period of uncertainty about electric vehicles. Toyota
has used the Prius to develop in-house electric technology and build a customer base that is primed
to make the switch once electric engine technologies replace combustion engine technologies in the
mainstream auto market.

Special Features at Toyota Hybrid System Toyota

Toyota proposed an innovative hybrid system that sought to combine the advantages of
both parallel and series hybrid systems. This mixed architecture was named Toyota Hybrid
System and later Hybrid Synergy Drive. The last appellation wants to emphasize
cooperation between engine, motors, batteries and the planetary gear. The mechanical
system consists in two electrical machine MG1 and MG2, an internal combustion engine, a
planetary transmission and the final gear (Figure 4 and Figure 6). The cornerstone is
the planetary transmission, named Power Split Device (PSD), which is designed to split
power supplied from the motor in two directions. In one direction, the mechanical energy
is converted by a generator (MG1) in electrical energy which is supplied through the power
electronics to the electrical motor (MG2) and possibly to batteries. In this way the system is
very similar with a serial hybrid. In the other direction, the remaining amount of power is
supplied direct to the wheels through the final gear, add to this the power supplied by the
electric motor MG2, thus obtaining a function similar to that of a parallel hybrid system.
The ratio in which energy is divided by PSD between the two ways varies permanently,
bringing this mixed architecture closer either to a parallel system, either a series one.

Besides the special hybrid architecture and special benefits resides from this,
Toyota also optimized the engine. It is a small 1.5 L engine (consider the US market)
with low consumption and emissions. Unlike regular gasoline engine that works
after Otto cycle, this engine works after Atkinson cycle. This assumes that the hot
gases are kept longer in the cylinder (prolonged expansion) leading to an
improvement in engine efficiency.

The Prius Creates High Customer Value:

• Saves on fuel cost

• Saves time spent filling up with gas

• Generates Peer to Peer Buzz -- as it is immediately recognizable

• Provides public (environmental) benefits without requiring a sacrifice

Unfortunately, it comes with a lower specific power of the engine [2], which made this cycle
unusual on conventional cars. In the case of hybrid vehicle, this drawback is compensated
by the electric motor, keeping the efficiency advantage.

The system has two electric machines, MG1 and MG2 which function as a motor to provide
torque for traction and as generator to ensure regenerative braking. Due to continuous
improvement, both mass and size of these electric machines were reduced from one
generation to another and their power increased. Battery Pack. Despite progress in the
development and superior storage capacity of Lithium-ion batteries, Toyota decided to
remain at the Ni-MH batteries that provide a higher number of charge cycles. Besides being
a very important feature for a hybrid vehicle, the prolonged battery life helps to achieve a
vehicle that does not cause additional costs to users, facilitating the acceptance of this new
type of vehicle.

4) CASE OF HONDA CIVIC